LIST OF PLATES

PLATEFACING PAGE

I.Hildegard receiving the Light from Heaven (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 1 r)Frontispiece

II.The Three Scripts of the Wiesbaden Codex B (fo. 17 r, col. b; fo. 32 v, col. b; fo. 205 r, col. b)4

III.Title-page of the Heidelberg Codex of the Scivias5

IV.The Universe (from the Heidelberg Codex of the Scivias)12

V.(a) Opening lines of the Copenhagen MS. of the Causae et Curae. (b) Opening lines of the Lucca MS. of the Liber divinorum operum simplicis hominis13

VI.Nous pervaded by the Godhead and controlling Hyle (Lucca MS., fo. 1 v)20

VII.Nous pervaded by the Godhead embracing the Macrocosm with the Microcosm (Lucca MS., fo. 9 r)21

VIII.The Macrocosm, the Microcosm, and the Winds (Lucca MS., fo. 27 v)28

IX.Celestial Influences on Men, Animals, and Plants (Lucca MS., fo. 371)28

X.A Crucifix in the Uffizi Gallery; about the middle of the thirteenth century30

XI.The Structure of the Mundane Sphere (Lucca MS., fo. 86 v)32

XII.(a) Man’s Fall and the Disturbance of the Elemental Harmony (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 4 r). (b) The New Heaven and the New Earth (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 224 v)33

XIII.The Last Judgement and Fate of the Elements (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 224 r)36

XIV.Diagram of the Relation of Human and Cosmic Phenomena: ninth century (Bibliothèque Nationale MS. lat. 5543, fo. 136 r)37

XV.An Eleventh-century French Melothesia (Bibliothèque Nationale MS. lat. 7028, fo. 154 r)40

XVI.A Melothesia of about 1400 (from Bibliothèque Nationale MS. lat. 11229, fo. 45 v)Between 40 and 41

XVII.Facsimile from the Symbolum Apostolicorum, a German Block Book of the first half of the Fifteenth Century(Heidelberg University Library)Between 40 and 41

XVIII.An Anatomical Diagram of about 1298 (Bodleian MS.Ashmole 399, fo. 18 r)41

XIX.Birth. The Arrival and Trials of the Soul (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 22 r)44

XX.Death. The Departure and Fate of the Soul (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 25 r)45

XXI.The Fall of the Angels (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 123 r)46

XXII.The Days of Creation and the Fall of Man (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 41 v)48

XXIII.The Vision of the Trinity (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 471)50

XXIV.(a) Sedens Lucidus (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 213 v). (b) Zelus Dei (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 153 r)52

XXV.The Heavenly City (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 30 r)54

XXVI.John Wilfred Jenkinson57

XXVII.Mundinus (?) lecturing on Anatomy (from the 1493 edition of ‘Ketham’)78

XXVIII.(a) Four Diagrams, to illustrate the Anatomy of Henri de Mondeville (Bibliothèque Nationale MS. fr. 2030, written in 1314). (b) A Dissection Scene, circa 1298 (Bodleian MS. Ashmole 399, fo. 34 r)79

XXIX.A Post-Mortem Examination: late fourteenth century to illustrate Guy de Chauliac (Montpellier, Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine MS. fr. 184, fo. 14 r)80

XXX.(a) A Demonstration of Surface Markings: second half of fifteenth century (Vatican MS. Hispanice 4804, fo. 8 r). (b) A Demonstration of the Bones to illustrate Guy de Chauliac: first half of fifteenth century (Bristol Reference Library MS., fo. 25 r)81

XXXI.Anatomical Sketches from the MS. of Guy de Vigevano of 1345 at Chantilly84

XXXII.Anatomical Sketches from the MS. of Guy de Vigevano of 1345 at Chantilly85

XXXIII.The Five-Figure Series: Veins, &c., Arteries, Nerves, Bones, Muscles (Bodleian MS. Ashmole 399, fos. 18 r–22 r): about 129892

XXXIV.Demonstrations of Anatomy: second half of fifteenth century (Dresden Galen MS.)93

XXXV.A View of the Internal Organs: Leonardo da Vinci (from a drawing in the Library, Windsor Castle)96

XXXVI.Two Persons dissecting, traditionally said to represent Michelangelo and Antonio della Torre (from a drawing in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, attributed to Bartolomeo Manfredi (1574?–1602))97

XXXVII.Portrait of Giovanni Bentivoglio II, from his tomb in the Church of S. Giacomo Maggiore at Bologna102

XXXVIII.(a) Roger Bacon’s Diagram of the Eye: thirteenth century (British Museum MS. Roy. 7 F. VIII, fo. 50 v). (b) Leonardo da Vinci’s Diagram of the Heart: early sixteenth century (from a drawing in Windsor Castle)103

XXXIX.Miracles at the Tomb of Edward the Confessor, from Norman-French thirteenth-century MS. (University Library, Cambridge, MS. Ee. iii. 59)166

XL.Queen Mary Tudor blessing Cramp-Rings (from Queen Mary’s Illuminated MS. Manual, in the Library of the Roman Catholic Cathedral at Westminster)178

XLI.Facsimile of the Tractatus de Causis et Indiciis Morborum, attributed to Maimonides (Bodleian MS., Marsh 379)225

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

SCIENTIFIC VIEWS AND VISIONS OF SAINT HILDEGARD

FIGUREPAGE

1.The Hildegard Country3

2.Hildegard’s First Scheme of the Universe (slightly simplified from the Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 14 r)9

3.Hildegard’s Second Scheme of the Universe (reconstructed from her measurements)29

4.Dante’s Scheme of the Universe (slightly modified from Michelangelo Caetani, duca di Sermoneta, La materia della Divina Commedia di Dante Allighieri dichiarata in VI tavole)31

5.Diagram of the Zones (from Herrade de Landsberg, Hortus deliciarum)40

6, 7.Melothesiae (from R. Fludd, Historia utriusque cosmi, 1619)41

8.The Microcosm (from R. Fludd, Philosophia sacra seu astrologia cosmica, 1628)42

9.Diagram illustrating the relationship of the Planets to the Brain (from Herrade de Landsberg, Hortus deliciarum)48

A STUDY IN EARLY RENAISSANCE ANATOMY

1.The first printed picture of Dissection (from the French translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 1482)80

2.Dissection Scene in the open air (Title-page of Mellerstadt’s edition of the Anatomy of Mondino, 1493)82

3.Dissection Scene (from the 1495 edition of ‘Ketham’)83

4.The first picture of Dissection in an English-printed book (from the English translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 1495)85

5.A Lecture on Anatomy (from the 1535 edition of Berengar of Carpi’s Commentary on Mondino)85

6.Diagrams of the Internal Organs (after Bodleian MS. Ashmole 399, of about 1298)88

7.A Female Figure laid open to show the Womb and other Organs (from the 1493 edition of ‘Ketham’)91

8.The Abdominal Muscles (from Berengar of Carpi’s Commentary on Mondino, 1521)96

9.The first printed Map of England (from the 1472(?) Bologna Ptolemy, edited by Manfredi and others)100

10.Facsimile of the last page of Manfredi’s Prognosticon ad annum 1479102

11.Diagram showing the ten Layers of the Head, the Cerebral Ventricles and Cranial Nerves, and the Relation of the Nerves to the Senses (from M. Hundt, Antropologium, 1501)112

12.The Layers of the Head (from the Anatomia of Johannes Dryander, 1537)112

13.Diagram showing the Ventricles of the Brain (from Illustrissimi philosophi et theologi domini Alberti magni compendiosum insigne ac perutile opus Philosophiae naturalis, 1496)114

14.Diagram of the Senses, the Humours, the Cerebral Ventricles, and the Intellectual Faculties. To illustrate Roger Bacon, De Scientia Perspectiva, (British Museum MS. Sloane 2156, fo. 11 r)116

15.Diagram illustrating the general ideas on Anatomy current at the Renaissance (from K. Peyligk. Philosophiae naturalis compendium, 1489)116

16.Diagrams of the Cerebral Ventricles viewed from above and from the side (from K. Peyligk, Philosophiae naturalis compendium, 1489)117

17.The Localization of Cerebral Functions (from the 1493 edition of ‘Ketham’)117

18.Diagram of the Ventricles and the Senses, with their relation to the intellectual processes, according to the doctrine of the Renaissance anatomists (from G. Reisch, Margarita philosophiae, 1503)117

19.The Anatomy of the Eye (from G. Reisch, Margarita philosophiae, 1503)120

20.The Anatomy of the Eye (from Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, 1543)121

21.The Heart (from the Roncioni MS., Pisa 99)127

22.Diagram showing the two Lateral Ventricles and the ‘Central’ Ventricle, (from Johannes Adelphus, Mundini de omnibus humani corporis interioribus menbris Anathomia, 1513)128

23.The Heart (from Hans von Gersdorff, Feldt- und Stattbüch bewerter Wundartznei, 1556)129

DR. JOHN WEYER AND THE WITCH MANIA

Portrait of Dr. John Weyer at the age of 60, 1576189