Chapter IV · Tablet 29628, Plate 19, Hymn to Tammuz
Frederick Augustus Vanderburgh translation
Obverse
1. šes-e tuš(KU)-e-na eri êr(A.ŠI)-ra na-nam To the brother whose dwelling is the city of weeping, thus:
2. a-kala šes-e tab An-na The mightiness of the brother, the companion of Anu!
3. a-kala à(ID)-ba en dimmer Dumu(TUR)-zi The mightiness of his power, the lord Tammuz!
4. dumu(TUR) è(BIT)-gal-a-ni nu mu-un-su(SUD,SUG)-ga-mu The son whose temple is not far away!
5. azag dimmer Nanâ-ge(KIT) è(BIT) An-na-ka im-me The shining one of Ištar, who is in the house of Anu!
6. mulu ú-sun-na-ge(KIT) nu mu-un-su-ga-mu The one of plant-germination, who is not far away!
7. azag dimmer Nanâ-ge(KIT) za NANNA Unug(UNU)-ki-ka im-me The shining one of Ištar, who is the NANNA-stone of Erech!
8. mulu zib(KA)-ba-ra-ge(KIT) nu mu-un-su(SUD,SUG)-ga-mu The one of speech, who is not far away!
9. bara-ka azag dimmer Nanâ-ge(KIT) te ki-ka im-me In the temple, the shining one of Ištar, who is the foundation of the land!
10. mulu ka-áš-ka-sa-ge(KIT) nu mu-un-su(SUD,SUG)-ga-mu The one of much wine, who is not far away!
11. azag dimmer Nanâ-ge(KIT) šà(LIB)-mu ú-sun mu-un-si-mal(IG) The shining one of Ištar, whose heart is full of plant-production!
12. mulu ḥul-mal(IG) nu mu-un-su-ga-mu The one enduring evil, who is not far away!
13. dimmer mutin(GEŠTIN) An-na-ge(KIT) kaš(BI)-ra-bi mu-un-šub(RU) The wine-god of Anu, to whom they present their offering!
14. mulu ú-sun-na-ge(KIT) a-na-ám(A.AN) šú-ba ab-rù(UL) The one of plant-germination, what does his hand ordain!
15. mulu zib(KA)-ba-ra-ge(KIT) The one of speech!
16. mulu ka-áš-ka-sa-ge(KIT) The one of much wine!
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17. mulu ḥul-mal(IG) a-na-ám(A.AN) šú-ba ab-gin(DU) The one who endures evil, whither does his hand go!
18. dimmer mutin(GEŠTIN) An-na-ge(KIT) PAḤÂDU sigišše-ra mu-un-šub(RU)-bi The wine-god of Anu, to whom they offer the lamb of sacrifice!
19. nim-me azag dimmer Nanâ-ra ì(KA) mu-un-na-ab-e-e The lofty one, the shining one of Ištar, to whom they speak!
20. nim-me ki mu-lu ni ma-ra an-pad-de(NE) a-na mu-un-ba-e-e The lofty one of earth who is the abundance of the land, to whom they speak! what do they say?
21. è(BIT) kaš(BI)-a-ka è(BIT) gurun(KIL)-na-ka dumu(TUR) mu-lu azag zu-ge(KIT) ne-ne mu-un-til-li In the house of wine, in the house of fruit, the son, the shining one of wisdom, who indeed lives!
22. nim-me azag dimmer mutin(GEŠTIN) An-na-ge(KIT) ì(KA) mu-un-na-ab-e-e The lofty one, the shining one, the wine-god of Anu, to whom they speak!
23. nim-me ki šes ma-ra an-pad-de(NE) a-na-ám(A.AN) mu-un-ma-al The lofty one of earth, the brother of the land, to whom they speak! what is it (that they say)?
Reverse
24. è(BIT) kaš(BI)-a-ka è(BIT) gurun(KIL)-na-ka dumu(TUR) mulu azag zu-ge(KIT) sigišše-sag tuk-a-na In the house of wine, in the house of fruit, the son, the shining one of wisdom, who has a great sacrifice!
25. ur-sag giš ku-a sag-mal-mal-ge(KIT) The hero of great weapons!
26. dimmer mutin (GEŠTIN) An-na-qe(KIT) ú-sun-na saq-mal-mal-ge(KIT) The wine-god of Anu, the great plant-germinator!
27. ú-sun gurun(KIL)-gurun(KIL) ú-sun gurun(KIL)-gurun(KIL) šes-mu ú-sun gurun(KIL)-gurun(KIL) The germinator of many fruits, the germinator of many fruits, my brother, the germinator of many fruits!
28. ú-sun a-ra-li ú-sun gurun(KIL)-gurun(KIL) šes-mu ú-sun gurun(KIL)-gurun(KIL) The germinator of the lower world, the germinator of many fruits, my brother, the germinator of may fruits!
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29. in-nu gíš(UŠ) giš gu-ga-ge(KIT) tàl(ÁŠ)-ta-al-ta-al mu-ib-rá (DU)-rá(DU) The vegetable-germinator, the only plant-begetter, who goeth forth!
30. dumu(TUR) zi-ga-na ga-ni šà(LIB)-zi-zi mu-ib-rá(DU) The son of life; in his fulness, in the midst of life goeth.
31. eš diš êr(A.ŠI)-lim(LIB)-ma dimmer Dumu-zi-da-kam Thirty lines. Hymn to Tammuz.
The salient phases of the rounded out Tammuz story are touched upon in this hymn; viz., his local dwelling in a city where he had a temple; the memorial weeping; his relation to Anu; his lordly power; his specification as “a brother”; his relation to the goddess Ištar; his characteristic and supreme function of plant-germination. Note also that he was the agricultural god of spring vegetation. Offerings of wine were poured out over his bier, he having been humbled to sorrow by banishment to the lower world, where he became a lord over the occult and internal forces inherent beneath the soil of the earth. So he became a god of a new life. The hymn does not seem altogether to confine the germinating work of Tammuz to the vegetation of spring growth, but appears, especially in the Reverse, to include fruit growing which might come later in the season. Possibly this hymn was sung as a dirge at Babylonian anniversaries for the departed Tammuz. The Babylonians at the time of the summer solstice annually commemorated with lamentation the departure of Tammuz to the lower world. He had instructed them that they should gather at his bier and that hired musicians should sing and play and that the people should sacrifice and drink wine.
Obverse
1. šes-e tuš-e-na eri êr-ra na-nam To the brother whose dwelling is the city of weeping, thus:
šes-e: šes same as šis (Hymn to Sin, line 2). e equals ana, “to” (Br. 5847).
tuš-e-na: tuš equals ašâbu, “dwell” (Br. 10523). Probably the sign has the same value for šubtu, “dwelling” (Br. 10553). We have had the sign (KU) with the value šù (Hymn to Bêl, line 15). e, vowel of prolongation. na, pronominal suffix (see Hymn to Adad, line 27).
eri (Hymn to Bêl, line 13).
êr-ra: êr (Hymn to Bêl, Colophon). ra, phonetic complement (Hymn to Bêl, line 3).
na-nam equals kîam, “thus” (see Br. 1597 and Hymn to Adad, line 28). The words “O my brother” are represented in 73 legend as being first uttered by the sister of Tammuz and then taken up by other mourners. Probably the custom of weeping for Tammuz originated in the city of Eridu.
2. a-kala šes-e tab An-na The mightiness of the brother, the companion of Anu!
a-kala is an abstract noun like nam-kala which is equal to dannûtu (Br. 6194). a is an abstract prefix, as in A.DU, equal to a-rá, “going” (MSL. p. XVII). kala equal dannu, “mighty” (Br. 6194).
šeš-e. See on šes (line 1). e, probably sign of the genitive, if not merely a vowel of prolongation. It can certainly be a postposition (see on line 1).
tab (see Hymn to Adad, line 6).
An-na (see Hymn to Adad, line 3 and Hymn to Bêl, line 18). Tammuz was a companion of Gišzida in the dominion of Anu. Gišzida was also a god of vegetable growth. At a certain period of the year, Tammuz and Gišzida were stationed in companionship as attendants at the gate of heaven. Here the power of Tammuz to cause vegetation to grow began to be effective. He was, in the first days of his existence, a sun-god, and, stationed in heaven, the rays of his power were felt on earth. So, probably every year, at the time of spring growth, he was conceived of as operating from heaven like a sun.
3. a-kala à-ba en dimmer Dumu-zi The mightiness of his power, the lord Tammuz!
a-kala (see on line 2).
à-ba: à (see Hymn to Bêl, line 14). ba (Hymn to Adad, line 25).
en (see Hymn to Bêl, line 19).
dimmer Dumu-zi. Dumu-zi means “son of life”. Dumu (Hymn to Sin, line 5). zi (see Hymn to Bêl, line 23).
4. dumu è-gal-a-ni nu mu-un-su-ga-mu The son whose temple is not far away!
dumu (see Hymn to Sin, line 5, ṭu-mu).
è-gal-a-ni: è-gal equals êkallu, “temple”, (Br. 6252). È.GAL, “great house”, is the common compound ideogram for “temple”, both in Sumerian and Assyrian. The Assyrian êkallu is evidently the Sumerian è, plus gal which is changed to kal. The word has passed over into Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic. è (see Hymn to Sin, line 3). gal (see Hymn to Bêl, line 14). è-gal is often followed by la; here, however, it is followed by a, showing that the phonetic use of la and a is quite similar. ni (see Hymn to Bêl, line 13).
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nu (Hymn to Sin, line 27).
mu-un-su-ga-mu is a verb and seems to mean “who is far away”. The clause occurs also in lines 6, 8, 10 and 12, only that in lines 6 and 12 SU is used instead of SUD. mu-un (see Hymn to Sin, line 17). su: SUD seems to equal rûḳu, “distant”, here. Yet when it is equal to rûḳu, it generally has the value sud and is followed by the phonetic complement da; here it is followed by ga. So the value should be sug or su. mu is a relative suffix related to mu of mu-un (see Hymn to Adad, line 16).
5. azag dimmer Nanâ-ge è An-na-ka im-me The shining one of Ištar, who is in the house of Anu!
azag (see Hymn to Sin, line 1).
dimmer Nanâ-ge. Nanâ, also written Nanna, is the Sumerian name of Ištar. NANNU is sometimes written like RI which, when preceded by the god-sign, also equals “Ištar”. ge (see Hymn to Adad, line 4).
è (see Hymn to Sin, line 3).
An-na-ka (see Hymn to Adad, line 4). ka equals nota genitivi (see Br. 551 and Hymn to Bêl, line 1).
im-me: im (see Hymn to Sin, line 23). me (Hymn to Bêl, line 16). Tammuz seems to be the shining one. The epithet “shining” is sometimes applied to gods, goddesses, kings, princes and others. The primary relation of Tammuz was that of lover. But in the lower world he made love to another. But each year during the season of vegetable growth he was supposed to be living with Ištar and during the season of vegetable decline he was supposed to be living with the other whom he loved in the regions below. The house of Anu might mean the temple of Anu, but the reference in this line is no doubt to heaven, over which Anu was lord and at whose portals Tammuz sometimes acted as porter.
6. mulu ú-sun-na-ge nu mu-un-su-ga-mu The one of plant-germination, who is not far away!
mulu (see Hymn to Adad, line 16).
ú-sun-na-ge: ú-sun seems to be a compound noun meaning “plant-growing”. It occurs eight times in the hymn. ú equals šammu, “plant” (Br. 6027). It is sometime a determinative before the name of a plant (Br. 6029). sun means “irrigate” (MSL. 299). It is improbable that this sign is KIB. ge (see Hymn to Adad, line 4).
nu (see Hymn to Sin, line 27).
mu-un-su-ga-mu (see line 4). su(SU) and su(SUD,SUG) are interchangeable (Br. 7593).
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7. azag dimmer Nanâ-ge za NANNA Unug-ka im-me The shining one of Ištar, who is the NANNA-stone of Erech!
azag dimmer Nana-ge (see on line 5).
za: the probable meaning of za here is “stone” (see Hymn to Adad, line 13).
NANNA: there are no citations in Brünnow showing the meaning of NANNA when standing alone. za-NANNA-di equals mammû, “snow”, and za-NANNA may mean “white stone”. If NANNA can equal UŠLANU-GUNÛ, then it can mean nasâḳu (Br. 3019) and za-NANNA means “shining stone”. It may be that NANNA stands for UŠLANU-GUNÛ, then ZA.NANNA.UNU.KI could be equal to Unug-ki (Br. 11749), and the line would read azag dimmer Nanâ-ge Unug-ki-ka im-me, “the shining one of Ištar of Erech he is”.
Unug: that Unug is the correct value is shown by the phonetic complement ga that often follows UNU. Erech, we know, was the city of Ištar (Br. 3023). unu (see Hymn to Sin, line 2). ka (line 5).
im-me (see on line 5).
8. mulu zib-ba-ra-ge nu mu-un-su-ga-mu The one of speech, who is not far away!
mulu (see Hymn to Adad, line 16).
zib-ba-ra-ge: zib-ba (see Hymn to Sin, line 16, gu). ra must answer for vowel prolongation (Hymn to Bêl, line 3). ge (see Hymn to Adad, line 4). “One of speech” must mean the god endowed with authoritative utterance on the subject of germination.
nu mu-un-su-ga-mu (see on line 4).
9. bara-ka azag dimmer Nanâ-ge te ki-ka im-me In the temple the shining one of Ištar, who is the foundation of the land!
bara-ka: bara equals parakku, “dwelling room in the temple” (Br. 6878). ka (line 5).
azag dimmer Nanâ-ge (line 5).
te equals temennu, “foundation” (Br. 7710).
ki-ka: ki (Hymn to Bêl, line 9). ka (Hymn to Bêl, line 1).
im-me (line 5).
10. mulu ka-áš-ka-sa-ge nu mu-un-su-ga-mu The one of much wine, who is not far away!
mulu (see Hymn to Adad, line 16).
ka-áš is evidently a phonetic representation of kaš(BI), cognate with geš in geštin and equal to karânu, “wine” (Br. 5121, 5004 and 5006).
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ka-sa-ge: ka-sa may be a phonetic form for kas equal to šinâ, “two” (Br. 4459). Perhaps it would be better to consider ka-áš ka-sa as a reduplication of kaš, as kaš-kas(š) = “much wine”. ge (Hymn to Adad, line 4). One form of the legend makes Tammuz the begetter of autumn vegetation. If so, he is the producer of much wine. More likely the meaning is that, on his account, much wine was offered in the service of lamentation at his departure.
nu mu-un-su-ga-mu (see on line 4).
11. azag dimmer Nanâ-ge šà-mu ú-sun mu-un-si-mal The shining one of Ištar, whose heart is full of plant-production!
azag dimmer Nanâ-ge (line 5).
šà-mu: šà (Hymn to Sin, line 9, šsag). Relative mu (see line 4).
ú-sun (line 6).
mu-un-si-mal. mu-un (see Hymn to Sin, line 17). si (see Hymn to Bêl, line 22). mal (see Hymn to Bêl, line 18). Plant growth is a matter of intelligent devising on the part of Tammuz.
12. mulu ḥul-mal nu mu-un-su-ga-mu The one enduring evil, who is not far away!
mulu (see Hymn to Adad, line 16).
ḥul-mal equals limnu, “evil” (Br. 9508). ḥul equals limênu, “be evil”. mal (Hymn to Bêl, line 18).
nu mu-un-su-ga-mu (line 6).
13. dimmer mutin An-na-ge kaš-ra-bi mu-un-šub The wine-god of Anu, to whom they present their offering!
mutin is “wood of life”, mu being ES for geš, “wood”, and tin being for ti (Hymn to Bêl, line 16).
An-na-ge: An-na (see Hymn to Adad, line 3). ge (Hymn to Adad, line 4).
kaš-ra-bi: kaš equals šikaru, “strong drink” (Br. 5126). ra answers as a vowel of prolongation (Hymn to Bêl, line 3). If ra were a postposition, it would follow the suffix bi (on which see Hymn to Sin, line 27).
mu-un-šub: mu-un (Hymn to Sin, line 17). šub equals nadû “cast down” (Br. 1434). RU signifies “bent down”. The attitude of the mourners may be noted.
14. mulu ú-sun-na-ge a-na-ám šú-ba ab-rù The one of plant-germination, what does his hand ordain!
mulu ú-sun-na-ge (see line 6).
a-na-ám equals minammi (Br. 11436) which is the same as minû “what?” (Br. 11434). Note that a-ba (Hymn to Adad, line 21) equals mannu, “who?”
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šú-ba: šú (Hymn to Bêl, line 25). ba (see Hymn to Adad, line 25).
ab-rù: ab (Hymn to Bêl, line 16). rù (Hymn to Sin, line 14).
15. mulu zib-ba-ra-ge The one of speech!
See line 8.
16. mulu ka-áš-ka-sa-ge The one of much wine!
See line 10.
17. mulu ḥul-mal a-na-ám šú-ba ab-gin The one who endures evil, whither does his hand go!
mulu ḥul-mal (line 12).
a-na-àm šú-ba (line 14).
ab-gin: ab (Hymn to Bêl, line 16). gin (Hymn to Bêl, line 23).
18. dimmer mutin An-na-ge PAḤÂDU sigišše-ra mu-un-šub-bi The wine-god of Anu, to whom they offer the lamb of sacrifice!
dimmer mutin An-ua-ge (line 13).
PAḤÂDU, Assyrian for “lamb”. The sign is PISANNU enclosing GÊSṬARÛ (Br. 5489). The Sumerian value of the sign is not known. Among the few citations in which the sign appears, a female lamb is mentioned (Br. 10946).
sigišše-ra: sigišše equals nîḳû, “sacrifice”, and ra answers as a vowel of prolongation which the sign takes (Br. 9092).
mu-un-šub-bi: mu-un-šub (line 13). bi is a phonetic complement.
19. nim-me azag dimmer Nanâ-ra ì mu-un-na-ab-e-e The lofty one, the shining one of Ištar, to whom they speak.
nim-me: nim (see Hymn to Adad, line 20). me, phonetic complement.
azag (Hymn to Sin, line 1).
dimmer Nanâ-ra: dimmer Nanâ (line 5). ra (Hymn to Bêl, line 3).
ì (Hymn to Adad, line 19).
mu-un-na-ab-e-e: mu-un (Hymn to Sin, line 17). na-ab is a verbal infix = “to him”, third person here (MSL. p. XXXII). e-e (Hymn to Bêl, line 14).
20. nim-me ki mu-lu ni ma-ra an-pad-de a-na mu-un-ba-e-e The lofty one of the earth who is the abundance of the land, to whom they speak. What doth he say!
nim-me (line 19).
ki (Hymn to Bêl, line 9).
mu-lu (Hymn to Bêl, line 20).
ni (Hymn to Bêl, line 13).
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an-pad-de: an (Hymn to Adad, line 1). pad (Hymn to Sin, line 10). de, phonetic complement.
a-na equals minû, “what” (Br. 11434), the same as a-na-ám (line 14).
mu-un-ba-e-e: mu-un (Hymn to Sin, line 17). ba may be used as an infix as well as a prefix (MSL. p. XXIV, and Hymn to Bêl, lines 24 and 25). e-e (line 19).
21. è kaš-a-ka è gurun-na-ka dumu mu-lu azag zu-ge ne-ne mu-un-til-li In the house of wine, in the house of fruit, the son, the shining one of wisdom, who indeed liveth!
kaš-a-ka: kaš (line 13). a (Hymn to Bêl, line 9). ka (line 5).
gurun-na-ka: gurun equals inbu, “fruit” (Br. 10179). na, phonetic complement. ka (just explained).
dumu (Hymn to Sin, line 5).
mu-lu (Hymn to Bêl, line 20).
azag (Hymn to Sin, line 1).
zu-ge: zu (Hymn to Bêl, line 1). ge (Hymn to Adad, line 4).
ne-ne (Hymn to Bêl, line 21).
mu-un-til-li: mu-un (Hymn to Sin, line 17). til is probably the longer form of ti (Hymn to Bêl, line 16).
22. nim-me azag dimmer mutin An-na-ge ì mu-un-na-ab-e-e The lofty one, the shining one, the wine-god of Anu, to whom they speak!
nim-me azag (line 19).
dimmer mutin An-na-ge (line 13).
ì mu-un-na-ab-e-e (line 19).
23. nim-me ki šes ma-ra an-pad-de a-na-ám mu-un-ma-al The lofty one of earth, the brother of the land, to whom they speak! What doth his hand effect!
nim-me ki (line 20).
šes (line 1).
ma-ra (Hymn to Sin, line 16).
an-pad-de (line 20).
a-na-ám (line 14).
mu-un-ma-al: mu-un (Hymn to Sin, line 17). ma-al is the verb (Hymn to Bêl, line 11).
Reverse
24. è kaš-a-ka è gurun-na-ka dumu mulu azag zu-ge sigišše sag tuk-a-na In the house of wine, in the house of fruit, the son, the shining one of wisdom, who has a great sacrifice!
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è kaš-a-ka è gurun-na-nka dumu mulu azag zu-ge (line 21).
sigišše (line 18).
sag (Hymn to Bêl, line 5).
tuk-a-na: tuk equals išû, “have” (Br. 11237). a, vowel of prolongation (Hymn to Bêl, line 9). na, suffix of the third person (Hymn to Bêl, line 1).
25. ur-sag giš ku-a sag-mal-mal-ge The hero of great weapons!
ur equals amêlu, “man” (Br. 11256).
sag (Hymn to Bêl, line 5). ur-sag means “head-man”, and is also equal to ḳarradu, “mighty one”.
giš ku-a: giš equals iṣu, “wood”, and is a determinative before names of things made of wood. ku equals bêlu, “weapon”, perhaps sacrificial implements. a, vowel of prolongation.
sag-mal-mal-ge: sag (just explained). mal-mal: PISANNU is dialectic for either MA.AL or IḲU and as a suffix makes an adjective of a noun (see Hymn to Bêl, lines 1 and 18). ge (see Hymn to Adad, line 4).
26. dimmer mutin An-na-ge ú-sun-na sag-mal-mal-ge The wine god of Anu, the great plant-germinator!
dimmer mutin An-na-ge (line 13).
ú-sun-na (line 6).
sag mal-mal-ge (line 25).
27. ú-sun gurun-gurun ú-sun gurun-gurun šes-mu ú-sun gurun-gurun The germinator of many fruits, the germinator of many fruits, my brother, the germinator of many fruits!
ú-sun (line 6).
gurun-gurun, plural form of gurun (line 21).
šes-mu: šes (line 1). mu (Hymn to Adad, line 16).
28. ú-sun a-ra-li ú-sun gurun-gurun šes-mu ú-šun gurun-gurun The germinator of the lower world, the germinator of many fruits, my brother, the germinator of many fruits!
ú-sun (line 6).
a-ra-li has passed over into Assyrian as arallû, “lower world”. a-ra-li is phonetic. There is a sign, URUGAL, translated by arallû. URUGAL consists of the “enclosure” sign containing the sign GAL and means “great house”. è-kur-be is also translated by arallû and is equal to bît mûti, “house of the dead” (Br. 6259); more literally the meaning is “house of the land of the dead”.
ú-sun gurun-gurun šes-mu (line 27).
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29. in-nu gíš giš gu-ga-ge tàl-ta-al-ta-al mu-ib-rá-rá The vegetable germinator(?), the only plant begetter, who goeth forth!
in-nu might equal tibnu, “straw”, “vegetation” (Br. 4231). Perhaps it would be better to take in-nu as a verb meaning “he is the one who”, in being a verbal prefix and nu the verbal stem in the sense of zikaru (Br. 1964), as in nu-banda (MSL. 264).
gíš: UŠ with the value gíš equals riḥû, “beget” (Br. 5042).
giš gu-ga-ge: giš (see line 25). gu (Hymn to Bêl, line 20). ga answers as a vowel of prolongation. ge (Hymn to Adad, line 4).
tàl-ta-al-ta-al: tàl is the value of ÁŠ required by the phonetic gloss ta-al-ta-al.
mu-ib-rá-rá: mu (see Hymn to Bêl, line 18). ib is a modal verbal infix (MSL. p. XXIV). rá is a value of DU (see Hymn to Adad, line 21, gin).
30. dumu zi-ga-na ga-ni šà-zi-zi mu-ib-rá The son of life, his fulness in the midst of life goeth forth.
dumu (Hymn to Sin, line 5).
zi-ga-na: zi (Hymn to Bêl, line 23). ga serves for vowel prolongation. na is postpositional.
ga-ni: ga (Hymn to Bêl, line 12). ni may be taken as the possessive suffix of the third person.
šà-zi-zi: šà (Hymn to Bêl, line 22). zi (just explained).
mu-ib-rá (see line 29).
31. eš diš êr-lim-ma dimmer Dumu-zi-da-kam Thirty lines. Hymn to Tammuz.
eš: GÊŠPÛ with the value eš means “thirty”. diš is frequently a determinative before proper names, but here seems to mean “line”.
êr lim-ma (see Hymn to Bêl, colophon).
dimmer Dumu-zi-da-kam: dimmer Dumu-zi (line 3). da (Hymn to Bêl, line 4). kam (Hymn to Sin, line 27).
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