Notes to Roumania Past and Present — Reading edition
204 notes · Reading edition
PREFACE. · Note 1PREFACE. · Note 2CHAPTER I. · Note 1CHAPTER I. · Note 2CHAPTER I. · Note 3CHAPTER I. · Note 4CHAPTER I. · Note 5CHAPTER I. · Note 6CHAPTER I. · Note 7CHAPTER I. · Note 8CHAPTER I. · Note 9CHAPTER I. · Note 10CHAPTER I. · Note 11CHAPTER I. · Note 12CHAPTER I. · Note 13CHAPTER I. · Note 14CHAPTER I. · Note 15CHAPTER I. · Note 16CHAPTER I. · Note 17CHAPTER II. · Note 1CHAPTER II. · Note 2CHAPTER II. · Note 3CHAPTER II. · Note 4CHAPTER III. · Note 1CHAPTER III. · Note 2CHAPTER III. · Note 3CHAPTER IV. · Note 1CHAPTER IV. · Note 2CHAPTER IV. · Note 3CHAPTER IV. · Note 4CHAPTER IV. · Note 5CHAPTER IV. · Note 6CHAPTER IV. · Note 7CHAPTER IV. · Note 8CHAPTER IV. · Note 9CHAPTER IV. · Note 10CHAPTER IV. · Note 11CHAPTER IV. · Note 12CHAPTER IV. · Note 13CHAPTER IV. · Note 14CHAPTER IV. · Note 15CHAPTER IV. · Note 16CHAPTER IV. · Note 17CHAPTER IV. · Note 18CHAPTER IV. · Note 19CHAPTER IV. · Note 20CHAPTER V. · Note 1CHAPTER V. · Note 2CHAPTER V. · Note 3CHAPTER V. · Note 4CHAPTER V. · Note 5CHAPTER V. · Note 6CHAPTER VI. · Note 1CHAPTER VI. · Note 2CHAPTER VI. · Note 3CHAPTER VI. · Note 4CHAPTER VI. · Note 5CHAPTER VI. · Note 6CHAPTER VI. · Note 7CHAPTER VI. · Note 8CHAPTER VI. · Note 9CHAPTER VII. · Note 1CHAPTER VII. · Note 2CHAPTER VII. · Note 3CHAPTER VII. · Note 4CHAPTER VII. · Note 5CHAPTER VII. · Note 6CHAPTER VII. · Note 7CHAPTER VII. · Note 8The jurisprudence of the Constitution—Roumanian courts—The Code Napoléon—Complaints of patronage—The penal system—Capital punishment abolished—History and effect of the abolition—Statistics—The prison system—Abuses—Enumeration of prisons—Employment of convicts—Ornamental art amongst them—Objects made by them—Absence of educational measures—Criminal statistics (and note)—Visit to the 'intermediate' prison of Vakareschti—An old monastery—Description of the prison—Scene in the court-yard—Untried prisoners in fetters—Promiscuous intercourse of prisoners—Mischievous effects—Views of a 'juge d'instruction' concerning the system—Various classes of prisoners—Lenient treatment of them—Partial employment—Safeguards against mutiny—Visit to the penal salt mine of Doftana (or Telega)—Former treatment of prisoners—A lingering death—Present treatment—Conditions of penal servitude—Compared with work of our colliers—Abuses—Descent into the mine—Its condition—Unearthly sounds and sights—Enormous salt cave—Floor of the cave—Convicts at work in chains—Mode of excavating and raising salt—Lighting the mine for visitors—Return to the surface—Visit to the penitentiary—Its discreditable condition—Alleged frauds upon convicts—General mild treatment of criminals in Roumania—Utilisation of convict labour—Comparison of cost and results of systems in Roumania and England—Favourable to Roumania. · Note 1The jurisprudence of the Constitution—Roumanian courts—The Code Napoléon—Complaints of patronage—The penal system—Capital punishment abolished—History and effect of the abolition—Statistics—The prison system—Abuses—Enumeration of prisons—Employment of convicts—Ornamental art amongst them—Objects made by them—Absence of educational measures—Criminal statistics (and note)—Visit to the 'intermediate' prison of Vakareschti—An old monastery—Description of the prison—Scene in the court-yard—Untried prisoners in fetters—Promiscuous intercourse of prisoners—Mischievous effects—Views of a 'juge d'instruction' concerning the system—Various classes of prisoners—Lenient treatment of them—Partial employment—Safeguards against mutiny—Visit to the penal salt mine of Doftana (or Telega)—Former treatment of prisoners—A lingering death—Present treatment—Conditions of penal servitude—Compared with work of our colliers—Abuses—Descent into the mine—Its condition—Unearthly sounds and sights—Enormous salt cave—Floor of the cave—Convicts at work in chains—Mode of excavating and raising salt—Lighting the mine for visitors—Return to the surface—Visit to the penitentiary—Its discreditable condition—Alleged frauds upon convicts—General mild treatment of criminals in Roumania—Utilisation of convict labour—Comparison of cost and results of systems in Roumania and England—Favourable to Roumania. · Note 2The jurisprudence of the Constitution—Roumanian courts—The Code Napoléon—Complaints of patronage—The penal system—Capital punishment abolished—History and effect of the abolition—Statistics—The prison system—Abuses—Enumeration of prisons—Employment of convicts—Ornamental art amongst them—Objects made by them—Absence of educational measures—Criminal statistics (and note)—Visit to the 'intermediate' prison of Vakareschti—An old monastery—Description of the prison—Scene in the court-yard—Untried prisoners in fetters—Promiscuous intercourse of prisoners—Mischievous effects—Views of a 'juge d'instruction' concerning the system—Various classes of prisoners—Lenient treatment of them—Partial employment—Safeguards against mutiny—Visit to the penal salt mine of Doftana (or Telega)—Former treatment of prisoners—A lingering death—Present treatment—Conditions of penal servitude—Compared with work of our colliers—Abuses—Descent into the mine—Its condition—Unearthly sounds and sights—Enormous salt cave—Floor of the cave—Convicts at work in chains—Mode of excavating and raising salt—Lighting the mine for visitors—Return to the surface—Visit to the penitentiary—Its discreditable condition—Alleged frauds upon convicts—General mild treatment of criminals in Roumania—Utilisation of convict labour—Comparison of cost and results of systems in Roumania and England—Favourable to Roumania. · Note 3The jurisprudence of the Constitution—Roumanian courts—The Code Napoléon—Complaints of patronage—The penal system—Capital punishment abolished—History and effect of the abolition—Statistics—The prison system—Abuses—Enumeration of prisons—Employment of convicts—Ornamental art amongst them—Objects made by them—Absence of educational measures—Criminal statistics (and note)—Visit to the 'intermediate' prison of Vakareschti—An old monastery—Description of the prison—Scene in the court-yard—Untried prisoners in fetters—Promiscuous intercourse of prisoners—Mischievous effects—Views of a 'juge d'instruction' concerning the system—Various classes of prisoners—Lenient treatment of them—Partial employment—Safeguards against mutiny—Visit to the penal salt mine of Doftana (or Telega)—Former treatment of prisoners—A lingering death—Present treatment—Conditions of penal servitude—Compared with work of our colliers—Abuses—Descent into the mine—Its condition—Unearthly sounds and sights—Enormous salt cave—Floor of the cave—Convicts at work in chains—Mode of excavating and raising salt—Lighting the mine for visitors—Return to the surface—Visit to the penitentiary—Its discreditable condition—Alleged frauds upon convicts—General mild treatment of criminals in Roumania—Utilisation of convict labour—Comparison of cost and results of systems in Roumania and England—Favourable to Roumania. · Note 4The jurisprudence of the Constitution—Roumanian courts—The Code Napoléon—Complaints of patronage—The penal system—Capital punishment abolished—History and effect of the abolition—Statistics—The prison system—Abuses—Enumeration of prisons—Employment of convicts—Ornamental art amongst them—Objects made by them—Absence of educational measures—Criminal statistics (and note)—Visit to the 'intermediate' prison of Vakareschti—An old monastery—Description of the prison—Scene in the court-yard—Untried prisoners in fetters—Promiscuous intercourse of prisoners—Mischievous effects—Views of a 'juge d'instruction' concerning the system—Various classes of prisoners—Lenient treatment of them—Partial employment—Safeguards against mutiny—Visit to the penal salt mine of Doftana (or Telega)—Former treatment of prisoners—A lingering death—Present treatment—Conditions of penal servitude—Compared with work of our colliers—Abuses—Descent into the mine—Its condition—Unearthly sounds and sights—Enormous salt cave—Floor of the cave—Convicts at work in chains—Mode of excavating and raising salt—Lighting the mine for visitors—Return to the surface—Visit to the penitentiary—Its discreditable condition—Alleged frauds upon convicts—General mild treatment of criminals in Roumania—Utilisation of convict labour—Comparison of cost and results of systems in Roumania and England—Favourable to Roumania. · Note 5The jurisprudence of the Constitution—Roumanian courts—The Code Napoléon—Complaints of patronage—The penal system—Capital punishment abolished—History and effect of the abolition—Statistics—The prison system—Abuses—Enumeration of prisons—Employment of convicts—Ornamental art amongst them—Objects made by them—Absence of educational measures—Criminal statistics (and note)—Visit to the 'intermediate' prison of Vakareschti—An old monastery—Description of the prison—Scene in the court-yard—Untried prisoners in fetters—Promiscuous intercourse of prisoners—Mischievous effects—Views of a 'juge d'instruction' concerning the system—Various classes of prisoners—Lenient treatment of them—Partial employment—Safeguards against mutiny—Visit to the penal salt mine of Doftana (or Telega)—Former treatment of prisoners—A lingering death—Present treatment—Conditions of penal servitude—Compared with work of our colliers—Abuses—Descent into the mine—Its condition—Unearthly sounds and sights—Enormous salt cave—Floor of the cave—Convicts at work in chains—Mode of excavating and raising salt—Lighting the mine for visitors—Return to the surface—Visit to the penitentiary—Its discreditable condition—Alleged frauds upon convicts—General mild treatment of criminals in Roumania—Utilisation of convict labour—Comparison of cost and results of systems in Roumania and England—Favourable to Roumania. · Note 6CHAPTER IX. · Note 1CHAPTER IX. · Note 2CHAPTER IX. · Note 3CHAPTER IX. · Note 4CHAPTER IX. · Note 5CHAPTER IX. · Note 6CHAPTER IX. · Note 7CHAPTER IX. · Note 8CHAPTER IX. · Note 9CHAPTER IX. · Note 10CHAPTER IX. · Note 11CHAPTER IX. · Note 12CHAPTER IX. · Note 13CHAPTER IX. · Note 14CHAPTER IX. · Note 15CHAPTER IX. · Note 16CHAPTER IX. · Note 17CHAPTER IX. · Note 18CHAPTER IX. · Note 19CHAPTER IX. · Note 20CHAPTER IX. · Note 21CHAPTER IX. · Note 22CHAPTER IX. · Note 23CHAPTER IX. · Note 24CHAPTER IX. · Note 25CHAPTER IX. · Note 26CHAPTER IX. · Note 27CHAPTER IX. · Note 28CHAPTER IX. · Note 29CHAPTER IX. · Note 30CHAPTER IX. · Note 31CHAPTER IX. · Note 32CHAPTER X. · Note 1CHAPTER X. · Note 2CHAPTER X. · Note 3CHAPTER X. · Note 4CHAPTER X. · Note 5CHAPTER X. · Note 6CHAPTER X. · Note 7CHAPTER X. · Note 8CHAPTER X. · Note 9CHAPTER X. · Note 10CHAPTER X. · Note 11CHAPTER X. · Note 12CHAPTER X. · Note 13CHAPTER X. · Note 14CHAPTER X. · Note 15CHAPTER X. · Note 16CHAPTER X. · Note 17CHAPTER X. · Note 18CHAPTER X. · Note 19CHAPTER XI. · Note 1CHAPTER XI. · Note 2CHAPTER XI. · Note 3CHAPTER XI. · Note 4CHAPTER XI. · Note 5CHAPTER XI. · Note 6CHAPTER XI. · Note 7CHAPTER XI. · Note 8CHAPTER XI. · Note 9CHAPTER XI. · Note 10CHAPTER XII. · Note 1CHAPTER XII. · Note 2CHAPTER XII. · Note 3CHAPTER XII. · Note 4CHAPTER XII. · Note 5CHAPTER XII. · Note 6CHAPTER XII. · Note 7CHAPTER XIII. · Note 1CHAPTER XIII. · Note 2CHAPTER XIII. · Note 3CHAPTER XIII. · Note 4CHAPTER XIII. · Note 5CHAPTER XIII. · Note 6CHAPTER XIII. · Note 7CHAPTER XIII. · Note 8CHAPTER XIII. · Note 9CHAPTER XIII. · Note 10CHAPTER XIII. · Note 11CHAPTER XIII. · Note 12CHAPTER XIII. · Note 13CHAPTER XIII. · Note 14CHAPTER XIII. · Note 15CHAPTER XIII. · Note 16CHAPTER XIII. · Note 17CHAPTER XIII. · Note 18CHAPTER XIII. · Note 19CHAPTER XIII. · Note 20CHAPTER XIII. · Note 21CHAPTER XIII. · Note 22CHAPTER XIII. · Note 23CHAPTER XIII. · Note 24CHAPTER XIII. · Note 25CHAPTER XIII. · Note 26CHAPTER XIII. · Note 27CHAPTER XIII. · Note 28CHAPTER XIV. · Note 1CHAPTER XIV. · Note 2CHAPTER XIV. · Note 3CHAPTER XIV. · Note 4CHAPTER XIV. · Note 5CHAPTER XIV. · Note 6CHAPTER XIV. · Note 7CHAPTER XIV. · Note 8CHAPTER XIV. · Note 9CHAPTER XIV. · Note 10CHAPTER XIV. · Note 11CHAPTER XIV. · Note 12CHAPTER XIV. · Note 13CHAPTER XIV. · Note 14CHAPTER XIV. · Note 15CHAPTER XIV. · Note 16CHAPTER XIV. · Note 17CHAPTER XIV. · Note 18CHAPTER XIV. · Note 19CHAPTER XIV. · Note 20CHAPTER XIV. · Note 21CHAPTER XIV. · Note 22CHAPTER XV. · Note 1CHAPTER XV. · Note 2CHAPTER XV. · Note 3CHAPTER XV. · Note 4CHAPTER XV. · Note 5CHAPTER XV. · Note 6CHAPTER XV. · Note 7CHAPTER XV. · Note 8APPENDIX III. · Note 1APPENDIX III. · Note 2APPENDIX III. · Note 3