INDEX
Reading edition
A
Accidents, industrial, 411-412
Admission of new states, 227-228
Agriculture, the federal Department of, 299 n scope and methods of, 339-342 special characteristics of, 343-345 improvements in, 345-346 government encouragement of, 346-348 financial aids to, 348-349 problems of, 349-352
Albany Congress, 248
Ambassadors, appointment and duties of, 591-595
Amendments, to state constitutions, 232 to national constitution, 260-262
American Federation of Labor, 403-404
Americanization, the public schools as agencies of, 28 purpose and methods of, 33
“American Plan” in industry, 409
Anti-Trust Law. See Sherman Act
Appointments to office, methods of, 99-101 confirmation of, 270-271 presidential, 293-294
Appeals, judicial, 311-312
Appropriations in Congress, 463-465
Arbitration, of labor disputes, 409-410 compulsory, 410-411 international, 601-602
Aristotle, classification of governments by, 66-67
Armaments, the cost of, 563-564
Army, various divisions of the, 567-571 control of, in war, 571-572
Army in peace, 572-573
Articles of Confederation, 249-251, 287
Assessments for taxation, 456-457
Athletics, value of, in training citizens, 86-88
Australian ballot, 132
B
Balance of power in Europe, 629
Ballot, history of the, 131-132 reform of, 132-133 preferential, 133-134
Banks, functions of, 434 organization of, 435-437 federal reserve, 437-439 work of, 439-442 See also Farm Loan Banks
Bargaining, collective, 405-406
Billboards, regulation of, 214-215
Bill of Rights, 261
Bimetallism, the controversy over, 428-430
Blacklists, industrial, 407
Bloc. See Agricultural bloc
Boards, in counties, 169-170 in cities, 192 in state government, 238-239 of education, 498 of health, 534
Bonaparte, Napoleon, on the qualities of a good constitution, 258
Bosses, political, their origin, 29 their methods, 160-161
Boycotts in labor troubles, 407
Bryan, William J., on free silver, 430
687Budgets, how made, 462-463 in Congress, 463-465
Buildings, public, in cities, 212-214
Bureau of Animal Industry, 347 of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 376 of Child Welfare, 415 n of Education, 499 of American Republics, 617
Burke, Edmund, on the function of a representative, 98-99
Business taxes, 222
C
Cabinet, organization and functions of, 297-303
Campaign funds, 161-162
Capital, as a factor in production, 48-50
Center of population in the United States, 21
Chancery. See Equity
Charters, municipal, 186-190
Checks and balances, 232-234
Child labor, the restriction of, 414-415
China, economic resources of, 335 open door in, 618-620
Circuit courts, 313
Cities, drift of population to, 22-23 growth of, 183-184 character of population in, 184-186 relation to state, 186-190 government of, 190-199 administrative problems in, 203-222 taxation in, 455-457
City councils, 193-194
City government, development of, 182-184 present organization of, 184-199 See also Municipal problems
City-manager plan, 197-198
City planning, 206-298
Citizenship, rights of, 79 qualifications for, 81 dual, 82 n obligations of, 83-84 training for, 84-88
Civil liberty, origin and nature of, 78-81 relation of direct legislation to, 111
Civil War, effect of, on relations between nation and states, 227 on the constitution, 261-262 martial law during, 574-575 naval progress during, 575 n cost of pensions after, 583 danger of foreign intervention during, 608
Civil service, federal, 104 in counties, 173 See also Merit system
Clayton Act, 391, 408
Cleveland, adoption of city manager plan in, 197 n Grover, use of armed forces in labor troubles by, 572-573
Closed shop, the question of, 408-409
Coal, the conservation of, 329-330
Coinage in the United States, 427-430
Collective bargaining, 56, 405-406
Colleges, training for citizenship in, 87-88
Commerce, purposes of, 356-357 development of, 357-358 scope and nature of, 358-359 regulation of, 359-360 agencies of, 364-368 effect of tariffs on, 368-372 the encouragement of, 372-378
Commission government, in cities, 194-196 in states, 241-242
Commissions, public service, 480-481
Committees, party, 156-158 in the Senate, 268-269 in the House, 275 of conference, 277-278 on budget matters, 464-465
Communism, economic aspects of, 650-652
Common law, 314-315
Companies, commercial, 50-51 See also Holding companies
688Competition, the nature of, 54 among public utilities, 475-476
Conciliation in labor disputes, 409-410
Confederation, Articles of, 249-251
Confirmation of appointments, 100
Congress, of the Confederation, 248-252, 257 of the United States, influence of public opinion on, 95-96 organization and work of, 266-282 committees in, 268-278 agricultural bloc in, 350-351 new budget system in, 464-465 of Vienna, 627-628
Conservation of natural resources, 326-336
Consular service, 373-374
Constitution of the United States, events leading to, 246-253 makers of, 254-255 nature of, 257-258 development of, 258-260 methods of amending, 260-262
Constitutions, state, 230-232
Consumption of wealth, 39-40
Constabulary, state, 217
Constitutional Convention of 1787, 253-257
Continental Congress, 248
Contract, freedom of, 55-56
Conventions, party, state, 129, 156-157 national, 158-159
Coroner, office of, 172
Council, in cities, 193-194
County districts, 177
County government, 167-174
County manager plan, 170
Courtesy of the Senate, 270-271
Courts, county, 170-171 state, 239 federal, 308-313
Courts-martial, 573-574
Covenant. See League of Nations
Credit, agricultural, 348-349 relation of money to, 442-443
Credit, relation of prices to, 443-444 advantages and dangers of, 444-445
Crime, classifications of, 550-551 causes of, 552-553 methods of dealing with, 553-557
“Cross of Gold” campaign, 430
Currency, paper, history of, 430-431 present forms of, 431-432 advantages of, 432-434
Currency Act (1900), 430
Custom, the influence of, 9-10
D
Darwin, Charles, theories of, 2-4
Debts, public, necessity of, 465-466 nature and amount of, 466-468 repayment of, 468-469
Declaration of Independence, influence of John Locke on, 64-65 assertion of civil rights in, 80 political doctrines of, 248-249
Defence, national, cost of, 563-564 need for, 564-567 methods of, 567-583
Degeneracy as a cause of poverty, 542
Demand and supply, relations of, 40
Democracy, true and false types, 68 progress of, 69 justification of, 70 relation of education to, 492-493 relation of socialism to, 657-658 achievements of, 658-660 citizen’s duty toward, 660-661
Departments, in city government, 191-192, 205-206 in state government, 238-239 in federal government, 299
Diminishing returns, the law of, 343
Diplomatic service, organization and functions of, 591-595
Direct legislation, progress of, 107-108 procedure in, 109-110 merits and defects of, 110-112
Disarmament, international, 576-577 See also Washington Conference
689Disease, the germ theory of, 516-517 transmission of, 517-520 in industry, 521-522 the prevention of, 522-524
Divine right, theory of, 63-64
Division of labor, 44-46 in agriculture, 344-345 of powers, 232-234
Divorce problem, 557-560
Domestic relations, courts of, 559
Drug evil, the, 526
Duties on imports, 459 See also Tariffs and Tariff problems
E
Economics, the subject-matter of, 38-39
Education, relation to democracy, 492-493 to personal efficiency, 493-494 purpose and value of, 494-495 growth of, 495-496 control and management of, 496-498 national government’s work for, 498-499 federal aid to, 499-500 problems of, 500-507 vocational, 507-508
Educational tests for voting, 122-124
Elections, in counties, 169 procedure at, 129-137 corrupt practices at, 137-138 of senators, 267-268 of representatives in Congress, 273-274 presidential, 288-290 See also Ballots, City Government, Voting
Emergency Fleet Corporation, 375
Employers’ liability, 411-412
England, local government in, 227 cabinet system in, 301
Environment, the influence of, 5-9
Equity, origin and nature of, 316-317
Espionage Act, the, 581
Europe, relations with, 613
Evolution, theory of, 1-5 in political institutions, 66
Excess profits, taxation of, 458-459
Exchange, the theory of, 53
Expatriation, the doctrine of, 83
F
Factories. See Industry
Family, as a fundamental social group, 11-12 its place in the evolution of government, 66
Far East, American interests in the, 617-618
Farm Loan Banks, 348-349
Farmers’ Alliance. See National Farmers’ Alliance Institutes, 350
Farmer-Labor party, 351
Federalism, the nature of, 67-68
Federalist, The, 257
Federal reserve banks, organization and work of, 437-439 Trade Commission, 341-392
Filibusters, 278-279
Filtration of water supplies, 530-531
Fire prevention, the need for, 217-218 methods of, 218-219
Fisheries, economic importance of, 333
Fittest, survival of the, 3-4, 11
Food, the inspection of, 525-526 control of, in war time, 582
Foreign policy, American traditions relating to, 606-607 nature of, 587-590 control of, 590-591 how conducted, 591-602
Forests, economic importance of, 331 See also Reserves
Four Power Treaty, 619-620
Fourteen Points, the, 609-610
France, local government in, 227
Franchises, taxation of, 456 public service, 477-480
Freedom of speech in war time, 581-582
690Free silver, the fight for, 428-430
Free trade, arguments for and against, 370-372
G
Garbage, disposal of, 527-528
Gary system, 506-507
General property tax, 455-456
“Gentlemen’s agreement”, with Japan, 32 in industry, 386
Geography, influence of, 8-9, 333-336
Germany, social insurance in, 419
Gerrymander, origin and use of, 273
Gladstone, W. E., opinion of the national constitution, 256-257
Gompers, Samuel, 405
Government, the importance of, 13 as a factor in production, 51-52 the basis of obedience to, 63-65 origin of, 65-66 classification of, 66-69 purpose of, 70-72 functions of, 72-73 the study of, 74
Governor, position and powers of, 237-238
Grand jury, 318
Granges. See Patrons of Husbandry
Greenbacks, the, 431
Guidance, vocational, 396-397
Guild operation, 488-489
H
Habit, influence of, 10
Hague Conferences, the, 577
Hamilton, Alexander, 255, 257 Report on Manufactures, 370
Highways in counties, 168
Hobbes, Thomas, defender of absolutism, 65
Holding companies, 387
Holy Alliance, 598-599
Home rule, municipal, 187-190
House of Representatives, federal, organization and work of, 272-283
Housing, municipal control of, 531-533
I
Ideals, national, economic influence of, 327 effect of urban growth on, 184-186
Immigration, the course of, 23-24 causes of, 25-26 effects of, 26-29 restriction of, 29-30, 32
Impeachments, federal, 269-270
Income taxes, 458-459
Increasing returns, law of, 388
Incidence of taxation, 451-452
Individualism as an economic system, 14, 73
Industrial accidents, 411-412 courts, 410-411 democracy, 393-394 Revolution, nature of, 383-384 Revolution, effect on labor, 400-401, 414 n Workers of the World (the I. W. W.), 405
Industry, definition of, 383 development and organization of, 384-386 combinations in, 386-389 government regulation of, 389-393 present-day problems of, 393-397 the hygiene of, 520-521
Inheritances, taxes on, 458
Initiative and referendum, origin and spread of, 107-108 how used, 109-110 value of, 110-111 objections to, 111-112
Injunctions, use of, in labor disputes, 407-408
Insular possessions, government of, 229-230
Insane, problem of the, 549-550
Insects as disease carriers, 518-519
Insurance, against accident, 413 against unemployment, 418 against old age, 419
691Interest on invested capital, 49-50
International, The, 651-652
International law, nature and scope of, 588-590
Interstate commerce, growth of, 359-361 regulation of, 362-364 Commerce Commission, jurisdiction and work of, 363-364
Interpretation, development of the constitution by, 259-260
J
Jackson, Andrew, removals from office by, 102
Japan, relations with, 618-620
Japanese, problem of the, on Pacific slope, 32-33
Jefferson, Thomas, believer in social contract theory, 65 on entangling alliances, 598, 606
Judicial procedure, 317-323
Judicial supremacy, the doctrine of, 310-311
Judges, selection and removal of, 239-240
Jukes, the, 542-543
Junior high schools and colleges, 502-503
Jury, grand, 318 trial, 318-319 merits and defects of, 317-321
Justice, Department of, its work, 299 n
Juvenile delinquency, 557
K
Kansas plan of arbitration, 410-411
Knights of Labor, 402-403
L
Labor, as a factor in production, 43-44 division of, 44-46 perishable nature of, 46-47 federal department of, 299 n
Labor in agriculture, 349 changes in the conditions of, 400-401 organization of, 401-403 American Federation of, 403-404 the radical element in, 404-405 methods and policies of, 405-410 problems of, 410-419 services of, during the World War, 419-420 relations of, to League of Nations, 637
Latin-America, relations with, 615-617
Law, branches of the, 314-315 military, 573-574 martial, 574-575 relations of labor to, 411
League of Nations, origin of the, 625-630 covenant of, 630-632 as a scheme of government, 632-636 system of mandates, 636-637 relation of labor to, 637 public health work of, 638 American objections to, 638-639 work of, 639-640 relation of Washington Conference to, 640-641 future of, 641-642 relation of Monroe Doctrine to, 600 n
Legislatures, state, decline of confidence in, 108 organization of, 235-237
L’Enfant, Major, planning of Washington by, 207
Liquor traffic, its effect upon the public health, 526-527
Loans to European countries, 613-614 See also Debts
Local government in Europe and America compared, 178-179
Locke, John, his theory of political obedience, 64
Lockouts, industrial, 407
692London, first civil police established in, 216 poverty in, 541
Los Angeles, origin of recall in, 114
Louisiana Purchase, 228
Lusitania, sinking of the, 609
M
Machines, political, 159-160
Madison, James, on the need of national defence, 564 contributions to The Federalist, 257
Magna Carta, 79, 323, 495
Maine, Sir Henry, on the rise of men from status to contract, 56
Management, industrial, as a factor in production, 50-51
Mandates, the system of, 636-637
Martial law, 574-575
Mayor, position and powers of the, 190-191
Mentally defective, the problem of the, 549-550
Merchant marine, 375-376
Mergers in industry, 387
Merit system, origin of, 103-104 workings of, 104-105 value of, 105-106 in the consular service, 374
Metropolitan counties, 173-174
Mexico, relations with, 615-617
Military law, 573-574
Militarism, the encouragement of, 565-566
Milk, inspectors of, 524-525
Mines and minerals, economic importance of, 329-340 their relation to conquest, 334-335
Minimum wage laws, 416-417
Minor political parties, 152-153
Mints in the United States, 428
Money, origin of, 424-425 functions and characteristics of, 425-427
Money, forms of, in the United States, 427-433 relation of credit to, 442-443 quantity theory of, 444 See also Currency
Monopolies, types of, 54 effects of, 55 industrial, 387-388 natural, 474-475
Monroe Doctrine, origin and nature of, 596-599 present status of, 600-601
Municipal problems, 203-222 See also City government
N
National banks, organization and work of, 435-439 Farmers’ Alliance, 350 Guard, relation of federal authorities to, 568-569
Naturalization, requirements for, and procedure in, 81-82
Natural monopolies, 474-475 resources, 326-336 selection, the principle of, 3-4
Navy, growth and organization of, 575-576 See also Disarmament
Near East, American interests in, 620
Negroes, migration of, to the United States, 27 present numbers and distribution, 30-31 problems of, 31-32 voting rights of, 261-262
Neutrality, laws of, 589 American contributions to the rights of, 601
New England town, the government of, 175-176
New York City, population of, 23 poverty in, 541
Nominations, history of, 120-121 methods of making, 127-129 See also Conventions, Primary
Normal schools, 504
Northern Securities Case, 365-390
693O
Oil, the conservation of, 329-330
Old age pensions, 419
Open shop, controversies over, 408-409
Oregon, direct legislation in, 110
Organization, of industry, 50-51, 384-385 of labor, 401-405
Ownership, public. See Public ownership
P
Pacific, problems of the, 618-620
Panama Canal, the, 617
Pan-American Congress, 617
Parks and recreation grounds, 212
Parole system, 555-556
Parties, political, nature and functions of, 145-150 history of, 150-151 programs of, 151-154 the voter’s relation to, 154-155 organization of, 156-161 finance of, 161-162 reform of, 162-163
Partnerships, business, 50
Patents, 55
Patrons of Husbandry, 350
Pauperism, nature of, and remedies for, 540-549
Pavements, 210-212
Penn, William, plan of colonial union proposed by, 248
Pensions, the cost of, 583 old age, 419
Petitions, for direct legislation, 109
Picketing during labor troubles, 407
Playground, training for citizenship on the, 86
Plumb Plan, 366, 489
Pocket veto, 294
Police, history of, 215-216 organization of, 216-217
Poll taxes, 456
Pools in industry, 386-387
Poor relief, history and methods of, 540-549
Popular sovereignty, 94-95
Population, growth of, 19-20 distribution of, 20-21 center of, 21 drift of, to the cities, 22-23
Poverty, extent and causes of, 540-545 methods of dealing with, 545-549
President of the United States, position and powers of, 286-297 control of army, 571-572 control of navy, 576
Preparedness for war, the true nature of, 578-580
Price-fixing by governments, 391
Prices, relation of, to value, 53-54 to money and credit, 443-444 to taxes, 452
Primary, the different forms of, 127-129
Prisons and prison reform, 554-555
Private property, regulation of, 214-215
Probation system, 556-557
Production, economic, 41-42 the factors in, 42-52 large-scale, 388-389
Profit sharing, 394-395
Profits, nature and basis of, 51
Property, private. See Private Property
Proportional representation, 134-136
Prosecuting attorney, 171-172
Protective tariffs, arguments for, 370-371 arguments against, 371-372
Public buildings, in counties, 168 in cities, 212-214
Public domain, 327-328
Public health, importance of, 514-515 progress in the protection of, 515-516 menaces to, 516-520 694methods of safeguarding, 521-534 enforcement of regulations relating to, 534-535
Public Health Service, federal, 534-535
Public libraries, 504-505
Public opinion, nature and influence of, 94-96
Public ownership, in Europe, 482 in America, 483 arguments for, 483-485 arguments against, 435-437
Public service commissions, 480-481
Q
Quantity theory of money and prices, 444
Quarantine, methods of, 522-523
R
Races in the United States, 19-33
Radicalism, growth of, 646-647
Railroads, the beginnings of, 362-363 relation of, to Sherman Act, 364-365 in war time, 365-366 government operation of, 366-367 return to private operation of, 367 future of, 368
Railway Labor Board, 367
Ratio of representation, 272
Recall of officers, 113-114
Recess appointments, 271
Reciprocity with Canada, 373
Reconstruction, economic, in Europe, 614-615 political and economic, 646-661
Redistricting, 273
Refunding of public debts, 468
Registration of voters, 125-126
Regular army, 567-568
Removals from office, 106
Rent, its nature, 43
Representation, proportional, 134-136
Representatives, effect of direct legislation on the quality of, 112 the choice of, 96-97 proper function of, 98-99
Reserves, forest, 332-333
Restraint of trade, 389-390
Resources, natural, 326-336
Revolution, American, as a unifying factor, 248
Rings, political, 160-161
Rome, ancient, prestige of citizenship in, 80-81
Rule of reason, the, 390
Rural exodus, the, 351-352
Russia, the new government in, 647-652
S
Sales tax, as proposed, 462
Schools. See Education
Second jeopardy, 320
Secret diplomacy, 595-596
Selective service in war time, 570-571
Selectmen, boards of, in towns, 176
Senate of the United States, organization and powers of, 267-272 rejection of treaties by, 631
Senatorial courtesy. See Courtesy of the Senate
Sewage, collection and disposal of, 527-528
Sheriff, office of, 171
Shipping Board, 375
Single tax, as proposed, 461-462
Short ballot, 132-133 in county elections, 174
Sinking funds, 468
Smith, Adam, on the canons of taxation, 455
Smoke abatement in cities, 531
Social contract, theory of, 65 control, 14-15 control, the limits to, 72-73 insurance as a means of reducing poverty, 548
Socialism, defined and explained, 652-653 arguments for, 653-654 arguments against, 654-658
695Socialist party, its rise and present status, 154
Society, its origin and nature, 1-13
Soil, economic importance of, 327-328 exhaustion of, 345
Soviet system in Russia, 647-650
Speaker, office of, 274-275
Special assessments, 457
Spoils system, 101-103 in the consular service, 374
State Department, its work, 591
States, nature of, 62-63 relation of local government to, 186-190, 219-220 relation to national government, 226-227 admission of, 227-230 constitutions of, 230-232 functions of, 232-233 legislative organization in, 235-237 executive organization in, 237-238 judicial organization in, 239-240 encouragement of agriculture by, 348 control of corporations by, 392 tax systems of, 457-458 educational work of, 496-497 supervision of public health by, 534
Statutes and statutory law, 315-316
Steam, revolution in industry caused by, 384
Stock exchange, functions of, 445-446
Streets, planning of, 208-209 width and arrangement, 209-210 paving of, 210-212
Strikes, how organized, 406-407
Succession to the presidency, 296
Suffrage, history of, 119-120 negro, 120-121 universal, 121-122 See also Elections, Voting
Supreme Court of the United States, its constitutional functions, 259-260 its organization and influence, 308-311
T
Tariffs and tariff policy, 368-372
Taxation, in cities, 220-222 the burden of, 450-451 the incidence of, 451-453 special nature of, 453-454 principles of, 454-455 local, 455-457 state, 457-458 national, 458-459 the two purposes of, 459-460 exemptions from, 460-461 the reform of, 461-462
Taxes, on immigrants, 30 as an element in the cost of production, 52
Teachers, the training of, 503-504
Tenements. See Housing
Territories, the government of, 229-230
Timber, the conservation of, 331-332
Town government, 175-176
Township government, 176-177
Trade unions. See Organization of labor
Traffic zones, 210
Transportation Act, 364, 367
Treasury, Department of the, 299 n
Treaties, ratification of, by the Senate, 271 commercial, 373 how made, 596-597
Trial by jury, 318-321
Tribe, its place in political evolution, 66
Triple Alliance, 628-629
Trusts, industrial, 387
Typhoid fever, its cause and method of transmission, 517-518
U
Unemployment, the problem of, 417-418
Unions, labor, aims and methods of, 401-410
Universal military training, merits and defects of, 578
696Usage, development of constitution by, 258-259
Utility, the principle of, in determining demand, 40-41
Utilities, public, 215 the nature of, 474-476 regulation of, 470-477 franchises of, 477-480 public ownership of, 481-488 guild operation of, 488-489
V
Vaccination and inoculation, effects of 523-524
Value, definition of, 53
Vice president, election of, 288 duties of, 270 n functions of the, 296-297
Veto power, the President’s, 294-295
Vocation, the choice of a, 396-397
Vocational education, 507-508 See also Guidance, vocational
Volunteers, use of, in war, 569-570
Voting, preferential, 133-134 qualifications for, 122-125 absent, 138 compulsory, 138-139 by machine, 139-140 in Congress, 278 n See also Registration of voters, Suffrage
W
Wages, factors affecting the rate of, 47-48
War, the cost of, 563-564 the causes of, 566-567 preparedness for, 578-581 the laws of, 588-589 humanizing of, 601 measures for the prevention of, 635-636 See also Arbitration, Hague Conferences, League of Nations, Washington Conference
War Industries Board, 582
Washington Conference, relation of League of Nations to, 640-641
Washington, George, as a non-partisan President, 102 on the weakness of the Confederation, 252 at the constitutional convention, 254 on two-house legislatures, 266 advice on foreign policy, 597-598, 606 n
Waste disposal, methods of, in cities, 527-528
Water supply, sources and methods of, 529-530
Wealth, definition of, 39
Weather Bureau, importance of its work, 347
Wellington, the Duke of, on the value of organized play, 87
Wider use of the school plant, 505-506
Whitehall, Indiana, center of population, 21
Wilson, Woodrow, on the aims of America in the World War, 609-610 See also Fourteen Points, League of Nations, World War
Woman suffrage, the winning of, 262
Women, in industry, the protection of, 413-414
Workman’s compensation, 413
World power, the United States in relation to, 606-621
World War, rise of wages during, 48 American agriculture during, 342-343 American labor during, 419-420 public debts resulting from, 466 powers of the government during, 580-583 America’s part in, 608-609 cost of, 612 problems created by, 646-661
Y
Year Book of the Department of Agriculture, 347