INDEX

A Accounts, 515, 586 (See also Publicity) Act to Regulate Commerce (See contents of chapters as follows: original law, XIII; emasculation, XIV; Hepburn Amendments, XV and XVI; Mann-Elkins Act, XVII; and subsequent details, XVIII, XIX), congressional history, 450; outline, 452 Acworth, 65, 168 Adams, H. C., 44, 515 Agreements (See Pools) Alabama, and Federal laws, 632 Alabama Midland case, 270 (map), 390, 462, 473, 481, 482 (map) Anthracite coal (See also Coal), tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421; Federal case, 549 Arkansas, and Federal laws, 632 Ashburn case, (map), 388 Atchison, rebates, 190 Attorney-General, 570 Average train load (See Train Load) B Back loading (See also Direction), 287 Baltimore, 404 Baltimore & Ohio, railroad, 7, 18; car supply case, 541 Banana rates, 532 Basing point system (See also contents of chapter XI, South, etc.), compared with transcontinental basing line system, 239; main objections to, 242; citation of cases, 380; economic defence, 384 Basing points, enumerated and defined, 383; distinction between natural and artificial, 383, 387 Beef, exports in 1870, 21; and cattle rates, 139 Beef Trust, 550 Betterments, 83 Bishop, A. L., 648 Bituminous coal (See also Coal), tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421 Blanchard, S. R., 257 Blanket rates (See Postage Stamp Rates, Flat Rates, etc.), 611 Board of Uniform Freight Classification, 338 Bogue differentials, 162 Bond, 510 Bonds, 553, 573 Books and papers (See Witnesses) Boston, 404 Boston & Albany Railroad, 11 Brimson case, 459 Brown case, 459 Buffalo, competition with Duluth, 145 Burnham, Hanna, Munger case, 442 By-products, marketing of, 142 C California, wheat and Kansas flour, 138; raisin culture and rates, 178; fruits, 537; lemon case, 592; coastwise competition, 607 Camden and Amboy, 450 Canadian Pacific Differentials, 262 Canadian railroads, 33, 400 Canals (See also contents of chapter XX), early interest in, 2; early construction of, 3; in the West, 6, supersession in '70s, 24, 638 Capital investment, as affecting operating costs, 65, 257 Capitalization, and rates, 574 Capital stock, 575 Carload rates (See contents of chapter IX), few in South, 311; theoretical basis, 326; mixed, 331, 340; in transcontinental system, 398 Carmack amendment, 572 Cars, larger in '80s, 24; economy of large, 95; capacity and classification, 334; complaints as to supply, 527 Car supply cases, 199, 538 Cartage case, 191, 257, 464 Cattle (See Texas, etc.), exports in 1870, 21, 401; and beef rates, 139; legislation as to carriage, 443; eveners, 445; rates, 510, 536 Centralization, 162 Central Pacific, 41 Central Traffic Association, 377 Central Yellow Pine Association case, 489 Chandler, 495 Chanute, 103 Charging what the traffic will bear (See Value of Service) Chattanooga case, 228 (map), 240, 461, 464, 483 Cheese, 428 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 5 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad case, 513 Chicago Terminal Charge case, 509 China, rates on, 183 Cincinnati Freight Bureau case, (See also Maximum Freight Rate Case), 248; as a part of southern problem, 392; Supreme Court opinion, 469; Commerce Court revival, 588 Circuitous competition, 604 Cities, relative size in 1850, 12; rivalry between, 127; competition of large, 278; location in trunk-line zones, 368 Citrus fruit, 537 Civil War, effect on transportation, 16; primitive conditions, 17 Classification (See contents of chapter IX), and relativity of rates, 180; and use of commodity, 183; cost v. value of service, 183; historical development, 306; according to use, 318; in practice empirical, 319; and tariffs interlock, 347 Classification committees, conflicting rules and territory, 340 Coal (See also Commodity Clause), early shipments by river, 14; rates, 469, 513, 585 Coal Car cases, 199 Coastwise traffic, 274, 608 Colorado Fuel and Iron case, 503 Commerce Court (See contents of chapters XVII, XVIII), 566; jurisdiction, 568; docket, 581; congressional history, 582; Intermountain rate decision, 620 Commercial competition (See Competition Of Markets), in the oyster case, 234; in trunk-line system, 372 Commission, Federal v. state, 627 Commodities, increase in ratings,309 Commodity clause, 513, 552 Commodity rates, 108; and law of joint cost, 266, 322, 324, 606; v. class rates in transcontinental traffic, 615 Common point system, 393 Company cars, 539 Competition, as affecting rate sheets, 104; three sorts of, 114; of routes, 114; of facilities, 116; of markets, 118; differences between trade and transportation, 136; Hadley's illustration, 164; no abandonment of field, 165; nature of, in local discrimination, 219; of routes, which line makes the rate? 255; between eastern and western cities, 391; less for passenger fares, 429 Competition of markets, two varieties of, 118; as applied to jobbing business, 124; as distinct from rivalry of routes, 242; in transcontinental rates, 613, 620 Complaints decline in number, 485; under Hepburn Act, 523; nature under Hepburn Act, 526; none too petty, 531 Concentration points, 537 Conducting transportation, in operating costs, 47, 53; declining cost of, as related to capital investment, 65 Conflict (See contents of chapter XX), of state and Federal authority, 631 Congestion of traffic, in 1903-'05 and in 1906-'07, 62, 80, 548 Consolidation, 487 Constitutional questions, as to Act of 1887, 451; in Hepburn Act, 502, 506; as to amended long and short haul clause, 603; as to minimum rates, 625 Constructive mileage, 275 Cooley, T. M., 140, 456 Cordele, Alabama case, 387 Corn, and flour rates, 143 Cost keeping, 517 Cost of carriage, by highway heavy, 3; declining by 1860, 16; as affected by distance 103, 108 Cost of service, and value of service compared, 166-184; objections to, 169; but essential, 170; not mere distance important, 256; in coal cases, 585 Cotton piece goods, rates, 345, 346, 348, 400, 536 Cotton, rate controversy in 1900, 153; rates, 356, 384, 401; tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421 Counselman case, 458 Courts, relation to Commission in 1887, 453; original law, 460; unsatisfactory after 1887 as to evidence, 461; record in appeal cases, 463; judicial review in 1905, 503; objections to judicial control, 504; indefinite basis of review, 507; futility of procedure, 562; new mode of procedure on appeal, 570; broad v. narrow review again, 593 Coxe Brothers Coal case, 469 Creameries, 537 Credit Mobilier, 450 Cullom Committee, 442, 444, 448, 450 Cullom, S. M., 495 Cumberland Road, 3 D Dairy products, 537 Damage claims, 524, 534 Danville case, 227, 483 Decade 1840-'50, 11; 1870-'80, 85 Decentralization, 385 Delaware and Hudson, 554 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Coal Company, 554 Density of traffic, 86 Denver, 242 Des Moines Committee, 344 Detroit, 373 Differentials (See also contents of chapter XI), 22; Bogue, 162, 262, 361; Canadian, 400, 404, 579; in Intermountain rate cases, 617 Direction of traffic, 287, 374 Discriminations (See contents of chapters VI and VII), complaints in 1887, 445 Distance, as a factor in tariff construction, 102; subordinated in United States, 133; disregard of, produces inelasticity, 161; subordinated to cost of service, 256; relative unimportance, 264; excessive transportation, 277; attempt to reform southern system, 391; nullified in transcontinental rates, 396 Distributing business (See also Jobbing Business), in Texas, 394 Dixon, F. H., 499, 506, 625 Dollar mark, 575 Dortmund-Ems canal, 640 Dressed meats, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421 Duluth, competition with Buffalo, 145 Dumping, 158 Durham, N. C., case, 210 E Earnings, during panic of 1907, 75; statistics of gross and net since 1890, 79; as affected by level of rates, 82; gross and net compared, 84; comparison with decade 1870-'80, 85; monthly variation, 100 Eaton, J. S., 66 Eau Claire lumber case, 162, 254 Economic wastes, theory and practice, 268 Elkins, S., 501 Elkins Committee, 496 Elkins law (See contents of chapter XV), application to Standard Oil cases, 205; prosecutions under, 208; main provisions, 493 Equipment, supply, 527 Erie Canal, 4, 7, 15; still important in 1865, 18; decline after 1872, 24; plans for enlargement, 31, 358 Erie Railroad, early importance, 16 Esch-Townshend bill, 496 Eveners, 445 Evidence (See also Witnesses), powers as to, 461; as to rebates, 493; immunity bath, 550 Ex-Lake grain, 145 Expedition Act, in 1903, 511 Expenditures (See also Fixed Charges, Maintenance Of Way, etc.), earliest classification of, 44; primary division into constant and variable, 45, 55; revised grouping in 1906, 46; statistical distribution, 49; as affected by seasons and circumstances, 56-57; according to nature of road, 58; dependent on density of traffic, 60; constant and variable ever changing, 61; under curtailment of traffic, 63; inseparable as between freight and passengers, 68; affected by betterment charges, 83 Expenses, 64; separation of freight and passenger, 68; comparison with tonnage and revenue, 80 Export grain, beginning after Civil War, 18; after 1870, 20; via Gulf ports, 31 Export rates, on wheat and flour, 135, 404-406 Exports (See Beef, Cattle, Wheat, etc.) F Facilities, competition of, 116 Federal authority (See contents of chapter XX) Federal courts (See Courts) Fertilizer rates, 535 Fines, 451, 493, 513 Fink, Albert, 357, 367, 446 Fixed charges, 45; v. operating expenses, 257 Flat rates, example, 127; evils in, 132, 243-247 Flour, and wheat rates, 135; for export, 135; domestic, 138; and corn, 143 Foraker, J. H., 501 Fort Worth, 394 Fourteenth Amendment, 619 Freight tonnage (See Tonnage) Fuel cost, 59 Furniture rates, 621 G Galveston, 31, 32, 33, 394, 437; cotton meal case, 186 General Expenses, 48, 54 Georgia Railroad Commission cases, 240 Germany, unified operation in, 294, 640 Glass, 351, 528 Goodrich Transit Co., case, 586 Gould-Huntington, agreement, 447 Gould, Jay, in 1866-1869, 17, 28 Grain elevator cases, 211 Grain rates (See Corn, Wheat, etc.), 402 Grain, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421 Grand Junction, Tennessee, case, 203 Grand Trunk Railway, 33, 432 Granger movement, 443, 628, 648 Great Western Railroad, 434 Green lines, 12, 15 Gross Revenue (See Earnings), 79 Gulf Ports, 437 H Hadley, A. T., 105, 164, 217, 573 Harlan, Justice, 465 Harriman, E. H., 490, 551 Harriman system, 547 Hay, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421 Hearst case, 549 Hepburn Act (See contents of chapters XV and XVI), congressional history, 497; provisions, 499; effects, 522 (Hepburn) Committee, 445, 447 Hides, 320 Highways, early interest in, 2 Hill Lines, 547 Hillsdale ice case, 221 (map) Hogs, 401 Hoosac Tunnel, 18 Household goods, 350 Houston, 394 Huebner, 627, 630 Hutchinson salt case, 195 I Illinois Central car supply case, 538, 568 Illinois Central Railroad, construction, 14 Immunity Bath, 550 Import rates, 406, 409, 438, 464 Imprisonment, 451, 493, 513 Improvements, in operation, 93 Increasing returns, law as applied to railroads, 71-75; law of, qualified, 76; as tested practically, 77; law of, obscured since 1906, 84; final conclusion as to, 98 Industrial Combinations, and rebates, 213, 491 Industrial railroads (See also Terminal Railroads), 195, 212-213, 512 Injunction, 561, 562, 569, 586, 633, 634 Ink, 302 Intermountain rate case (See also Transcontinental Rates and contents of chapter XIX), 610; history, 614; new orders, 616; Commerce Court opinion, 620 Internal waterways (See also contents of chapter XX, Canals, Rivers, etc.), 640 International Harvester case, 196 Interstate Commerce Act (See Act To Regulate Commerce) Interstate Commerce Commission (See also chapters XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, Courts, Procedure, etc.), reduction in tariffs filed, 324; created by law, 453; record on appeal cases, 460; rate-making power demanded, 468; complaints analyzed since 1906, 526; dissenting opinions in Shreveport case, 636 Intrinsic reasonableness, 622 Iowa Development Company, 434 Iron pyrites, 536 Iron rates, 399 J Jobbing business, market competition in, 124; car load rates, 327-329; in the South, 384; decentralization, 385; in transcontinental rates, 397; and Pacific rates, 616 Joint cost, 67; two limitations upon the law, 265 Joint Rate Committee, 367 Joint rates, 529 Judicial review (See Courts) K Kansas, wheat and California flour, 138; meal and Texas corn, 143 Keeping everyone in business, 119, 149 Kentucky and Indiana Bridge case, 461 Kindel case, 399 L La Follette, 498, 559, 629 Lake Shore road, 419 Lake traffic, 358 Lakes to the Gulf canal, 638 Land grants, Illinois Central, 14; others, 35 Lemons, rates on, 345, 537; rate case, 592 Lighterage cases, 586 Lime, rates, 336 Lincoln, Nebraska, case, 147 Live stock (See also Cattle, etc.), tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421 Local Discrimination (See contents of chapters VII and XIX and also Long and Short Haul Clause), definition, 215; before 1887, 448 Local rates, in the South, 383; in Texas, 394; and revenue per ton mile, 421; reduced after 1887, 456, 591; the Shreveport case, 635 Local traffic, as affecting averages, 91; proportion of, 259; in basing point system, 385 Locomotives, 24; increased power of, 94 Logging in transit, 401 Long and Short haul clause (See Local Discrimination and also contents of chapter XIX), tariff structure, obviating waste, 295; final text, 452, 565; congressional history, 473; English cases, 473; emasculation by courts, 476; amendment in 1910, 564 Long line, defined, 256; competition, 604 Louisiana rates, 634 Louisville & Nashville, 590 Louisville & Nashville case, 223, 244, 296, 474, 479 Louisville Properties Company, 556 Lumber, competitive rates for, 142; and wood pulp rates, 148, 181; tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 421; stakes, 533 Lumber rates, Pacific coast cases, 150, 535, 543, 581; tap line case, 212; logging in transit, 401; from Georgia, 489 M MacGraham, 360 Maintenance of Equipment, 47, 52, 64 Maintenance of Way, expenses analyzed, 47, 51, 74 Mann-Elkins Act (See contents of chapter XVII), congressional history, 558; provisions, 562 Manufactures, westward drift in '80s, 30 Market, definition of, 119 Markets, competition of, 118, 605; consuming capacity as affecting carload rules, 336 Massachusetts Railroad Commission, 627, 629 Maximum Freight Rate case (See also Cincinnati Freight Bureau Case), 248, 469-473, 502 Maximum rates, constitutionality of, 623; state laws, 630 Memphis, 403 Meyer, B. H., 495, 629 Meyer, H. R., 385 Middlemen (See Jobbing Business) Midnight tariffs, 197 Mileage, statistics since 1890, 79 Milk rate cases, in New York, 243, 255; in New England, 329 Milling in transit, 402 Minimum carload rates (See contents of chapter IX), 332 Minimum rates, 254, 624 Minnesota, and Federal laws, 632 Misquotation of rates, 571 Misrouting, 527 Mississippi river, tonnage on 1845, 13; declining traffic in '80s, 26 Missouri, carload minimum rates, 335; and Federal laws, 632 Missouri-Mississippi rate scheme, 128, 442, 543 Mixed carloads, 331, 340 Monopoly, resulting from rebates, 187; distrust of, in 1887, 446 Montgomery, Alabama, case, 590 (map) Morawetz, V., 165 Munn case, 452 N Nashville, 342 Nashville Grain Exchange, 587 Natural market and territory, 158 Net Earnings (See Earnings), 79 Nevada, 611 Newcomb, H. T., 73 New England, oil rates, 202; milk rates, 329; common point system, 395 New Orleans, 31, 32, 33, 437 New York Board of Trade case, 306, 325, 407 New York Central railroad, construction, 15; importance in '80s, 30; compared with Pennsylvania Railroad, 58 New York city (See also Differentials, Exports, etc.), importance in export trade, 30; supremacy threatened, 31 Nickel Plate line, 29 North Carolina, and Federal laws, 632 Northern Pacific railroad, 28 O Official classification committee, 304 Ohio river, tonnage in 1845, 13 Open car system, 330 Operation (See also Expenditures, etc.), improvement in '80s, 23; recent technical improvements in, 93; in 1910, 597 Orange rates, 345, 471, 537 Orange Routing case, 546, 572 Osborne case, 476 Oyster case, 217 P Pacific coast (See also Transcontinental Rates, etc.), early trade with, 19; rapid development in '80s, 28; lumber cases, 150; routes by sea and rail, 276 Panama Canal, 638, 643 Panic, of 1857, 16; of 1907, 75; of 1893, 433 Par value, 575 Parallelling, 29 Passenger traffic, 429, 609 Passes, 512 Pennsylvania, internal improvements, 8; state works, 648 Pennsylvania Railroad, 8, 11; illustration of theory of rates, 62; coal supply scandals, 199; and steel companies, 556 Performance, of equipment improved, 96 Periodicity of expenditures, 61 Personal Discrimination (See contents of chapter VI), 185; philosophy of, 185; as creating monopoly, 187-189; distinction from general rate cutting, 188 Philadelphia (See Differentials, Exports, etc.), 404 Physical valuation, 518 Pools, before 1887, 23, 446; obviating waste, 293; prohibited, 453, 579; after 1887, 457 Population, westward drift in '80s, 30 Portland Gateway case, 547, 572 Portland, Oregon, 608 "Postage-stamp rates" (See Flat Rates), 397, 611 Powder Trust, 571 Prices, and rates, 172, 430, 471, 510, 587, 597 Primary commercial competition, 121 Private car lines, 140, 192 Procedure (See Courts, Witnesses, etc., and also Commerce Court), under Hepburn Act, 505, 511 Proctor and Gamble case, 584 Produce Exchange case, 405 Pro-rating, 281, 514, 529, 543, 547 Public aid, 35 Publicity, 515, 574 Pueblo, 399 Pulp rates, 148 R Railroad Construction, early in southern states, 9; sudden expansion in 1848, 13; new north and south lines, 14; decline during Civil War, 16; rapid during the '70s, 18; climax in '80s, 27; since 1890, 34; comparison with Europe, 35 Railroad mileage (See Mileage) Rails, steel introduced, 17, 24, 93 Rate advances, complaints since 1906, 534; suspension in 1910, 561 Rate-making power, 467, 468; under Hepburn law, 500; constitutional aspects, 502, 506; suspension of tariffs, 560 Rates (See also Prices, etc., and contents of chapter XII), decline in '70s, 21; intricacy of, 134; on raw and finished materials, 134; export wheat and flour, 135; domestic wheat and flour, 138; beef and cattle, 139; as between by-products, 142; cases of substitution, 143; general protective policy, 146; under changing conditions, 147; insurance function, 149; elasticity of, 152; rigidity, 153; as promoting economic unrest, 156; stability desirable, 157; use of classification in advances, 301; growing distinction between C. L. and L. C. L., 310; lime, 336; glass, 351; trunk line system, 354; cotton, 356; high level in the South, 382; no demand for reduction in, 1887, 443; movement since 1870, 411; actual index, 426; and prices, 430, 471, 510, 528; rise of, 488, 534; and capitalization, 574; advances of 1910, 594; absolute v. relative, 623; prescribing minimum, 624 Rate wars (See contents of chapter XII), during the '70s, 22; during the '80s, 23; dressed beef, 33; historical survey of, 431 Reagan, Judge, 444, 450 Reasonable rates (See contents of chapter VII), 588; in Intermountain rate case, 622 Rebates (See Personal Discrimination and also Elkins Amendments), 185, 280, 286; Standard Oil cases, 446; novelty of prohibition, 454; first prosecutions after 1887, 457, 512 Red Rock Fuel case, 199 Refrigerator cars, 140 Rentals, 534 Reports (See Accounts), 519 Restrictive Rate case, 585 Revenue (See Earnings), and rates in 1910, 599 Revenue per ton mile (See contents of chapter XII), decline during rate wars, 23; as related to earnings and expenses, 85, 99; Dilution of, 289; how computed, 412; advantages, 414; on different roads, 415; as influenced by nature of traffic, 416; as affected by distance, 421; and volume of traffic, 423 Review by courts (See Courts) Rice cases, 446 Rivers (See contents of chapter XX), early improvement of, 3; still important in 1850, 12; tonnage in 1845, 13; declining importance in '70s, 26, 382; competition in the South, 386, 640 Rockefeller, John D., 445 Roosevelt, President, 486, 496 Roundabout routing, 116, 269 Routes, competition of, 114; new law as to, 572 Routing (See also contents of chapter VIII), complaints, 530, 546 Rules, growing complexity in classification, 312 S St. Cloud case, (map), 235 St. Louis Business Men's League case, 125, 241, 246, 398 St. Louis, rates under three classifications, 348 Salt Lake City, 400, 611 Savannah Fertilizer case, 224 Savannah Naval Stores case, (map), 484 Sax, 168 Scientific Management, 517, 598 Seaboard differentials (See Differentials), 404 Secondary commercial competition, 122 Securities Commission, 573 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 561, 579 Shoes, 320 Short line, defined, 256 Shreveport, Louisiana, case, 635 "Similar circumstances and conditions" (See Long and Short Haul Clause), 475 Smalley, H. S., 499, 507, 625 Social Circle case, 380, 462, 464, 468, 478 South (See contents of chapter XI), system of rates into, 248; high local rates, 260; classification conditions, 311; commodity rates, 323; jobbers in, 327 South Carolina Railroad tariff, 307 Southern Basing Point (See Basing Point System) Southern Classification (See contents of chapter IX) Southern Classification Committee, 304 Southern Pacific Railroad, construction, 28; water competition, 1912, 607 Southern Railway & Steamship Association, 23 Special rates (See also Commodity Rates), as distinct from class rates, 113; and joint cost, 266, 280 Speculation, rampant in '80s, 29 Spokane, 226, 303, 611 Standard Oil Company, rebates on tank cars, 192; allowances on sale of supplies, 198; later forms of rebates, 198, 200, 200-206, 445, 491 State railroad commissions, 574, 627 Stock, 552, 573 Stock-watering, 444, 448 Stock-watering laws, 576 Storage, 191 Subsidies and public appropriations, 37 Sugar, rate war, 439; rates, 586 Sunday Creek Coal case, 209 Supreme Court (See also Courts), delay in appeal cases, 461; divided opinions, 464 Surplus, statistics since 1890, 80 Suspension of rates, 561 T Taft, President, 559 Tank cars, 192 Tap line decision, 212 Tarbell, Miss, 491 Tariffs, construction of, 101; too complex and numerous, 155; concealment of rebates in, 198; as distinct from classification, 301; classification as affecting, 321; reduction in number filed, 324; as interlocked with classification, 347; and rates, 407; new law concerning, 571 Taussig, F. W., 67 Tax, economic waste, 291 Telegraph companies, 572 Telephone companies, 572 Terminal cost, 101 Terminal railways, as means of rebating, 195; complicated phases of, 213, 512 Testimony (See Witnesses) Texas Cattle Raisers case, 70, 167, 567 Texas, corn-meal and Kansas corn, 143; rate system, 393, 635 Theory (See contents of chapters II and III), of classification, 314 Through freight lines, 23 Through rates, 359, 442, 529, 587, 588 Tobacco, 384 Tobacco Trust, 210 Ton mileage, statistics since 1890, 78 Ton-mile revenue (See Revenue Per Ton Mile), 364 Tonnage, statistics since 1890, 77; distribution by years, 417; increasing diversification, 418; classified for 1909, 420 Traffic Density (See Density of Traffic), 86 Traffic Expenses, 48 Traffic (See Tonnage), trunk line conditions in 1882, 357; nature of, as affecting ton-mile revenue, 416; by Panama canal, 643 Train load, 88; limit to economy of, 92 Train mile, cost and revenue per, 98 Transcontinental classification committee, 304 Transcontinental rates (See contents of chapters XI and XIX), rigidity, 154; compared with basing point system, 239, 245; general high level, 396; demoralization after 1893, 433; commodity v. class rates, 615; future traffic, 643 Troy case (See Alabama Midland Case), (map), 270, 390, 462, (map), 481 Trunk Line Rate System (See contents of chapter X), as related to separate line tariffs, 111 Trusts, and rebates, 213; 491, 571 Two-for-one-rule, 343 U Under classification, 190 Uniform classification (See contents of chapter IX), 338; objections and advantages, 345 Uniform Classification Committee, 339 Union Pacific Railroad, 19, 40 Union Stockyards Company, 587 V Valuation, 518 Value of service, and cost of service compared, 166-184; objection to, 172; dynamic force in, 177; inadequate alone, 179; in classification, 315; in coal cases, 585 Vanderbilt, Commodore, 450 Volume of traffic (See Tonnage, etc.), as an element in cost, 261 W Wabash, St. Louis, & Pacific Railway case, 451 Wages, 518 Wagons, 109, 621 Wars (See Rate Wars) Waste (See contents of chapter VIII), in transportation, 268; six causes of, 280; five results, 288; remedy for, 292 Water carriage, circuitous routing, 273; cost compared with rail, 638; controlled by railways, 641 Water carriers, failure to regulate, 579 Water competition, by coastwise steamers to Chattanooga, 232, 359, 475; in the South, 382, 385, 387, 392; by sea in Pacific coast traffic, 396; new law covering, 566, 591; and new long and short haul clause, 606; neutralized in Pacific rates, 612; v. market competition in Pacific cases, 620 Waterways (See contents of chapter XX and also Canals, Rivers, etc.), 638 West, classification conditions, 311 Western & Atlantic road, 12 Western classification committee, 304 West Shore railroad, 29 What the traffic will bear (See Value of Service), illustrated by rate sheets, 107 Wheat, and flour rates, for export, 135; domestic, 138; rates, 467 Wichita cases, 232 Willamette lumber case, 535, 545 Windom Committee, 442, 443, 446, 447 Wisconsin, Two Cent Fare decision, 69; investigation as to rebates, 206; the "Wisconsin idea," 629 Witnesses, 451, 455, 457, 549 Wooden pipe rates, 303 Wool rates, 333, 352, 401 Y Youngstown case, 223, 244, 296, 480 Z Zone rates, trunk line territory, (map), 365; transcontinental, (map), 618