appendix
Reading edition
Suggested Reading
Arnberger, Leslie P. Flowers of the Southwest Mountains. Southwestern Monuments Association, Popular Series No. 7. Globe, Ariz. 1962.
Benson, Lyman D. The Cacti of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1969.
Burns, William A. (ed.). The Natural History of the Southwest. Franklin Watts, Inc., New York. 1960.
Dodge, Natt N. Flowers of the Southwest Deserts. Southwestern Monuments Association. Popular Series No. 4. Globe, Ariz. 1961.
——. Poisonous Dwellers of the Desert. Southwestern Monuments Association. Popular Series No. 3. Globe, Ariz. 1964.
Dodge, Natt N., and Herbert S. Zim. The Southwest. Golden Press, New York. 1962.
Earle, W. Hubert. Cacti of the Southwest. Desert Botanical Garden. Phoenix, Ariz. 1963.
Jaeger, Edmund C. The North American Deserts. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1957.
Kearney, Thomas H., Robert H. Peebles, and collaborators. Arizona Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1960.
Krutch, Joseph W. The Voice of the Desert. William Sloane Associates, Inc., New York. 1955.
Milne, Lorus, and Margery Milne. The Balance of Nature. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 1960.
Olin, George. Mammals of the Southwest Deserts. Southwestern Monuments Association, Popular Series No. 8. Globe, Ariz. 1965.
——. Mammals of the Southwest Mountains and Mesas. Southwestern Monuments Association, Popular Series No. 9. Globe, Ariz. 1961.
88
Patraw, Pauline M. Flowers of the Southwest Mesas. Southwestern Monuments Association. Popular Series No. 5. Globe, Ariz. 1959.
Phillips, Allen, Joe Marshall, and Gale Monson. The Birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1964.
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Desert Animals: Physiological Problems of Heat and Water. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York. 1964.
Sears, Paul B. Deserts on the March. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. 1959.
Stebbins, Robert C. Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 1954.
Storer, John H. The Web of Life. The Devin-Adair Co., Old Greenwich, Conn. 1960.
Sutton, Ann, and Myron Sutton. The Life of the Desert. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 1966.
Underhill, Ruth. People of the Crimson Evening. Publications Service, Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kans. 1951.
89
Common and Scientific Names of Plants
Agave—See Amole
Alligator juniper—Juniperus deppeana
Amole—Agave schottii
Arizona cypress—Cupressus arizonica
Arizona rosewood—Vauquelinia californica
Arizona sycamore—Platanus wrightii
Arizona white oak—Quercus arizonica
Aster—Aster commutatus
Barrel cactus—Ferocactus wislizenii, F. lecontii
Beargrass—Nolina microcarpa
Bladder-pod—Lesquerella gordoni
Bluedicks—Dichelostemma pulchellum
Blue paloverde—Cercidium floridium
Bluegrass—Poa fendleriana
Boxelder—Acer negundo
Bracken—Pteridium aquilinum
Brittlebush—Encelia farinosa
Buckbrush—Ceanothus fendleri
Bullgrass—Muhlenbergia emersleyi
Catclaw—Acacia greggii
Chain fruit cholla—Opuntia fulgida
Chihuahua pine—Pinus chihuahuana
Chokecherry—Prunus virginiana
Cinquefoil—Potentilla subviscosa
Cologania—Cologania lemmoni
Creosotebush—Larrea tridentata
Curly mesquitegrass—Hilaria belangeri
Desert chicory—Rafinesquia neomexicana
Desert Christmas cactus—Opuntia leptocaulis
Desert-marigold—Baileya multiradiata
Dogbane—Apocynum androsaemifolium
Douglas-fir—Pseudotsuga menziesii
Emory oak—Quercus emoryi
Fairy-duster—Calliandra eriophylla
Fiddleneck—Amsinckia intermedia
Filaree—Erodium cicutarium
Fishhook cactus—Mammillaria sp.
90
Fleabane—Erigeron arizonicus
Gambel’s oak—Quercus gambelii
Goldenrod—Solidago sparsiflora
Goldfern—Pityrogramma triangularis
Gourd—Cucurbita digitata
Grama—Bouteloua sp.
Groundsel—Senecio neomexicanus
Hairy grama—Bouteloua hirsuta
Hedgehog cactus—Echinocereus sp.
Houstonia—Houstonia wrightii
Indian wheat—Plantago purschii
Indigobush—Dalea sp.
Ironwood—Olneya tesota
Jointfir—Ephedra sp.
Jojoba—Simmondsia chinensis
Lupine—Lupinus sp.
Marigold—Tagetes lemmoni
Mesquite—Prosopis juliflora
Mexican blue oak—Quercus oblongifolia
Mexican pinyon pine—Pinus cembroides
Mexican white pine—Pinus strobiforms
Mock-pennyroyal—Hedeoma hyssopifolium
Mountain-mahogany—Cercocarpus breviflorus
Mountain muhly—Muhlenbergia montana
Netleaf hackberry—Celtis reticulata
New Mexican alder—Alnus oblongifolia
New Mexican locust—Robinia neomexicana
Nightblooming cereus—Peniocereus greggii
Ocotillo—Fouquieria splendens
Orange sneezeweed—Helenium hoopesii
Palmer oak—Quercus palmeri
Paper flower—Psilostrophe cooperi
Parry’s penstemon—Penstemon parryi
Peavine—Lathyrus graminifolius
Pencil cholla—Opuntia arbuscula
Phacelia—Phacelia crenulata
Pincushion cactus—Mammillaria sp.
Pine dropseed—Blepharoneuron tricholepis
91
Pointleaf manzanita—Arctostaphylos pungens
Ponderosa pine—Pinus ponderosa
Pricklypear—Opuntina engelmannii and others
Puccoon—Lithospermum multiflorum
Quaking aspen—Populus tremuloides
Sacahuista—See Beargrass
Saguaro—Carnegiea gigantea
Scorpionweed—Phacelia crenulata
Screwleaf muhly—Muhlenbergia virescens
Shindagger—See Amole
Shrub live oak—Quercus turbinella
Sideoats grama—Bouteloua curtipendula
Silktassel—Garrya wrightii
Silverleaf oak—Quercus hypoleucoides
Skunkbush—Rhus trilobata
Snakeweed—Futierrezia sp.
Snowberry—Symphoricarpos oreophilus
Sotol—Dasylirion wheeleri
Spanish dagger—Yucca schottii
Sprucetop grama—Bouteloua chondrosioides
Staghorn cholla—Opuntia versicolor
Tanglehead—Heteropogon contortus
Teddy bear cholla—Opuntia bigelovii
Texas bluestem—Andropogon cirratus
Triangle bursage—Franseria deltoidea
Turpentine-bush—Haplopappus laricifolius
Vine mesquite grass—Panicum bulbosum
Western yarrow—Achillea lanulosa
White fir—Abies concolor
White tackstem—Calycoseris wrightii
Wild carrot—Daucus pusillus
Wild-cucumber—Marah gilensis
Wild-heliotrope—Heliotropium curassavicum
Willow—Salix sp.
Wolfberry—Lycium sp.
Wolftail—Lycurus phleoides
Yellow paloverde—Cercidium microphyllum
92
Reptiles and Amphibians of the monument.
This checklist names reptiles and amphibians that have been seen, or that should occur, according to range maps and distribution records in important reference works, in the monument. Four of these species are found only in the Tucson Mountain Section; they are: desert iguana, desert horned lizard, western shovel-nosed snake, and sidewinder. An asterisk marks those species most commonly seen in the daytime.
The desert (D) habitat is the rather flat or gently rolling terrain below 3,200 feet in elevation, as seen in the vicinity of the visitor center and the Cactus Forest Drive, and in the north and west portions of the Tucson Mountain Section.
The foothills (F) habitat includes the area above 3,200 feet where the land becomes quite rocky and begins to ascend rather sharply on the Cactus Forest Drive and along Hohokam Road in the Tucson Mountain Section.
The mountain (M) habitat is restricted to the Rincon Mountains above an elevation of 6,500 feet where one finds tall trees.
common name scientific name habitat
AMPHIBIANS toads and frogs
Colorado River Toad Bufo alvarius D F
Great Plains Toad Bufo cognatus D
Red-spotted Toad Bufo punctatus D F
Woodhouse’s Toad Bufo woodhousei D F M
Couch’s Spadefoot Scaphiopus couchi D F
Western Spadefoot Scaphiopus hammondi D F M
Canyon Treefrog Hyla arenicolor F M
Leopard Frog Rana pipiens D F M
REPTILES turtles
*Desert Tortoise Gopherus agassizi D F
Western Box Turtle Terrapene ornata D F
Sonora Mud Turtle Kinosternon sonoriense D F M
Spiny Softshell Trionyx ferox D
lizards
Banded Gecko Coleonyx variegatus D F
Desert Iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis D
Lesser Earless Lizard Holbrookia maculata D F
Greater Earless Lizard Holbrookia texana D F
*Zebra-tailed Lizard Callisaurus draconoides D F
*Collared Lizard Crotaphytus collaris D F
Leopard Lizard Crotaphytus wislizenii D F
Short-horned Lizard Phrynosoma douglassi F M
Desert Horned Lizard Phrynosoma platyrhinos D
*Regal Horned Lizard Phrynosoma solare D F
*Side-blotched Lizard Uta stansburiana D F
*Tree Lizard Uta ornata D F M
*Desert Spiny Lizard Sceloporus magister D F
Clark’s Spiny Lizard Sceloporus clarki D F M
Eastern Fence Lizard Sceloporus undulatus F M
*Western Whiptail Cnemidophorus tigris D F
Spotted Whiptail Cnemidophorus sacki D F
Arizona Alligator Lizard Gerrhonotus kingi M
*Great Plains Skink Eumeces obsoletus D F
*Gila Monster Heloderma suspectum D F
snakes
Western Blind Snake Leptotyphlops humilis D F
Arizona Coral Snake Micruroides euryxanthus D F M
Regal Ringnecked Snake Diadophis regalis F M
Western Hognose Snake Heterodon nasicus D F
Spotted Leaf-nosed Snake Phyllorhynchus decurtatus D F
Saddled Leaf-nosed Snake Phyllorhynchus browni D F
Coachwhip Masticophis flagellum D F
Sonora Whipsnake Masticophis bilineatus D F M
Western Patch-nosed Snake Salvadora hexalepis D F
Mountain Patch-nosed Snake Salvadora grahamiae M
Glossy Snake Arizona elegans D F
Gopher Snake Pituophis catenifer D F M
Compton Kingsnake Lampropeltis getulus D F
Sonora Mountain Kingsnake Lampropeltis pyromelana M
Long-nosed Snake Rhinocheilus lecontei D F
Black-necked Garter Snake Thamnophis cyrtopsis F M
Mexican Garter Snake Thamnophis eques D
Checkered Garter Snake Thamnophis marcianus D F
Western Ground Snake Sonora semiannulata D F
Western Shovel-nosed Snake Chionactis occipitalis D
Banded Sand Snake Chilomeniscus cinctus D F
Mexican Black-headed Snake Tantilla atriceps D F
Plains Black-headed Snake Tantilla nigriceps D F
Sonora Lyre Snake Trimorphodon lambda D F
Night Snake Hypsiglena torquata D F M
Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Crotalus atrox D F
Sidewinder Crotalus cerastes D
Black-tailed Rattlesnake Crotalus molossus F M
Tiger Rattlesnake Crotalus tigris F
Mohave Rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus D F
Arizona Black Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis cerberus F M
94
Birds of the monument
This checklist is based entirely on written records of observations of birds seen in the monument. Names are in accordance with A.O.U. Checklist of North American Birds, 5th edition, 1957. (See checklist of reptiles and amphibians for description of habitats.)
key to symbols:
D desert habitat
F foothill habitat
M mountain habitat
* species most often seen at lower elevations
s summer resident
w winter visitor
p permanent resident
t transient visitor
occurrence common name
D t White-faced Ibis
D F M s Turkey Vulture
D p Black Vulture
D w Sharp-shinned Hawk
D F M p Cooper’s Hawk
D F M p *Red-tailed Hawk
D F s Swainson’s Hawk
F M s Zone-tailed Hawk
M t Ferruginous Hawk
D F s Harris’ Hawk
D s Black Hawk
F M p Golden Eagle
D w Marsh Hawk
D t Osprey
F M p Prairie Falcon
M p Peregrine Falcon
D F p *Sparrow Hawk
F p Scaled Quail
D p *Gambel’s Quail
F M p Harlequin Quail
M p Turkey
D p Killdeer
D F M t Spotted Sandpiper
D t California Gull
F M s Band-tailed Pigeon
D p Rock Dove
D F s *White-winged Dove
D p *Mourning Dove
D p Ground Dove
D p Inca Dove
D F p Roadrunner
D F M p Screech Owl
M p Whiskered Owl
M p Flammulated Owl
D F M p Great Horned Owl
D s Elf Owl
M p Spotted Owl
M s Whip-poor-will
D F p Poor-will
D F s Lesser Nighthawk
D t Vaux’s Swift
D F M s White-throated Swift
D F M s Black-chinned Hummingbird
D F s Costa’s Hummingbird
D w Anna’s Hummingbird
M s Broad-tailed Hummingbird
M s Rufous Hummingbird
M s Rivoli’s Hummingbird
M s Blue-throated Hummingbird
D F t Broad-billed Hummingbird
M p Red-shafted Flicker
D F p *Gilded Flicker
D p *Gila Woodpecker
F M p Acorn Woodpecker
D F w Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
F M t Williamson’s Sapsucker
M p Hairy Woodpecker
D F p Ladder-backed Woodpecker
F M p Arizona Woodpecker
D s Western Kingbird
D F s Cassin’s Kingbird
D F s Wied’s Crested Flycatcher
D s *Ash-throated Flycatcher
M s Olivaceous Flycatcher
D p Black Phoebe
D p *Say’s Phoebe
M s Western Flycatcher
M s Buff-breasted Flycatcher
M s Coues’ Flycatcher
M s Western Wood Pewee
D F M t Olive-sided Flycatcher
D s Vermilion Flycatcher
M s Violet-green Swallow
D t Barn Swallow
D t Cliff Swallow
D s *Purple Martin
M p Steller’s Jay
F M p Scrub Jay
F M p Mexican Jay
M p Common Raven
D F M p White-necked Raven
M t Clark’s Nutcracker
M p Mountain Chickadee
F M p Bridled Titmouse
D p *Verdin
M p Common Bushtit
M p White-breasted Nuthatch
F t Red-breasted Nuthatch
M p Pigmy Nuthatch
M p Brown Creeper
M p House Wren
F M p Bewick’s Wren
D p *Cactus Wren
D F M p Canyon Wren
D F M p Rock Wren
D p Mockingbird
D t Bendire’s Thrasher
D p *Curve-billed Thrasher
D F p Crissal Thrasher
M p Robin
F M p Hermit Thrush
F M p Western Bluebird
D F M w Mountain Bluebird
F w Townsend’s Solitaire
F M p Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
D p Black-tailed Gnatcatcher
D w *Ruby-crowned Kinglet
D F p *Phainopepla
D F p *Loggerhead Shrike
D p Starling
M s Hutton’s Vireo
D s Bell’s Vireo
M s Solitary Vireo
M s Warbling Vireo
M t Orange-crowned Warbler
M t Nashville Warbler
M s Virginia’s Warbler
D s Lucy’s Warbler
M s Olive Warbler
D t Yellow Warbler
M s *Audubon’s Warbler
M s Black-throated Gray Warbler
F M t Townsend’s Warbler
M t Hermit Warbler
M s Grace’s Warbler
D t MacGillivray’s Warbler
D t Yellowthroat
D t Yellow-breasted Chat
M s Red-faced Warbler
D F M t *Wilson’s Warbler
M s Painted Redstart
D p House Sparrow
D t Meadowlark sp.
D s *Hooded Oriole
D F s Scott’s Oriole
D s Bullock’s Oriole
D w Brewer’s Blackbird
D F s Brown-headed Cowbird
D s Bronzed Cowbird
D F s Western Tanager
M s Hepatic Tanager
D p Cardinal
D p Pyrrhuloxia
M s Black-headed Grosbeak
D w Lazuli Bunting
M p Evening Grosbeak
M t Cassin’s Finch
D F p *House Finch
F M p Pine Siskin
D F M p Lesser Goldfinch
D w Lawrence’s Goldfinch
M p Red Crossbill
D F w Green-tailed Towhee
F M p Rufous-sided Towhee
D p *Brown Towhee
D t Lark Bunting
D F w Savannah Sparrow
D w Vesper Sparrow
D t Lark Sparrow
D F p Rufous-winged Sparrow
F p Rufous-crowned Sparrow
D F p *Black-throated Sparrow
F w Oregon Junco
F w Gray-headed Junco
M p Mexican Junco
F w Clay-colored Sparrow
F w Chipping Sparrow
D F w Brewer’s Sparrow
F p Black-chinned Sparrow
D w White-crowned Sparrow
D F w Fox Sparrow
D F w Lincoln’s Sparrow
97
Mammals of the monument
This checklist names mammals that have been observed, and those that, mainly according to collection records and distribution maps in The Recent Mammals of Arizona, by E. Lendell Cockrum, 1960, may occur in the monument. One species, the desert kangaroo rat, probably occurs only in the Tucson Mountain Section. (See checklist of reptiles and amphibians for description of habitats.)
key to symbols:
D desert habitat
F foothill habitat
M mountain habitat
* species most often seen by visitors
habitat common name
M Vagrant Shrew
D F Gray Shrew
D F Leafnose Bat
D F Hognose Bat
D F Longnose Bat
D F Yuma Myotis
D F Cave Myotis
M Long-eared Myotis
F M Fringed Myotis
F M Long-legged Myotis
D F M California Myotis
F M Small-footed Myotis
F M Silver-haired Bat
D F M Western Pipistrel
D F M Big Brown Bat
D F Red Bat
D F M Hoary Bat
D F Western Yellow Bat
D Spotted Bat
D F M Western Big-eared Bat
D F Pallid Bat
D F M Mexican Freetail Bat
D F Pocketed Freetail Bat
D F Big Freetail Bat
D F Western Mastiff Bat
D Antelope Jackrabbit
D F *Blacktail Jackrabbit
M Eastern Cottontail
D F *Desert Cottontail
D F M Rock Squirrel
D F *Yuma Antelope Ground Squirrel
D *Roundtail Ground Squirrel
F M Cliff Chipmunk
M Tassel-eared Squirrel
M Arizona Gray Squirrel
D F M Valley Pocket Gopher
D F Silky Pocket Mouse
D F Arizona Pocket Mouse
D F Hispid Pocket Mouse
D Desert Pocket Mouse
D F Rock Pocket Mouse
D Bannertail Kangaroo Rat
D Merriam Kangaroo Rat
D Ord Kangaroo Rat
D Desert Kangaroo Rat
D F Western Harvest Mouse
D F Fulvous Harvest Mouse
D Cactus Mouse
D Merriam Mouse
D F Deer Mouse
D F White-footed Mouse
F M Brush Mouse
D F Southern Grasshopper Mouse
D F Hispid Cotton Rat
D F Whitethroat Woodrat
M Mexican Woodrat
D F M Porcupine
D F M *Coyote
D F Gray Wolf
D Kit Fox
D F M Gray Fox
M Black Bear
D F Ringtail
D F M Raccoon
M Coati
D F Badger
D F M Spotted Skunk
F Striped Skunk
D F Hooded Skunk
D F Hognose Skunk
F M Jaguar
D Jaguarundi
F M Cougar
D F M Bobcat
D F *Peccary (Javelina)
D F *Mule Deer
M Whitetail Deer
D F Bighorn
Photograph Credits
Carrico, J.: 46
Coss, Harold T., Jr.: Frontispiece, 2, 6, 8, 26, 28 right, 29 left, 31, 34 left, 37 all except bottom left, 38, 40, 41, 54, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78.
Dodge, Natt N.: 32
Hoy, William: 44
Mang, Fred E., Jr.: 24, 28 left, 34 right, 37 bottom left, 39, 67, 77.
Manley, Ray: 12
Olin, George: 10, 69, 82
Steenbergh, Warren: 35, 57
Unknown: 29 right
“As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America’s Department of Natural Resources.” The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States—now and in the future.
National Park Service U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR
★ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O-456-399
