Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

LESSON I.

Reading edition

THE ARTICLE.

The =Definite Article= in Spanish is

=El= before a masculine[7] noun singular =La= " feminine[7] " "

[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no neuter nouns.]

as—

El hombre (the man)—La mujer (the woman) El libro (the book)—La pluma (the pen)

El recibo (the receipt)—La cuenta (the account)

=Los= before a masculine noun plural =Las= " feminine " "

as—

Los muchachos (the boys)—Las senoras (the ladies) Los generos (the goods)—Las facturas (the invoices) Los lapices (the pencils)—Las cartas (the letters).

The =Indefinite Article= is—

=Un= before a masculine noun singular =Una= " feminine " "

as—

Un amigo (a friend)—Una amiga (a lady-friend) Un padre (a father)—Una madre (a mother)

The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms "unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or "any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters), Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanish words "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.)

NOTE 1.—Before a feminine noun singular commencing with a or ha use =El= and =Un= instead of La and Una if such nouns are stressed on the first syllable, as El aguila (the eagle), El agua (the water), El alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las aguilas (the eagles).)

NOTE 2.—The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is =Lo=. It cannot be used before a noun but before other parts of speech used to represent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful, viz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., all that which is sublime).

REGULAR VERBS.

1st Conjugation. Hablar (to speak). Pres. Part. Hablando (speaking). Past Part. Hablado (spoken).

Present Tense, Indicative Mood.

Yo hablo (I speak) Nosotros (m.) hablamos (we speak) Nosotras (f.) hablamos (we speak)

Tu hablas[8] (thou speakest) Vosotros (m.) hablais (you speak) Vosotras (f.) hablais (you speak)

El or Ella habla (he or she speaks) Ellos (m.) hablan (they speak) Ellas (f.) hablan (they speak) Usted habla (you speak)[9]. Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9]

[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style, practically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John" or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."]

[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is the form in use. Note that the verb after it is in the 3rd person, because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) are contractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (your graces). V. ama = your grace loves.]

2nd Conjugation. Temer (to fear). Pres. Part. Temiendo. Past Part. Temido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Yo temo Nosotros (m.) temenos Nosotras (f.) temenos

Tu temes Vosotros (m.) temeis Vosotras (f.) temeis

El teme Ellos (m.) temen Ella teme Ellas (f.) temen

V. teme Vs. temen

3rd Conjugation. Partir (to depart, to set out). Pres. Part. Partiendo. Past Part. Partido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Yo parto Nosotros (m.) partimos Nosotras (f.) partimos

Tu partes Vosotros (m.) partis Vosotras (f.) partis

El parte Ellos (m.) parten Ella parte Ellas (f.) parten

V. parte Vs. parten

VOCABULARY.

=a=, to, at =amar=[10], to love =el arbol=, the tree =las botas=, the boots =el capitan=, the captain =la camisa=, the shirt =la casaca=[11], the coat =comprar=, to buy =la flor=, the flower =el hombre=, the man =el hermano=, the brother =la hermana=, the sister =el joven=, the young man =la joven=, the young woman =el lapiz=, the pencil =el libro=, the book =la madre=, the mother =mas=, but =mas=, more =la mujer=, the woman =nosotros tenemos=, we have =el oro=, gold =el padre=, the father =los pantalones=, the trousers =el papel=, the paper =para=, for =la plata=, silver =la pluma=, the pen =el sombrero=, the hat =el tiene=, he has =V. tiene=, you (sing.) have =Vs. tienen=, you (pl.) have =la tinta=, the ink =el tintero=, the inkstand =*tener=,[10] to have, to possess =yo tengo=, I have =el viejo=, the old man =la vieja=, the old woman =la virtud=, virtue

[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are regular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs given) unless they are marked with an asterisk.]

[Footnote 11: Or americana, more used now.]

EXERCISE 1 (1).

Translate into English—

1. El hombre tiene una pluma.

2. La mujer tiene un libro.

3. ?Tiene el padre un sombrero?

4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven.

5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lapiz de la madre.

6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel.

7. Las hermanas aman.

8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is) mas preciosa.

9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers).

10. V. vende sombreros.

11. Vs. tienen las cartas.

12. ?Compra[12] V. los pantalones?

13. El Senor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John).

14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son mios (mine).

15. ?Habla V.?

16. ?Teme ella?

17. Ellos parten.

18. V. parte.

19. Nosotros compramos generos (goods) y vendemos flores.

[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English in interrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.]

EXERCISE 2 (2).

Translate into Spanish—

1. The father, the mother, and the brother.

2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand.

3. The old man and the old woman.

4. A hat and some boots.

5. The shirt and the trousers.

6. I buy the tree.

7. He sells some flowers (flores).

8. I fear.

9. He fears.

10. We sell.

11. We set out.

12. You (sing.) set out.

13. I buy.

14. He sells.

15. The brother and the sister sell.

16. They speak to the (al) man.

17. We set out for London (Londres).

18. The old woman has the hat.

19. The old man has the flower.

20. Who (quien) has the ink and a pen?

21. The father has the coat.

22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious (preciosa).

23. I sell paper to the woman.

24. You (sing.) fear.

25. You (plu.) buy some flowers.

26. She speaks to the sister.

27. The father and the mother of the captain.

LESSON II. (Leccion segunda.)

THE ARTICLE (contd.).

The definite article El is contracted with the preposition de (of or from) into =Del= and with the preposition A, into al as—

Del extranjero: Of or from the foreigner. Al caballero espanol: To the Spanish gentleman.

These are the only contractions that occur in Spanish; with the other prepositions the article simply follows, as—

By, for, with, in, on, without, behind, the father: Por, Para, Con, En, Sobre, Sin, Tras, el padre.

The following are the principal cases in which the definite article is used in Spanish and not in English—

1. Before nouns taken in a general sense, as—

El oro y la plata: Gold and silver. Los hombres o las mujeres: Men or women.

2. Before titles denoting dignity and profession,[13] as—

El Senor Fulano: Mr. So-and-So. El Rey Jorge V.: King George V. El Profesor Rosales: Professor Rosales.

The only exception is "Don" (Mr.), only used before Christian names, as Don Francisco (Mr. Francis).

3. Generally before each of several nouns following each other when they are material possessions, as—

La casa y el jardin de mi hijo: My son's[14] house and garden. Las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa: The doors and windows of my house.

But—

La diligencia, devocion, y virtud de mi primo: the diligence, devotion and virtue of my cousin.

4. Before a proper noun qualified by an adjective, as—

El valiente Juan: Brave John.[15]

The following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is used in English and not in Spanish—

1. Before a noun following the verb "to be," or other similar verbs, as—

Es capitan[16]: He is a captain. Soy frances: I am a Frenchman. Se hizo actor: He became an actor. Le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad: We elect him a member of this society. Fue elegido miembro: He was elected a member.

2. After "what" used in exclamations, as: Que hermosa vista: What a fine view!

3. Before "hundred" and "thousand": 100—ciento, 1,000—mil.

[Footnote 13: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]

[Footnote 14: The 's = possessive does not exist in Spanish. "My son's house" must always be translated as "the house of my son."]

[Footnote 15: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]

[Footnote 16: Except, of course, when we particularize, as—Es un capitan que conoci en Paris: He is a captain I knew in Paris.]

Imperfect Tense,[17] Indicative Mood.

Past Definite,[17] Indicative Mood.

[Footnote 17: The Imperfect tense describes a past action or state in progress; the Past Definite narrates an event. Ex.: I met (past def.)] Charles, who wore (imp.) a black hat: Encontre a Carlos quien llevaba sombrero negro.]

[Footnote 18: The Subject-Pronoun may be left understood, and is generally omitted unless special stress is laid upon it.]

VOCABULARY.

=aleman=[19], German =beber=, to drink =bien=, well =cafe=, coffee =cerveza=, beer =clavel=, carnation =cliente=, client, customer =comer=, to eat =escribir=[20], to write =estudiar=, to study =exportar=, to export =extranjero=, foreigner =ferreteria=, ironware =grande= (pl. =grandes=), large =hijo=, son =hija=, daughter =italiano=, Italian =jardinero=, gardener =leer=, to read =manana=, morning, to-morrow =manzana=, apple =maquina=, machine =mesa=, table =mi=, my =mucho= (m.), much =mucha= (f.), much =muy=, very =pera=, pear =pero=, but =pobre=, poor =?que?= what? =que=, that, who, which =rosa=, rose =su=, his, her, their =su … de V=., your =te=, tea =el … de V=., your =vino=, wine =violeta=, violet

[Footnote 19: Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters.]

[Footnote 20: Past Participle is "Escrito," otherwise regular.]

EXERCISE 1 (3).

Translate into English—

1. Mi hermano habla espanol (or castellano).

2. V. no habla frances.

3. ?Habla bien el aleman el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)?

4. No, Senor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el aleman pero habla muy bien el ingles.

5. ?Como esta (how is) su hermana de V.?

6. Esta muy bien, gracias (thank you).

7. ?Compra V. papel y tinta?

8. Si, Senor, y compro lapices y plumas.

9. ?Quien (who) compra zarazas (prints) y generos blancos (whites)?

10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana.

11. ?Quien vende maquinas y ferreteria?

12. Nosotros exportamos maquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad).

13. Estos generos son para los clientes de V. que parten manana.

14. ?Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco?

15. Si, Senor, le hable en la ciudad (in town).

16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero.

17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija.

18. Juan es frances y yo soy ingles.

19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad.

20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa.

21. V. tiene mil libras (L1,000) y yo tengo ciento.

EXERCISE 2 (4).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Do you speak Spanish?

2. No, but I speak Italian well.

3. Do your customers buy (any) goods?

4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys prints in very large quantities (cantidades).

5. Who sells paper and ink?

6. The old man sells them (los vende).

7. Who writes a letter?

8. I write letters.

9. Who drinks wine?

10. I do not drink wine.

11. Do you drink beer?

12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea.

13. Poor John is my friend.

14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose!

15. Do your brothers study French?

16. Yes, and they study German.

17. Who studies Italian?

18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French.

19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society.

20. Mr. Brown is a captain.

21. John set out for America.

22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras).

LESSON III. (Leccion tercera.)

THE NOUN.

The noun in Spanish has only two genders.

=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=. " " =female= " " =Feminine=.

When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine according to their terminations.

GENERAL RULE.—All nouns that terminate in a, ion, d, also abstract nouns ending in ez, are feminine, as—

La villa: The town. La nacion[21]: The nation. La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty. The other terminations are masculine.

There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending in E.[22]

[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in cion in Spanish. (Note the accent.)]

[Footnote 22: Appendix I—for reference only at this stage.]

=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=.

Nouns ending in a vowel which is not stressed and also nouns ending in E bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural.

All others add =Es=.

EXCEPTIONS—

1. Nouns ending in Z in the sing. change it into =Ces=. 2. Nouns ending in S do not change unless the last syllable is stressed.

EXAMPLES—

El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters. El cunado: The brother-in-law. Los cunados: The brothers-in-law. La cunada: The sister-in-law. Las cunadas: The sisters-in-law. El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law. La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law. El arbol: The tree. Los arboles: The trees. El examen: The examination. Los examenes: The examinations. El lapiz: The pencil. Los lapices: The pencils. El omnibus: The omnibus. Los omnibus: The omnibuses. El jabali: The boar. Los jabalies: The boars.

3. Nouns ending in Y add =Es=, as—

El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings. La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws.

4. The following add only =S= to form the plural—

Papa, Mama, Baja (a pasha), Sofa (sofa).[23]

[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule for those ending in a, o, u is not very strict.]

=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as—

Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; Plu., Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something "). Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; Plu., Ferrocarriles (literally, "iron railroads").

Such nouns are rare.[24]

[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the standard-bearers).]

=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess).

[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).]

Pres. Part., Habiendo. Pres. Part., Teniendo. Past Part., Habido. Past Part., Tenido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood. Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc. Has Tienes Ha Tiene Hemos Tenemos Habeis Teneis Han Tienen

Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood. Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Habia (I had), etc. Tenia (I had, I possessed, etc.) Habias Tenias Habia Tenia Habiamos Teniamos Habiais Teniais Habian Tenian

Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood. Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc. Hubiste Tuviste Hubo Tuvo Hubimos Tuvimos Hubisteis Tuvisteis Hubieron Tuvieron

VOCABULARY.

=alli=, there =aqui=, here =buscar=[26], to look for =caballo=, horse =caja=, box, case =el capital=, the capital, money =la capital=, the capital, town =comprender=, to understand =copiador=, copybook =creer=, to believe, to think =dependiente=, clerk =factura=, invoice =fardo=, bale =Frances=, Frenchman =girar=, to draw, (a bill of exchange) =el idioma=, the language =Ingles=, Englishman =inteligencia=, intelligence =mal=, badly =muselina=, muslin =nunca=, never =pais=, country =pequeno=, little (adj.) =poco=, little (adv. and subs.) =el porta-ramillete= or =florero=, the flower-stand =?quien?= who? whom? =seda=, silk =socio=, partner =solamente=, only =solo=, (adv.) only =el tema=, the exercise

[Footnote 26: Changes c into qu before e; otherwise regular.]

EXERCISE 1 (5).

Translate into English—

1. ?Comprende V. el espanol?

2. No, Senor, estudio el portugues y mi hermano comprende el espanol perfectamente (perfectly).

3. ?Quien escribe cartas?

4. Los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las facturas y algunas cosas mas.

5. Mi socio ha girado una letra (bill) desde (from) Viena (Vienna.)

6. Paris, Berlin, Roma, y Petrograd son las capitales de Francia, Alemania, Italia y Rusia.

7. ?Como se llaman (what are the names of) las capitales de Espana y Portugal? Madrid y Lisboa.

8. ?Ha estado (been) V. en Holanda?

9. No Senor, nunca he estado en aquel pais.

10. En este tema hay palabras que no se dan (are not given) en el vocabulario.

11. ?Cuales (which) son? Holanda, Portugal etcetera.

12. Estas se dejan (are left) a la inteligencia de Vs.

13. ?No creen Vs. que son muy faciles de comprender? (to understand).

14. Si, Senor, V. tiene razon[27] (you are right).

15. Entonces, debemos (we must) continuar la leccion.

16. Muy bien.

17. Debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos.

[27] Lit. "you have reason."

EXERCISE 2 (6).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Do you study German?

2. We study French and Italian, but my cousin studies English.

3. Does he understand English?

4. He understands English perfectly (perfectamente), but he speaks Spanish badly.

5. Does your sister speak Italian?

6. No, she speaks only English.

7. What does the Englishman buy?

8. He buys a horse from the (al)[28] Frenchman.

9. My cousin sold (past. def.) his horse to Peter (Pedro).

10. John looks for his book and his paper.

11. The copy book is (esta) on the table.

12. Henry (Enrique) must (debe) copy some letters.

13. Who copies the letters here?

14. Peter copies them (las copia).[29]

15. Has Henry much paper?

16. Yes, he has much paper but little ink.

17. The roses and violets are in the flower-stand.

18. The merchant has received (recibido) four bales of silk handkerchiefs (panuelo) and three cases of prints and muslins.

[Footnote 28: "To buy from" is translated by "Comprar a."]

[Footnote 29: The object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative mood.]

LESSON IV. (Leccion cuarta.)

THE ADJECTIVE.

The Adjective in Spanish agrees with the noun it qualifies, in gender and number, as—

El periodico italiano: The Italian newspaper. La prensa americana: The American press.

It generally follows the nouns as in the above examples, although exceptions will be found, e.g., when the adjective recalls to our mind a quality which is already known to belong to it, it generally precedes the noun, as—

He visto sus hermosas flores: I have seen his beautiful flowers.[30] Adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns.

[Footnote 30: His flowers are known (or supposed) to be beautiful, before we say it.]

=Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives=.

Adjectives ending in O change O into =A=, as—

El sombrero blanco: The white hat. La casaca blanca: The white coat.

Adjectives of NATIONALITY which end in a consonant add =A= to form the feminine, as—

El sastre frances: The French tailor. La modista francesa: The French milliner.

Adjectives ending in N add =A= for the feminine, as—

Un hombre socarron: A sly or cunning man. Una sonrisa socarrona: A cunning smile.

EXCEPT Joven (young), Comun (common), and Ruin (base, sordid), which do not change for the feminine.

Adjectives ending in or add =A= to form the feminine, as—

Un comerciante emprendedor: An enterprising merchant. Una casa emprendedora: An enterprising firm.

EXCEPT =Comparative= adjectives ending in or, as Mejor (better), Peor (worse), which do not change for the feminine.

There are a very few adjectives ending in ete and ote. These change into =eta= and =ota= for the feminine.

Other adjectives do not change.

[Footnote 31: =Ser= is used—

(1) To form the Passive voice as, Le amo (I love him), Soy amado de el (I am loved by him).

(2) To denote an inherent quality, viz., forming part and parcel with the subject, as Este hombre es habil (this man is clever).]

[Footnote 32: Estar is used—

(1) To denote state in locality, viz., to be in a place, as Estoy aqui (I am here), Manchester esta en Inglaterra (Manchester is in England)

(2) To denote condition (as opposed to an inherent quality), as Este hombre esta cansado (this man is tired).]

VOCABULARY.

=activo=, active =ahora=, now =un ano=, a year =aquel, ese= (m.), that =aquella, esa= (f.), that =bayeta=, baize =celebre=, celebrated =cima=, top =criados=, men-servants =criadas=, maid-servants =el dia=, the day =ejercito=, army =encuadernado=, bound, (of books) =escritorio=, writing-desk =los fosforos=, the matches =Gales=, Wales =juventud=, youth, young age. =el lacre=, the sealing-wax =lectura=, reading =limpiar=, to clean =limpio=, clean =mayormente=, especially =medico=, doctor =el monte=, the mountain =la nieve=, the snow =por tanto=, therefore =puerta=, door =siempre=, always =sincero=, sincere =soldado=, soldier =terciopelo=, velvet =vela=, candle =ventana=, window

EXERCISE 1 (7).

Translate into English—

1. Pedro es medico.[33] El es buen medico.

2. Era un celebre medico de la ciudad de Paris.

3. Juan esta[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo.

4. La lectura es util[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud.

5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V.

6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y esta muy bien encuadernado.[34]

7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35]

8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejercito ingles por cinco (five) anos.

9. El Monte Snowdon esta[36] en Gales.

10. La ciudad del Cairo esta[36] en Egipto.

11. Las cimas de algunos montes estan[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre de nieve.

12. ?Siempre?

13. Si, siempre.

14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los dias (every day) por los dependientes o por las criadas.

15. Estos tinteros estan limpios ahora y siempre.

16. Aquella ventana esta rota (broken).

17. Mi hermano esta escribiendo.

18. Es necesario.

[Footnote 33: Quality.]

[Footnote 34: A condition.]

[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).]

[Footnote 36: State in locality.]

[Footnote 37: A condition.]

EXERCISE 2 (8).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Who is a good clerk?

2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (de trabajar).[38]

3. The windows and doors are clean.

4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants.

5. He is speaking to his French friend.

6. He is writing a letter to his mother.

7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs.

8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize?

9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslin and prints.

10. Who bought them? (las compro).

11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation, and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration.

12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches?

13. Here they are on the writing-desk.

14. Does the clerk understand German?

15. Yes, very well.

16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real).

[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.]

LESSON V. (Leccion quinta.)

THE ADJECTIVE (Contd.).

=COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES=.

The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea of comparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich).

EXAMPLES—

Mi tio es mas pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother. Su mujer es menos rica que el: His wife is less rich than he. Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you. No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin.

Superlative Absolute.

EXAMPLES—

Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short.

Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =isimo= instead of using muy. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elided before adding isimo.

[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.]

EXAMPLES—

Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe. Estas frutas son madurisimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed. Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich. Aquellos son riquisimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed.

Before adding isimo, adjectives ending in

ble change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilisimo. co " " =qu=, as Rico, riquisimo. go " " =gu=, as Largo, larguisimo.

Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in ble, adjectives ending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy= and not add isimo for the Superlative Absolute.

Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees, there are the following irregular forms—

Mejor (better). Optimo (very good or best). Peor (worse). Pesimo (very bad or worst). Mayor (larger). Maximo (very large or largest). Menor (smaller). Minimo (very small or smallest). Superior (higher). Supremo (very high or highest). Inferior (lower). Infimo (very low or lowest).

[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the Conditional Mood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitive the terminations: e, as, a, emos, eis, an for the future; and ia, ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian for the conditional mood.]

VOCABULARY.

=alguno,-a=,[41] some or any (s.) =algunos,-as=,[42] some or any (pl.) =amarillo=, yellow =barba, barbas=, beard =barbilla, barba=, chin =blanco=, white =boca=, mouth =cabello=, hair =cabeza=, head =cafe, castano=, brown, (dyed) =cepillo=, brush =cualquiera= (s.),[43] any (affirmative) =cualesquiera= (pl.) any (affirmative) =dientes=, teeth =dinero=, money =encarnado=, red =escoba=, broom =estampar=, to print (calico) =la frente=, the forehead =lengua=, tongue =malo=,[44] bad, wicked =manteca=, butter =moreno=, brown, (natural colour) =(la) nariz=, nose =necesitar=, to want, to need, to be in want of. =ninguno,-a= (s.) any (after a negative) =ningunos,-as= (pl.) any (after a negative) =el ojo=, the eye. =padres=,[45] parents =percal=, calico =queremos=, we want *=querer=, to want, to wish to have =ellos quieren=, they want =yo quiero=, I want =V. quiere=, you want =regla=, ruler =si=, if =la tez=, complexion =un poco de=,[46] a little, some, or any =verde=, green

[Footnote 41: Before a masculine noun "Alguno" and "Ninguno" drop the o, as Algun dinero (some money). The feminine "Alguna" and "Ninguna" never changes.]

[Footnote 42: Also unos, unas.]

[Footnote 43: "Cualquiera" generally drops the a before a noun, as Cualquier libro (any book).]

[Footnote 44: Before a masculine noun it drops the o, as Un mal muchacho (a bad boy). The feminine is always "mala."]

[Footnote 45: The masculine plural includes the plural of both genders, as Los padres (the parents, father and mother), Los hermanos (the brothers or the brother(s) and sister(s).)]

[Footnote 46: Used for both genders, as Un poco de vino (a little wine), Un poco de cerveza (a little beer).]

EXERCISE 1 (9).

Translate into English—

1. Los percales estampados y los blancos estan todos prontos para el vapor (steamer) que partira manana.

2. Necesitamos bayeta verde, amarilla y encarnada.

3. Aqui tenemos una buena partida (lot) de zarazas cafe.

4. Hemos hablado a una Senora de tez morena, cabeza hermosa y ojos inteligentes.

5. La frente, la boca, y la nariz forman parte de la cara (face).

6. La barba o barbilla es el remate (end) de la cara.

7. Tambien se llama barba o barbas el pelo (hair) que crece (grows) en ella (on it) a los hombres.

8. Tengo un poco de dinero y algunos libros.

9. Tenemos algunas cajas de panuelos.

10. El mal muchacho no tiene ninguna gana (inclination, desire) de estudiar.

11. Ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos (children).

12. Si tiene V. algun azucar (sugar) yo lo comprare.

13. ?Quiere su hermano (de V.) vender algunos libros?

14. No, no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros.

15. Mi cunado no necesita comprar libros; tiene muchisimos, algunos viejos (old), otros nuevos (new), y tres o cuatro (three or four) novisimos,[47] uno de ellos (of them) es bonisimo.[47]

16. Cualquier libro es util.

[Footnote 47: Adjectives containing ie or ue change them into e and o before adding isimo, as Nuevo, novisimo; cierto, certisimo.]

EXERCISE 2 (10).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I have some money.

2. What goods do you want (wish to have)?

3. I want some brown prints and some red calico.

4. I have no (not any) red calico, but I must buy some (debo comprar).[48]

5. Do you want to sell me any? (venderme).

6. There are (hay) many inkstands in this shop (tienda); do you want any? (quiere V. alguno? or algunos?).

7. Yes, I want some (alguno or algunos).

8. Have you any[49] bread (pan)?

9. Yes, I have some bread and cheese (tengo pan y queso).

10. Any book will be useful.

11. The teeth and the tongue are inside (dentro de) the mouth.

12. The teeth want great attention.

13. Yes, they must always be clean.

14. We want to study Spanish because it is (es) very necessary in commerce (en el comercio).

15. If you study with attention you will soon (pronto) speak and write Spanish very well.

16. John speaks French very badly but he is studying it (lo esta estudiando) with much attention.

17. Do you understand this lesson?

18. Yes, I understand this lesson well; it is not very difficult.

19. No lesson is difficult if we study with care (con cuidado).

[Footnote 48: "Some" and "any," following a verb and referring to a singular noun previously mentioned, are not to be translated.]

[Footnote 49: "Some" and "any" are generally not translated when they are not used in a partitive sense, i.e., with an idea of a limited quantity.]

LESSON VI. (Leccion sexta.)

CARDINAL NUMBERS.

Uno,[50] una 1 Cuarenta 40 Dos 2 Cuarenta y uno or Cuarentiuno 41 Tres 3 etc. etc. Cuatro 4 Cincuenta 50 Cinco 5 Sesenta 60 Seis 6 Setenta 70 Siete 7 Ochenta 80 Ocho 8 Noventa 90 Nueve 9 Ciento[52] 100 Diez 10 Ciento y uno or Cientiuno 101 Once 11 Ciento y dos or Cientidos, 102 Doce 12 etc. etc. Trece 13 Ciento diez 110 Catorce 14 Doscientos,-as 200 Quince 15 Trescientos,-as 300 Diez y seis or Dieciseis 16 Cuatrocientos,-as 400 Diez y siete or Diecisiete 17 Quinientos,-as 500 Diez y ocho or Dieciocho 18 Seiscientos,-as 600 Diez y nueve or Diecinueve 19 Setecientos,-as 700 Veinte 20 Ochocientos,-as 800 Veinte y uno or Veintiuno[51] 21 Novecientos,-as 900 Veinte y dos or Veintidos, 22 Mil 1,000 etc. etc. Dos mil, etc. 2,000 Treinta 30 Cien[53] mil 100,000 Treinta y uno or Treintiuno, 31 Cien mil y uno 100,001 etc. etc. Cien mil y diez 100,010 Un millon 1,000,000

[Footnote 50: When immediately preceding a noun, "uno" becomes "un"]

[Footnote 51: "Ciento" becomes "cien." ("Cien" is found instead of "ciento," even standing alone.)]

[Footnote 52: The duplicate forms are common to all the tens.]

[Footnote 53: "Ciento" drops the to also before "mil"; and of course before "millon" (a noun).]

The conjunction "and" is always used between tens and units, as—

Veinte y una or veintiuna manzanas (21 apples).

But it is generally omitted between hundreds and tens, as—

Doscientas treinta peras (230 pears).

"Ciento" and "mil" are not preceded by "uno" except in 101,000, 201,000, etc., to avoid ambiguity, as—

Doscientos mil soldados (200,000 soldiers). Doscientas y un mil millas (201,000 miles).

"One million inhabitants" is translated by Un millon de habitantes. (Note.—The de cannot be omitted.)

In the case of more than one million the word "millon" must be plural—millones, as—

Cien millones de hombres (one hundred million men).

As will have been observed, besides "uno," "doscientos," "trescientos," etc., change the os into =as= for the feminine.

[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and "Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the e after the root Hab being dropped, and after the root Ten being changed to d.]

[Footnote 55: For reference only— Ser (and not Estar) must be used:

(1) Before nouns; (3) When denoting possession; (2) When used impersonally; (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico, Pobre.]

VOCABULARY.

=acabar de=,[56] to have just =almacen=, warehouse =aprender=, to learn =ayudar=, to help =banar=, to wet, to bathe, to water =bicicleta=, bicycle =certisimo=, most certain =discipulo=, pupil =disfrutar=, to enjoy =el es, ella es=,[57] it is =ello= (neuter),[57] it =este= (m.), =esta= (f.), this =esto= (neuter),[58] this =estos= (m.), =estas= (f.), these =la fecha=, the date =la gente=, the people =hermosamente=, beautifully =importancia=, importance =La India=, India =libre=, free =maestro=, master, teacher =la mayor parte=, most, the majority =el mes=, the month =mismo=, same =novisimo=, brand new =otro=, other, another =el Sena=,[59] River Seine =el Tajo=, River Tagus =el Tamesis=, River Thames =tambien=, also, too =tienda=, shop =ventaja=, advantage

[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de escribir (to have just written).]

[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It is useful" (El, ella, or ello) es util.]

[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto or ello es justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.]

[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "rio" (river) is understood.]

EXERCISE 1 (11).

Translate into English—

1. La India es una posesion inglesa de grande importancia.

2. El Sena es un rio de Francia[60] y el Tamesis es un rio de Inglaterra.

3. Toledo, ciudad interesantisima de Espana banada por el Tajo.

4. La mayor parte de estos Espanoles comen en esta fonda.

5. Este ano las tiendas estan hermosamente decoradas.

6. Es certisimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan de grandes ventajas.

7. ?De quien es esta regla? Es mia.

8. ?En que fecha escribio V. la carta?

9. La escribi (I wrote it) ayer.

10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novisima.

11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello.

12. La criada compro esta manana una escoba.

13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos gastar dinero.

14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it).

15. ?Es bueno este vino?

16. Es muy bueno y tambien no es caro.

[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Peru, El Japon (Japan).]

EXERCISE 2 (12).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages.

2. Yes, because England is a free country.

3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries.

4. Does the teacher help his pupils?

5. He does (Si, Senor), but the pupils must study and learn their lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61]

6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy.

7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el ano pasado)?

8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer.

9. Little and good is better than much and bad.

10. John is a partner in that firm (casa).

11. It is necessary to work.

12. This is George's beautiful garden.

13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets and other plants (plantas).

14. Who is here?

15. Charles and Henry are here.

[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add mente as you add "ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add mente to the feminine form, as rico (m.), rica (f.)—ricamente (richly).]

[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.]

LESSON VII. (Leccion septima.)

ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS.

[Footnote 63: Ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany or for which they stand. Final o changes into a for the feminine, and the plural is formed by adding s.]

"Primero," "tercero," and "Postrero" drop the =O= before a masculine noun singular,[64] as—

El primer pedido: The first order. El tercer lote: The third lot. El postrer envio: The last shipment.

But—

La primera entrega (fem.): The first delivery.

[Footnote 64: Eight words in all present this peculiarity, viz., uno, alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primero, tercero, postrero (these last two not always).]

After "vigesimo" ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal numbers, as—

La pagina veintidos: Page 22nd.

Dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal, as—

Madrid, 20 (de) Agosto (de) 1911: Madrid, 20th of August, 1911.

EXCEPTION: El primero, as—

El 1 deg. (primero) de Septiembre (1st September).

Numbers following names of kings, etc., are ordinal up to the tenth; then generally cardinal, as—

Felipe II. (segundo): Philip II. Alfonso XIII. (trece): Alphonso XIII.

Fractional numbers up to 1/10th are the same as ordinal numbers, except—

(Un) medio: one half. Un tercio (not tercero): one-third.

From 1/11th upwards, fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding to them the termination =avo=, as—

Un dieciseisavo[65]: 1/16.

Un need not be used before the fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, preceded by an integer, as—

Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter. Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third. La mitad: The half. La tercera parte: The 3rd part. La cuarta parte: The 4th part. La duodecima parte: The 12th part.

[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as veinte—un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in ce the c is changed into z as, doce—un dozavo (1/12th).]

Collective Numbers.

Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66] Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66] Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66] Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66] Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66]

[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de libros: (about 30 books).]

[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain the ruling vowels throughout the tense.

N.B.—The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely contingent.]

VOCABULARY.

=actual=, present =al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail =arroz=, rice =articulo=, article =asociacion de obreros=, trade union =blanquear=, to bleach =ya caigo=, I understand, I see =colocar=, to place =*conseguir=, to get =consignacion=, consignment =contenido=, contents =decadencia=, decadence =delegado=, delegate =demasiado=, too, too much =dificil=, difficult =driles labrados=, figured drills =driles lisos=, plain drills =entrar a reinar=, to begin to reign =escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select =extrano=, strange, queer, funny =el germen=, the germ =grueso=, thick, stout =hallar=, to find =ilustrado=, enlightened =incluyendo=, enclosing =limitar=, to limit =mientrastanto=, meanwhile =*obtener=, to get =peso=, weight =poder=, power =podriamos=, we should be able to, might, could =proximo=, next =rebaja=, abatement =rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate =reduccion=, abatement, reduction =reunion=, meeting =*salir=, to come, to go, out =*salir en=, to come to =solo= (adj.), alone =solo, solamente= (adv.), only =sujeto a=, subject to =sumar=, to add =tocino=, bacon =tomar=, to take =varios=, several =verificarse=, to take place[68] =*verse obligado a=, to be compelled to[69]

[Footnote 68: Lit.: to verify itself.]

[Footnote 69: Lit.: to see oneself obliged.]

EXERCISE 1 (13).

Translate into English—

1. ?Cual envio han recibido Vs.?

2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha llegado todavia.

3. El postrer hombre a entrar en la reunion fue el delegado de la asociacion de obreros.

4. ?(A) cuanto por libra cuesta este tocino?

5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor podriamos darlo a cinco y tercio o talvez un poquito menos, digamos (say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos.

6. ?Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos?

7. Si, Senor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos.

8. iQue fraccion tan extrana!

9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] solo por ejemplo.

10. iAh, ya caigo!

11. Felipe II entro a reinar en 1556. Ningun soberano (sovereign) de Europa podia competir en poder y en Estados con el, pero ya desde ese tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los germenes de la decadencia que se verifico despues.

12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de Espana es un monarca ilustrado y constitucional.

13. La nueva Espana espera mucho de el.

14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compania efectua (effects) sus pagos.

15. Hoy estamos a (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911.

[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is reflexive or passive: se da, it gives itself or it is given; se observan, they observe themselves or are observed.]

EXERCISE 2 (14).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I shall be compelled (me vere obligado a) to abandon this undertaking. It is too difficult.

2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido), 2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at 2-29/32d. but (solo) a few days ago (hace algunos dias).

3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures quoted it will be necessary to abate the price.

4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per cent.

5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71] the matter in abeyance (en suspenso).

6. He has chosen several designs (disenos, dibujos) for his lot of prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (estan equivocados).

7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their declarations.

8. He ordered the wrong article (un … por otro).

9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto) article.

10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al reves).

11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente), enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p deg., p deg..) and have taken note of its contents.

12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que Vs. necesitan).

[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the 2nd Person.]

LESSON VIII. (Leccion octava.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns.[72]

[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names— Nominative case for the Subject pronouns Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns]

Instead of "Tu" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person).

N.B.—These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or where no ambiguity is possible, as—

(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths. (El) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs the letters. (Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor.

But—

Yo he comprado la partida de ferreteria y quincalla y no V.: I have bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not you.

=Object Pronouns=.

These are divided into two classes—1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a preposition—

Mi (me) Nosotros-as (us) Ti (thee) Vosotros-as (you) El (him, it, m.) Ellos-as (them) Ella (her, it, f.) Ello (neuter) (it, referring to a whole statement) V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.)

EXAMPLES—

Ellos hablan de mi: They speak of me. Nosotros trabajamos para el: We work for him. Ella confia en ti, en V.: She trusts thee, you. V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them.

2. =Conjunctive=, viz., direct or indirect object of verb (without a preposition).

El me[73] ama (he loves me) El nos ama (he loves us) El te ama (he loves thee) El os ama (he loves you) El lo or le ama (he loves El los ama (he loves them, him, it, m.) m.) El la ama (he loves her, El las ama (he loves them, or it, f.) f.)

[Footnote 73: N.B.—In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers. differs.]

EXAMPLES of Indirect Object—

El me da he gives me (to me) El te da he gives thee (to thee) El le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it) El nos da he gives us (to us) El os da he gives you (to you) El les da he gives them (to them, m. and f.)

The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =a=, as—

a mi me or to me direct and indirect object a ti thee or to thee " " " " a el him or to him, " " " " it (m.) or " " " " to it (m.) " " " " a ella her or to her, " " " " it (f.) or " " " " to it (f.) " " " " a nosotros-as us or to us " " " " a vosotros-as you or to you " " " " a ellos them or " " " " to them (m.) " " " " a ellas them or " " " " to them (f.) " " " "

We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect object of verb—one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive.

The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use.

The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as—

El me ama a mi: He loves me.

El nos vende a nosotros generos estampados y a V. generos de fantasia: He sells to us printed cloth and to you fancies.

Yo le quiero ver a el y no a ella: I wish to see him and not her.

Dele V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella. Give him the money and her the books.

De V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella. Give him the money and her the books.

[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagaran mas que a mi" (they will pay him more than me), "me pagaran" is understood after que.]

VOCABULARY.

=acero=, steel =antes=, before—in point of time =asunto= (not =sujeto=), the subject-matter =Bolsa=, the Exchange =calcular=, to calculate =celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place =compania anonima=, limited company =*concebir=, to conceive =conjuncion=, conjunction =desfavorable=, unfavourable =donde=, where =emision=, issue, of loans, etc. =emplearse=, to be employed, to be used =espalda=, shoulder (back) =explicar= to explain =explanar= to explain =falta de aceptacion=, non-acceptance =falta de pago=, non-payment =la frase=, the phrase, sentence =ganancias y perdidas=, profits and losses =el gerente=, the manager =*gobernar=, to govern =*haber=, there to be[75] =hay=, there is[75] =hay=, there are =el hecho=, the fact =la ley=, the law =llamar=, to call =mas adelante=, later on =la mente=, the mind =los negocios=, the business =Pascua=, Easter =posicion=, position =proyecto=, scheme, plan =pues, entonces=, then =regresar=, to come or go back =*saber=, to know =la semana pasada=, last week =sirvase V=., please =tenga la bondad de=, please =tratar=, to try =*valer=, to be worth =valor=, courage =*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back

[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" in the Pres. Indicative.]

EXERCISE 1 (15).

Translate into English—

1. ?Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?

2. No, Senor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).

3. ?Donde lo empleamos pues?

4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.

5. ?Y como sabemos que despues de estos se debe emplear el verbo (must be used) en subjuntivo?

6. Porque entonces la accion del verbo es representada[76] solo como concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.

7. ?Nos explicara V. esta regla otra vez mas adelante?

8. Si. No hago mas que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.

9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios principian a sufrir.

10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.

11. ?Cuando regresara el gerente del Banco?

12. Estara de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.

13. Debe asistir a (attend) la reunion de Directores que se celebrara en Londres a primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).

14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) animacion.

15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the grain).

16. ?Como han salido Vs. de aquella especulacion en las minas de cobre (copper mines)?

17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relacion semestral (half-yearly report) de la compania hace constar (shows) una situacion muy desfavorable y no habra dividendo este ano.

18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el ano proximo.

19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).

[Footnote 76: Or se representa.]

EXERCISE 2 (16).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.

2. They calculated their profits and losses.

3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.

4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producira) any bad impression.

5. He called him to his house.

6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir …).

7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.

8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).

9. I shall call at (pasare por) the exchange.

10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).

11. The "Shannon" will call at (hara escala en) Cadiz.

12. They will make a call (pediran una cuota) of L1 per share.

13. This steel is worth much less than that.

14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.

15. This limited company is worth (posee) L50,000.

16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).

17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for non-payment.

18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets of the world (mundo).

19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).

20. Kindly take due note (debida or buena nota) of our signature at foot (firma al pie).

21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en vano).

22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.

[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.

LESSON IX. (Leccion novena.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (contd.).

Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the sentence as they do in English.

Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as—

El los compro: He bought them.

Yo le mostrare a V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my ledger and journal or day-book.

Mi cajero les pagara lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe you.

Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book.

Me cedio los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock of securities and bills.

El corredor le vio en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at the steamship agent's.

EXCEPTIONS—

1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a long one, the Conjunctive pronoun may follow the verb, except when this is in the Subjunctive Mood, as—

Bonificole esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his customer.

N.B.—Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left understood.

2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun must follow, and is joined to the verb to form one word: as—

Lo mejor con estos generos es venderlos en subasta: The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction.

Abandonandole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto: By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter.

Refieralos V. a los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners.

Hagannos Vs. esta bonificacion: Make us this allowance.

Carguenos en cuenta este renglon: Debit this line to our account.

Abonenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims.

[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by the Present Subjunctive, as—

Hablale tu: Speak to him. No le hables tu: Do not speak to him.]

If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun standing as direct object,[79] as—

Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us.

If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is changed into =Se=, as—

Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him. V. se lo mando (a ella)[80]: You sent it to her. Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (a ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice. Yo se lo digo (a V.)[80]: I tell it to you.

[Footnote 79: Combinations of me and te are very rare, and then te precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive form, for the indirect object, as—

El te da a mi: He gives thee to me. El me da a ti: He gives me to thee.]

[Footnote 80: A el, a ella, a V., etc., may be added for clearness, when otherwise ambiguity might occur.]

VOCABULARY.

=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) =arancel=, custom-house tariff =aviso=, advice, notice =confianza=, trust, confidence =constantemente=, constantly =conveniente=, convenient, suitable =correo=, post, post office =*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave =*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal =de moda=, fashionable =devolver=, to give or send back =efectuar=, to effect =favorable=, favourable =fijar=, to fix =holgazan, haragan=, lazy =honrar=, to honour =indicar=, to indicate, to point out =largo=, long =noticia, noticias=, news =*poner en condiciones=, to enable =por=, or =de, su cuenta=, on his account =el sobre=, the envelope =tomar nota=, to take note, to notice =venta=, sale

EXERCISE 1 (17).

Translate into English—

1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca.

2. Son generos de moda, los vende muy bien.

3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente.

4. Me escribe que te envia los sobres.

5. Le indica el medio mas conveniente.

6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza.

7. Os fija sus limites.

8. Les da su cotizacion.

9. Creernos.

10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates).

11. Venderles a credito.

12. Dandonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de servirle a toda su satisfaccion (his entire satisfaction).

13. Digannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad.

14. El me lo escribio.

15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos.

16. El nos lo explico.

17. Yo os lo enviare.

18. Se lo escribiremos a el.

19. Se lo explicaremos a ella.

20. Compraron los generos y se los vendieron a ellos.

21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron a ellas.

22. ?Me lo dice V. (do you say) a mi?

23. Si, Senor, se lo digo a V. mismo (I say it to you yourself)

24. Yo mismo lo mande.

25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito.

26. Nosotros mismos no podriamos (could not) hacerlo mejor.

27. El me lo dio (gave) a mi, y yo se lo entregue a el.

28. Su socio es mejor que el, y el es mejor que ella.

EXERCISE 2 (18).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Did you see (vio V.) the new Custom House tariff?

2. Yes, I saw (vi) it.

3. It is more favourable to us than the old.

4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal).

5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has read it (despues que lo haya leido).

6. Did you give (dio V.) it (m.) to me or to him?

7. I gave (di) it to you, not to him.

8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga).

9. He took it with him, and we took it with us.

10. I shall take it (f.) with me.[81]

11. Take it with thee.[81]

12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day.

13. Writing it to-day you are in time (a tiempo) for the post.

14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me.

15. We have taken notice of it.

16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter.

17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his account.

18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our market to-day.

19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy.

20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice (debe habersele pasado por alto).

21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso).

22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario).

[Footnote 81: See next note.]

LESSON X. (Leccion decima.)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same.

They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as—

Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form.

myself me mi thyself te ti

EXCEPTION— 3rd person for both genders & numbers: se si

EXAMPLES—

El se ama: He loves himself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Maria habla siempre de si[82]: Mary is always talking about herself.

Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy ourselves at the same time as we do business.

Ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambien: They respect themselves and others too.

Mismo-a,-os,-as, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis, as—

Maria habla siempre de si misma: Mary always speaks of herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si: She attributes the fault to herself. (more emphatic).

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma: She attributes the fault to herself (still more emphatic).

[Footnote 82: After con (with) si becomes Sigo; same change with mi and ti: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.]

The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be used to form the passive voice, as—

Se ha cerrado el almacen: The warehouse has been closed.

Se han encaminado las reclamaciones a la Compania de Seguros[83]: The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company.

[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.]

=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the English "one," "people," "they" (indefinite), as the French "on" and the German "man," as—-

Se dice que habra un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, or it is said, that there will be a rise in the market.

Se cree que no habra Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think, or it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England.

En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one enjoys the fruits of active youth or The fruits of active youth are enjoyed in old age.

[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the pronoun.]

[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).]

As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by "se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical examples, as—

Los generos se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (not han) plegado como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded them as Irish Linens.

A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object, always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as—-

Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself. Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves. Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me). Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them. Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him. Vosotros os les empenasteis en L1,000: You pledged yourselves to them for L1,000.

[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the termination ron of the 3rd pers. pl. into se, ses, se, semos, seis sen, in all the three conjugations.]

VOCABULARY.

=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present =a menudo=, often =acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself =admitir=, to acknowledge =aparecer=, to appear =aplicarse=, to apply oneself =ayuda=, help =boletin=, form, slip, price list =caucho seco=, dry rubber =cebada y avena=, barley and oats =cifras=, figures =la compra=, the purchase =*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on =la costumbre=, custom =cualquiera=, any (affirm.) =cuidadosamente=, carefully =declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dirigirse=, to address oneself =escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another =escuchar=, to listen to =exacto=, exact, accurate =firmeza=, firmness =industria azucarera=, sugar industry =los informes=, information =lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself =llamarse=, to be called =el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc. =*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery) =operadores=, dealers (on 'Change) =partida=, lot (of goods) =perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery) =*reconocer=, to acknowledge =recursos=, means = respetar=, to respect =seccion=, section =tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself =tejidos=, textiles, cloths =ultimamente=, lately =unicamente=, solely, only

EXERCISE 1 (19).

Translate into English—

1. Nos dirigimos a Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre aparece en el boletin adjunto.

2. Se aplicaron a la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos resultados.

3. Me he acostumbrado a este trabajo.

4. Te has dedicado al comercio.

5. Tiene mucha opinion de si (mismo).

6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo unicamente.

7. Se debe pensar a si y tambien a los otros.

8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones."

9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en frances.

10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecanicas (these lathes and sawing machines) se mueven por motor electrico.

11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho ultimamente.

12. ?Se envian las maquinas en secciones?

13. Si, Senor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje.

14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena, ?piensa V. que influiran en los precios?

15. Asi se cree.

16. Entonces resultara (or resultara pues) alguna ventaja para los consumidores (consumers).

17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) a tiempo, pues (because) carecia de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so).

[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.]

EXERCISE 2 (20).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustaran) my purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present.

2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to their advice (consejo).

3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business.

4. He found himself a loser (a perder).

5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in bankruptcy).

6. They wrote to each other often.

7. He respects himself.

8. He himself respects old customs.

9. We acknowledge we are wrong.

10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de).

11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help you may render (preste) to our friend.

12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures.

13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber.

14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was little doing (poco se hizo).

15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in the securities.

16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were maintained (se mantuvieron).

LESSON XI. (Leccion decima primera.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

A Possessive Adjective accompanies a noun; a Possessive pronoun stands for a noun.

The =Possessive Adjectives= are—

EXAMPLES—

Mi embarque: My shipment. Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement. Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity. Tu beneficio: Thy benefit. Sus fondos: His funds, capital.

De el, de ella, de ellos, de V., etc., may be added for the sake of clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88]

In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su … de el," "su … de V.," etc., we may say "el … de el," "el … de V.," etc.

[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in itself—your grace).]

The =Possessive Pronouns= are—

El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias (mine). El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine). El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours, polite). El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours). El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours familiar).

The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted.

EXAMPLES—

Su casa es mas importante que la mia: His firm is more important than mine.

V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mio: You have finished your work, but I have not started mine.

Estos titulos y acciones son mios: These bonds and shares are mine (viz., belong to me).[89]

[Footnote 89: If the intention is only to distinguish between one object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, aquellas son las de V. (these are my shares, those are yours).]

=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, following the noun, as—

Quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo: I want my portmanteau, not your friend's.

"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo de los mios," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mio," "un cliente suyo," without the preposition de.

The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes "property in general," as—

Lo mio (mine—that which is mine). Lo nuestro (ours—that which belongs to us). Lo suyo or lo propio (one's own property). Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)).

In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mio," etc., as—

Amigo mio: My friend. Muy Senor mio (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).

But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mio" are used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).

[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be used instead of the Conditional Mood.]

[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after si (if), by the Present Indicative.]

VOCABULARY.

=*atenerse a= to adhere to =*adherir a= to adhere to =ajustar=, to adjust =apresurarse a=, to hasten to. =asegurar=, to secure =averia=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) =buque=, ship =buque de vapor=, steamer =buque de vela=, sailing vessel =cabida=, room, space =codiciar=, to covet =deber=, to owe, must =debido a=, owing to =direccion=, address =encaminar=, to forward =hierro=, iron =mensual=, monthly =mercado de granos=, grain market =muestra=, sample =peticion=, request =pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details =por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore =proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate =puerto=, port =relacion=, report =representante=, representative =resto, restante=, remainder =resultado=, result =riesgo=, risk (=a= or =por) saldo=, (in) settlement =satisfecho=, satisfied =siguiente=, following =someter=, to submit =(la) sucursal=, branch house =surtido=, assortment, selection =vigas=, beams

EXERCISE 1 (21).

Translate into English—

1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de pocos dias hare un surtido.

2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.

3. Sirvase V. consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la (orden) del Sr. Fulano, como lo hacia V. antes.

4. Su casa y la mia estan ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulacion.

5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las (vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.

6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Neron" saldra (will leave) en breve (shortly).

7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.

8. Nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.

9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.

10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes.

11. A nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que la suya de el.

EXERCISE 2 (22).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our market.

2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated (consignado) the present position of our grain market.

3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.

4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission.

5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for L59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.

6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con or de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).

7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving (que saldra de) our port on the 10th prox.

[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: q.e.s.m. (que estrechan sus manos).]

LESSON XII. (Leccion decima segunda.)

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

A demonstrative adjective accompanies a noun and a demonstrative pronoun stands for a noun.

The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are—

[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but these and other forms are obsolete.]

The difference between Ese and Aquel is not strictly observed. However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," use ese for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."

The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the addition of—

Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and is used—

1. In reference to a whole sentence, as—

El mercado del algodon esta muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton market is very flat; this disconcerts me.

2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the thing is,[95] as—

?Que es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)

Este, ese, aquel, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; Este is also used for "the latter" and Aquel for "the former."[96]

Instead of ese, etc., aquel, etc., before que and de, the definite article is generally used, as—

El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday.

La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that we are sending to-day.

El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on wine.

Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief (employer).

Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which (what) I write is the honest truth.

[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically indiscriminately.]

[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]

[Footnote 96: Esto es—namely, that is …]

[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it is not] so.

A preposition may precede que, as—

?Que libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It is that in which we wrote yesterday.

?Que carta quiere V.? La a que me referi ayer: What letter do you want? That to which I referred yesterday.

?Que plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribia: What pens are these? They are those with which I wrote.

Esta translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."

Esa translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."

As—

El mercado en esta esta muy flojo: The market here is very slack.

Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el 15 del mes entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the 15th prox.

VOCABULARY.

=a ese respecto=, in that respect =acusar=, to accuse, to show =al menos=, at least =barca a motor= motor-boat =barca automovil= motor-boat =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] =condiciones=, terms =contra=, against =deprimir=, to depress =descarga=, discharge, the discharging =desgracia=, misfortune =dias de estadia=, lay days =dificultad=, difficulty =elevar=, to raise, to enhance =esta visto=, it is obvious =evitar=, to avoid =fletar=, to freight =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =mercado algodonero=, cotton market =mina de carbon=, colliery =*ofrecer=, to offer =oscilacion=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs =perturbar=, to disturb =sorprendente=, surprising =suma redonda=, lump sum =*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn

[Footnote 98: Neighbour, person living near: vecino.]

EXERCISE 1 (23).

Translate into English—

1. Debido a la ultima baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reduccion de diez por ciento en los precios de esos generos.

2. Esta visto que el gobierno de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa de elevar el credito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursatil (the money market).

3. Se ha repetido en esta la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada.

4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto a 82 y la Renta Italiana a 101, habiendo bajado mas tarde aquellos a 81 1/2 y esta a 100.

5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subio hasta (to) 103.

6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.

7. Esto es muy natural, aquello es sorprendente.

8. Yo le digo esto: lo hare.

9. Eso me conviene.

EXERCISE 2 (24).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.

2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.

3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursion de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volco).

4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of L1,000.

5. The working (la explotacion) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.

6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over (aqui) to make considerable purchases.

7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances.

8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is certain.

LESSON XIII. (Leccion decima tercera.)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Quien is used for persons only. El cual and que are used for persons and things.

EXAMPLES—

El agente a quien (or al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we have written.

?Son aquellas las partidas de azucares de las cuales me hablo V. ayer? Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?

Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember the people and things that you mentioned.

El buque cuya tripulacion ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

Que is used very often instead of quien and el cual. Que is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause (preceding), and Quien or El cual only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as—

?Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visito esta manana? Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?

He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man.

[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully.]

After ser and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by quien, as—

Es el (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to me.

After a preposition translate "whom" by quien (pl., quienes)[100], and "which" by el cual (la cual, etc.).

[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]

EXCEPTION—

After a, con, de, en, we can also translate "which" equally well by que, or el que, la que, los que, las que.[101]

[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions but rarely.]

"Which" relating to a whole sentence is lo cual or lo que (naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).

Instead of cuyo we may use de quien, del cual, de que, del que, as—

El buque, la tripulacion del cual, de que, or del que ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante al hijo de quien, or del cual hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

"He who" is translated by aquel que, el que,[102] also quien.

"She who" is translated by aquella que, la[102] que, also quien.

"Those who" is translated by aquellos que, los[102] que, also quienes.

[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]

=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as—

El hombre a quien, or que vi: The man I saw.

Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The man to whom I spoke" (El hombre a quien hable).

Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo a V. la casa de los Srs. Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (or de la cual, or de la que no hay otra mejor)".

VOCABULARY.

=amargo=, bitter =armador de buques=, shipowner =arreglar=, to arrange =el bien=, the good =buque, barco, navio=, boat =cauto=, cautious =*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with =deuda=, debt =doloroso=, painful =endosar=, to endorse =ensenar=, to teach, to show =esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait =estadisticas=, statistics =falta=, want, absence of =flojo=, slack =fundar=, to found =gratitud=, gratitude =*hacer mencion=, to mention =herida=, wound, sting =informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with =llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled =*negar=, to deny =periodico=, newspaper =premio=, reward, prize, premium =robar=, to rob, to steal =simpatico=, pleasant, winsome, taking =*tener empeno=, to be earnest, anxious about anything

EXERCISE 1 (25).

Translate into English—

1. El hombre que me hablo no es el a quien hemos escrito.

2. He aqui (here is) el libro que me enseno esta regla.

3. He escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra.

4. He comprado el periodico que contiene aquellas estadisticas.

5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (or el cual) parece hombre muy simpatico.

6. El corredor, quien (or el cual) tiene mucho empeno en concluir la transaccion, me vino a ver otra vez (again) esta manana.

7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado a la explotacion de las minas, es intangible (cannot be touched).

8. El hombre a quien (or al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.

9. El negociante de quien (or del cual) le hablaba es integerrimo (most upright).

10. El asunto a que me referia (or de que trataba).

11. La pluma con que escribia y con la cual (or con la que) puede escribir V.

12. La mina en que (or en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.

13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.

14. Los generos para los cuales se dio (was given) la orden.

15. ?Es el quien lo quiere y a cuyo hijo (or al hijo de quien) V. conoce?

EXERCISE 2 (26).

Translate into Spanish—

1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is obvious.

2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (subj.)) have not experienced how (cuan) painful is the sting of ingratitude.

3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their reward, then they will not be disappointed.

4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.

5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.

6. The little (pequena) house I paid for.

7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.

8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer.

9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) the want of their remittances.

10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.

11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a Scotchman.

12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido or un conocimiento).

LESSON XIV. (Leccion decima cuarta.)

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with an accent—

?Quien,-es? (who, whom?) ?Cual,-es? (which?) ?Que? (what?) ?Cuyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?) ?De quien,-es[103]? (whose?) ?Cuanto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)

[Footnote 103: "De quien" is more usual than "Cuyo" in interrogations.]

Cual when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. Quien, interrogative, is never an adjective.

EXAMPLES—

?Quien vino a verme? Who came to see me?

?Cual arreglo le gusta a V. mas? Which arrangement do you prefer?

?Cuyo es este lapiz? Whose is this pencil? or Whose ?Cuyo lapiz es este? pencil is this? ?De quien es este lapiz?

?De quien recibio V. la consignacion de madera? From whom did you receive the consignment of timber?

?A quienes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for information?

?Cuanto me cobrara V.? How much will you charge me?

Cual (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as—

?Cuales son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?

Que is used in exclamatory sentences—"what a", as—

iQue lastima! What a pity! iQue bonitos panos! What nice suitings![104]

[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "que" translates the English "how":—iQue bonito! how nice!]

An emphatic tan or mas may be inserted, thus—

iQue pano tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! iQue hombre mas rico! What a very rich man!

Cual is used in exclamatory clauses instead of como (how), as—

iCual le han reducido las desgracias! How (or to what a state) misfortunes have reduced him! iCual la vi! How (or in what a state) did I see her!

Cuanto is also used in exclamations, as—

iCuanto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your kindness!

Cual without article and without accent is used for "as," as—

Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.

Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still possess," are translated "Me escribio una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."

Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form).

Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense.

Imperative Mood. (This mood is used to command or beg.)

[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj.

The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the final r into d—no exception.

The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the 3rd pers. sing. of the Pres. Indicative, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).]

[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in modern Spanish, except in Heme, hete, hele, aqui, etc. (here I am, here thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.

N.B.—In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. negative being used instead, as—

=Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak). No hableis (do not (you) speak).]

VOCABULARY.

=*acordarse=, to remember =me acuerdo=, I remember =se acuerda=, he remembers =cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio =contestar a, responder a=, to answer =*decir=, to say =*devolver=, to return, give back =devuelto=, given back =devuelvo=, I return, give back =digo=, I say =dice=, he says =dije=, I said =dijo=, he said =disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased =flojedad=, slackness =*hacer escala=, to call at (steamers) =mucho me gusta=, I am very glad =negativa=, refusal =notas (billetes) de banco=, bank notes =*oir=, to hear =*perder=, to lose =perdiendo=, losing =*querer=, to want, to be willing to have =quiero=, I want, I am willing to have =quiere=, he wants, he is willing to have =responder=,[107] to answer =*seguir=, to continue =sorpresa=, surprise