INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Anaphylaxis, 177

Appearance of plague in Porto Rico, 26 New Orleans, 26 Manila, 26

Appeal for public coöperation, 126, 127

Australia, plague in, 22

Alaska, plague in, 22

Africa, South, plague in, 22

Africa, Central, plague in, 22

Africa, East, plague in, 22

Africa, British East, plague in, 25

Africa, Portuguese East, plague in, 26

Asian marmot, 28

Australia, rat fleas of, 32

Activity of fleas, 33

Attenuation of virulence of cholera organism, 35 Bacillus pestis, 35

Adaptability of rat to temperature and environment, 51

Anti-plague campaign in Manila, 1912-1914, 57

Amoy, importation of plague from, 59

Anti-rat measures in R. R. cars, 92

Activity of fleas, 98

Austrian Plague Commission, 133

Agglutination of plague bacilli, 134-135

Animals suspected of plague, observations on, 146-149

Abatement of plague in Hong Kong in 1914, 160

Anti-plague work, dangers of, 163, 164

Bacteriologic observations, 127

Bacillus pestis, in air, 38 in ants, 138 in bedbugs, 33, 138 conveyance by fleas, 28, 30, 31 cultivation of, 133, 138 cultural characteristics of, 133, 138 in circulating blood, 133, 136 in cats, 150 effect of temperature upon, 34 in flies, 33, 138 in fleas, 138 in lice, 33, 138 effect of seasonal conditions on, 34 in cockroaches, 33 in sputum, 132 stability of virulence of, 35, 36 in skin, 132

Blue, Dr. Rupert, 31

Brazil, plague in, 22

Black Death of Europe, 20

British East Africa, plague in, 25

[182]Bite of flea, 31

Brazil, rat fleas of, 32

Bedbug, conveyance of B. pestis by, 33

Barber, Dr. M., 38

Bacterial viruses for rat destruction, 43

Bacterial virus, Danysz, 53

Bacillus, Danysz, 53 use of, in Odessa, 53 use of, in Cape Town, 53

B. typhi murium, 53

Bacillus, mouse-typhoid, of Loeffler, 53

B. enteritidis, Gärtner's, 54

Bacterial rat poisons, use of, in Japan, 54

Beginning of Manila epidemic, 60

Binondo, Manila, plague in, 63

Bamboo timbers, closing ends of, 71

Basements, insanitary, 72

Birth-rate of rats, 73

Bionomics of fleas, 77

Batavia, Dutch India (Java), 77

Bureau of Science, Manila, 92

Barn rat, 99

Burrowing ability of rats, 102

Breaking up rat nests, Manila, 106

Bacteriologic examination of plague patients, 128

Blood-sucking insects, transmission of plague by, 137

Bacillus pestis, insects found to contain (Table III), 138, 139

Biologic diagnosis of plague, 167 procedure, diagnosis, 168

Cause of plague, 28

Conveyance of plague, 28

Control of plague, 40

Crowell, Dr. B. C., 14

China, plague in, 21, 22, 24

California, plague in, 22

Central Africa, plague in, 22

California ground squirrel, 28

Contact, plague through, 29

Contagious plague, 29

Contagion, India Plague Commission on, 33

Cockroaches in plague conveyance, 29, 33

Cats, plague in, 29, 76, 149

Chronic plague in rats, 35

Chronic rat plague, India Plague Commission on, 35

Currie, Dr. D. H., 31

Creel, Dr. R. H., U. S. P. H. Service, 31, 101

Castellani, Dr. Aldo (dedication), 179

Ceratophyllus fasciatus, 32

Cat fleas, 32

Ctenocephalus, 32

Citellus beecheyi, 28

Cholera epidemics, spontaneous abatement of, 35 organism, attenuation of virulence of, 35

California, a plague centre, 41

Cost of rat proofing, 49

Chemical poisoning of rats and ground squirrels, 54

Community, summary of prevention for, 56

Close of year 1912 in Manila, 67

[183]Closing ends of bamboo timbers, 71

Cat plague case in Manila, 76, 149 fleas, 78

Correspondence of Philippine and Japan conditions, 83

Comparative statistics in rat catching methods, 89

Cresols, 94

Coloration of rats, 99

Conformation of skulls in rats, 101

Climbing ability of rats, 102

Collection and forwarding of rats (Manila), 122, 123

Case of Mr. C. (Manila), 124, 125

Concealing plague cases, 94

Conclusions concerning blood culture in plague diagnosis, 136 from observations of plague outbreak among experimental animals (Manila), 146

Cat, natural plague infection in, 149-154

Conditions, treatment and prognosis, 173

Combined vaccines, 179

Diagnosis of plague, 165

Definition of plague, 28

Digestive tract, infection through, 29

Dog fleas, 32

Droplet infection, 38

Destruction of rats by diseases, 53

Danysz bacterial virus, 53 bacillus, 53 use of, in Odessa, 53 use of, in Cape Town, 53

Destruction of rats by domestic animals, 54

Disinfection of ship cargoes, 56

Dead, proper disposal of, 56

Dispersion of fleas from rat cadavers, Manila, 65

Death-rate of rats, 73

Dutch India, Batavia (Java), 77

Duration of life of fasting fleas, 79

Dead rats in bamboo house timbers, 87

Disinfection, theatre, Manila, 93

Deception and concealment of plague cases, 94

Differential points in rats, unreliability of, 101

Driving out rats with formaldehyde gas (Manila), 106

Dangers of anti-plague work, 163, 164

Diagnosis, rapid, of plague, importance of, 166 biologic, of plague, 167 non-biologic, 169, 170

Dosage and technique of serum administration, 176, 177

Extension of plague, 19, 22

Egypt, plague in, 20, 23, 25

East Africa, plague in, 22

Epidemics, effect of seasonal conditions on, 34 wane of, 35

Epidemic pneumonic plague, 38

[184]Economic importance of rat destruction, 42

Estimations of loss by U. S. Agricultural Department, 42

Effect of superstitions and religious beliefs in India, 43 of rat poisoning and trapping, 73

Epidemiologic facts concerning plague in Java, 82

Examination of fatal cases of plague (Table I), 130 of cases of plague who recovered (Table II), 131

Experimental animals, plague in, 139-145

Flea conveyance of B. pestis, 30

Flies, conveyance of B. pestis by, 33

Fowls, plague conveyance by, 29

Flea's stomach, capacity of, 31 bite and plague conveyance, 31

Flea prevalence, effect of seasonal conditions on, 34

Fox, Dr. Carrol, 31, 70

Fleas, dog, 32 cat, 32 mice, 32 ground squirrel, 32 activity of, 33, 98

Fumigation of ships, 46

Flea carriers, objection to domestic cats and dogs as, 55

Favorable conditions for spread of plague in Manila, 61

First Manila cases in 1912, 62

Fleas and their habits, 77 bionomics of, 77 rat, of Philippines, 78 of Australia, 78 of Italy, 78 cat, 78 per rat, variations in number of (Java), 78

Flea larvæ, effect of temperature and humidity on, 79 imago, effect of temperature and humidity on, 79

Fasting fleas, duration of life of, 79

Flea prevalence, prediction of plague extension from, 80 natural enemies of, 97 activity of, 33, 98

Field rat, 99

Family Muridæ, 99

Ferocity of Mus decumanus, 102

Feasibility of fighting plague successfully, 162 of Manila policy of plague control, 162

Great plague of London, 21

Great Britain, plague in, 22

Ground squirrel, California, 28

Great Britain, rat fleas of, 32

Ground squirrel, fleas of, 32

Gärtner's B. enteritidis, 54

Geographic grouping of plague cases in Manila, 63

Ground-floor sleeping quarters, 72

General cleaning campaign, Manila, 88

Garbage cans, sanitary orders, Manila, 93

[185]Guinea-pigs as indicators of infected houses, 96

Genus Mus, 99

Gray rat, 99

Gunomys (Nesokia), 100

Gnawing ability of rats, 102

German Plague Commission, 149

History of plague, 19

Hawaii, plague in, 22

Hong Kong, plague in, 24, 58, 154

Heiser, Dr. V. C., 31, 58, 70, 75, 89

Hobdy, Dr. W. C., 31

House cats as rat catchers, 55

Half wild cats as rat catchers, 55

Human plague in Tondo district, Manila, 68

Houses in Tondo, light material, 71

House disinfection by spraying, 94

Household rat destruction, plan for, 111

Hong Kong, notes on plague in, by Dr. Roberg, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 the work of the Sanitary Board, 158 abatement of plague in 1914, 160

Haffkine vaccine, 178, 179

Introduction, 11

India, plague in, 24

Indo-China, plague in, 24

Infection through digestive tract, 29

Ingestion, plague, 29

India, rat fleas of, 32

Italy, rat fleas of, 32

India Plague Commission on contagion, 33 on chronic rat plague, 35

Immunity, plague, 36

India, effect of superstitions and religious belief in, 43

Isolation of sick, 56

Importation of plague from Amoy, 59

Iloilo, P. I., plague in, 70

Insanitary basements, 72

Interpretation of the rat catch and plague incidence, 91

Infected houses, guinea-pigs as indicators of, 96

India Plague Commission, 100

Insects found to contain Bacillus pestis (Table III), 138, 139

Importance of rapid diagnosis of plague, 166

Japanese anti-plague serum, 18

Japan, plague in, 22, 25

Java, plague in, 25

Japan, bacterial rat poisons, use of, in, 54

Jackson, Dr. T. W., correspondence, 75

Java, Batavia, Dutch India, 77 Xenopsylla cheopis in, 77 variations in number of fleas per rat, 78 epidemiologic facts concerning plague in, 82

Javan village house, 84 "bale bale," rats in, 86

Java, sawah rat of, 100

[186]Jumping ability of rats, 102

Java, studies of rat cadavers in, 104

Kerr, Dr. J. W., 31

Korn, Dr. W., U. S. P. H. Service, 87

Kerosene as an insecticide, 94

London, great plague of, 21

Lantz, Dr. D. E., 31 classification of rats, 99

Lœmopsylla cheopis, 32

Louse, conveyance of B. pestis by, 33

Loeffler, mouse-typhoid bacillus of, 53

Laboratory-proven plague rats and others in Manila, 61

Light material houses in Tondo, 71 Manila, 85

Letter of warning and appeal, 125, 126

Location of rat cadavers in relation to human plague cases, Manila, 162, 163

Mortality, 22, 23, 174, 175

Menace of plague, 28

Manila, plague in, 26

Manufacture of anti-plague serum, 18

Middle Ages, plague in, 20

Mexico, plague in, 22

Mauritius, plague in, 22, 25

Mediterranean ports, plague in, 22

Marmot, Asian, 28

Mice, fleas of, 32

Manchuria, pneumonic plague in, 37

Methods of entry of rats into ships and cars, 52

Mouse-typhoid bacillus of Loeffler, 53

Murium, B. typhi, 53

Manila, Anti-plague Campaign in 1912-1914 in, 57 epidemic, 1912-1914, 57 plague at quarantine in, 58 importation of plague from Hong Kong in 1912, 58

Mariveles Quarantine Station, 59

Manila epidemic, beginning of, 60

Mortality and numbers of Manila plague cases, 61

Manila cases in 1912, first, 62 geographic grouping of plague cases in, 63 R. R. station focus, 64 dispersion of fleas from rat cadavers, 65 close of year 1912 in, 67

Malolos, P. I., plague in, 69

Manila, taking charge of plague suppression measures in, 70 plague fighting organization in, 71 rat plague in U. S. Army Commissary warehouse, 76 habitations and plague, 83 light material house, 85 general cleaning campaign, 88 theatre, disinfection in, 93

Mus rattus, 99 alexandrinus, 99

[187]Mus decumanus, 99 ferocity of, 102

Manila, breaking up of rat nests, 106 driving out rats by formaldehyde gas, 106 rat killing with dogs, 107 rat nests in trees, 110 snakes in rat traps, 111 rat swallowed by snake, 111

Multiple house infection (Manila), 112-117

Manila, collection and forwarding of rats, 122, 123

Mr. C., case of Manila, 124, 125

Manila, bacteriologic observation, 127 outbreak of plague among experimental animals, 139-145 conclusions from observation of plague outbreak among experimental animals, 146 San Lazaro Hospital, 13, 69, 161 location of rat cadavers in relation to human plague cases, 162, 163

Mortality, statistical studies in, 22, 174, 175, 176

McCoy, Dr. C. W., 31

New Orleans, plague in, 26

Natural enemies of the rat, 43

National aid, necessity of, 56

Numbers and mortality of Manila plague cases, 61

Nest materials, 86

Natural enemies of the flea, 97

Norway rat, 99

Notes on rat runs, 105 nests, 105 food, 105

Natural plague infection in a cat, 149-154

Notes on plague in Hong Kong by Dr. Roberg, 153-160

Non-biologic diagnosis, 169, 170

Objection to domestic cats and dogs as flea carriers, 55

Order Rodentia, 99

Outbreak of plague among experimental animals (Manila), 139-145

Observations of animals suspected of plague, 146-149

Plague conveyance, 28 in 1910, 24 conveyance by suction of insects, 33

Porto Rico, plague appears in, 26

Public coöperation in plague control, 126, 127

Practicability of plague control, 15

Philippines, plague in, 22

Peru, plague in, 22

Persia, plague in, 25

Portuguese East Africa, plague in, 26

Public Health Service, U. S., 26, 37

Pulex irritans, 32 pallidus, 32

Plague pneumonia, secondary, 39

[188]Pneumonic plague epidemic, 38

Prevention problem, summary of, 37

Pneumonic plague, 37 in Manchuria, 37

Plague immunity, 36 treatment and diagnosis of, 165 control, 40 prevention, 40 suppression, 40 campaign in San Francisco, 41

Poisons used for rat destruction, 43, 44

Poisonous gases, rat destruction by, 45

Prevention for community, summary of, 56

Proper disposal of dead, 56

Philippine Journal of Science, 58, 70, 128

Plague at quarantine in Manila, 58 from Hong Kong, Manila, importation of, in 1912, 58 from Amoy, importation of, 59 cases, numbers and mortality of Manila, 61 rats, laboratory-proven, and others in Manila, 61 in Quiapo, Manila, 63 in Binondo, Manila, 63 cases in Manila, geographic grouping of, 63 in Malolos, P. I., 69 in Iloilo, P. I., 70

Plague suppressive measures, Manila, taking charge of, 70 fighting organization in Manila, 71

Population, removal of, in emergency, 74

Plague, cat, case of, Manila, 29, 76, 150 rat, in U. S. Army Commissary warehouse, Manila, 76

Prediction of plague extension from flea prevalence, 80

Plague prevalence, seasonal explanation of, 81 in Java, epidemiologic facts concerning, 82 Manila habitations and, 83 Tondo (Manila) habitations and, 83 cases, deception and concealment of, 94 commission, India, 100

Postmortem changes, in rats (Table), 105 in rats (illustration), 105 time of death of rats as indicated by, 104

Plan for household rat destruction, 111

Plague patients, bacteriologic examination of, 128 examination of fatal cases of (Table I), 130 of cases who recovered from (Table II), 131 commission, Austrian, 133 bacilli from circulating blood, recovering, 134

[189]Plague bacilli, agglutination of, 134, 135 diagnosis, conclusions concerning blood culture in, 136 by blood sucking insects, transmission of, 137 among experimental animals, outbreak of (Manila), 139-145 outbreak among experimental animals, conclusions from observations of (Manila), 146 observations on animals suspected of, 146-149 commission, German, 149 in Hong Kong, notes on, by Dr. Roberg, 153-160 in Hong Kong in 1914, abatement of, 160 feasibility of fighting successfully, 162 control, feasibility of Manila policy of, 162 cases (human), location of rat cadavers in relation to (Manila), 162, 163 importance of rapid diagnosis of, 166 biologic diagnosis of, 167 a septicæmic disease in all cases, 170 symptomatology of, 171

Pathologic considerations, 172

Prognosis, treatment, conditions and, 173

Plague, serum treatment of, 174 symptomatic treatment, 174

Prophylactic serum and anaphylaxis, 177

Plague vaccines, 178, 179

Quarantine, modified, 56 station, Mariveles, 59

Quiapo, Manila, plague in, 63

Rat fleas of Italy, 32 of Brazil, 32 of Great Britain, 32 of United States, 32

Rats, chronic plague in, 35 subacute plague in, 35

Requisites of the practical sanitarian, 12

Russia, plague in, 26

Rats, wild, plague in, 29 effect of seasonal conditions on, 34

Rucker, Dr. W. C., 31

Rosenau, Dr. M, J., 31

Rat fleas, varieties of, 32 of India, 32 of Australia, 32

Rat population of the world, 41 destruction, economic importance of, 42 extermination methods, 43 natural enemies of, 43 destruction, bacterial viruses for, 43 poisons used for, 43, 44 trapping, 44 traps, varieties, 45 destruction by poisonous gases, 45

[190]Rats, starving, 47

Rat proofing, 48 cost of, 49, 93 infestation of ships, 50 adaptability of, 51

Rat's, methods of entry of, 52

Rat destruction by rat diseases, 53

Resistance of rat to diseases of bacterial causation, 54

Rats and ground squirrels, chemical poisoning of, 54

Rat destruction by domestic animals, 54 catchers, house cats as, 55 half wild cats as, 55 terrier dogs as, 55 on farms, terrier dogs as, 55

Rapid diagnosis, importance of, 56

Rat cadavers, dispersion of fleas in Manila from, 65 plague in Tondo district, Manila, 68 proofing and rat destruction, 72 inapplicable at times, 73 poisoning, trapping, effects of, 73

Rats, birth-rate of, 73 death-rate of, 73

Removal of population in emergency, 74

Rat plague in U. S. Army Commissary warehouse, Manila, 76 fleas of Philippines, 78 of Australia, 78

Rat fleas of Italy, 78 breeding as influenced by climate, 81 in Javan "bale bale," 86 in thatched roofs, 86 dead, in bamboo house timbers, 87

Rat catch, variations in, 88

Rat catching methods, comparative statistics in, 89

Rat catch and plague incidence, interpretation of, 91

Rats, zoölogic classification of, 98

Rat, ship, 99 field, 99

Rats, coloration of, 99

Rat, Norway, 99 gray, 99 barn, 99 sewer, 99

Rats, unreliability of differential points in, 101 conformation of skulls in, 101 gnawing ability of, 102 burrowing ability of, 102 climbing ability of, 102 jumping ability of, 102 swimming ability of, 102

Rat litters, size of, 102

Rats as wire walkers, 103 as rope walkers, 103

Rat cadavers in Java, studies of, 104 time of death as indicated by postmortem changes of, 104

[191]Rats, postmortem changes in (Table), 105 (illustration), 105

Rat runs, notes on, 105 nests, notes on, 105 food, notes on, 105 nests (Manila), breaking up, 106

Rats driven out with formaldehyde gas (Manila), 106

Rat killing with dogs (Manila), 107

Rat's nests in trees (Manila), 110

Rat traps, snakes in (Manila), 111 swallowed by snake (Manila), 111

Rats, collection and forwarding of (Manila), 122, 123

Recovering plague bacilli from circulating blood, 134

Roberg, Dr. David, 154

Stability of virulence of B. pestis, 36

Spread of plague in recent years, 23

Suppression of plague, 40

San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, 13, 69, 161

Schöbl, Dr. Otto, 14, 29, 30, 76, 96, 127

Strong, Dr. R. P., 16, 36, 38, 59, 135

Sixth century, plague in, 20

South America, plague in, 22, 26

Siam, plague in, 25

Suez, plague in, 22

South Africa, plague in, 22

Scotland, plague in, 22

Sumatra, plague in, 25

Straits Settlements, plague in, 25

Simpson, Dr. W. J.

Suctorial parasites in plague conveyance, 33

Seasonal conditions, effect on epidemics of, 34 on rats of, 34 on Bacillus pestis of, 34 on flea prevalence of, 34

Subacute plague in rats, 35

Spontaneous abatement of cholera, 35

Secondary plague pneumonia, 39

Summary of prevention problem, 37

San Francisco, plague campaign in, 41

Ships, fumigation of, 46

Starving rats, 47

Ships, rat infestation of, 50

Summary of prevention for community, 56

Ship cargoes, disinfection of, 56

Sick, isolation of, 56

Steamer, Loongsang, 59 Taisang, 59

Spread of plague in Manila, favorable conditions for, 61

Sleeping quarters, ground floor, 72

Swellengrebel, Ph.D., N. H., 77

Seasonal explanations of plague prevalence, 81

Sanitary orders, Manila (garbage cans), 93

[192]Ship rat, 99

Sewer rat, 99

Sawah rat of Java, 100

Swimming ability of rats, 102

Size of rat litters, 102

Simpson, surgeon, U. S. P. H. Service, 103

Studies of rat cadavers in Java, 104

Snakes in rat traps (Manila), 111

Snake, rat swallowed by (Manila), 111

Specimen, sanitary orders, 116-121

Sanitary Board (Hong Kong), the work of, 158

Symptomatology of plague, 171

Serum treatment of plague, 174

Symptomatic treatment of plague, 174

Statistical studies in mortality, 174-176

Serum administration, dosage and technique of, 176, 177

Types of plague, 30

Treatment of plague, 165

Turkey in Asia, plague in, 25

Tarbagan, 28

Teague, Dr. O., 38

Terrier dogs as rat catchers, 55

Terrier dogs as rat catchers on farms, 55

Tondo district, Manila, rat plague in, 68 human plague in, 68

Taking charge of plague suppressive measures, Manila, 70

Tondo, light material houses in, 71

Tondo, Manila, habitations and plague, 83

Theatre disinfection, Manila, 93

Time of death of rat as indicated by postmortem changes, 104

Transmission of plague by blood-sucking insects, 137

Trained bacteriologist, necessity for, 167

Treatment, conditions, and prognosis, 173 serum, of plague, 174 symptomatic, of plague, 174

Technique and dosage of serum administration, 176, 177

United States Public Health Service, 26 rat fleas of, 32

Varieties of rat fleas, 32 of rat traps, 45

Variations in number of fleas per rat (Java), 78

Van Loghem, Dr. J. J., 82, 84

Variations in the rat catch, 88

Vaccines, plague, 178, 179

Vaccine, Haffkine, 178, 179

Vaccines, combined, 179

Widespread dissemination in recent years, 23

West Indies, plague in, 29

Wane of epidemics, 15, 35

Work of Sanitary Board (Hong Kong), 158

Xenopsylla cheopis in Java, 77

Zoölogic classification of rats, 98