A NOTE-BOOK AND WORD-LIST

INCLUDING

Contemporary References, Bibliography, Variorum Readings, Notes, &c., together with a Glossary of Words and Phrases now Archaic or Obsolete; the whole arranged in One Alphabet in Dictionary Form

A FOREWORD TO NOTE-BOOK AND WORD-LIST

Reference from text to Note-Book is copious, and as complete as may be; so also, conversely, from Note-Book to text. The following pages may, with almost absolute certainty, be consulted on any point that may occur in the course of reading; but more especially as regards

Biographical and other Notes,

Contemporary References to Author and Plays,

Bibliography,

Variorum Readings,

Words and Phrases now obsolete or archaic.

The scheme of reference from Note-Book to text assumes the division, in the mind's eye, of each page into four horizontal sections; which, beginning at the top, are indicated in the Note-Book by the letters a, b, c, d following the page figure. In practice this will be found easy, and an enormous help to the eye over the usual reference to page alone in "fixing" the "catchword." Thus 126a = the first quarter of page 126; 40c = the third quarter of page 40; and so forth.

Abbreviations.

M. Mankind.

N. Nature.

WS. Wit and Science.

R. Respublica.

WH. Wealth and Health.

IP. Impatient Poverty.

JE. John the Evangelist.

NOTE-BOOK AND WORD-LIST TO RECENTLY RECOVERED "LOST" TUDOR PLAYS

With Some Others, viz.:

Mankind—Nature—Wit and Science—Respublica—Wealth and Health—Impatient Poverty—John the Evangelist

A, (a) (passim), of varying usages: e.g. (1) I: "to God a vow"; (2) "a be" (R213,d)—"He tumbleth whom a lust" (R212,c) = he; (3) = one; (4) "a potful a worts" (M13,c) = of; (5) = on; (6) = have; (7) sometimes used to lengthen a line, to accent a syllable, or to make a rhyme-ending: also merely pleonastic. For examples see other volumes of this series.

(b) "azee" (R257,b)—"A, zee!" (R267,a), look! see!

Aband, "if thou aband thee" (N48,c), forsake, abandon. "And Vortiger enforst the Kingdome to aband."—Spenser, Fairy Queen (1590), ii. v. 63.

Able, "zo chwas able" (R229,b), fit, proper, "fettled": in original hable—cf. habile. "Noye, to me thou arte full able, And to my sacrifice acceptable."—Chester Plays (c. 1400), i. 55.

Abry, see Jack Noble.

Abusion, "hidden their abusion" (R180,a), abuse, malpractice. "The vtter extirpation of false doctrine, the roote and chief cause of all abusions."—Udall, Pref. to St. Mark. "To print such abusion."—Albion Knight, Anon. Pl. 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 131,d.

Adjutory, "God will be you[r] adjutory" (M12,a), properly an adjective = helpful; the exigencies of the rhyme has, however, apparently led to its use substantively: the original manuscript, as indicated, has "be yow adiutory."

Adventure, see Joint.

Affeed, "affeed with them" (N70,a), hired, engaged with for profit: cf. fee (A.S.) = property, money, annual salary, reward. "There is not a thane of them but in his house I have a servant feed."—Shakespeare, Macbeth (1606), iii. 4.

Affere, "With his company myself affere" (N63,d), belong, be identified with, "of a kidney with." "He was then buryed at Winchester in royall wise, As to suche a prince of reason should affere."—Hardyng, Chronicle (d. 1465), f. 106.

Affiance, "Company of my affiance" (N78,a), close connection, affinity, trusted advisers or servants: see other volumes of this series.

Afine, "well afine" (R261,d), perfectly, thoroughly; i.e. well a (= and) fine: a generic intensive. "Till grapes be ripe and well a-fine."—Chaucer, Romaunt of the Rose (1360), 3690.

Against, "against I you call" (R199,b), again: the converse usage (again = against) was also common enough in old writers.

Aged, "some of them were aged ... one by one" (R219,b). Mr. Magnus thinks that in these lines there must be some hint at the treatment of Bishops Gardiner and Bonner, who were imprisoned and their lands seized: see Respublica.

Albs, "th' albs and amices" (R221,d), a long white linen garment or robe worn by officiating priests of the Roman communion. It reached nearly to the feet, and differed from the modern surplice (Rev. H. J. Tod), inasmuch as it was worn close at the wrists, similar to a bishop's lawn sleeves now-a-days. "They (the bishops) shall have upon them in time of their ministration, besides their rochet, a surplice or alb, and a cope or vestment."—Rubric of K. Edw. VI. (1548).

Ale, "mend ... as zour ale in summer" (R227,b), i.e. not at all: see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II., 91b.

Algate, "hath pleased thy noble grace algate" (N48,a), always.

Aliants, "too many aliants in this realm" (WH 300,b and c), aliens. Foreign immigration seems to have become a burning question early enough: how dealt with history informs us; and posterity has, in the main, confirmed the generally judicious and far-sighted policy of welcome extended to refugees and others, with its consequent introduction of new blood, new ideas, new crafts, and the benefits arising therefrom.

Alise dicts (R210,b), i.e. alias dicta. People's manglement of both English and Latin phrases is a noteworthy characteristic of the play—see Divum, Captivity, Commediens, Enquest, Policate, etc.

All, "then am I all safe" (R241,d), quite, entirely. "Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robbery."—Nah. iii. 1. Bible, Auth. Vers. (1611).

Allectuous, "allectuous ways" (M33,d), alluring, enticing: allective is a commoner form. "Woman yfarced with fraude and disceipt, To thy confusion most allective bait."—Chaucer, Rem. of Love, ver. 14.

Allow, "these words be greatly to allow" (N59,a), approve, sanction: American by survival. "First, whether ye allow my whole device—And if ye like it, and allow it well."—Norton and Sackville, Gorboduc (1570. 1), 94,a and b (E.E.D.S.).

All thing, "all thing hath prospered" (R201,b)—"All thing I tell you" (R202,c)—"all thing should soon be well" (R208,d), everything.

Aloft, "look aloft with th' hands under the side" (R192,d), i.e. Insolence when presented to Respublica as the captain of the marauding crew is to assume a butter-will-not-melt-in-my-mouth expression.

Amically, "he hath amically' directed" [(R237,d), amicably, in a friendly fashion. "An amical call to repentance and the practical belief of the Gospel."—W. Watson, M.A., 1691, in A. Wood, Ath. Ox., 2nd ed., vol. ii., col. 1133.

Amices, "th' albs and amices" (R221,d), a piece of fine linen worn by officiating priests: it was oblong-square in form, folded diagonally. It covered the head, neck, and shoulders, and was buckled or clasped before the breast, and when the altar was reached was thrown back upon the shoulders. It forms the uppermost of the six sacerdotal garments, the others being the alb, cingulum, stole, manipulus, and the planeta. The amice is still worn under the alb.

Among, "follow his appetite among" (N49,c), in company—elliptical: see other volumes of this series.

Amromes, "books Amromes" (JE356,b), so in original. I can suggest nothing beyond a misprint for "amorous"; but, in that case, why the capital A? A line (or lines) may also be missing at this point, the connection being not at all obvious. However, there is nothing to suggest a break, the printing being unusually regular and clear at this point in the original.

Anch, "anch hear om" (R230,b)—"anch can spy my time" (R231,c), for an ich = if I.

Angel, (a) "an angel for a reward" (R264,b). Mr. Magnus thinks that here is enshrined a play on the proper meaning of the word, and angel = a coin of the realm.

(b) see Angelot.

Angelot (R216,d). Mr. Magnus in his note (E.E.T.S. ed., p. 67, line 768) seems to identify this coin with the angel. He may be right; but on the other hand, it is not out of place to point out that in numismatics an angelot is generally regarded as an ancient French coin first struck at Paris when that capital was in English occupation (1420). It bore on it the figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of England and France. The angel of Edward VI. was a gold coin, named from the fact that on one side of it was a representation of the Archangel Michael in conflict with the Dragon (Rev. xii. 7). The reverse had a ship with a large cross for the mast, the letter E on the right side and a rose on the left; whilst against the ship was a shield with the usual arms. Angels were first struck in France in 1340, and were introduced into England by Edward IV. in 1465. Between his reign and that of Charles I. it varied in value from 6s.8d. to 10s. The last struck in England were in the reign of Charles I.—H. Noel Humphreys, Coins of England, 5th ed., 1848; and other authorities. Angelots (i.e. half the value of an angel), were also struck by Edward VI. in 1550: see Edwards.

Annexion, "the soul hath his annexion" (M38,c), conjunction: Shakespeare in The Lover's Complaint employs it in the sense of addition.

Anointed, "two knaves anointed" (N113,d), thorough-paced, "out-and-out"; a double pun is intended the references being to anointed = beaten, with an eye on anointed = consecrated by the pouring on of oil. "Then thay put hym hout, the kyng away fly, Which so well was anoynted indede, That no sleue ne pane had he hoe of brede."—The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 5652-4.

Apaid, "very well apaid" (WH280,c), glad, satisfied, pleased, paid. "They buy thy help: but sin ne'er gives a fee, He gratis comes; and thou art well appay'd, As well to hear as grant what he hath said."—Shakespeare, Rape of Lucrece (1594), l. 913.

Appair, "I say his wealth doth mend, he saith it doth appair" (R226,b), becomes worse, degenerates. "All that liveth appaireth fast."—Everyman, Anon. Pl. 1 S. (E.E.D.S.), 94,d.

Apple (19,d), in original a nappyl.

Applied, "to Him should be applied" (M3,b), given, rendered, one's heart or mind fixed upon: the only sense of apply in the English Bible.

Apply, see Aged.

Apprehensible, "was not apprehensible" (M33,a), competent.

Appropriations, "bare parsonages of appropriations" (R218,d), technically, at law (according to Blackstone, I. 11) an appropriation is the transference to a religious house, or spiritual corporation, of the tithes and other endowments designed for the support of religious ordinances in a parish; also these when transferred. When the monastic bodies were in their glory in the Middle Ages they begged, or bought for masses and obits, or in some cases even for actual money, all the advowsons which they could get into their hands. In obtaining these they came under the obligation either to present a clergyman to the church, or minister there in holy things themselves. They generally did the latter, and applied the surplus to the support and aggrandisement of their order. On the suppression of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. the appropriated advowsons were transferred to the king, and were ultimately sold or granted out to laymen, since called impropriators. See Respublica.

Array, (a) "array toward" (R258,d), i.e. preparations in progress. (b) "nice in their array" (M14,b), dress, equipment, outward appearance. "But for to telle you of his aray, His hors was good, but he ne was nought gay."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), Prologue, 73-4.

Ascite, "I ascite you ... to appear" (IP342,c), summons, call. "Hun answered that the infant had no propertie in the shet, wherupon the priest ascited him in the spiritual courte."—Hall, Henry VIII., f. 50.

Aspen-leaf, "tir-tremmeleth as the aspen-leaf" (M32,c), an early example of a common simile. The text, "tir-trimmeleth," etc., is as in original.

Assay, subs. and verb, "assay him I will" (M11,a),—"at all assays" (M7,c), as verb = try, tempt, essay; as subs. = at all points, in every respect. "I will assay ere long."—Jacob and Esau, Anon. Pl. 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 15d; "at all assays" (Ibid. 53b).

Assemble, "I assemble the life" (N89,b), compare, liken: cf. Shakespeare's use of assemblance.—"Care I for the limb, the thewes, the stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man!"—Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. (1598), iii. 2.

Assiege (N89,b), siege: see Halliwell, s.v. Assege.

Atame, "almsdeed I can atame" (N86,d), commence, begin: Fr. entamer. "Yes, hoste, quod he, so mote I ride or go, But I be mery, y-wis I wol be blamed; And right anon his tale he hath attamed."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), 14824.

Attempt, "Ye must attempt the world" (N59,d), try, "sample," experience: cf. Shakespeare, Lear, ii. 2.

Attemptates, "immoderate attemptates" (R266,a), attempts, endeavours: specifically to commit a crime. Puttenham, in 1589, said this word was a recent importation, but it had already been in use half a century at least. "To forbear that attemptate."—Sadler (A.D. 1543), in Froude, Hist. Eng., vol. iv. p. 241.

Avent, "avent thee! Nature compels" (M25,b), i.e. relieve the bowels.

Avoid, "Avoid, good brother!" (M5,d)—"avoid! I charge thee" (R254,d), begone, make room, depart, "get out." "I shall make you avoid soon."—Youth, Anon. Pl. 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 94,b.

Avoidance, "as for mine avoidance" (N52,a), departure: see Avoid.

Avore, "I chil wait avor you" (R. passim), afore: there are numerous examples of v for f in this play: also of z for s.

Avoutry, "taken in avoutry" (passim), adultery: see other volumes of this series.

Ayenst, "ayenst thy sores" (N121,d), against. " ... whan he wente in batayle ayenst them...."—Invention of the Holy Cross (ed. Morris), p. 159.

Ba, "ba me" (M19,d), kiss: cf. basse or buss.

Badge, "bear on my bryst the badge of mine arms" (M15,b), badge. Princes, noblemen, and other gentlemen of rank had formerly, and still retain, distinctive badges, and servants and dependants wore these cognisances on their liveries. Douce, in his Illustrations of Shakespeare (1839), pp. 205-7, says: "The history of the changes which badges have undergone is interesting. In the time of Henry IV. the terms livery and badge seem to have been synonymous. A badge consisted of the master's device, crest, or arms on a separate piece of cloth, or sometimes on silver in the form of a shield fastened to the left sleeve. In Queen Elizabeth's reign the nobility placed silver badges on their servants. The sleeve badge was left off in the reign of James I., but its remains are still preserved in the dresses of porters, firemen, and water-men, and possibly in the shoulder-knots of footmen. During the period when badges were worn the coat to which they were affixed was, as a rule, blue, and the blue coat and badge still may be seen on parish and hospital boys."

Baggage, "the baggage, the trash," etc. (R183,c), rubbish, refuse, trumpery, scum. "Fill an egg-shell newly emptied with the juice of singreen, and set it in hot embers; scum off the green baggage from it, and it will be a water."—Lupton, Thousand Notable Things (1579).

Bags, "the names of my bags" (R221,a), purses: those carried by Avarice were probably, for the sake of "business," more like small sacks; he is represented as hugging them (216,a), as hauling them (215,d), and as dragging them out (225,d). " ... see thou shake the bags Of hoarding abbots; imprison'd angels Set at liberty."—Shakespeare, King John (1596), iii. 3.

Bale blisses (JE355,c), probably blisses which are evil, and the reverse of blisses; with an eye on A.S. bale = "fiery"; as in bale-fire, etc. "... bring me forth toward blisse with se bale here."—MS. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., f. 146b.

Bales, "lay on with your bales" (M6,a). "Scared us with a bales" (M35,d), in the first example the manuscript has ballys, in the second bales, but I think the context in each case shows the meaning to be the same. Bales = a rod or scourge, and specifically a bow: at 6,a it is the minstrels who are charged to "lay on."

Ball, "to it Boy, box him Ball" (R194,c), a dog: cf. 195,d. Halliwell says the name was given to various animals: "it is mentioned as the name of a horse in Chaucer and Tusser, of a sheep in the Promptorium, and of a dog in the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII., p. 43."

Banket, see Junkery.

Baudery, "sorcery, witchery, baudery" (R263,d), the manuscript has bandery, but? baudery as in present text. If bandery, plotting is doubtless meant.

Bash, "look thou not bash" (JE354,a), i.e. timidly, or with too much inattention. "No, Leonato, I never tempted her with word too large, But, as a brother to his sister, shew'd Bashful sincerity and comely love."—Shakespeare, Much Ado (1600), iv. I.

Bast, "begat the whoreson in bast" (N68,b), fornication, adultery. "For he was bigeten o baste, God it wot."—Artour & Merlin, 7643.

Be (passim), been.

Bedlams, "stark bedlams" (R233,c), madmen: see other volumes of this series.

Bees, "hive of humble bees swarming in my brain" (R182,c), proverbial: cf. modern "bee in the bonnet." Here = restless, whimsical, full of projects: see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II. 385; s.v. Head.

Beforn, Beforne (passim), before.

Bells, "one would think 'twere brass, most part on't was made of our old bells" (R232,b). People states an historical fact, and refers to the reformation of the coinage which occurred in the previous reign. Under Edward VI. (1547-53) the Protector Somerset reduced the coinage to its true value and the export of bell-metal was forbidden (2 & 3 Edw. VI., c. 37). The pence of the coinage of 1552 (the fourth of the reign, other issues having been made in 1546-47, 1548, and 1550: see Respublica) was both of fine and base metal. The fine penny has (on the obverse) the king seated, with arms and cross on the reverse. The base penny has a full-blown rose (the Tudor rose) instead of the enthroned king. Half-pence are nearly the same as the pence.

Belly, "when the belly is full the bones would be at rest" (R216,b), proverbial: see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II. 55,b.

Benefices, "the fifth I have by selling of benefices" (R221,b). "I have a good benefice of a hundred marks" (R225,b)—"they will take no benefice, but they must have all" (R225,b), references apparently to the prevalence of simony. Although a bill had been passed by a parliament of Edward VI., it did not receive the royal assent; and it was not until 1588-89, under Elizabeth, that any serious attempt was made to remedy the evil.

Berwick (R254,a), in original Barwicke, to rhyme with "Warwicke."

Besene, "so well besene" (N117,b), good appearance, comely. "And sad habiliments right well beseene."—Spencer, Fairy Queen (1590), I. xii. 5.

Besirance, "chwas besirance your ladydom to zee" (R213,c), desirant.

Bet, "could not a counselled us bet" (M35,c), better. "Perhaps he shall be bet advisde within a weeke or twayne."—"Romeus and Juliet," Supp. to Sh., i. 292 (Nares).

Bezeivers, "valse bezeivers" (R230,a), deceivers.

Bide, "had bide ne'er so little longer" (R257,b) bided.

Bird's arse, "clean as a bird's arse" (M22,b), a proverbial simile not uncommon in old writers: Heywood varies it—"as bare," etc. (Works, E.E.D.S., II., 89,a).

Blane, "without blane" (WH294,b), ceasing.

Blench, "to blench his sight" (M23,d), deceive, hinder, obstruct. "The rebels besieged them, winning the even ground on the top, by carrying up great trusses of hay before them, to blench the defendants' sight, and dead their shot."—Carew, Survey of Cornwall (1602).

Blest, "God's dear blest" (IP316,c), i.e. happy or blessed, "people" being understood. Also bliss, happiness.

Blin, "of thy prayer blin" (M25,b), cease, stop. "How so her fansies stop—Her tears did never blin." "Romeus and Juliet," Supp. to Sh., i. 287 (Nares).

Bloodings (R221,a), black (or blood) puddings.

Blottibus, etc. (M30,b), kitchen Latin.

Board, Bourd, "I will board her" (R195,b)—"to bourd Respublica" (R200,b). Mr. Magnus says "to engage in tilting," but is not the sense that of Fr. aborder = to accost, address, woo. The spelling in the present text should, of course, have been uniform. "I am sure he is in the fleet; I would he had boarded me."—Shakespeare, Much Ado, ii. I. " ... for, sure, unless he knew some strain in me, that I know not myself, he would never have boarded me in this fury."—Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. I.

Boat, "an oar in everybody's boat" (R235,c): see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II., 24,b; 207,a; 417,c.

Bolt, "my bolt is shot" (M34,d), an arrow: for examples of the proverb, see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II. 58,d; 91,a; 205,d; 332,d; 370,c.

Bolt, "sift and bolt" (R207,d), the legal sense is probably intended rather than redundancy for the rhyming's sake. Oppression means that matters must be gifted and discussed privately in order to improve their opportunities for rascality. "And having performed the exercises of their own houses called boltes, mootes, and putting of cases, they proceed to be admitted and become students, in some of these four houses or innes of court, where continuing by the space of seven yeares (or there-aboutes) they frequent readings, meetings, boltinges, and other learned exercises."—Stowe, Survey of London, p. 59. "The judge, or jury, or parties, or the counsel, or attornies, propounding questions, beats and bolts out the truth much better than when the witness delivers only a formal series."—Sir M. Hale (d. 1676).

Bones, see Belly.

Boot, "he will be my boot" (M11,a), help, remedy, cure. "Ich haue bote of mi-bale."—William of Palerne (c. 1300), 627. "God send every trewe man boote of his bale."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), 13,409.

Bord, "we did but bord" (WH298,a), jest: see other volumes of this series.

Borrow, (a) "I shall be your borrow" (M ), security, pledge, surety, protector. "Their borrow is God Almighty."—Piers Plowman (1363), 37,b. (b) see St. George.

Bourd, see Board.

Boy, see Ball.

Boys, "shall boys ... of such high matters play" (R180,d). Mr. Magnus asks whether this reference to "boy-chorister-actors" may not "have some special reference to Edward VI.'S theological precocity."

Brast, "the halter brast asunder" (M27,c; also 28,d), burst. "But with that percing noise flew open quite, or brast."—Spenser, Fairy Queen (1590), I. viii. 4.

Brat, "a whole brat to his back" (IP338,d), cloak, mantle. "Ne had they but a shete Which that they might wrappen hem in a-night, And a bratt to walken in by day-light."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), 16,347.

Breadibus, "breadibus ... horsibus ... firibusque" (M5,b), for bread, for horses, and for fires: a form, of dog-Latin which has always been, and still is, popular: see Misericordia.

Brethel, "and thy own wife brethel, and take thee a leman" (M27,a), brethell in original: the E.E. text editors suggest [be] brethell, that is, "if thy own wife be adulterous." This, however, seems beside the mark of the context, as why should Mankind be counselled to take a whore because his wife is unchaste? May brethel not be a mis-script for A.S. betelle (Halliwell)=to deceive? The meaning is then clear enough and the reading sound. On the other hand, I fail to find any authority for Halliwell's suggestion betelle=deceive, mislead, in either Anglo-Saxon or M.E. dictionaries, and the r in the word brethel, perhaps precludes the adoption of betelle, r being a highly characteristic letter. An alternative suggestion is that brethel is meant for brechell, from breken, to break, to injure, to vex, harass, torment, or destroy. "Breken" has among its derivatives "brac," "brake," "brek," "breche," "briche," "bruche," "bruchel."

Brenning, "hot and brenning" (N122,a), burning: also brent=burnt: see other volumes of this series.

Brest, "till his belly brest" (M6,a), burst.

Briars, "all in briars" (JE364,a), in trouble, misfortune, difficulty, doubt: see Anon. Plays, 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 341,a.

Brim, "brim and hot" (R241,d). Magnus glosses this "brimhot": but cf. brim=well-known, spoken of, public. "That thou dost hold me in disdain, Is brim abroad, and made a gibe to all that keep this plain." Warner, Albion's England (1586-1606).

Broklets (R183,d), crumbs; of Scots brock.

Bront, "Titivilly would assay you a bront" (M39,b), brunt, charge.

Brothern, "ye brothern" (M4,b), an old plural: cf. childern still in dialect use.

Bum vay (R211,d), by my faith: original spelling vei: cf. Fr. foi.

Bunting, "how think you by this bunting" (R216,d), Mr. Magnus glosses this "swelling"; but is it not a term of endearment, perhaps with an eye on the diminutive form of bunt="a swelling part, an increasing cavity, the bagging of a fishing net or the like" (Ency. Dict.).

Burrs, "cleave together like burrs" (M193,a), proverbial.

By and by (passim), immediately.

Cailes, "play not at cailes, cards, nor dice" (IP320,b), ninepins (Minshew).

Calais, arms of Calais (R217,c), a common oath of the period. The French citadel was lost to the English in 1558, after an occupation lasting for upwards of two centuries: see other volumes of this series.

(b) "hangman of Calais" (JE359,a), this mention (see supra) may have some bearing on the date of the play. Halliwell in Old Plays gives 1566 as the date of printing, but does not state how he arrives at the figures: see John the Evangelist.

Can (passim), able to do; does.

Capax, "tractable and capax" (WS137,d), capable, sharp, knowing: Latin. "I am a trew flie; sure I can no false knackes; Alas! master spyder, ye be to capackes." Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), III., Spider and Flie, 1556.

Capper, "the scald capper" (N67,c), a cap-maker. "Cappar, bonnettier."—Palsgrave, Lang. Franc.

Captivity, "passeth our captivity" (R211,b), capacity: part of People's mumble-jumble.

Careful, "a careful carriage" (WS173,a), full of care: cf. Painful, Hateful. "By him that raised me to this careful height."—Shakespeare, Rich. III. (1597), i. 3.

Caren, "as carene" (M32,d), carrion. "I felte the stench of caren here present."—Wisdom (E.E.T.S.), 71, 1103.

Caronous, "caronous body" (N89,c), rotten: of Shakespeare (Julius Cæsar, iii. 1), "That this foul deed shall smell above the earth With carrion men, groaning for burial."

Casse, "I hung upon the casse" (M27,d), apparently a frame of some sort.

Cat, "a cat ... may look on a king" (R236,b); see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II., 340, s.v. Cat a.

Catch, "Catch that catch may" (R187,b). An early example of this proverbial saying.

Caton (JE352,c), Cato, the Roman Censor: the pattern of sternness and austere manner, he stabbed himself at Utica 46 B.C. because, considering freedom as alone sustaining the dignity of man, he felt himself unable to survive the independence of his country. He was frequently quoted by writers of this period—"Caton, the grete clerke "—Cast. Persev. (E.E.T.S., 103, 868).

Caveatis, "I say Caveatis" (M21,d; 22,b), Beware!

Cavillation, "make this cavillation" (WH281,d), frivolous objections, cavilling. "I might add so much concerning the large odds between the case of the eldest churches in regard of heathens, and ours in respect of the Church of Rome, that very cavillation itself should be satisfied."—Hook.

Cayme, "in that cayme he was like to" (JE366,c), in original Cayme. I can make nothing of it except that it is a misprint for Cain.

Cepe, "speak to the sheriff for a cepe coppus" (M34,d), i.e. cape corpus for capias corpus, a writ of attachment.

'Ch (passim) = I: e.g. cha = I have (ich 'a'); chad = I had; cham = I am, etc.; see Dialect.

Cha, che, "Che wa'r't" (R210,c),—"Che was vair" (R232,b),—"Cha not be haled up" (R267,c). I.

Chad (passim), I had—'ch 'ad.

Cham (passim) I am—'ch am.

Champion, "now is a champion field" (R200,d), i.e. champagne = flat open country. "Fra the thine thay went fourty dayes, and come intille a champayne cuntree that was alle barayne, and na hye place, ne na hilles mighte be sene on na syde."—MS. Lincoln, A. i. 17, f. 31. "... the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh?"—Bible, Auth. Ver. (1611), Deut. xi. 30. "The verdant meads are drest in green, The champion fields with corn are seen."—Poor Robin (1694).

Charity, see St. Charity.

Chave (passim), I have—[i]ch 'ave.

Check, "let us con well our neck-verse that we have not a check" (M23,c), i.e. be hung.

Chery-time, "but a chery-time" (M12,a), a short time, "like cherry blossoms" (Furnivall and Pollard).

Che[vi]sance, "the new che[vi]sance" (M29,a), chesance in original: usually chevisance = treaty, agreement, bargain; but here, as Mischief is speaking of the food and other cheer he has stolen, the meaning may be gain, booty, plunder, spoil. "Eschaunges and chevysaunces, with swich chaffare I dele."—Langland, P. Plowman (1363), 2969.

Chill (passim), I will—'ch 'ill.

Chive, "I warrant him a chive" (R185,d), a chip, fragment: a small standard of value. "If any chive, chip, or dust skip into the eye, ... then can you not cure the eye but by removing and drawing the said chive."—Barrough, Method of Physick (1624.)

Chop, Chope (a) "in nomine Patris, chope ... Ye shall not chop my jewels" (M20,a), in both cases the original has choppe; but as Nought and New Guise were funning and punning, I have preserved the play on the words which I think was intended—chope = ch'ope (I hope) and chop = cut off; but the student can choose, and regard the first chop also to mean "cut!" "strike!" "Chope you'll consider my pain."—Misogonus, Anon. Plays, 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 210b.

(b) "Into a deanery ... to chop" (R223,d). Mr. Magnus glosses this as "snap"; but is it not used in the closer sense of to pop? cf. chop-church = (1) one who exchanges livings, or (2) such an act of barter. "As flise at libertee in and out might chop."—Heywood, Spider and Flie (1556), Works, III. (E.E.D.S.).

Chould (passim), I would—'ch 'ould.

Christendom, "by my christendom" (R196,d). See E.E.D.S., Anon. Plays, Series 2 and 3, Note-Books, s.v. 4.2]

Christmas device (R179,b), Christmas was better kept as a festival in olden times than in modern days, lasting at this period from Christmas Eve to Old Christmas Day or Twelfth night. At Court, and in the Inns of Court, high revel was kept; from references such as the above it is clear that many a play was specially written for, and first presented at, these festivals. The sources of detailed descriptions are too well known to need particular reference.

Christmas song (M15,d; 16,a to c). Prof. Manly omits this precious production; perhaps rightly in view of his text being prepared for class-room use; the E.E.T. Society's issue gives it as a matter of course, as do I.

Church, "a church here beside," etc. (M28,b), i.e. the abbey larder should provide the requisite cheer.

Church-stile, "on the church stile" (M26,a), a stile in, or leading to, the precincts of the church.

Chwas (passim), I was—'ch was.

Clarify, "This question to clarify" (M5,a), make clear or intelligible, answer, clear up. "A word to you I wold claryfy."—Towneley Myst., p. 67.

Clash, "at clash and cards" (IP338,b), bawdy talk, gossiping, tittle-tattle, quarrelling. "Good Lord! what fiery clashings we have had lately for a cap and a surplice!"—Howell, Lett. (1644-45), iv. 29.

Clawback, "you flearing clawback you" (R188,a), lickspittle, flatterer. The whole passage is a striking early instance of sarcastic vituperation, and the gradual piling up of the weight of abuse.

Clean, "a clean gentleman" (M22,a), fair, comely, noble: a general appreciative. "With the clennest cumpanye that euer king ladde."—Will. of Paleren (c. 1360), 1609.

Clepe, "if I should clepe to memory" (N45,a), call. "I shall inwardly clepe the Lord."—Wycliffe, Psalm xvii. 4.

Clerical, "clerical manner" (M8,b),—"a clerical matter" (M26,a), clerk-like, scholarly, abstruse, learned.

Clothes, "the clothes of thy shoon" (M35,b), generic for fabric and material as well as for dress and apparel.

Cloutery, (R263,d). Mr. Magnus glosses this as "mending," and probably he is right. On the other hand, a glance may be given to the Northern clouter = to do dirty work.

Cobs, "the great cobs" (R232,d), a rich but grasping person, a person of superior rank and power. "Susteynid is not by personis lowe, But cobbis grete this riote sustene."—Occleve, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134, f. 267. "But, at leisure, ther must be some of the gret cobbes served likewise, and the king to have ther landes likewise, as, God willing, he shall have th' erle of Kildares in possession, or somer passe."—State Papers, ii. 228 (Nares).

Cock's (passim), God's. Hence Cock's body sacred = God's consecrated body.

Commediens, "as commediens vor us" (R212,a), commodious.

Commodity (passim), advantage and many allied senses: see other volumes of this series.

Companable, "such as be companable" (N62,a), affable, sociable, companionable. "Frendly to ben and compaygnable at al." MS. Fairfax 16.

Conformed, see Respublica.

Congy, "a little pretty congy" (N60,d), bow of salutation.

Convert, "thine eyes to me convert" (R238,c), turn, move.

Convertible (M33,b), unstedfast, changeable.

Convict, "convict them" (M19,a)—"Mercy shall never be convict of his uncurtess condition" (M34,a), conquer, persuade.

Convinced, "they shall be convinced" (R246,b), convicted: cf. convict. "Which of you convinceth me of sin?"—Bible, Auth. Vers. (1611), John viii. 46.

Coped, (a) "Christ's coped curse" (M36,a); in original coppyde: cf. copie, copy = abundance, plenty (Trevisa, i. 301), and copped, coppyd = rising to a point, heaped-up as a measure; hence "Christ's copious, abundant, overflowing malediction." "This Spayne ... hath grete copy, and plente of castelles."—Trevisa, i. 301.

(b) "he is so copped" (R213,a), apparently a variant of coppet = saucy, impudent, overbearing.

Copy, "change our copy" (R202,b), manner.

Corrompt, "Is should be corrompt therefore" (R256,b); punished is meant, but the usual sense is "corrupted."

Couch, "I will couch you all up" (R216,b), conceal, hide away, put in safe keeping. "In the seler of Juppiter ther ben couched two tunnes."—Chaucer, Boethius, p. 35.

Courtesy, "the courtesy of England is oft to kiss" (JE356,d). In The English Historical Review (vol. vii., p. 270) there is an article by Major Martin A.S. Hume on "Philip's visit to England" in 1554. The article is founded on a Spanish account written by Andres Muñoz, a servant in the household of Don Carlos, Philip's son, then a child. Muñoz did not himself go to England, but probably got his account from someone, much in the same position as himself, who did go. The writer describes how Philip met Queen Mary at Winchester, "and kissed her on the mouth, in the English fashion." On taking leave Philip was introduced to Mary's ladies, all of whom he kissed "so as not (says Muñoz) to break the custom of the country, which is a very good one." This no doubt explains the passage in the play, but there was at law another courtesy of England with which, in the origins, it may have some obscure connection. Cowel, in his Law Dictionary (1607), describes a tenure by which, if a man marry an inheritrix, that is, a woman seised of land, and getteth a child of her that comes alive into the world, though both the child and his wife die forthwith, yet, if she were in possession, shall he keep the land during his life, and is called tenant per legem Angliæ, or by the courtesy of England.

Courtnals, "a zort of courtnalls" (R255,d), courtiers: in contempt (Halliwell).

Court spiritual (IP343,b), Abundance was accused of fornication, and so came under ecclesiastical jurisdiction. These courts were made separate to the Secular or Civil Courts in 1085, but until the establishment of the Divorce and Probate Courts in 1857 the Ecclesiastical Courts took cognisance of blasphemy, apostasy, heresy, schism, ordinations, matters pertaining to benefices, matrimony, divorces, bastardy, tithes, incest, fornication, adultery, probate of wills, administrations, and similar matters (Haydn).

Creance, "chief of His creance" (N45,d), ordinarily faith, belief, credit, payment: I subjoin examples of each usage, but neither seem to fit the sense. There is an alternative which is nearer the mark, in the Latin creans, pr. p. of creo, to create; but I find no authority beyond creant, which, as far as I know, is modern: see last example. "This mayden tauzte the creance Unto this wyf so perfitly."—Gower, MS. Soc. Antiq. 134, f. 66. "And with his precyous bloode he wroote the bills Upon the crosse, as general acquytaunce To every penytent in ful creaunce."—Rom. of the Monk, Sion College MS. "The creant word Which thrilled around us."—Mrs. Browning.

Creaseth, "when she creaseth again" (N44,a), short for increaseth.

Creature (R. passim), throughout a trisyllable.

Crow, see Clawback.

Cuculorum, "taken with a cuculorum" (JE352,d), the rhyming exigency no doubt influenced the form of the word, but in any case the use is obscure, probably slang now lost. Whether, however, it originated in cucullus, a hood, or cuculus, a cuckoo (whence cuckold), or whether the word enshrines a play on both, I cannot say.

Cumberland, see Respublica.

Curia, etc. (M30,c), the proceedings of Manorial Courts were generally headed "Curia generalis tenta ibidem," etc. Mischief, with assumed official authority, means that the document was written in an alehouse (or where ale was plenty) with a sham date.

Custodity, "in my custodity" (R266,d), custody.

Cut, "Call me cut" (N54,b), properly a gelding or any animal with a short or cut tail, and specifically an intensive reproach. The classical illustration to the present passage is, of course, from Shakespeare, "If I tell thee a lie, spit in my face and call me horse" (1 Hen. IV., ii. 1). Compare again, "cutted whore" (N66d): see other volumes of this series.

Dainty, "men have little dainty of your play" (M13,b), i.e. little that is agreeable or pleasant, small liking for or delight in. "It was daynte for to see the cheere bitwix hem two."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), 8983. "... and all things which were dainty and goodly are departed from thee, ..."—Bible, Auth. Vers. (1611), Rev. xviii. 14.

Daisy, "leap at a daisy" (R243,c), be hanged: see Anon. Plays, 3 Ser. (E.E.D.S.).

Dalliation, "leave your dalliation" (M5,a), dallying.

Dally, "quit as a dally" (JE365,b), what "a tale of titmary tally" (see previous line) or "quit as a dally" mean I am unable to discover. The original is, "She helde me with a tale of tytemary tally Tyll my thryfte was gone as quyte as a dally."

Da pacem (M31,d), literally "give us peace"; here slang for a knife or dagger: cf. modern "Arkansas toothpick" = a bowie knife, "Meat-in-the-pot" = a gun, and similar locutions.

Darnel, see Drawk.

Deambulatory (M37,c), a covered walk, cloister, ambulatory.

Delectable, "my talking delectable" (M5,d), pleasing, delightful.

Delver (passim), delve.

Departed, Depart, (a) "how I departed them" (N80,b).

(b) "till death us depart" (WS172,d), i.e. (a) left them; (b) till death divides, or parts: now corrupted in the Marriage Service into "do part." "We wille departe his clothing."—Towneley Myst., p. 228.

Destructions, "destructions to 'member in my heart" (R234,d), instructions: part of People's mangled English.

Detected, "ne'er of any crime detected" (R183,b), possibly here = accused.

Dever, "put me in dever" (M24,d), duty, service. "Do the deuer that thow hast to done."—William of Palerne (c. 1360), 2546.

Devose, "we must devose how that we may" (WH289,a), devise.

Dialect and Jargon, see Respublica, Wealth and Health.

Dinty, "no dinty to do" (N49,d), pleasure, liking: see Dainty.

Disease (passim), generic for absence of ease—discomfort, annoyance, trouble, difficulty, sorrow, etc.: see other volumes of this series.

Dispectible, "thou art dispectible" (M33,c), despicable.

Dispectuous, "dispectuous and odible" (M33,a), unsightly: see previous entry.

Divum, "Divum este justlum weste" (R232,c), Prof. Brandl suggests Divites estis justi fuistis.

Do, see Way.

Dogs, "hungry dogs will slab up sluttish puddings" (R221,a), see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II. 14a; 357,d(n).

Dort, "a shrewd crank dort" (N83,d), fit of sulks, a pet, sullen humour.

Doubler, "both dish and doubler" (M29,a), a large dish, plate, or bowl. "A dysche other a dobler that dryghtyn onez serued."—Early Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1145.

Draff, "driff, draff, mish, mash" (M5,b), rubbish, refuse, dregs: see other volumes of this series. Mish, mash = mess.

Drawk, "drawk and ... darnel" (M24,a), a weed very similar to darnel—Bromus secalinus; darnel is Lolium perenne.

Driff, see Draff.

Driffe, "hence I will you driffe" (M17,d), drive.

Drivel, "live thus like a drivel" (N61,b), a generic reproach; drudge, servant, idiot, dotard, fool; see other volumes of this series.

Drouse, "a hounded drouse" (WH288,d), in view of the wretched printing of this play it serves little useful purpose to suggest a correct reading; the most probable would seem to be hounded = hundred and drouse = douse; i.e. a god give him a hundred duckings.

Dutch Jargon, see Wealth and Health.

Eachwhere, "eachwhere sore hated" (R197,a), everywhere.

Edwards, "angelots and Edwards" (R216,d), see Angelots. I am further inclined to doubt whether the pieces referred to were of current or recent striking. It is true Edward VI. reformed the coinage, but as the angelots (at least) are specifically referred to as "old," and as the angelot is probably that of 1420, the Edward is also likely to be the angel of Edward IV. introduced in 1465, which bears an effigy of that king. The angel of Edward VI., of the third coinage of the reign, does not bear an effigy of Edward VI. It may not be out of place to detail the various issues, though this cannot, of course, settle the point as to what coin was meant by the Edward. Kenyon, on "The Gold Coins of England," says there were four distinct series of gold coins issued during the reign of Edward VI. First Coinage (January 1546-47):—Half-sovereigns (value 10s.). Obverse—king in robes and crowned, enthroned, the figure of an angel on each arm of the throne; reverse—shield bearing arms of France and England quarterly, supported by lion and dragon. Crown (value 5s.). Obverse—rose, crowned; reverse—shield with arms, crowned. Half-crowns (value 2s. 6d.). Type like the crowns. Second Coinage (1548):—Treble Sovereign (value £3). Type like last half-sovereign, except that king has no robes, and holds a sword instead of a sceptre. Sovereign (value £1). Same as £3, only with different mint-mark. Half-sovereign (value 10s.). Obverse—bust in profile to right; reverse—oval shield, crowned, and garnished. Crowns (value 5s.). Same as half-sovereign of this coinage. Half-crowns (value 2s. 6d.). Same as half-sovereign of this coinage. Third Coinage (1550):—Double Sovereign (value 48s). Obverse—king seated, holding sceptre and orb; reserve—shield with arms, upon a large double rose. Sovereign (value 24s.). Same as double sovereign. Angel (value 8s.). Type similar to angels of Henry VIII. The type seems to have been fixed in Henry VI.'s reign. The Archangel Michael was on the obverse, trampling with his left foot upon the dragon, and piercing him through the mouth with a spear. Reverse has shield bearing arms of England and France upon a ship. [No effigy of Edward VI.] Angelet (value 4s.). Same as angel. Fourth Coinage (1552):—Sovereign (value 20s.). Obverse.—three-quarter length of king in profile; reverse—same as sovereign of second coinage. Half-sovereign (value 10s.). Obverse—same as sovereign; reverse—square shield crowned between E.R. Crown (value 5s.). Same as half-sovereign. Half-crown (value 2s. 6d.). Same as crown. Hawkins, on "The Silver Coins of England," says of Edward VI. Silver coinage, there were Groats, Half-groats, Pennies, Half-pennies. Note—All silver. Shillings—Obverse—king's bust in profile, crowned; reverse—arms upon an oval shield. Crowns—Obverse—the king mounted on a horse; reverse—arms, and cross fleuree. Half-crowns. Same as crowns. Shillings—Obverse—the king on horsebark, galloping; reverse—a square-topped shield, crowned. Sixpence. Exactly the same as the shilling. Threepence. Same as shilling. Pence of this coinage (1552) occur both of fine and base metal. The fine penny has (on the obverse) the king seated, with arms and cross on the reverse. The base penny has a full-blown rose, instead of the enthroned king. Half-pence are nearly the same as pence.

Empery, "in this empery" (N56,d), empire, dominion; also more loosely, region. "Ruling in large and ample empery o'er France."—Shakespeare, Henry V. (1599), i. 2. "A lady So fair, and fastened to an empery, Would make the great'st king double."—Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605), i. 7.

Emprise, "th' emprise of all this world" (N46,a), generally an undertaking more or less onerous or risky. Here—the responsibility of subduing and righteously governing the material creation. "Then shal rejoysen of a grete empryse Acheved wel."—Chaucer, Troilus and Cressida (1369), ii. 1391.

Emprowed, "bought ... and emprowed" (R219,a), improved: with an eye to a higher rent.

Encheson, "for th' encheson" (N43,c), reason, cause, occasion. "Certes, said he, well mote I shame to tell The fond encheason that me hither led."—Spenser, Fairy Queen (1590), II. i. 30.

Encroaching of Lands, see Respublica.

Endrait, "live after that endrait" (N59,d), quality.

Enformed, see Respublica.

England, see Courtesy.

Enquest, see Inquest.

Entriked, "I am wondrously entriked" (N55,c; 59c), deceived, entangled, tricked, hindered. "That mirrour hath me now entriked."—Romaunt of the Rose, 1642.

Entunes, "entunes in silence of the night" (N45,a), songs, tunes, chants, melodies. "So mery a soune, so swete entewnes."—Chaucer, Boke of the Duchesse (1371), 307.

Enure, "myself to enure" (N48,b), use, make a habit of, accustom. "He gan that Ladie strongly to appele Of many haynous crymes by her enured."—Spenser, Fairy Queen (1596), v. ix. 39.

Envies, "to see ... envies take in a trap" (R257,b), enemies.

Equity, see Mankind, Amended Readings.

Erch (passim), ere I—er' 'ch—ere ich.

Escheats, "the blind escheats" (R183,d), lands or tenements which fell to the crown or lord of the fee through failure of heirs or corruption of blood: the latter kind was abolished by the Felony Act, 33 & 34 Vict., ch. xxiii. "The last consequence of tenure in chivalry was escheat; which took place if the tenant died without heirs of his blood, or if his blood was corrupted by commission of treason or felony. In such cases the land escheated or fell back to the lord—that is, the tenure was determined by breach of the original condition of the feudal donation. In the one case there were no heirs of the blood of the first feudatory, to which heirs alone the grant of the feud extended; in the other the tenant, by perpetrating an atrocious crime, forfeited his feud, which he held under the implied condition that he should not be a traitor or felon."—Blackstone, Commentaries, bk. ii., ch. 3.

Exaltations, "follow their good exaltations" (R234,d), exhortations.

Extent, "at the highest extent," etc. (R219,a), sale under compulsory powers (M).

Extreats, "the scape of extreats" (R183,d), i.e. estreats, enforced by trick. At law an estreat is an official copy of the specification of fines or penalties (such as a forfeited recognisance for use of the bailiff or sheriff's officer in levying). "A forfeited recognisance," if taken by a justice of the peace, "is certified to the next sessions; and if the condition be broken by any breach of the peace in the one case, or any misbehaviour in the other, the recognisance becomes forfeited or absolute; and being estreated or extracted, taken out from among the other records, and sent up to the Exchequer; the party and his sureties, having now become absolute debtors of the Crown, are sued for the several sums in which they are respectively bound."—Blackstone, Comment., bk. iv., ch. 18. See Respublica for authorities dealing with the systems of extortion referred to in these lines.

Faitour, "ye are no faitour" (M12,c), deceiver, imposter: a generic reproach. "There be many of you faitours."—Gower, Confessio Amantis (1393), i. 47.

Fall, "fall back, fall edge" (R250,b), i.e. whichever way it turns out I am prepared (edge = aside or sideways).

Farthing, "I may not change a man a farthing" (M18,b), in the least or smallest degree. A farthing, the fourth part of a penny, and the smallest copper coin current in Great Britain, is mentioned as far back as Robert of Gloucester. It seems to have become a simile of small value or amount in most early writers. "In hire suppe was no ferthing sene Of grese, whan she dronken hadde hire drauht."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), Prologue, 134.

Fashion, see I-fashion.

Feather, "feather my nest" (R183,b); this proverbial saying does not occur in Heywood.

Fell, "the world, the flesh, and the fell" (M39,c), the devil (Furnivall & Pollard).

Fellowship, "flee that fellowship" (M32,b), company, body of associates, confederacy, joint interest. "Parry felle in felaschepe with Willyum Hasard at Querles."—Paston Letters, i. 83. "Antenor fleenge with his felowschippe."—Trevisa, i. 273.

Feoffed, "feoffed thee with all" (N46,a), endowed. "May God forbid to feffe you so with grace."—Chaucer, Court of Love.

Fere, "create to be his fere" (N49,b), companion, partner, fellow. "He wod into the water, his feren him bysyde."—Political Songs, p. 217.

Festination, "with all festination" (R204,c), speed, hurry, expedition. "Sweet Frank, when shall my father Security present me?" "With all festination."—Jonson and Chapman, Eastward Hoe (1605), ii. 1.

Fetches, "beware the fetches of Tediousness" (WS143,a), stratagems, tricks, contrivances, artifices: the word does not always carry a bad or unworthy meaning.

Fichant, "Ise cannot be fichant enough" (R267,c), sufficient; i.e. better received and esteemed. Mr. Magnus suggests Je m'en fiche, as origin.

Fide, W[illiam] (M22,d), so given in the E.E.T.S. text, Fide being Fyde.

Fierce, "a likely man and a fierce" (M27,d)—"how valiant ... and fierce" (WH293,d), strong, full of fire and ardour. "Yet have I fierce affections."—Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1608), i. 5. "The ships, though so great, are driven of fierce winds; yet are they turned about with a very small helm."—Bible, Auth. Vers. (1611), James iii. 4.

Firibusque, see Breadibus.

Fist, "a good running fist" (M30,b), writing: an early example of a common present-day colloquialism.

Flaterabundus, "ye flaterabundus you" (R188,a), see Clawback.

Flear, Flearing, Fleereth (passim), mock, gibe, leer, smirk; and as verb = to grin contemptuously or scornfully, sneer, smirk.

Flexible, "Mankind is so flexible" (M33,a), pliant, easily influenced, wavering in disposition.

Flitched, "hath flitched the bishopricks" (R218,b), so in orignal, but? filched. Mr. Magnus says, "Cut up into strips."

Flittance (R183,d), "a ghost word for fleetings, i.e. skimmings" (Mr. Magnus quoting Prof. Skeat).

Flix, "die of the flix" (R271,c), flux, dysentery. Mr. Magnus glosses this "flyxe [flixe in E.E.T.S. text], flick, thief, 62, 1908." The mistake in giving the text spelling in glossary leads one to suspect that all the rest, save the page and line reference, is wrong also. At all events, how could Avarice "die of the thief"? Perhaps, however, the E.E.T.S. editor meant the Great Thief of Thieves—Old Age!! "Diseased with the bluddy flixe."—Udal, Matt. ix.

Florent, "so florent estate" (R200,d), flourishing, prosperous. "Sinopa was a florent citee."—Udal, Apoph. of Erasmus (1543), p. 77.

Flouthy, "full of flouthy bushes" (JE355,b)? slouthy as in my text and in original: if flouthy from flout = mock, jeer, treat with contempt: cf. lecherous thorns, backbiting briars, elders of envy, and other kindred similes in the same passage.

Fond, "each fond opinion" (N58,a; et passim), foolish, silly, unwise.

Fone, "God shield you from your fone" (M14,d; et passim), foes: an old plural.

Foot, "I hope to have his foot met" (M23,d), i.e. caught by the foot, tripped.

Football, "lend us a football" (M32,c). Dr. Brandl says this is the earliest mention of the game.

Forborne, "it may no longer be forborne" (N51,d), endured. "I may not certes, though I shulde die, Forbere to ben out of your compagnie."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), 10,056.

Force, Forceth (passim), as sub. = matter, consequence, importance, ground for care or anxiety; as verb = to care, regard, value, to be of importance or signify. "What fors were it though al the town bihelde?"—Chaucer, Troilus and Cressida (1369), ii. 373. "It little forceth how long a man liue, but how wel and vertuously."—Udal, Mark v. "I force not argument a straw."—Shakespeare, Rape of Lucrece (1594), 1021.

For-cold, "pottage shall be for-cold" (M13,b)—"when a man is for-cold" (M5,c), very cold: as a prefix for- has (1) an intensive force; (2) a negative or privative force; and (3) a deteriorative force. Typical examples of each class are——(1) forlorn = utterly lonely; for-drunken = beastly drunk; (2) forbid, forfend; (3) forshapen = badly formed, etc.

Forma, see In.

Forty Pence, see Jack Noble.

Founder, "our founder and chief—founder me no foundering" (R186,b; 187c; 189a), patron, benefactor: see other volumes of this series.

Four Ears, see Horse.

Fragility? "of your nature and of your fragility" (M14,a), frailty, weakness, proneness to fall. "Earnestly beseeching the dictatour to forgive this humane fragilitie and youthful folly of Qu. Fabius."—P. Holland, Livius, p. 307.

Fray, "how I fray" (R202,c), fear. "The troubled ghost of my father Anchises So oft in sleepe doth fray me, and aduise."—Surrey, Virgil, Æneis, iv.

Frayry, "the demonical frayry" (M8,d), friary, conventicle.

Fusion, "God send it His fusion" (M15,d),? foison, fusoan, fusin = plenty, abundance: in original, fusyon.

Gan, "how God ... gan devise" (N46,a), began: auxiliary with force of did. "Not with less dread the loud Ethereal trumpet from on high gan blow."—Milton, Paradise Lost (1667), vi. 60.

Gard, "freshly gard" (N77,c), trimmed, edged. "Those of the forewarde vnder the Duke of Norffolke, were apparelled in blue coats garded with redde."—Stow, Henry VIII. (1544).

Gaudies, "no more gaudies or japes" (R264,b), trick, jest. "Thynke wel that it is no gaude."—Chaucer, Troilus (1369), ii. 351.

Gear (passim), formerly a word-of-all-work = outfit, ornament, dress, accoutrements, arms, harness, tackle, goods, property, tools, implements, material, stuff, matter, business, affair, manners, habits, customs, rubbish, trash—and what not? See other volumes of this series.

Generalis, see Curia.

Gentle-Meat, "Gentle meat for a hawk" (J.E. 363,c), the pun is double-barrelled: gentle also = a trained hawk.

Gentman (R231,b), gentleman: cf. jentman.

Geoffrey, "farewell, gentle Geoffrey" (M9,a), apparently a common tag or catch-phrase, or from some song of the period. Heywood (Works, E.E.D.S., II. 36b) quotes almost the identical words of Mankind: "Now, here is the door, and there is the way; And so, (quoth he), farewell, gentle Geoffrey!"

Gere, read Gear.

Gesumme, "a good horse should be gesumme" (M12,d). Dr. Bradley (quoted by E.E.T.S. editors) suggests geason (A.S. gœsne = empty, scarce). The whole passage from the beginning of the speech is obscure and apparently corrupt: at all events, it hardly "reads" as it is. The following suggestion is made with a view to eliciting a re-examination. The original is (E.E.T.S.)—

Now, take as miswritten the words yow and to-samne in the first line, and substitute respectively be and to-famen, and sense is obtained. New Guise has overheard Mercy saying that too much corn for a horse makes it unruly and unmanageable. "Good!" says New Guise, "you are no liar, for I fed my wife so well that she has given me a clouting—here is the plaster!... If my wife were your horse she would be altogether famished. I trow if ye were the King's palfrey-man a good horse would go empty or be scarce (King's horses, for parade purposes requiring plenty of the best fodder). The misscripts are not unlikely ones, and—well, 'tis but a suggestion." "Steuen wille vs traueile and famen vs to dede."—Robert de Brunne, p. 122.

Ghost, Ghostly (passim), soul, breath, spirit, will; spiritual, not carnal or secular, religious: Ger., geistlich. As, his holy ghost (of the will of a man), ghostly purpose, ghostly enemy, ghostly solace ghostly comfort, ghostly, ghostly to our purpose, father ghostly, ghostly reason.

Ginneth, "when she ginneth wane" (N44,a), beginneth. "This lessoun thus I ginne."—William of Palerne, 1929. "Into hyr bedde the boy gan crepe."—Octovian, 176.

Ginst, "ginst to err" (N52,b), see previous entry.

Gis, "by Gis" (passim), Jesus: also Jis and Gisse.

Give, "give the rope just to thy neck" (M35,d), put, adjust.

Godamighties (R225,a), a term applied to any person or thing greatly idolised: also and mostly, now-a-days, in sarcasm, e.g. a little God-almighty (of a conceited prig), etc. Avarice is speaking of his money bags.

Godigod (R182,c), "God give you good [day]," a gloss of Prof. Brandl's. Also (R258,c), Godigod eve and Godigod speed.

God's Good, "a hat of God's good" (R229,b), yeast; sallet = helmet (see E.E.D.S., Anon. Plays, 1 Ser. 274a). People means that instead of being well enough off to get a helmet to serve the king, he is fain to be content with a yeast tub; probably it was meant also as a bit of "business" for the groundlings' sake.

Goss, "by Goss" (R194,c), God.

Governance, "this is his governance" (M26,d), behaviour, manners, conduct, mode of life. "Now schalle I telle you the governance of the court of the grete Cham."—Maundeville, p. 232.

Governy, "the whole rule and governy" (N60,c), control, management, guidance.

Grass, "while the grass shall grow the horse shall sterve" (R233,d), see Heywood (E.E.D.S., Works, II., 378), s.v. Grass.

Green cheese, "Ye can see no green cheese but your teeth will water" (R216,c), cream cheese, the material of which "the moon is made": see Heywood, Works (E.E.D.S.), II., 97c.

Green Friars (N92,d), no such order is known either to the highest living English authority on monastic orders, or to Helyot or Dugdale; The Catholic Dictionary likewise makes no reference to Green Friars. And, in truth, having regard to the context, it seems tolerably certain that Medwall (a priest himself) was merely satirizing known abuses, with an eye perhaps on "Friar Tuck" and "Lincoln green": the "hedge-marriages" alluded to later (93,c) would also support this interpretation.

Groge, Groged (N75,d), grudge, grudged: as subs = discontent, ill-will, anger, unwillingness to benefit; as verb = grieve, repine, murmur, raise objection, feel ill-will. "Perish they That grudge one thought against your Majesty."—Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. iii. (1592), iii. 1.

Gromwell-seed (R183,b), properly grey millet; here a slang term for money: see other volumes of this series.

Grossery, "such other grossery" (R263,d), i.e. grossness, enormities, obscurity, with an eye on "grocery" (fr. O.F. grossier, one who sells by the gross, or wholesale).

Grutch (passim), grudge: see Groge.

Gubbings, "the gubbings of booties and preys" (R183,d), properly the parings of haberdine, but also generic for fragments of any kind.

Guise, "good new guise ... vicious guise," etc. (passim), generic for fashion, style, manner, mien, conduct.

'Gyptian, "the 'Gyptian thraldom" (R237,c), Egyptian.

Ha (passim), have.

Had, see Wist.

Hafter, "ye are but an hafter" (WS141,c), wrangler, caviller: also a generic reproach; here specifically a falterer, laggard. "Of ale he doth so stinke, That whether he go before, or behynde, Ye shall hym smell without the winde. For when he goeth to it, he is no hafter."—Doctour Double Ale, 216 (c. 1547).

Haik, Hake (R191,b and c; R219,c), "an exclamation, generally a signal of defiance" (Halliwell): cf. "hack" ("hawk") = to clear the throat.

Hair, see Hood.

Hale, "What doth he after him hale" (R215,d), haul.

Haled, see States.

Halfpenny, "your minds were all on your halfpenny" (R196,d), i.e. with an eye to the main chance, generally attentive, cautious, or prudent. The proverb is in Heywood (Works, E.E.D.S., II. 14,c; 174,b). "Ri.: Dromio, looke heere, now is my hand on my halfepeny. Half.: Thou liest, thou hast not a farthing to lay thy hands on."—Lyly, Mother Bombie (1594), ii. 1. "But the blinde [deafe] man, having his hand on another halfe-penny, said, What is that you say, sir? Hath the clocke strucken?"—Notes on Du Bartas, To the Reader, 2nd page.

Halsed, "his fair wife halsed in a corner" (M28,d), embraced (hals = neck): the special use of the word is singularly appropriate, as Mischief had just escaped the halsman (= executioner or jailer) himself.

Hance Beerpot (W.H.), i.e. Hans, but there was no object in carrying the modernisation of the orthography so far as to alter the original Hance: see Wealth and Health.

Hand, "I bless you with my left hand" (M23,c), i.e. curse: cf. "over the left" = altogether wrong, or the reverse of what is said. Such "left-handed" colloquialisms are by no means rare to express insincerity, ill-omen, underhandness, or inferiority. The earliest quotation in the O.E.D., s.v. Left, is 1705, so this example carries its use back upwards of 200 years.

Hands, see Aloft.

Hangman, see Calais.

Hanston, see Respublica.

Hardely (passim), steadily, boldly, certainly.

Hare, "this same way goeth the hare" (R212,b), i.e. that's the gist, trend, secret, why and wherefore of the matter: in Heywood.

Hassard, "fet not hassard nor rioter" (IP,320,c); so in original. It may be a contraction of hasarder = gamester, or a misprint for haskard = a rough, blustering fellow (Dekker); probably, however, the former fits the context best.

Hasse, "a fair manor hasse" (JE354,a), so in original; and but for the rhyme-word bash being spelt basshe one might suspect a misprint, especially as Dr. Murray records no such form as hasse for house, nor anything like it. The meaning, however, is clear enough.

Hat (passim), have it—ha[ve i]t.

Haut, Hauty, "his haut courage" (N60,d),—"Wealth is hauty" (WH276,d), high, lofty, proud. Also see N53,c, where haut is misprinted hawt.

Have (a) (passim) bears several idiomatic meanings in old writers. Thus to have after = to follow; to have at (a person or thing) = to try, attempt, begin, strike, hit; to have with (a person) = to go with, come on. Also, have at him (subs.) = a thrust, blow; and so forth. "Have after, to what issue will this come."—Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596), i. 4. "Have at it, then."—Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605), v. 5. "Have at thee with a downright blow."—Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. (1594), ii. 3. "I'll venture one have-at-him."—Shakespeare, Henry VIII. (1601), ii. 2.

(b) see Petticoat.

Haviour, "a man of your haviour" (N85,b), conduct, manners, demeanour, as in Shakespearean usage. But possibly it may, and probably does, stand here for the Anglo-Norman havoir = wealth, property. The context would seem to indicate this, "Into a haviour of less fear."—Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605), iii. 4.

Hawt, see Haut.

Headibus, "your headibus" (M18,c), heads.

Heal (passim), health. Hedge, "over the hedge ere ye come at the stile" (R192,a), proverbial: in Heywood (Works, E.E.D.S., II. 97,d and 443,c).

Heels, see Lead.

Helpen, "he can be helpen thereof" (N122,a), helped; also holpen. Still in use.

Hend, "to me full hend" (M11,c), courteous, civil, polite. "So loveth she this hendy Nicholas."—Chaucer, Cant. Tales (1383), 3386.

Hey, "Hey nonny nonny, ho for money" (R222,d), if not a popular song, a popular refrain. The words occur in many old writers, not infrequently with an obscene meaning or reference: see Slang and its Analogues, s.v. Nonny.

Hie, "Hie you forth lively" (M17,d), probably a snatch of some old song, which, however, I have been unable to trace. A somewhat similar reference occurs in Misognus (Anon. Plays, 2 Ser., E.E.D.S., 185,d) during a dancing scene: "O lively with high, child, and turn thee; ah, this is good sport!" Although this does not settle the source of the saying, yet it adds force to Mankind's words.

High, "on high, on high" (JE357,c), a duplication necessitated by the rhyme—Eli, Eli, but all the same a very striking one.

Hight, "Health I hight" (WH277,a), am called, have for a name: the only passive verb in English: see other volumes of this series.

Hip, "have you on the hip" (R215,c), to have or get an advantage: see Slang and its Analogues, s.v. Hip.

Hite, "when man is a little hite and wealthy" (WH279,c) = idle: in original hit. I take the word to be akin to the northern hite, to run up and down idly (Halliwell). Still, this may be wrong, and the now obsolete sense of hit = to be fortunate or successful may be meant.

Ho (passim) is used in varying senses in all old writers. Thus Ho! = a command to stop, cease, or refrain from the continuance of any action. Hence, as verb = to cry out, shout, etc. Whence many colloquialisms. To be ho (JE367,a) = to be restrained, stopped, delayed; out of all ho = out of all bounds or restraint; no ho with = restive of control, out of hand; let us ho = let us stop; and so forth. Ho, ho, ho! occurs in many old plays, being given to the devil or vice when making an entry.

Holpen, "if it be holpen" (N54,b), helped: see Helpen.

Holyke (M16,c). From the nature of the song itself it must be inferred that a triple pun was intended, Holy (sacred refrain)—wholly (holelyche = wholly)—Hole-lick (osculare fundamentum): probably the "roof" was intended to be "raised" by the medley of interpretations thus offered, the business of each of the chorus being different.

Holy nation (JE357,b), i.e. the Saints and redeemed. The reference to love and virginity is apparently founded on a passage in Revelations, attributed by many to St. John the Evangelist: see Rev. xi. 4, and John Evangelist, p. 416 ante.

Hood, "his hair groweth through his hood" (IP340,c; also R229,d), i.e. comes to poverty.

Hook, "by hook or by crook" (R187,b), by some means or other, by fair means or foul, at all hazards, probably of forestal origin. "Their work was by hook or crook ... to bring all under the emperor's power."—Thomas the Rymer, On Parliaments (d. 1298).

Horse, (a) "horse with four ears" (JE364,a), apparently a reference to some form (or rather means) of punishment—the gallows (or mare with three legs), the pillory, or the timber-mare (or horse) for flogging purposes. Probably the latter, as its construction would justify the "four ears" of the text.

(b) see Grass.

Horsibus, see Breadibus.

Hours, see Prime.

Huffa Gallant, see Rutter.

Hyngham, see Macro Plays.

I (passim) occurs in several connections now archaic. (a) It is frequently repeated in conversation for the sake of emphasis, "I am hight Mercy, I."

(b) = Ay.

(c) = An augment or prefix to represent the A.S. ge, the most frequent example being i-wis = gewiss: see i-fashion (JE365b) = fashioned.

Ich (passim), I: see other volumes of this series.

Ignorum, "we ignorum people" (R211,a)—"we ignorams all would fain," etc. (R227,c), (adj. and subs.: ignorant, ignoram[use]s.)

Impatient Poverty. The text will be found on pages 311-348. Hitherto little indeed seems to have been known concerning this interlude. As far as I can learn no copy has been traceable, at all events in modern days, until "the Irish find" was put up at Sotheby's in July 1906. Part of this "recovery" (see Preface) was a copy of Impatient Poverty, which is now national property in the custody of the trustees of the British Museum, the price paid for the item being no less than £150. It is true that the title, together with one or two details of the baldest description, occur in most catalogues of early English plays, from that of Rogers and Ley in 1656 down to Mr. W. W. Greg's "hand-list" prepared for, and issued by, the Bibliographical Society in 1900. It is, however, an obvious fact that in each case all the authorities appear to quote from mention only. Further, though "known" to a similar extent to latter-day critics—to Collier, Halliwell, Hazlitt, Fleay, Ward, Gayley, Brandl, Greg, and Pollard—all these, likewise, quote either from an early mention, or from one another; none seem to have seen a copy of the play. Dyce alone was explicit. In a note to Sir Thomas More (Shakes. Soc., p. 55) he records Impatient Poverty as "non-extant." After an interval of more than sixty years since Dyce wrote, and 350 years or more after publication, the "lost" play has been recovered; and it is now my good fortune to make it generally accessible to scholars. The British Museum Catalogue entry is as follows:

Poverty. A new Interlude of Impacyente Poverte, newlye Impreynted, M.V.L.X., B.L. John Kynge, London [1560], 4^o.—c. 34. i. 26. The title-page is enclosed in a woodcut border bearing the initials T. R.

in which the Museum catalogue has made a slight blunder in copying from the title-page, which may be consulted on page 311. Impatient Poverty, as already stated, is mentioned in the old play of Sir Thomas More, itself only extant in a somewhat mutilated manuscript. The passage is as follows:

Moore. I prethee, tell me, what playes have ye?

Player. Diuers, my lord; The Cradle of Securitie, Hit Nayle o' th' Head, Impacient Povertie, The Play of Foure Pees, Diues and Lazarus, Lustie Juuentus, and The Mariage of Witt and Wisedome.—Shakes. Soc. ed., 55-56.

The copy now happily recovered shows the play to have been "newly" printed in 1560 by John King, who was in business at the Sign of the Swan in St. Paul's Churchyard from 1555 to 1561. There is no entry in the Stationers' Register for the year 1560 or earlier. The British Museum copy is a tolerably well-printed black-letter quarto of its kind; it is also in excellent preservation. A reduced facsimile of the title-page is given on page 311, but unfortunately the paper used in these volumes is not altogether suitable for illustrative work. The old copy is, however, announced among The Tudor Drama Facsimile Texts, and will shortly be available in collotype. The collation is A to Eii in 4s (18 leaves). The first sheet (A) has no signature, but the others are regular in notation. Impatient (= intolerable, unendurable) Poverty is by an unknown author, but a very shrewd attribution might even now be made were not the time, as yet, hardly ripe for scientific deductions. The materials are not at hand for anything like a systematic study of pre-Shakespearean dramatic effort and achievement; and the study of isolated plays can, at best, lead to imperfect and perhaps erroneous conclusions. Unquestionably, however, the Tudor drama deserves to be studied, as Shakespeare is now-a-days studied: as a whole, and not piecemeal. But—alack and alack!—where is the accessible material for such an inquiry? Still, if at present we do not know the author's name, we can nevertheless learn something of him from his play. He was evidently a sedate man, serious to a degree, with apparently deep-seated religious principles: note the long-sustained exhortations and the general tone of the play. It is also noteworthy that, for the period, the bawdry is "cut" to the lowest limit. There are no women's parts, and the Vice is a watered-down specimen of his class. There is little internal evidence to enable one to form an idea of the date of composition, though this may, I think, be fixed as probably not earlier than 1545, but before 1552. The allusions to usury seem to point to a period anterior to the repeal by Edward VI. in 1552 of the Usury Act of 37 Henry VIII., which was re-enacted by Elizabeth in 1570. Yet the reference to "the Queen" (347,d), unless a later interpolation, is obviously to Queen Elizabeth, and not to Queen Mary. The play is too distinctly and settled Protestant—indeed, the tone is even that of "the new learning" victorious—to admit of a Marian chronology. In this latter case the downward limit would be extended at least to 1558. Other allusions are likewise scanty or unilluminating—"Joy and solace be in this hall" (321,a), seems suggestive of a College or Inns of Court audience, as distinguished from a purely Court performance; the joining of simony with covetise (325,c) recalls the Edward VI. Act against simony (1552); "Conscience, the high judge of the law" (328,b), is reminiscent of Respublica: cf. 227,d; other references are to Newgate, Tyburn, the Fleur de Lys, etc., but they do not appear to have any special meaning. The present text is transcribed direct from a rotary-bromide copy of the original, and having been twice collated, once with the photo-text, and again finally with the original, it will, I hope, be found as accurate as human care can make it. Variations and Corrigenda are as follows: The colophon (312,d) is in original given on Eii. v. at the end of the play—The text begins at the top of Aii r without title—The stage directions in brackets do not appear in the original—The names of the speakers are in the present text systematised a little, and are consequently, in some cases, slightly different to the original—"What people are tho[se]" (314,a), in original tho (A.S. = those)—"for shame thou shouldst bear" (315,a), in original shuls—"that with humility" (316,b), in original humyly—"Thy very duty" (317,a), in original They—"this well I knaw" (317,a), in original wyll—"Let it be tryd by manhood, and thereto I give thee my glove" (317,c), in original tryet and thertho—"I pray you sir" (317,d), in original your—"I hold it punishment" (318,a), in original punisshment—"Nay by God! there ho!" (318,d), in original good ... hoo—"I break your head" (319,a), in original heed—"Pater dimitte illis" (319,b), in original misprinted dimitie—"beati pauperes spiritu" (319,b), in original beaty pauperes spiritu—"As it doth often" (320,c), in original doeth—"Exeunt ambo" (320,d), in original Exiunt ambo—[Enter Abundance] (321,a), throughout this is Haboundaunce—"though he would" (321,d), in original thought—"be openly known" (321,d), in original he—"Singular commodum" (321,d), so in original—"to them that are needy" (322,a), in original theym—"Because I may forbear" (322,b), in original Bycause—"Cons. Evensine very shame" (322,b), in original, Evensynne—"Cons. To make restitution" (324,a), in original Doo—"Make amends" (324,c), in original Mke—"you cannot come in" (324,d), should be thou, as in original—"Now in faith" (326,b), in original fayte—"He goeth in a cloak" (327,b), in original clocke—"the temporalty" (327,c), in original themporaltye—"pride, sloth, and lechery" (327,c), in original slewth—"Set covetire in your room" (328,b), in original rowm—"[Envy] Y-wys, cousin" (328,d), not in original, but the speech is clearly to Envy—"by Cocks passion" (330,a), in original coxs; so also at 330,c—"I have of gold three hundred pound" (331,a), in original hundreth—"I am your kinsman" (331,b), in original Kyngman—"Ye must have more servants" (331,c), in original moo—"most expedient" (331,c), original expedyende—"Because he can so well sing" (332,b), in original Bycause—"Tush! take no thought" (332,d), in original though—"at a pinch ... broad as an inch" (333,d), the punctuation may not rightly interpret the exact sense here, but it seems elliptical and to require If before her heel: i.e. how little light-heeled she were she would still serve to inflame Prosperity; the whole speech in original is without a single punctuation mark—"Because he is old" (333,d), in original Bycause—The signature (335,d) given as B1,r should of course have been D1,r—"That so can read his destiny" (336,a), in original destanye—"tell me at one word" (337,a), in original our—"obscured with clouds" (337,d), original obscrued—Colhazard (passim), this in original is variously spelt; Colhasard, Collhasard, Colehazard, Collhassard, etc.—"Sober your mood" (340,a), in original sobre you mode—"won all my good" (340,c), original wome—"Cannot chance a main groat" (341,c), original man—"for I obtain all thing" (343,a), in original optayne—"upon you a great slande[r]" (343,c), in original sclaunde—"and live in great advoutry" (343,d), original misprints aduantrye—"what will ye then say" (344,a), original thed—"And then sayeth the Sumner" (344,b), original them ... somuer—"be unto God" (344,c), original into—"brought me to this distress" (345,a), original his—"leeful for a callet" (345,b), original called—"and great usurers" (345,c), in original usures—"Bawds, advouterers" (345,c), in original Bandes—"fornicators, and escheaters" (345,c), in original echeters—"made his purgation" (345,d), original is—"as Thou art omnipotent" (347,d), in original onypotent.

In, (a) in manus tuas (M23,b), from Psalm xxx. 6: in manus tuas commendo spiritum meum = into Thy hands I commit my spirit. The queck in text should not have been in italics.

(b) "i[n] forma juris d'hazard" (M29,c), restored by Prof. Brandl: in original, "do yt forma jurys dasard."

Incroke, "He took of her an incroke" (IP326,c),?—As a verb, Murray has incrook and inkroke = to bend or bow down; e.g. in Rom. xi. 10, the phrase "and bow down their back alway" is given by Wyclif as "in kroke" their back.

Ingham, see Macro Plays.

Inquest, "to do at your inquest" (R234,b), request: in original, enquest.

Institute, "He hath institute you above all His works" (M11,d), appointed, set, invested. "Cousin of York, we institute your Grace to be our Regent in these parts of France."—Shakespeare, 1 Hen. VI. (1596), iv. 1, 162.

Institution, "a beast doth after his natural institution" (M9,b), nature, established order.

Interlection, "Let us have an interlection" (M20,c), talk, consultation, conference: not in O.E.D. Though regularly formed, probably a nonce word.

Intermise, "intermise yourself not in their company" (M14,b), mix, interfere, interpose, concern, or occupy oneself with: not in O.E.D., but sufficiently indicated (s.v. Inter-, p. 381, 1. 1 b and Intermise, subs.).

Inventus, "non est inventus" (M34,d), i.e. he is not to be found.

I-pilate, "he was i-pounst and i-pilate" (R211,b), pilated = brought before Pilate, "beaked": see I.

I-polld, "were ne'er so i-polld" (R211,a), fleeced, robbed, cheated. Mr. Magnus, however, glosses it as "pulled about." "And have wynked at the pollyng and extorcion of hys unmeasurable officiers."—Hall, Union (1548).

I-pounst, "he was i-pounst and i-pilate" (R211,b), ? beaten, scourged; an eastern counties word.

Irisdision, see Trentham.

Irk, "unlusty and irk" (M24,c)—"I am near irk of both" (M26,b), tired, bored, disgusted.

Is (R. passim), I; oftentimes the sibilant is carried to the next word.

I-strike, "sixpence in each shilling was i-strike quite away" (R232,a), struck: see Respublica.

I-torment, "zo i-torment" (R211,a), tormented.

I-trounst, "so i-trounst" (R211,b). Prof. Brandl refers to M.E. trunsioun and O.F. tronchon.

Jack-a-napes (R264,b), here = a tame ape or monkey. The origin of the term in this and its more usual sense (= an ape-like, pert, or ridiculous person) is obscure. Dr. Murray says that so far as yet found the word appears first as an opprobrious nickname of William de la Pole, the Duke of Suffolk who was murdered in 1450, whose badge was a clog and chain such as was attached to a tame ape. Thus in contemporary poems (e.g., Pol. Poems, c. 1499 [Rolls], II. 222) several noblemen are designated by their badges, Suffolk being named the "ape-clogge." We find Jack-napes generic for an ape in Skelton (1522), and shortly afterwards the term was current in the present and more common sense. But the connection between Jack Napes and an ape (again to quote Dr. Murray) "is uncertain."

Jack Noble, "Hence Forty Pence ... Jack Noble is a-bed" (N98,a), a pun on the value of the coins (forty pence being half a noble) and the lady's preference. What K. q. title means I cannot divine. Prof. Brandl suggests King—Queen, but confesses it obscure; a bry appears to signify a breeze, awkward affair or predicament.

Jake, "a good jake of fence" (M32,a), coat of defence; a sleeveless tunic or jacket formerly worn by foot-soldiers and others, usually of quilted leather. Sometimes = a coat of mail.

Javels, "javels as shall wrong them" (R192,b), a generic reproach—rascal, good-for-nothing. "How much more abhominable is that pieuish pride in a lewde vnthriftye, iavell."—More, Treat. Pass. (1534), Introd. Wks., 1272.

Je, Je nescey (N97,b), i.e. Je ne sais [pas].

Jet (passim), formerly as hard a worked word as "commodity" or "cast"; it signified any device, contrivance, art, fashion, style, mode, manner, or custom. As verb = to strut, walk with consequence, and so forth.

Jewels (M18,a), privities: see privity (19,d): New Guise's and Mankind's "business" seems to have been not over fastidious.

Jis (passim), Jesus: cf. Gis.

Joan (passim), a generic name for an alewife, strumpet, and the like: see Doctour Double Ale and next entry.

John, "Come kiss me, John" (N93,c). Chappell says that nothing remains of the words except "Jon come kisse me now, Jon come kisse me now; Jon come kisse me by and by, and make no more adow." The music is given in Citharen Lessons, 1609; Airs and Sonnets, MS., T.C. Dublin, etc. It is also mentioned in Jacob and Esau, in Heywood's A Woman Kill'd with Kindness (1600); in 'Tis merry when Gossips meet (1609); in a song in Westminster Drollery (1671 and 1674); in Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (1611); The Scourge of Folly (N.D.); Brathwayte's Shepherd's Tales (1623); in Hy. Bold's Songs and Poems (1685); and in Sir W. Davenant's Love and Honour.

William Byrd.

John-Hold-my-Staff (R188,a), a parasite, lickspittle. "And here it is the fortune of a man to be married to a woman of so peevish and domineering a temper that she will wear the breeches and the cap too: so that the poor fop at home is like John-Hold-my-Staff; she must rule, govern, insult, brawl," etc.—Fifteen Comforts of Matrimony.

John Irische (WH304,d), the allusion is lost.

John Shole (WH304,d), see previous entry.

John the Evangelist. The text of this play is given on pages 349-368, together with a reduced facsimile of the title-page. Until recently John the Evangelist was looked upon as one of the innumerable "lost" plays of the Tudor period. It has now been recovered under the notable circumstances narrated in the preface to this volume. Curiously enough, John the Evangelist was at first, in the sale catalogue, confused with Bishop Bale's John Baptist's Preaching in the Wilderness, no copy of which also is now traceable, being known only through the reprint in the Harleian Miscellanies. However, there is no doubt that if a choice of "finds" had to be made the lot would fall to the present play, which has been untraceable in any form, save that of mere mention, for hundreds of years. The British Museum Catalogue entry is:

John Saint and Apostle. Here begynneth the interlude of Johan the Evangelist [with a woodcut]. B.L. John Waley, London [1560?]. 4^o. [c. 34. i. 20.]

Greg, in his "notes" to Early Play Lists (App. II. lxxix), says: "Neither Langbaine nor any of his followers had seen the piece. The Biographica Dramatica gives the date 1566, which, however, appears to be an invention of Chetwood's." The colophon indicates that it was printed by John Waley (or Walley), who was in business in Foster Lane from 1546 to 1586. This, of course, decides nothing as to the date of the play. Moreover, there is, as far as I am at present aware, only one allusion in the play itself that serves the purpose; even allowing more weight to such evidence than I am inclined to consider safe in the circumstances—Eugenio appoints Actio (359,a) "hangman of Calais." It is hardly likely such an allusion to what was at the time regarded as a national "disaster" would have been made after the loss of Calais in 1558. On the other hand, the absence of the concluding prayer for the sovereign—its presence being a pretty certain indication of an Elizabethan play—seems to confirm the downward limit of date. One other allusion may be pertinent—"the sweetest life, Sovereign ... is to have meditation of our Lord Jesus." A Marian date is, from the tone of the play, unlikely; to suppose the reference is to Henry VIII. is equally incongruous. Both considerations are, moreover, emphasised by the fact that had the "Sovereign" been a queen, regnant or dowager, some qualification indicative of sex would in such courtly times most assuredly have been given. We are thus reduced, by the process of exhaustion, to the days of Edward VI.: i.e. between 1547 and 1553. Beyond that point I do not think we can safely go at present. The play, as now bound by the British Museum authorities, shows no signs of mutilation, and the numbering of the sheets is consecutive. The type is, for the most part, clear and good; nothing obliterated, very little blurred, and only occasionally is there exhibited a wrong letter (e.g. "laue" for "lane"); but as a whole very correct. The construction of the play is of the slightest, turning at its most serious point on the incident of "The Pharisee and the Publican going up to the Temple to pray." Indeed, the whole piece seems curiously incomplete and disconnected. Yet there are no signs whatever, in the original, of mutilation or of lines omitted. The text goes straight on, though the relation of one part to another is by no means obvious. Is it possible that the play as it has reached us is only a draft, or an imperfect, or a "pirated" copy? I am inclined on first glance to think this interlude one of the same class as those that Bishop Bale speaks of as being played at market crosses on Sunday afternoons by way of religious instruction—"thin," slight moral plays. Indications are not wanting which point to this conclusion. Such a fact, if established, would account for the transparent looseness of construction, the deep religious feeling, the reticence and restraint, the apparent confusion of one of the players at once with the apostle, the parish priest, and the actor—and much else. The original is almost devoid of punctuation; the modernised text conforms in that respect to present-day standards. The names of the speakers are likewise not always consistently given in the old copy; they are now standardised. Latin Quotations and Origins: It is thought convenient, in respect to this play, to group these as follows:—"Domine, ante ... absconditus" (351,b), "Lord, all my desire is before thee, and my groaning is not hid from thee" (Psalm xxviii. 9): in original a te is omitted after Et in second line—Beati .. . Domine!" (352,a), "Blessed, O Lord, are they that dwell in Thy house" (Psalm lxxxiv. 4)—"Qui cum Deo Patri" (352,a), "Who with God the Father," the beginning of an ascription or gloria—"A pœna et culpa" (352,b), from penalty and fault: part of the Latin absolution—"Nec te collaudas .. . ipse" (352,c), the sense is, "You will not be blamed so long as you don't extol yourself"—"Qui se collaudit" (352,c), "Who praises himself"; probably from same source as preceding—"Responde, tunc. .. clericorum" (352,d), "Answer then, master, doctor of the clergy"—"Sursum corda" (353,a), "Lift up your hearts"; from the office of the mass—"Via recta" (354,a), "the right way"—"Spes mea. .. via recta" (354,a), "My hope stood in the right way" (or way of righteousness): several passages like this in sense appear in the Psalms, but none exactly parallel—"gratia electi" (354,b), "chosen by grace"—"via obliquia .. . circularis" (354,c), "the crooked way and circular way": no doubt scriptural—"omnes iniquo in circuitu impii ambulantes" (354,c), iniquo in original reads iniqui, which I take to be a misprint: it now reads, "all the ungodly walking in the ungodly path" (or path of ungodliness): probably from the Psalms—"Ab aquilone. .. omne malum" (355,a), "from the north is spread every evil": a parallel passage is found in Jeremiah iv. 6, "I will bring evil from the north," etc.—"Fumus tormentorum. .. secula seculorum" (355,d), in original fumus reads finit, most likely a misprint: the passage as it now stands is intelligible, "The smoke of their torment ascendeth for ever and ever; a quotation from Revelation xiv. 11—"Septum .. . mors" (355,d), Septum conveys the idea of a surrounding fence or hedge (cf. 355,a and b), "the enclosing (or surrounding) master of sin is death; but?—"administrate. .. comfortate nos" (356,c), dog-Latin: "administers, restores, comforts"—"Intentio judicat quenquam" (357,a), "The intention decides everything"; no doubt proverbial—"In principio" (364,d), "in the beginning": the first two words of the Latin version of St. John's Gospel—"Confiteor". .. Deo gratias .. . Deo gratias ago tibi" (366,b), "I confess ... thanks be to God ... God I thank thee": see Luke xviii. 11—"Tu testimonium. .. est verum" (367,a), "Thou bearest testimony of thyself; and thy testimony is not true"; an adaptation of John viii. 13—"Qui vivit. .. seculorum secula" (368,a), "Who lives through the infinite ages of age." Amended Readings, Corrigenda, Suggestions, &c. The collation is A to Civ in 4s, with A1,v blank.—Names of Players are not in the original.—The colophon is transferred from Civ,v—Stage directions and words in brackets do not appear in the original: this is not further mentioned in these notes—"Et a te gemitus" (351,b), a te not in original—"As it ravisheth the soul" (351,c), original rauysshet—"such a pulpit man to lose" (352,b), original lese—"Reponde, tunc, domine" (352,d), original tunice—"that same death thou shalt die" (353,a), erroneously given in my text: the original has shalt thou—["The continuation seems imperfect"], there may be several causes for this. Certainly here, as in other places, there are no signs whatever in original of mutilation or of lines omitted. The text goes straight on, though the relation of one part to another is by no means obvious. The whole play seems curiously incomplete and scrappy, even for early dramatic effort, oftentimes of the "thinnest" and crudest. True, the action may be modelled somewhat on the lines of Heywood's Pardoner and the Friar, in which the "interruptions" of one speaker with another lead to "business." Or the play may be a mere fragment of the "book," as it left the author's hands—surreptitious, unauthorised, or unrevised. In the former case, especially assuming that it was intended as a kind of a "dramatic sermon," the action shows order of a kind: commencing with what is obviously intended as the commencement of an exhortation and omitting the "comic" and "lighter" parts, the sermon would, in a measure, be naturally complete by "following on" the speeches as follows: St. John the Evan. 351,b to 352,a; Irisdision, 353,c (with asides, incentives, or interruptions) to 356,a; St. John the Evan. 357,b to 358,a; then comes an "interval," and the discourse is resumed at (JE365,c to end) winding up with the "application" which was soon to form such an important feature in Puritan worship. So for the point directly at issue; but another puzzle confronts the student and one concerning which at this early stage I do not pretend to offer a solution. Personally, I should have preferred to have deferred publishing the text, in order to have had an opportunity of careful and exact comparative study of the piece in its relation to the Tudor drama as a whole as well as "play"-meal. On the other hand, I felt that the generous support we have met with at the hands of the Society's subscribers would be best repaid by speedy publication—"In the city of Jerusalem ... walled" (353,c), if the play has come to us intact, and the lack of continuity is intentional, the punctuation of this passage must be altered: delete the full point after called and regard the next line as a parenthesis, and substitute a semicolon for the period after walled—"in the lane of business" (354,a), in original laue of besynesse—"Yes, on the left side" (354,c), Ies in original—"full of slouthy bushes" (355,b), this may be flouthy—"Fumus tormentorum" (355,d), in original Finit: Latin quotations, supra (418,d)—"[Iris]. It is time for to be walking, &c." (356,a), these two lines are not in original given to Irisdision, but form part of Eugenios' speech, which proceeds without a break to "Sir William of Trentram" (357,a). They seem to me, however, to be rightly restored as now given—"by books Amromes" (356,b), so in original:? a misprint for amorous, which would at least restore the sense. There is, moreover, nothing in original to suggest a break—"St. John the Evangelist" (357,a), preceded by ✠ instead of the usual "leaf"—"plain information" (357,b) in original infymacyon—"I am that John that" (357,b), in original "I am John that": a blunder I carelessly passed—"saw Lungis" (357,c), original Longes: see (424,d)—"almost changed my mood" (359,c), original mode—"have been so witty" (359,c), in original brn—"Yes, yes daily" (362,b), in original Ies—"some pleasure then there appears" (363,d), in original areres—"between your ears" (363,d), in original bytwene—"make thee to fly" (365,b), a mistake: the original is stye (= ascend, A.S.)—"Deo gratias ago tibi" (366,b), substitute a full point for the comma—"In that he thanked God" (366,b), in original than—"By raveners ... men can rehearse" (366,c). I do not feel sure that the present punctuation gives the best rendering of the original, which is entirely unstopped—"In that cayme" (366,c), see supra, s.v. Cayme:? Cain—"Against God" (366,d), in original Agayne—"Who doth hie him shall be ho" (367,a), see supra, s.v. Ho.

Joint, "jeopard a joint" (R256,d)—"t'adventure a joint" (R250,c), to take a risk or hazard, as of injury, loss, hanging, etc. "My ten duckets are like my ten fingers, they will not jeopard a joynt for you."—Decker, Fortunatus (1600), Works (1873), I. 153.

Jolly, "here is a jolly jacket" (M31,d), bright, gay, splendid, in newest fashion. "Jolye and gaye sadeles."—Wyclif, Sel. Wks. (c. 1380), III. 520.

Junctly, "marred junctly together" (M16,d) jointly.

Junkery, "a banket or a junkery" (N95,c), banquet, feast, junket: specifically a merrymaking accompanied by eating and drinking. "Pertrych and his felaw bere gret visage and kepe gret junkeryes and dyneres."—Paston Lett. (1449), IV. 24 (1901).

Juris, see In.

Justices of Quorum (JE352,d). According to Mr. Craigie (O.E.D., s.v.), quorum was "originally certain justices of the peace, usually of eminent learning or ability, whose presence was necessary to constitute a bench; latterly the term was loosely applied to all justices." "The Justicez or Justice of the Pease of the Quorum yn the same shire."—Rolls Parlt. (1455), V. 334. I.

Justitia, (a) (R. passim), as a pertinent comment on the motif of this play it may be remarked that the name Justitia was (O.E.D.) applied in the eleventh century in a general way to persons charged with the administration of the law, especially to the Sheriffs; it was subsequently limited to the president or one of the members of the Curia Regis, out of which the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer were developed: see previous entry.

(b) Just[ici]a tamen non luxit in nobis (R253,b), see Book of Wisdom (Sap., 1, 15), where it reads, Justitiæ lumen non luxit in nobis. Mr. Magnus earmarks the mistake as "interesting, if, as is probable, the MS. is not the author's; it is the kind of miscopying which we might expect."

Kays, "where be my kays" (R184,d), this seemingly cockney Irish pronunciation of "key" is in truth the correct one, and was the standard down to the close of the seventeenth century. In M.E. the rhyme was with day, play, say, etc., and Dryden so employs it. On the other hand, early in the fifteenth century the (northern) spelling kee was in vogue, from which it appears that the modern pronunciation kee is of northern origin, but it is difficult to say how it came into general English use (O.E.D.).

Keep, "Keep your tail" (M21,a), i.e. keep it out of sight.

Kent ... Northumberland, etc. (R254,a): see Respublica.

King, see Cat.

Kiss, see Courtesy.

Knight, "Christ's own knight" (M12,a), soldier. "A knight with a spear."—Youth, Anon. Plays, 2 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 97,d. "That knycht quha peirsit our Lordis syde with the speir."—Winzet, Four Scoir Thre Quest. (1563), Works (1888), I. 77.

Knil, "I rang her a knil" (N97,d), a loud peal on a bell: specifically the passing bell, but frequently used of more or less violent ringing.

K. q. title, see Jack Noble.

Kyx, "as dry as a kyx" (R271,b), a dry, hollow stalk. "Elders they may bee, which being fullest of spungie pith, proue euer the driest kixes."—Pappe w. Hatchet (1589), Civ.

Lade, "by whom thou art lade" (IP335,b), led.

Ladydom, "Chwas besiraunce your ladidom to see" (R213,c). Mr. Magnus says "a new formation." Murray's first quotation is dated 1843.

Lady of Wolpit (IP315,d), this should have been Woolpit, near Bury-St.-Edmunds. See Woolpit.

Lammas, "at the latter Lammas" (R219,a), never: see Slang and its Analogues.

Lavatory, "that blessed lavatory" (M3,c), a figurative usage: cf. "the lavatory of grace" (Pilgr. Perf., W. de W. 60b, 1526).

Lay, "hold for the lay" (JE353,d), lake, pool: in the O.E.D. the latest quotation for the literary use of this word is 1481, later ones being taken from the early nineteenth century dialect glossaries. This example is therefore useful.

Lead, "I have no lead on my heels" (M25,a), the "heel of lead" was proverbial for slow, unsprightly movement: cf. "Love, I am full of lead" (Shakespeare, Ant. and Cleop., iii. 11, 72).

Learn, "Titivillus can learn you many pretty things" (M25,d), this present-day vulgarism was formerly in constant literary use. Wyclif in his first (1382) rendering of Prov. ix. 7 employed it—"Who lerneth a scorner," etc.: in the revised text of 1388 he substituted "techith."

Left Hand, see Hand.

Legs, see Titivillus.

Leman, "take thee a leman" (M27,a), mistress, whore: see other volumes of this series.

Lese, "an open lese" (N108,d), pasture, meadowland, common. "We been his people and scheep of his leese."—Prymer (c. 1400), 17 (1891).

Lesing, "many a lesing" (M18,b), lie, lying, falsehood.

Let, "not minding you to let" (R188,b), hinder, obstruct.

Likely, "such a likely man" (M27,d), in original lygh[t]ly; seemly, becoming, good-looking. "The damoysel beheld the poure knyght, and sawe he was a lykely man"—Malory, Arthur (1470-85), II. ii. 77.

Limit, "a pardon by limit" (M8,c), in original bely mett. Apparently a pardon sold or bestowed by a friar limiter: see other volumes of this series.

Lion of Cotswold (N109,c), a sheep: an earlier example than the first of the O.E.D. quotations.

Live, "on live" (IP300,c), alive: an attributive use.

Liver, "shall liver him" (R271,c), deliver.

Longeth, "that longeth to thine office" (M8,c), pertains to, is fit and appropriate for.

Lorel (IP335,b), a generic term of reproach. "I play the lorell or the loyterer."—- Palsgrave, Lang. Fran. (1530), 659.

Losell, "like a loitering losell" (R257,d), profligate, rake: etymologically, "one who is lost," "a son of perdition."

Loss, "poor we bear the loss" (R231,d), see Respublica.

Louts, "we made them louts" (R221,c), i.e. caused them to submit to our demands and disgorge. "To whome grete astates obeyde and lowttede."—Elegy on Henry (c. 1500), in Percy's Releg., 45.