Part 2 — SUBJECT-INDEX.
Reading edition
Abundance of food, 203, 228, 236, 246, 255.
Adoption, of captives, 29, 192, 246 note 1, 263, 288, 400, 424, 428, 437; of slaves, 431.
Adult males, not desired for slaves, 438 note 2.
Ager publicus, 383 note 1.
Agricultural tribes, definition of term, 176; have much use for slave labour, 297 sqq.; generally have open resources, 386.
Agriculture, among pastoral tribes, 263; stages of, according to Grosse, 177; according to Hahn, 177; our three stages, 177; a. proper, 177, 297.
Antichresis, 40.
Appropriation of land, 303 sqq., 321, 323, 328, 362–383.
Aristocracy, slaves the tools of, 401, 439.
Ashley, Professor W. J., on medieval England, 348, 350–352, 358, 362–372.
Assessment of wages, 367.
Bagehot, Walter, on the universality of slavery, 171; on leisure being the great need of early societies, 213; on equality of freemen in new countries, 298; on “wholesale” and “retail” slavery, 302; on the use of slavery, 436.
Bastian, Professor A., on the relativity of all liberty, 5; on “slaves of the chief”, 30.
Bauernlegen, 379, 382 note 1.
Black Death, 366.
Blending of types, furthered by slavery, 437.
Bos, Dr. P. R., on slavery among the Tlinkits and similar tribes, 174, 216.
Brinton, D. G., on the influence of slavery on the blending of types, 437.
Bücher, Professor K., on hunting, 199; on trade among savages, 210 note 3.
Burial of slaves, 433.
Cairnes, J. E., on slave labour, 198; on slaves and peasant proprietors 299–301; on abundance of land as a requisite for the existence of slavery, 303, 304; on the cultivation of cotton and similar crops, 395.
Cannibalism, 8, 428.
Capital, among the Eskimos, 254; among pastoral tribes, 268 sqq.; among agricultural tribes, 297; subsistence dependent on c., 255 sqq., 268 sqq., 297, 383 sqq., 418; c. wanting in a system of natural economy, according to Hildebrand, 352, 354.
Captives, treatment of, 413, 424, 428, 436; adopted see Adoption; repelled by their former countrymen, 215, 435.
Carey, H. C., on the relation of parent and child, 26.
Carolingian period, 374.
Cattle-breeding agriculturists, 265, 271, 297.
Chamberlain, A. F., on child-life among savages, 26 note 2.
Characteristics of slavery, 5.
Chiefs, as slave-owners, 30–32, 434, 440; their wants provided for by their subjects, 193; appropriation of land by c., 329.
Children, Australian parents fond of their, 24; treatment of, among savages, 26 sqq.; adopted, 29; ch. of slaves, and of free people and slaves, status of, 428, 433.
Civilized nations, XVI; influence of 45, 412 sqq.
“Clear cases”, 46.
Clearing of land a modus acquirendi, 311, 321, 328.
Coercive power, 259, 286, 407, 425.
Colonies, labour in, 298, 306 sqq.
Colonization, in medieval Germany, 376, 380.
Commerce see Trade.
Commercial tribes, meaning of term, 394; most often keep slaves, 394, 423; c. countries, 354.
Commons, 363, 364, 369, 376, 378, 381.
Commutation, 353 sqq., 364, 365, 367, 372, 377, 379.
Comparative method, XV, XVII.
Compulsion, personal and impersonal, 421.
Compulsory labour, 5, 8, 9, 40, 348, 419 sqq.
Comte, Aug., on slavery and religion, XX.
Connubium between free people and slaves, 430, 432.
Copyhold, 366, 367, 372.
Credit economy, 352.
Criticism of ethnographical literature, XVII sqq., 41 sqq.
Croce, B., On Loria, 306 note 1.
Cunningham, Professor W., on primitive agriculture, 295 note 1; on Wakefield and his system of colonization, 308 note 1; on the influence of commerce, 394 note 1; on slaves brought from a distance fetching a higher price than others, 414 note 1; on slave labour in ancient Tyre and Greece, 440 note 1; on medieval England, 349, 351, 363 sqq; on natural economy and money economy, 362.
Dargun, Dr. L., on the development of economic life, 175; on employment of women in primitive agriculture, 178; on individual property among pastoral tribes, 273 note 1; on tribal property in land, 310; on land tenure among the Australians, 346 note 7.
Darwin, Ch., on the condition of women among savages, 23; on derivation of institutions, 45 note 3; on the Fuegians, 82 note 3.
Death-rate among slaves, 437.
Debtor-slaves, 39, 344, 429, 439.
Dedication of slaves to gods, 431.
Demesne, 350.
Depopulation, in Oceania, 341; in England in the 14th century, 366.
Derivation of institutions, 45, 214, 216 note 7, 411.
Dimitroff Dr. Z., on slavery among pastoral tribes, 173.
Disafforesting controversy, 363.
Division of labour, the function of slavery, 7; between the sexes, 22.
Domesday Book, 363.
Domestic labour performed by slaves, 217, 281, 388, 438.
Early history of mankind, XV.
Economic states of society, 174 sqq.
Emancipation of slaves, 430.
Enemies, hated but not despised, 197.
Ethnographers, XVII, 4.
Ethnographical literature, XVII sqq.
Ethnology, XV.
Evictions of the 15th and 16th centuries, in England, 369 sqq.; in Germany, 382.
Exchange of wives in Australia, 14, 20.
Expansion, a necessity of slave societies, 304.
Experimentum crucis, 227.
External causes, 259, 286, 407 sqq., 417, 425.
Extratribal slavery, 194, 424, 428, 433, 437.
Familia rustica and familia urbana 388, 389, 433.
Family, slaves regarded as belonging to the master’s, 301, 431.
Felix, Professor L., on slavery in the early stages of social life, 174.
Female labour, in Australia, 15; among hunters, 199; among Sammler, 202; on the N. Pacific Coast of N. America, 218 sqq.; in Central N. America, 242 sqq.; among the Eskimos, 252; among pastoral tribes, 281; among hunting agriculturists, 295; performed by men, 200; performed by slaves, 217, 218, 281, 388, 389; making slave labour superfluous, 258, 389 sqq.
Ferrero, G., on the selective influence of slavery, 437.
Fishing, on the N. Pacific Coast of N. America, 202; in Australia, 229; in Central N. America, 237; among the Eskimos, 247; not so unfavourable to the growth of slavery as hunting, 201, 255.
Fishing agriculturists, 296.
Fishing tribes, definition of term, 202; generally have open resources, 386.
Fixed habitations, 205, 229, 237, 247, 255, 259, 286, 407, 425.
Flügel, Dr. O., on the absence of slavery among hunters, 172; on the character of early slavery, 302 note 2.
Fluidity of labour, 355.
Forests in Germany, 373, 378, 380.
Freizügigkeit, the true mark of freedom, 350.
Geographical groups, XVII, 46.
Government among the Australians, 232 sqq.
Grosse, Dr. E., on the Australians, 84 note 3; on stages of agriculture, 177; on the condition of women among “higher hunters”, 222 sqq.
Groups, living in small, unfavourable to the growth of slavery, 194, 255, 259, 425; size of g., among hunters, 194; among the tribes of the N. Pacific Coast of N. America, 205; in Australia, 229; in Central N. America, 237; among the Eskimos, 247; among pastoral tribes, 282; among agricultural tribes, 407.
Grünberg, Dr., on the universality of slavery, 171.
Grupp, Dr. G., on money economy and serfdom, 362 note 2.
Hahn, Dr. E., on agriculture, 177.
Hildebrand, Professor B., on natural, money and credit economy, 352 sqq.; criticism of H.’s theory, 354 sqq.
Hildebrand, Dr. R., on employment of women in primitive agriculture, 178 note 1; on landed property in primitive societies, 310 note 1.
Hinterland, 232.
Hoe culture, 177, 297.
Horticulture, 177.
Hunter, good, highly respected, 195.
Hunting, psychical character of, 195; not fit to be performed by slaves, 195 sqq.; requires the utmost application, 197.
Hunting agriculturists, 177 note 4, 228, 294; male and female labour among, 295; are often nomadic, 295; why most of them do not keep slaves, 295, 406, 407; they do not employ slaves in warfare, 400.
Hunting tribes, definition of term, 176; generally have open resources, 386; hardly ever keep slaves, 192, 203.
Illustration, facts adduced by way of, XVIII.
Improvidence, of Australians, 230; of Central N. American Indians, 237 sqq.
Inama-Sternegg, Professor K. Th. von, on natural economy and serfdom, 362 note 2; on medieval Germany, 348, 358, 359, 362, 373 sqq.
Inclosures, 364, 370–372.
Inductive method, XVII.
Industry, 178 note 2; on the N. Pacific Coast of N. America, 207 sqq.; in Australia, 231, 232; in Central N. America, 239, 240; among the Eskimos, 248–250; among pastoral tribes, 281; effects of, 259.
Inferior races, neighbourhood of, 288, 414, 425.
Ingram, Professor J. K., XX; on the use of the terms “slave” and “slavery”, 4; definition of slavery, 6; on lower castes, 33; on the character of serfdom, 37; on slavery among hunting, pastoral and agricultural tribes, 172; on employment of slaves in warfare by the Romans, 401; on liberti holding high offices, 403 note 2; on the African slave-trade, 410 sqq.; on the moral effect of slavery, 436.
Intercourse, between neighbouring tribes, 214, 260, 289; with superior races, 411, 425.
Internal causes, 417.
Intratribal slavery, 194, 428.
Isolated tribes, 228.
Jägerbauern, see Hunting agriculturists.
Jews in the Middle Ages, 197 note 1.
Jhering, Professor R. von, definition of slavery, 6; on slavery in early Rome, 302 note 2.
Kohler, Professor J., on the Marshall Islanders, 104; on the Duallas, 149 note 9; on slavery and commerce, 395.
Labour, demand for, 384, 419; among pastoral tribes, 273; in Oceania, 342 sqq.; among agricultural tribes, 298 sqq.
Labourers, free, 34, 256; among pastoral tribes, 268 sqq.; among cattle-breeding agriculturists, 271; in Oceania, 333 sqq.; in medieval England, 364, 366–369, 371; in medieval Germany, 375, 378, 379 sqq.; in ancient Rome, 383 note 1; slaves preferred to f. l., 285; productive and unproductive l., 404–406; condition of l. in agricultural and in manufacturing countries, 420; free l. only found in countries with money economy, according to Hildebrand, 352 sqq.
Lamprecht, Professor K., on slavery among pastoral tribes, 173; on medieval Germany, 376 sqq.
Land, conquest and confiscation of, 329; freemen destitute of, 311, 321, 323, 328, 331, 375; l. and population, XVI, 302 sqq., 383, 418; l. tenure in Polynesia, 314 sqq.; in Micronesia, 321 sqq.; in Melanesia, 324 sqq.; in Australia, 346 note 7; in medieval England, 362 sqq.; in medieval Germany, 373 sqq.
Lange, F. A., on poverty and manufactures, 361; on the transition from agriculture to sheep breeding in England, 369 note 2; on open and closed countries, 386; on the dependence of the working classes, 421; on the moral effect of slavery, 436 note 4.
Leading ideas, XIX.
Leibeigenen, 34 sqq.
Lending of wives in Australia, 14, 21.
Leroy-Beaulieu, P., on the luxury of early societies, 404.
Letourneau, Ch., XIX; definition of slavery, 6; on captives preserved for cannibal purposes, 8; on slavery in early stages of social life, 174; on woman’s position in Australia and among savages generally, 9, 10; on the character of serfdom, 38; on the Tehuelches, 81; on the Australians, 84 note 3, 85 note 5; on the Maori, 97 note 1; on the Marquesas Islanders, 101; on the Padam Abors, 126 note 8; on the Turkomans, 131; on the Tlinkits and neighbouring tribes, 216 note 7.
Levirate in Australia, 14, 21.
Liberti, position of, 431; in Rome, 403.
Lippert, Dr. J., definition of slavery, 6; on wives and slaves, 25 note 1; on children and slaves, 29 note 1; on slavery among pastoral tribes, 173.
Literature on slavery, XV, XIX, XX.
Loria, A., on the productiveness of slave and free labour, 299 note 3; on the appropriation of the soil and its social effects, 304 sqq.
Lower classes, 33; in Oceania, 333.
“Lowest type of man”, 170.
Luxury, of early societies, 404; slaves kept as a l., 284, 403 sqq., 425.
Male labour, in Australia, 21 sqq.; among hunters, 195, 200; among Sammler, 202; among pastoral tribes, 273 sqq.
Malthus, on the lowest races, 170 note 3; on the economic structure of pastoral societies, 273 note 3, 282 note 4; on poverty and manufactures, 361; on the causes of war 386, note 1; on the luxury of early societies, 404 note 3.
Manufactured goods, 232, 255, 397, 423.
Manufactures and hunting as extremes, 199; m. and poverty, 361.
Marital rights among the Australians 12 sqq., 19 sqq.
Marriage, among the Australians, 11, 17; of slaves and free people, 430, 431.
Materialistic theory of history, 171.
Matriarchal theory, 26.
Meat, scarcity of, in medieval Germany, 379.
Mental sciences, XV.
Merivale, H., on land and labour, 308.
Merovingian period, 373.
Metaphoric use of the term “slavery”, 4, 10.
Method, of ascertaining the existence or non-existence of slavery, 41 sqq.; of investigating the causes of slavery, 169 sqq.
Meyer, Dr. E., on the character of ancient slavery, 6; on primitive slavery, 25; on slavery in ancient Rome, 383 note 1.
Militarism, effects of, 259, 282 sqq., 398 sqq., 424.
Mill, J. S., on slave labour and free labour, 198.
Mommsen, Professor Th., on slaves and free labourers in early stages, 174.
Money economy, 352 sqq.
Montaigne, on the reliability of simple persons, XVII.
Morgan, L. H., on the Iroquois, 55, 406; on stages of culture, 169; on the dependence of slavery upon economic factors, 172.
Natural economy, 352 sqq.
“Negative cases”, 46.
Negro slavery among the Indians, 69, 408.
Nobility, in North-east Africa, 276 sqq.
“No conclusion”, 46.
Nomadic life, unfavourable to the growth of slavery, 194, 201, 259.
Non-economic purposes, slaves kept for, 424.
Ochenkowski, Dr. W. von, on medieval England, 359, 363 sqq.; on money economy and the condition of the rural classes, 362.
Oppenheimer, Dr. F., on land and labour, 349; on over-population, 369 note 2.
Orphans enslaved, 430.
Over-population, 369, 385.
Pastoral nomadism, considered favourable to the growth of slavery, 173.
Pastoral tribes, definition of term, 176; have little use for slave labour, 267; often employ free labourers, 268 sqq.; subject other tribes, 276 sqq.; have closed resources, 386.
Patriarchal theory, 26.
Pawns see Debtor-slaves.
Peasants’ revolt, in England, 367; in Germany, 381.
Peculium, 432.
Penal law, slaves protected by, 432.
Penal servitude, 32.
Peschel, O., on migratory tribes, 170 note 3; on slavery among fishers, etc., 173.
Pessimism, 386.
Political institutions, their influence on slavery, 45.
Polygamy, in Australia, 15 sqq.; in Melanesia, 389 sqq.
“Positive cases”, 46.
“Possession” as expressing the nature of slavery, 5, 6, 28, 30, 32.
Post, Dr. A. H., on “slaves of the king”, 31 note 1; on debtor-slaves, 429 note 3, 430 note 1; on the legal status of slaves, 432 note 1; on slaves changing their masters, 432 note 3.
Powell, J. W., on the origin of slavery, 400, 437.
Predatory habits of pastoral tribes, 282 sqq.
Present tense, use of, 46.
Preserving of food, 205, 229, 237, 247, 255, 259, 281, 406, 407, 424, 425.
Primitive man, XVI.
Proletarians in Oceania, 333 sqq.
Property, development of, on the N. Pacific Coast of N. America, 210; in Australia, 232, 346 note 7; in Central N. America, 240; among the Eskimos, 250; p. in land, 311 sqq., 321, 323, 328 sqq.
“Property” as expressing the nature of slavery, 5, 6, 30–32, 38–40.
Psychological basis of economic phenomena, 313.
Puchta, Dr. G. F., on the function of slavery, 8; on patria potestas, 28; on coloni, 36; on antichresis, 40.
Rationalistic interpretation of psychical and social phenomena, 195.
Ratzel, Professor, 179 note 1; on the condition of women among the Australians, 10; on poverty and manufactures, 361; on the African slave-trade, 411 note 1; on high death-rates among slaves, 437 note 5.
Raw products, 232, 239, 250, 397.
Redemption of slaves, 430.
Religion, peoples without, 43.
Resources, open and closed, 385 sqq.
Retail slavery, 301, 396.
Ricardo, D., on rent, 311.
Ripley, W. Z., on the selective influence of slavery, 437.
Sacrifice of captives and slaves, 428.
Sammler, 202 note 1.
Savages, as representing primitive man, XVI; their impulsiveness, 195.
Say, J. B., on appropriation of land, 384 note 1.
Scarcity of food as a cause of absence of slavery, 193.
Schmoller, Professor, definition of slavery, 6; on slavery among hunters and fishers, 172; on slave labour, 199 note 1; on settled hunting and fishing tribes, 210; on commerce among savages, 232 note 3; on pastoral tribes, 273 note 2, 274; on primitive slavery, 302 note 1; on slavery and commerce, 395; on the influence of slavery on the condition of women, 435 note 5; on the moral effect of slavery, 436 note 3.
Schurtz, Dr. H., on the condition of women among the Australians, 10; on African pariah-tribes, 33 note 1, 277 note 1; on Eskimos in the wider sense, 49 note 7; on slavery in Polynesia and Micronesia, 109; on the natives of Madagascar, 117; on the Bechuanas, 141; on the absence of slavery among hunters, 172; on slave labour in Africa, 198; on pastoral tribes, 274; his geographical groups, 46.
Secondary causes, 258, 281, 387, 423.
Selective influence of slavery, 437.
Self-dependent countries, 310, 354.
Semi-civilized peoples, excluded, 44, 157 note 1; influence of, 45, 412.
Serfdom, 34 sqq., 434; in Germany, 34, 349, 373 sqq.; in France, 36; in Rome, 36, 382 note 3, 383 note 1; in England, 349, 364 sqq.; in Italy, 360; absent in modern W Europe, XVI; its character, as distinguished from slavery, 37 sqq.; as distinguished from freedom, 348; its decline, XVII.
Servi publici, 32.
Sheep farming, 369.
Signs of slavery, 433.
Skilled labour, 253, 256, 257, 343, 422.
Slavery, among hunters and fishers, 190, 202; on the N. Pacific Coast of N. America, 203; among pastoral tribes, 262; among agricultural tribes, 292; in Oceania, 313; among commercial agricultural tribes, 393; in medieval England, 348, 364; in medieval Germany, 348, 373, 374, 380 sqq.; in Rome, 383 note 1; absent in modern W. Europe, XV, XVI; its effects, 213, 435; its development, 437.
“Slavery of women”, 4, 9, 12, 389, 392.
“Slave districts”, 33.
Slave labour, 433; on the N. W. Coast of N. America, 214 sqq.; among the Tehuelches, 226; among the Kamchadales, 226; among pastoral tribes, 263 sqq.; among cattle-breeding agriculturists, 265; in ancient Tyre and Greece, 440 note 1; in Rome, 395 note 2; use of s. l. in self-dependent and in exporting countries, 394.
Slave trade, 209, 214, 260, 287 sqq., 408 sqq., 429; its effects, 289, 412, 425, 438.
“Slave tribes”, 33.
Slave villages, 33.
Slaves, extratribal and intratribal, 194; employed in warfare, 215, 259, 282, 398 sqq., 424; kept as a luxury; see Luxury; ways in which people become s., 428 sqq.; ways in which people cease to be s., 430; treatment of, 431; legal status of, 432; attitude of public opinion towards, 433; different kinds of, 433; number of, 434; happiness or unhappiness of, 434.
Smith, Adam, on the productiveness of slave and free labour, 299.
Sociological laws, XVI.
Sohm, Dr. R., definition of slavery, 6; on potestas dominica, 8; on patria potestas, 28.
Sombart, Professor W., on colonization, 299; on Loria, 306 note 1.
Spencer, H., “Descriptive sociology”, XVII; definition of slavery, 6; on captives preserved for cannibal purposes, 8; on the character of serfdom, 38; on the frequent occurrence of slavery, 171; on slavery in early stages, 174; on the absence of slavery among hunters, 193.
“Statistical method”, XVIII.
Status, social, on the N. Pacific Coast of N. America, dependent on wealth, 212; in Australia, dependent on personal qualities, 232; in Central N. America, dependent on bravery, etc., 242; among the Eskimos, dependent on personal qualities, 250.
Steinmetz, Professor S. R., on Australian women, 23; on parental love among the Australians, 24 note 1; on the treatment of children by savages, 26 sqq.; on derivation of institutions, 45 note 3; on systems of classification in sociology, 170; on the absence of wealth among the Australians, 196 note 13; on women spared in warfare, 200 note 2; on trade in Australia 232; on tribal government in Australia, 232 sqq.; on Australian warfare, 236 note 1; on early penal law, 430; on slaves punished by their masters, 432; his schedules, XVII; his “statistical” method, XVIII.
Stock and land lease, 368.
Subjection of tribes, 33, 276, 406, 424.
Subsistence, dependent on capital or not, 256 sqq., 268, 297; easy or difficult to procure, 256 sqq., 298, 422.
Substitutes for slavery, 276, 406, 424.
Suicide preferred to slavery, 434.
Sutherland, A., on slavery in early stages, 174 note 6; on the size of savage tribes, 194; on the absence of slavery among hunters, 201 note 3.
Tenants, free, in Oceania, 333 sqq.; in medieval England, 349, 351, 364 sqq.; in medieval Germany, 377 sqq.; meaning of term, 350; distinguished from serfs, 349; customary t. or villeins, 351.
Theoretical literature, XIX, XX, 4, 6.
Tourmagne, XX; on the universality of slavery, 171.
Town life, influence of, on the condition of the rural classes, 353, 356 sqq.
Trade, 178; on the N. W. Coast of N. America, 207; in Australia, 231; in Central N. America, 239; among the Eskimos, 248; among pastoral tribes, 281; among savages generally, 210 note 3, 232; articles of t. manufactured by women, 218 sqq., 227, 281; effects of t., 209, 259, 394 sqq., 423.
Tribal property in land, 310.
Tylor, Professor E. B., on peoples without religion, 43; on slavery in early stages, 173; has introduced some new terms, 3; his “statistical” method, XVIII.
Unemployed, 254, 372, 385.
Unskilled labour, 253, 422.
Variety of food, 204, 229, 236.
Vis inertiae, 414.
Wagner, Professor A., on the function of slavery, 7 note 1, 8 note 1; on slavery among fishers, etc., 173; on slave labour, 199 note 1; on the transition from slavery to serfdom, 199 note 3.
Wakefield, E. G., on the appropriation of the soil and its social effects, 306 sqq.; on the disappearance of serfdom in W. Europe, 347; on the happiness of colonists, 386 note 2.
Warfare, among hunters, 200; on the N. W. Coast of N. America, 210; in Australia, 236; in Central N. America, 245; among the Eskimos, 252; among pastoral tribes, 276, 282 sqq.; influence of slavery on w., 436; character of w. among peoples with open and with closed resources, 385; slaves employed in w. see Slaves.
Wealth, on the N. W. Coast of N. America, 210; in Australia, 196 note 13, 232; in Central N. America, 240; among the Eskimos, 250; among pastoral tribes, 268; slaves as an ingredient of w., 434; development of w. furthered by slavery, 213, 435.
Wergild, 35, 374, 432.
Westermarck, on the character of slavery, 39 note 1; on marriage by service, 193 note 4; on the causes of the distribution of slavery, 197 note 4; on the moral effect of slavery, 436 note 5.
Wholesale slavery, 301, 396.
Wilken, Professor G. A., on antichresis, 40 note 2; on the natives of Buru, 115.
Women, condition of, 423; among savages, 9; in Australia, 10 sqq., 235; on the N. W. Coast of N. America, 219; on the Dutch isle of Ameland, 221 note 7; in Central N. America, 242; among the Eskimos, 251; in Melanesia, 388 sqq.; women consulted in matters of trade, 219.
Working classes in modern Europe, condition of, 420–422.