Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

LESSON I. (continued 2)

Reading edition

[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"—otherwise regular.]

EXERCISE 1 (27).

Translate into English—

1. ?Quien respeta las leyes?

2. ?Cuales leyes?

3. Las de este pais. ?Que dice V.?

4. Lo que V. oye (you hear).

5. Estos panuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba.

6. Mucho me gusta saberlo.

7. iQue hermosas telas! iy baratas!

8. iCuanto pide V. por ellas?

9 ?Cuantos dividendos ha pagado esa Compania? Tres.

10. ?Cuantos dijo V. (did you say)?

11. Tres o cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente.

12. ?Cuya cartera es esta?

13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habra sabido, la perdio con L500 en notas de banco y le fue devuelta.

14. ?De quien es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado?

15. Es mio.

16. ?Que libro es este? Es el mio.

17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el amortizable.

18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general.

19. iCual lo hallamos!

20. iAbsolutamente desanimado! iQue lastima!

EXERCISE 2 (28).

Translate into Spanish—

1. What reduction can you make?

2. Twopence a yard.

3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)?

4. What orders did you give?

5. Whose goods are these?

6. What a surprise!

7. How much money did you receive?

8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed?

9. Did you answer all his letters?

10. If we bought (si comprasemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seriamos responsables).

11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your requirements (corresponderan a sus necesidades).

12. Mr. Perez seems annoyed by your refusal.

13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho or infinito) but it is not my fault.

14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances.

15. Has the steamer called at Malaga?

16. I believe she has (que si).

LESSON XV. (Leccion decima quinta.)

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

(Those marked with an asterisk are Pronouns only.)

Alguno, *alguien (pronounced alguien), (some, somebody, anybody) *Algo, alguna cosa (something, anything) *Uno-a,-os-as (one, a person, some, some persons) Uno a otro (one another, each other) Uno u otro (one or the other, either) Uno y otro, ambos, entrambos (both) Ni uno ni otro (neither the one nor the other) Ni uno (not a single one) Los otros, los demas (the others) Mismo (same, self) Cierto-a,-os-as (a certain, certain) Cada (each) *Cada uno, *cada cual (each, each one) Otro (other, another[108]) Todo (all, everything, every) Todos (everybody, all) Poco (little) Pocos (few) Unos pocos, unos cuantos (a few) Mucho-a,-os-as (much, many) Varios (several) Cualquiera (sing.), Cualesquiera (pl.), (any, whichever) *Quienquiera (sing.), quienesquiera (pl.), (any, whoever, whomever) *Cualquiera cosa (anything, whatever) Propio-a, os-as (own, self, same) Tal (sing.), tales (pl. such a, such) *Fulano, zutano, mengano (So-and-So) Cuanto (todo lo que), (all that which) Cuantos (todos los que), (all those who) Ninguno (no one, nobody, not any) *Nada (nothing), *nadie (no one, nobody) *Quien … quien, *cual … cual (some … some)

[Footnote 108: "Another" is "otro," not "un otro."]

Cada is an adjective only, as—

Cada huelga de obreros dana la industria nacional: Each workmen's strike injures national industry.

Alguien, algo, cada, nada, nadie are invariable, and the verb accompanying them is always singular, as—

Alguien hizo un error de pluma: Somebody made a slip of the pen.

Algo es mejor que el dinero, el honor: There is something better than money, honour.

?Hay algo peor que la ingratitud? Is there anything worse than ingratitude?

Nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible: Nothing is absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible.

Further difference in meaning between alguien and alguno—

Alguien refers to persons only, and cannot be followed by de. Alguno to persons or things, and may be followed by de,[109] as—

Alguien or Alguno se ha quejado: Somebody has complained.

Quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos: He wants oranges and peaches, and I have some.

Alguno de ellos lo hara: Someone amongst them will do it.

The English "any," "anything," are translated by alguno, alguna cosa (algo) when interrogative; ninguno, ninguna cosa (nada) when negative; and cualquiera, cualquiera cosa when affirmative, as—

?Quiere V. algun refresco o algo que comer? Do you want any refreshments[110] or anything to eat?

No quiero ningunos Holandillos: I do not want any Hollands.

Cualquier(a) muchacho de escuela echaria de ver que estas Batistas Victoria son mas ordinarias: Any schoolboy could see that these Victoria Lawns are of lower quality.

Alguno and Ninguno are left understood oftener than in English, as—

?Comprara V. (algunos) titulos de la nueva emision? Will you buy any stock of the new issue?

El no pide consejos: He does not ask any advice.

When nadie and ninguno, or any other =negative word=, as the adverb nunca (never), etc., precede a verb, no other negative is required; but when they =follow= it, =no= (not) must precede the verb, as: No he visto a nadie or a nadie he visto: I have seen nobody.

[Footnote 109: Same difference between nadie and ninguno.]

[Footnote 110: In Spanish the singular is found instead of the plural, as: ?Tiene V. algun libro que prestarme? (have you any books to lend me?).]

Verbs ending in car or gar change the c and g into =qu= and =gu= respectively before =e=, as—

[Footnote 111: The primary parts (except, of course, the Infinitive) will be omitted in future when they are regular. The derivative parts will also be omitted when they are regularly formed from their primary parts according to the rules given. See synopsis at the end of the book.]

VOCABULARY.

=agricola=, agricultural =amontonar=, to pile up =apertura=, opening =bajar=, to lower, to go or come down =bonito=, pretty =comarca=, region, district (of a country) =detenidamente=, at length =duplicar=, to double, to duplicate =exigua=, slight, trifling =fabricas de algodon=, cotton mills =generos alimenticios=, food stuffs =*hacer caso=, to take notice =hilador=, spinner =impuesto=, tax =(la) incertidumbre=, uncertainty =industria=, industry =legislatura=, parliamentary session =ligero=, light (adj.), slight, small =limitacion=, curtailment =(la) luz=, light (n.) =*mantener=, to hold up, to maintain =mejora=, improvement =ministerio=, ministry =obligaciones=, debentures =olvidar=, to forget =para que=, so that =patria=, country, fatherland =preferible=, preferable =*prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule =subir=, to go or come up =tejedor=, weaver =timbre=, stamp =tomar la delantera a=, to take the start on. =trigo=, wheat =varios=, several =vinicola=, wine (adj.)

EXERCISE 1 (29).

Translate into English—

1. Alguien pretende que se duplicara el impuesto del timbre sobre las acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos que protestaran energicamente.

2. Algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido politico se interesan de la cuestion pero ni uno de los periodicos locales echa luz sobre las intenciones del ministerio.

3. Los demas proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentaran (will be introduced) en esta misma legislatura, y cada uno se discutira detenidamente.

4. Se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala.

5. Cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se deberia hacer para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera.

6. Cualquiera echa de ver (can see) eso.

7. Cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interes de su patria deben olvidar sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinicola y agricola de esta comarca.

8. Cada casa tiene su sistema propio.

9. Yo no imito a Fulano, Zutano y Mengano, soy cauto y evito los riesgos.

10. Negocio papel extranjero, pero solo letras bancarias, o de firmas de primera clase y con dos endosos, nada mas.

EXERCISE 2 (30).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase.

2. Some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher American cable advices (las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde America).

3. Weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices.

4. Each week shows an improvement.

5. We hear the same reports (noticias) from all quarters (partes).

6. Neither of these machines will suit (conviene a) our requirements.

7. We accept these bills but refuse the others.

8. Anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the realisation of the scheme.

9. I did all I could (podia) so that nothing should be lost (no se perdiera nada).

10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do.

11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty.

12. I have not seen anything so pretty before.

13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton Mills.

14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so slight (exigua).

15. Foreign Bourses.—Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera) improvement was noticeable (se observo).

LESSON XVI. (Leccion decima sexta.)

THE VERB.

The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can be construed.

Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive.

The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar.

Haber is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities—

1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb hacer which is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time, as—

Dos anos ha (or ha dos anos) or hace dos anos la exportacion de los Caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing.

Ha dos anos (or hace dos anos) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cia esta establecida en La Coruna como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co., has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two years.

?Cuanto tiempo ha (or hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long have you been studying Spanish?

[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.]

2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"), as—

Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market.

Si, hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien: Yes, there were many spices last year also.

Cuando estaba en El Cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin: When I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out.

(N.B.—Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.)

In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two men are there." In Spanish, however, haber is used impersonally and both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un hombre," "Hay dos hombres."

It will be noticed that Haber used for "there to be" makes Hay instead of Ha for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain unchanged: habia, hubo, habra, habria, etc.

Hay que followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary to …, as—

Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you, etc., must be very careful.

Tener is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead of haber, as—

Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I have received your illustrated catalogue with price list.

Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst.

?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations?

Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar Mill for our Factory in Havana.

In all the preceding examples tener used instead of haber introduces an additional idea of "=possession=".

"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that the receiver holds it now.

[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and number with the direct object.]

Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as—

?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill.

Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind.

Colloquially the people will use tener for haber without any allusion to possession, but this should be avoided.

VOCABULARY.

=anteayer=, the day before yesterday =apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (a.) =apresurarse=, to hasten (n.) =apresurarse con sus ordenes=, to rush one's orders =arbol de eje=, axle shaft =camara de comercio=, chamber of commerce =cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal=, crank-shaft =compania de ferrocarril=, railway company =con manchas=, (designs)—spot =con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot =contestar=, to answer, to reply =cuadritos=, (designs) checks =cuenta simulada=, pro forma account =culpa=, blame, fault =dano=, damage, injury, breakdown =de buena tinta=, from a good source =derecho=, right =duda=, doubt =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =existencias=, stocks of goods =expedidor=, sender =fecha de=, dated =listados=, (designs) striped =a listas, a rayas=, (designs) striped =malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent =mundial=, world (adj.) =proximamente=, about, approximately =pues=, well =redactar=, to write out =repentinamente=, suddenly =representacion exclusiva=, sole agency =responsabilidad=, responsibility =retardar=, to delay, to be delayed =*romperse=, to break (n.) =roto=, broken =todavia=, yet =vivir=, to live, to reside =ya=, already

EXERCISE 1 (31).

Translate into English—

1. En la Asociacion de Agricultores de Espana (Society of Spanish Agriculturists) dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano.

2. ?Como manana? ya la ha dado esta manana.

3. No sabia que la habia dado ya.

4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es.

5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer.

6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas.

7. Habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia.

8. La Camara de Comercio de Londres voto, despues de larga discusion, una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redacto una peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno.

9. El vapor ingles "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico.

10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y media, a saber (namely) proximamente 80 kilometros por hora.

11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito acerca de las facturas simuladas.

12. El arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto.

EXERCISE 2 (32).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm?

2. Not yet, but I hope to get it.

3. How long have you been living in England?

4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel sin precedente).

5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered.

6. He also complains of the checks and stripes.

7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works (la fabrica).

8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (a) the Railway Company, but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter (esta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the loss.

9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they will not deny their responsibility—there is no doubt about (de) that.

10. Is it long since you received their last (ultima) letter?

11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que….)

12. They have been for 15 years.

13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up (mejorando).

LESSON XVII. (Leccion decima septima.)

"SER" AND "ESTAR."

=Ser= is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice.

=Estar= is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as

Estoy escribiendo (I am writing). Estaba escribiendo (he was writing).

The difficulty in the employment of ser and estar is, by some, unduly magnified. Others give the following rule—

Ser denotes a permanent state. Estar "temporary"

This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the following two examples will show—

El es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos: He is a soldier as he has enlisted for two years.

Aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains are perpetually covered with snow.

The following simple and true rules will enable the student to understand the difference between ser and estar and to apply them correctly.

Ser is used—

1. To form the Passive Voice, as—

El cartero trajo las cartas—Active: The postman brought the letters.

La carta fue traida[114] por el cartero—Passive[115]: The letter was brought by the postman.

[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in gender and number with the subject of these verbs.]

[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los dias (this room is swept every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the action of sweeping, viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto esta barrido—no voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote state or condition.]

2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as—

La nieve es blanca: Snow is white. El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal.

[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por dos anos, entonces es soldado: John has enlisted for two years, then he is a soldier.]

Estar is used to denote—

1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as—

Estoy aqui I am here. Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England.

2. A condition, as—

Estoy candado: I am tired. Esta enfermo: He is ill.

SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.

Ser must be used—

1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as—

Soy negociante: I am a merchant.

Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange broker.

Son buenos valores: They are good securities.

2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as—

Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these makers.

3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as—

Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal proceedings.

4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117]

[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities," but they are spoken of as such.]

Estar must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118] as—

Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts. Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection.

[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a quality.]

Verbs ending in cer, cir, ger and gir change the c into =z= and the g into =j= before a or o as—

Verbs ending in guir and quir change the gu into =g= and the qu into =c= before a or o, as—

[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in quir.]

VOCABULARY.

=acabar de=, to have just =accesorio=, accessory =activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities =antiguo=, old, ancient =averia=, particular, particular average =balance=, balance, balance sheet =bastar=, to suffice, to be enough =biela=, connecting rod =caldera=, boiler =cilindros=, cylinders =citar=, to quote, to mention a passage =*convenir=, to agree, to suit =cotizar=, to quote prices =cuenta de ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss account =dejar=, to leave, to let =disposicion (a su)=, (at your) disposal =durar=, to last =el engranaje=, the gearing =entregar=, to deliver =equipo=, equipment =es decir, o sea= viz., namely =a saber= viz., namely =franco de porte=, carriage paid =grifo=, cock (machinery) =hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date =huelga=, strike =imprevisto=, unforseen =a la izquierda=, to the left =llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be =*mantenerse=, to be maintained =maquina=, machine, engine =mercerizar=, to mercerize =para con=, towards =transporte seguido=, carriage forward =porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward =presentar=, to present =proveer=, to provide =provisto (proveido)=, provided =semejante=, similar =*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel =sin embargo=, however =soportes, coginetes=, bearings =tornillos=, screws =transporte pagado=, carriage paid =tubos=, tubes =valvula=, valve =el volante=, the fly-wheel =y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.)

EXERCISE 1 (33).

Translate into English—

1. La marca (the make) de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas antiguas.

2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cia.

3. Estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, valvulas y tornillos.

4. ?No se fabrican tambien en Francia maquinas semejantes?

5. Si, Senor, estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas.

6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en primera linea en la industria mundial.

7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cia. han llegado a ser los primeros entre los constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo.

8. Para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 maquinas y pico que se han exportado ultimamente para Italia y la Argentina.

9. Soy feliz de saberlo.

10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que son pobres e infelices.

11. Comprare diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. a 5-3/16 d. por yarda.

12. Esta bien; iesta convenido!

EXERCISE 2 (34).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your prices are too dear.

2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready.

3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, valves, cocks, etc.

4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para presentar a) the company at the next ordinary general meeting.

5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account made up to date.

6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the company.

7. It is your action which has done us more harm (dano) than anything else (cualquier otra cosa[120]).

8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio).

9. The goods are at your disposal.

10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas).

11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it is probable that it will not last.

12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy.

13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other unforeseen circumstances.

14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibiran) carriage forward.

15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average.

[Footnote 120: Or: =que nada mas=.]

LESSON XVIII. (Leccion decima octava.)

TRANSITIVE VERBS.

A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the action to the object.

=Transitive Verbs= are divided into—

=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent of the action), as—

Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of services.

=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as—

Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter.

The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb ser as above, or by using the =active voice= with the pronoun se, as—

Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc.

Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same person or thing, as—

Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests.

Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as—

Nos comprendemos: We understand each other.

Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very frequently.

"Uno a otro" and "los unos a los otros" may be added for greater clearness, as—

Procuramos convencernos (a nosotros mismos). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a person or place, must be preceded by a, as—

Vimos al Senor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William. Visitamos a Francia[122]: We visited France.

[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."]

[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as: Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).]

A is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123] as—

Empleamos a este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent.

[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of things, as: El hecho precedio a la palabra (the action preceded the word).]

But a should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as—

Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk.

Recomendamos el Sr. Perez a nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Perez to our manufacturer.

A is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as—

Busco criado: I am looking for a servant.

Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in his undertaking.

Verbs whose root ends in ll or n take =e= and =o= instead of ie and io, as—

[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.]

Verbs in whose conjugations i should come =unstressed= between two vowels change the unstressed i into =y=, as—

+—————————————————+ | =Creer= (to believe). | +—————————————————+ |Pres. Part., Creyendo. | |Past Def., Creyo … creyeron.| +—————————————————+

But the Imperf. Indic.: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, creian.

Verbs ending in zar change the z into =c= before =e= (because, with very few exceptions, z is not used in modern Spanish before e or i), as—

+————————————————————————————-+ | =Gozar= (to enjoy). | +————————————————————————————-+ |Pres. Subj., Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, goceis, gocen.| |Past. Def., Goce … | +————————————————————————————-+

VOCABULARY.

=abedul=, birch =abeto=, fir =adjunto=, herewith =agradable=, agreeable, pleasant =arpillera=, bagging =asegurar=, to insure =atribuir=, to attribute =el billar=, billiards =bola=, ball =calzado=, footwear =camas, armazones de cama=, bedsteads =carne seca=, jerked beef =chalecos=, vests =consignacion=, consignment =correas=, belts, belting (machinery) =corresponsal=, correspondent =egoista=, selfish =encaminar=, to forward =entrar en el dique=, to dock (ships) =fresno=, ash =garbanzos=, Spanish or chick peas =a grande velocidad=, by passenger train =guisantes=, green peas =habas=, broad beans =haya=, beech =hortalizas=, green vegetables =instruir=, to instruct =judias=, French beans =laton=, brass =la leche=, the milk =loza=, crockery =a pequena velocidad=, by slow train =pino=, pine =plomo=, lead =porcelana=, china =productos quimicos=, chemicals =roble, encina=, oak =rotura=, breakage =semestre=, half-year =suprimir=, to suppress, to leave out =tacos=, billiard-cues =el viaje=, the journey =zinc=, zinc

EXERCISE 1 (35).

Translate into English—

1. Estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la mejor manera posible.

2. Comunica el capitan del vapor "Rios" que el jueves, al medio dia, se hallaba a seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well).

3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos (statistical tables) formados por la Direccion general (Board) del Instituto Geografico y Estadistico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en conocimiento (we can see) de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola.

4. Desde el dia 1 deg. de Enero proximo satisfara (will pay) el calzado extranjero 10% mas de derecho de importacion.

5. Una comision de Agricultores de Valencia visito ayer tarde (yesterday evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la nueva ley.

6. Tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos por metro.

7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron.

8. Gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de ellas.

9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos atribuyen intenciones egoistas.

10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a Santo Domingo y la Habana.

11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya.

12. He visitado a Espana.

[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally hervir. Bullir is given as an example of the conjugation.]

EXERCISE 2 (36).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and oak.

2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria the brass, lead, tin (estano), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our disposal.

3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads.

4. The "Maria" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas.

5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas en latas).

6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues.

7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week.

8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each other pleasanter letters.

9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average (franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of 4%.

10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage in your last shipment of clocks and watches.

11. Please send by slow train the coats, vests, and trousers and, by passenger train, the remainder of the articles.

LESSON XIX. (Leccion decima nona.)

INTRANSITIVE VERBS.

Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk."

The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e., verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun =of the same person= all through, as—

=Quejarse= (to complain).

Pres. Indic., Yo me quejo, tu te quejas, el se queja, nosotros nos quejamos, vosotros os quejais, ellos se quejan.

Fut. Indic., Yo me quejare, tu te quejaras, el se quejara, etc.

These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on the doer itself, as—

Yo me amo: I love myself.

Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action =does not go beyond the doer=.

=Intransitive Pronominal Verbs= are of three kinds—

1. Those which are always pronominal, as—

[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise), Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference between Transitive and Intransitive.]

2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified or more or less modified, as—

3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as—

Estar, estarse (to be) Quedar, quedarse (to remain) Casar (con), casarse (con), (to marry) Pensar, pensarse (to think) Yo pienso, or me pienso que si (I think so) Me escapo de la memoria or (it escaped my memory). Se me escapo de la memoria (it escaped my memory).

In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can teach.

=Irregular Verbs=.

We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary Tenses from which they are derived[127]—

[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the end.]

[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.]

VOCABULARY.

=agitarse=, to agitate (n.) =algo=, something, anything (interrog.) =amenaza=, threat =anticipacion=, anticipation =anticipar=, to anticipate =anticipo=, advance =arduo=, arduous, difficult =baja=, decline =bajo cubierta=, underdeck =botones=, buttons =callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying =camaradas=, comrades =cepillo=, brush =cinta=, ribbon =cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short =damascos=, damasks =definitivo=, definite =descuidar=, to neglect =ejecutar=, to execute =encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace =espantarse=, to be frightened =estiva=, stowage =*imponer=, to impose =impuesto=, imposed =lienzo adamascado=, diaper =pasas=, raisins =patronos=, masters, employers of workmen =prisa=, haste, hurry =*producir=, to produce =produje=, I produced =produjeron=, they produced =razon= (=a razon de=), at the rate of =reglamento=, regulations =sobre cubierta=, on deck =sobre estadias=, demurrage =sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself =tonelada=, ton =*traer=, to bring, to carry =traje=, I brought, I carried =tranquilo=, quiet =uvas=, grapes =vista= (=a la=), at sight

EXERCISE 1 (37).

Translate into English—

1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los Patronos.

2. No se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas.

3. Este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo.

4. Voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire.

5. ?Porque rie V.?

6. Se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo se bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.

7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos.

8. Nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.

9. Quedese V. aqui, estese tranquilo y no piense a nada, su primo se acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos a un acuerdo comun y definitivo.

10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).

11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar.

12. Despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo hallar palabras para continuar.

EXERCISE 2 (38).

Translate into Spanish—

1. You have anticipated my wishes.

2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se preve).

3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) of large orders.

4. To pay in anticipation.

5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, or agradeciendoles de antemano) we remain.

6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.

7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at sight.

8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).

9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados a cabo).

10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, 600 under and 200 on deck.

11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days left (quedandole), so that (asi que) we do not think we shall have to pay demurrage.

12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.

13. The advance on account (a cuenta) of freight is L120.

14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (?Estara todo en orden?)

15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, ribbons, buttons, and brushes.

LESSON XX. (Leccion vigesima.)

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. sing, of all the tenses.[129]

[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing as their subject.]

The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are—

Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains) Granizar (to hail) Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes) Lloviznar (to drizzle) Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows) Relampaguear (to lighten) Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders) Alborear (to dawn) Amanecer (to dawn) Anochecer (to grow dark)

The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is ello. Sometimes we find the words Dios or el dia expressed as subjects, as—

Amanecera Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall see.

Amanecio el dia: The day dawned.

Amanecer and anochecer may be used as personal verbs, as—

Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara.

Tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but you had a bad morning.

Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as—

Bastar (to suffice). Convenir (to suit). Parecer (to appear). Faltar[130] (to be wanting). Hacer falta (to be wanted). Suceder[131] (to happen).

[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."]

[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."]

EXAMPLES—

Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living.

No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine.

No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right that they should take advantage in this way.

Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting.

Sucedio que se declaro en quiebra: It happened that he filed his petition in bankruptcy.

In the sentences:

Me bastan diez libras: L10 are enough for me. Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right. Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him.

the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural. In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject.

The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as—

(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary.

Of Haber and Hacer as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson VIII and Lesson XVI.

We add here that Hacer is used impersonally before certain nouns to denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as—

Hace calor, frio, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, windy, sunny, etc.

Valer used impersonally = "to be better," as—

Mas vale asi: It is better so.

Expressions like "?Que se dira?" or "?que diran?" (What will people say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb.

[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in o in the 1st pers. sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy (I see), He (I have), Se (I know).]

VOCABULARY.

=algo=, somewhat =asunto=, matter =calor=, heat =carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams =cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain =cheques=, cheques =circular=, to circulate, to go round =cobrar=, to collect (money) =comprometer=, to compromise =costa=, coast =cuesta=, slope =cuidar=, to take care =cuidarse=, to take care of oneself =decididamente=, decidedly =decidir=, to decide =despues=, afterwards =drogas=, drysalteries =durante=, during =faltar, hacer falta=, to be wanting, to be wanted =el fin=, the end =fustanes=, fustians =gasa=, gauze =gastos=, expenditure =ingresos netos=, net revenue =jamon=, ham =letras=, bills of exchange =maiz=, maize =malbaratar=, to undersell =mantas con franjas=, fringed blankets =merceria=, haberdashery =paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll =puerto=, port, harbour =recursos=, means =*reducir=, to reduce =reduje=, etc., I reduced, etc. =reduzco, reduces=, etc., I reduce, etc. =*seguir=, to follow, to continue =sigo, sigues=, etc., I follow, etc. =el temporal=, the storm =*valer mas=, to be preferable =vencer=, to fall due =vidriado=, glassware

EXERCISE 1 (39).

Translate into English—

1. Amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio.

2. Hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo or soplo (blew) viento fuerte.

3. Anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado, pero como hacia luna el paseo siguio siendo (continued to be) agradable.

4. Ayer llovio, granizo, nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia (the livelong day).

5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo estas condiciones.

6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary) proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las L1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente.

7. Mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar los generos.

8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. a comprometer su credito.

9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha resultado el vapor "Juan" con el arbol de la helice (shaft of the screw) roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a (to be towed into) este puerto.

10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo a (was bound for) Cadiz.

11. Los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos, el abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced a (thanks to) nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora mas que nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia posible (which preclude …).

12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas, gasas, y carranclanes.

EXERCISE 2 (40).

Translate into Spanish—

1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.—The net revenue for the half-year from the main line (linea principal) amounted to L607,297 as against (contra) L743,077 in 1909.

2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los depositos) reduce the amount to L594,714.

3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta tarde) until next Monday morning.

4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small.

5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposicion a la baja) during the forenoon (la manana), but became (se volvio) decidedly bullish (a la alza) towards the end of the day.

6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidacion) during the week ended April 12th (que acabo el 12 de abril).

7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market.

8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed.

9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabia que) he had been declared a bankrupt.

10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mi dependa) to collect the money in full (por entero).

11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto a nosotros), we have decided not to take (dar) any steps in the matter.

12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el caldero).[133]

13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery.

14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida).

15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries.

16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo).

[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.]

LESSON XXI. (Leccion vigesima primera.)

DEFECTIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS.

=Defective Verbs= are those only certain parts of which are in use, the rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it.

The principal ones are—

Soler. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic., Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic., Solia, solias, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido, etc., as—

En su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco—ahora ya ha aflojado un poco: When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a little.

Yacer. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aqui yace: Here lies.

(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.)

Salve and Vale used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!"

Placer (to please). Generally used in "Plegue a Dios" (may it please God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) a Dios" (might it please God).

It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic, and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo").

EXAMPLES—

Mucho me place: It pleases me much.

Plegue a Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a strike is not declared.

Abolir (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes o into ue when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as—

Digo que =se debe abolir= instead of =se abuela=: I say that it must be abolished.

Ataner (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as—

Lo que atane al asunto: What bears on the subject.

Las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our scheme.

Concerner (to concern) is only used in the pres. participle—concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as: concierne (it concerns), etc.

=Pronominal Verbs= are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun of the same person, as—

Amarse—Yo me amo, tu te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos, vosotros os amais, ellos se aman.

These are—

1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See Lesson XVIII), as—Yo me amo: I love myself.

N.B.—The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as—

Procurarse una clientela: To get a clientele (a connection).

2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX).

3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive (see Lesson XIX), as—

Hacerse, Volverse: To become.

La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible.

4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb ser, as—

La sabiduria se alaba or es alabada: Wisdom is praised.

N.B.—If the doer is expressed after using ser it may be preceded by de or por, as—

La sabiduria es alabada de or por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by all.

[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action de is preferable.]

If it is expressed after using se, =Por= must be used, as—

La sabiduria se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of the Academy.)

Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of the body, or articles of dress,[135] as—

Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg.

Se ha danado los ojos, or la vista: He has damaged his eyes or eyesight.

[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress, whenever this can be done without producing ambiguity, as—

Me dio la mano: He gave me his hand. Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue. Le cogi el brazo: I caught his arm. Me duele la cabeza: My head aches. Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.]

=Irregular Verbs= (contd.).

[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)]

[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)]

VOCABULARY.

=acusar recibo=, to acknowledge receipt =ascensor=, lift, hoist =bien estar=, well being =coleccion=, collection, set of samples =confiar a=, to entrust =confiar en=, to trust in =corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements =corriente, el que rige=, inst. =cucharas=, spoons =cuchillo=, knife =cueros=, hides =*deshacerse=, to get rid of =deshecho=, got rid of =distrito=, district =empacar=, to pack =empaque, etc=., I packed, etc. =*establecerse=, to establish oneself =me establezco, etc=., I establish myself, etc. =fantasias=, fancies =herramientas=, tools =manga=, sleeve =*manifestar=, to inform, to say by letter =manifiesto, etc=., I inform, etc. =moeres=, mohair =nanquines=, nankeens =pieles=, skins =planchas de hierro=, sheet iron =principio=, beginning =telas para trajes= (=de Senora=), dress goods =tenedores=, forks =*torcer=, to twist =tuerzo, etc=., I twist, etc. =vale=, farewell, adieu =viajante=, traveller (commercial) =viajar=, to travel =vivamente=, earnestly, vividly

EXERCISE 1 (41).

Translate into English—

1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a Vs. la presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto (short) de fondos nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) a girar a su cargo (on you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y Herramientas.

2. iPlegue a Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento (may be fully realised)!

3. ?Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto?

4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure).

5. Se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley.

6. Tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida (not se abuela).

7. Todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente.

8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (or por) todos pero nunca se alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not over-scrupulous).

9. El comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el capital en especulaciones bursatiles.

10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta perdida como temiamos.

11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en casa guardando cama (in bed).

12. ?Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio?

13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange Review).

14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. iEntendido!

EXERCISE 2 (42).

Translate into Spanish—

1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit.

2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst. with note of purchase we are to make on (de or por) your account, and we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next.

3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos), which are awaiting shipment (se embarcaran) by next steamer.

4. Stripes and checks.—Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not be ready for (antes de) another fortnight.

5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre).

6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando en, ascendiendo a) L155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value (valor al) 15th inst.

7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our care (que se nos confien) will receive careful attention.

8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September, and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies.

9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope they will meet your requirements.

Hoping to receive a favourable reply, Yours faithfully, SMITH AND Co.

Prices are (van or estan) marked on (en) the samples. S. & Co. (Vale).[138]

[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.]

LESSON XXII. (Leccion vigesima segunda.)

THE MOODS.

Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in which an action is viewed or stated.

There are =5= moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and =4= Finite, viz., the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative.

The =Infinitive Mood= (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood.

The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as—

El leer es util: To read is useful. Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read.

The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el leer" (or "la lectura").

The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may have a passive meaning, as—

Una consignacion a hacer or also a hacerse (a ser hecha): A shipment to be made.

The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may be used instead of the Finite Mood introduced by "if," as—

A saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compania, le habria comunicado luego aquella relacion: If I had known (or had I known) that you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once that report. The =Present Participle= after "to be" is used in both languages to form the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies =duration of time= and besides when it is spoken of as =actually in progress=. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is very rarely found with "to come," as—

Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those Blankets and Tickings which I like.

Grita: He is shouting.

Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us.

Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect.

Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office.

A =Preposition= before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part. without a Preposition, as—

Al ir _(or _yendo) a la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange.

EXCEPTION—

After en we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning—e.g.

En acabando saldre: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out.

"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como sindico"; but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribi a la persona que funcionaba (not funcionando) de arbitro."

After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as—

[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning.

Intento (or pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the house. Le veo pasar: I see him passing. "My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir or el haber venido yo," etc.]

The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as—

Entregada la carta se fue: The letter (being) delivered, he went.

Sellados los sobres, los echo al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he posted them.

VOCABULARY.

=abogado=, lawyer, barrister =bombas de aire=, air pumps =*contribuir=, to contribute =contribuyo, etc=., I contribute =convenio=, agreement =desperdiciar=, to waste =diseno=, design =embajador=, ambassador =empenos=, obligations, engagements =estacion, temporada=, season =Estados Unidos=, United States =excelentemente=, excellently =forma=, shape =forros=, linings =gorras=, caps =*hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) =honrar=, to honour =locomotora=, locomotive =malgastar=, to waste, to squander =Navidad=, Christmas =necesitar, desear=, to require =paso= step =*poner en conocimiento=, to inform =ponerse de acuerdo=, to agree =pormenores=, particulars =presupuesto=, estimate =proyectar=, to project, to plan =representar=, to represent, to act for =rizo del ala=, curl of the brim (of a hat) =secretario=, secretary =senado=, senate =someter=, to submit =supondre, etc=., I shall suppose, etc. =*suponer=, to suppose =supongo, etc=., I suppose, etc. =supuse, etc=., I supposed, etc. =tarea=, task =tratado de arbitraje=, arbitration treaty =varar=, to ground (a ship) =variedad=, variety =vendre, etc=., I shall come, etc. =vengo, vienes, etc=., I come, etc. =*venir=, to come =vine, etc=., I came, etc.

EXERCISE 1 (43).

Translate into English—

1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito (success) de una casa comercial.

2. Quedan muchos pasos a dar.

3. A suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido el credito.

4. ?Que hace V.?

5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldre (I shall come out) con V.

6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle.

7. Si, Senor, pensaba hacerlo manana.

8. Siento tener que informar a V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos.

9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas condiciones.

10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos.

11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio sera sometido al senado antes de Navidad.

12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almeria.

EXERCISE 2 (44).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente or bien) treated.

2. Silk and Cotton Linings.—We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones).

3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently.

4. The former (aquellos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require and the latter (estas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs.

5. They will reach you (le llegaran) in plenty of time (con bastante anticipacion) for the coming (entrante) season.

6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received (luego que las reciban).

7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up (mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time.

8. Are you going to Spain this year?

9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England.

10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que nos envie) a copy of the report.

11. Did you hear him saying that?

12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm.

LESSON XXIII. (Leccion vigesima tercera.)

THE MOODS (contd.).

The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=.

The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=.

The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as—

Habla tu: Speak thou. Hablad vosotros: Speak ye or you.

The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from the Present Subjunctive.[141]

In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes apparent by the use of Que, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as—

Escribalo el or Que lo escriba el: Let him write it.

There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]

[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; (auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]

[Footnote 141: With only one exception— =Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.—Vayamos. 1st pers. pl., Imperative—Vayamos or vamos (more used).]

[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no hableis, no hablen. The difference is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]

=The Subjunctive Mood=.

This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs "may," "might," "should," "would."

=Note=.—The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore applied irrespective of the English construction.

GENERAL RULE.

The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as—

Yo quiero que el venga: I wish him to come. Yo quiero que el vaya: I wish him to go.

And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner (i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the mind), as—

Yo declare que el vino (or vendria): I say that he came or that he would come. Yo espero que el venga: I hope that he may come. Yo esperaba que el viniese: I hoped that he might, or would come.

SPECIAL RULES.

I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.

EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the Subjunctive Mood—

aconsejar (to advise) alegrarse de que (to be glad that) avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) conceder (to grant) conseguir (to obtain) desear (to desire) esperar (to hope) evitar (to avoid) impedir (to hinder) mandar (to order) querer (to wish) rogar (to ask, to beg) sentir (to regret) temer (to fear) confiar en que (to trust)

N.B.—(a) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the Infinitive Mood, as—

Deseo que venga: I wish him to come. Deseo venir: I wish to come.

(b) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative may be used instead of the Subjunctive.

Mandele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it. Mandeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.

VOCABULARY.

=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige =almacenero, dependiente de almacen=, warehouseman =celebrar=, to be glad of =colorido=, colouring =*complacer=, to oblige =complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc. =(el) cortapluma=, penknife =cortesmente=, politely =coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance =*dar las gracias=, to hank =demora=, delay =*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence =deplorar=, to deplore =dictados=, dictates =en seguida=, at once =franco de averia particular=, free of particular average =*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance =intereses=, interests =justificarse=, to justify oneself =mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly =navajas de afeitar=, razors =obrar=, to act =patines=, skates =primer dependiente=, chief clerk =propio=, own =*rogar=, to beg, to request =ruego, etc=., I beg, etc. =sin novedad=, safe and sound =tela para pantalones=, trousering =tijeras=, scissors

EXERCISE 1 (45).

Translate into English—

1. En nuestra anterior les rogamos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las telas de nuestros competidores.

2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via (route) que hemos adoptado para sus envios.

3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.

4. Me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente haya recibido V. un genero por otro (the wrong goods).

5. Nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras (openly, clearly).

6. No podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como quieran; lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun los dictados de su propia conciencia.

7. Lo que me este bien (is my duty) hacer lo hare.

8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.

9. Deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).

10. Explicate para que te entienda.

11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).

12. Expliqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).

13. No le explique V. mas de lo necesario.

[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]

EXERCISE 2 (46).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We should like to do more business with your firm.

2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.

3. He would do well to write it to them.

4. Let him write at once.

5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care of yourself.

6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is doing a successful (buenos) business.

7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.

8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no difficulty.

9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated (estipulado).

10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you to realise a substantial (buena) profit.

11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.

12. Order them to do it quickly.

13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.

14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced (nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran a manos) without delay.

15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your interests.

16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or f.p.a.[144]

17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]

[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]

[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]

LESSON XXIV. (Leccion vigesima cuarta.)

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (contd.).

II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as

Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it. Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it.

EXCEPTIONS—

1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as—

Es cierto que lo hara: It is certain that he will do it.

2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following constructions are correct—

Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done Es necesario que se haga: It must be done

III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations—-

Antes que (before) En caso que (in case) De miedo que (lest) Por mas que (however much, although) Sin que (without) Para que (so that) A menos que (unless) Salvo que (except that) Con tal que (provided that) Sea que (whether … or) Aunque (even if)

IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is used when the action refers to the past or present—

Despues que (after) Aunque (although) De modo que (so that) No obstante que (notwithstanding) Cuandoquiera que (whenever) Hasta que (until) Luego que (as soon as) Quienquiera que (whoever) Comoquiera que (however) Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever) Dondequiera que (wherever) El 1 deg., 2 deg., 3 deg., etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that) El unico que (the only one that) El solo que (the only one that) El ultimo que (the last that) Nada que (nothng that) Ninguo, nadie que (no one that) El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that)

E.g.—

Escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento: He wrote so that his father remained content.

Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your father may remain content.

Le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do his work.

No le pagare aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may do his work.

The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as a fact= or as =a mere conception=.

V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after cuando, asi como, luego que and similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=, as—

Lo hare cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time.

N.B.—The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case.

VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after si (conditional if) when the context requires the following verb in the past form, as—

Lo haria si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money.

N.B.—If the context requires the verb in the present form, the Indicative Present must be used, as—

Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time.

Lo hare si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time.

When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as—

Lo hare si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time.

VII. After como the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not necessarily, as—

Como le vio le hablo: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him.

Como le viese le hablo: On seeing him he spoke to him.

VIII. After creer, pensar, opinar, and similar verbs, the following verb is generally in the Indicative; but after no creer, etc., the verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After creer, etc., used interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive.

VOCABULARY.

=abaca=, Manilla hemp =calcetines=, half-hose, socks =canamo=, hemp =cancelar=, to cancel =coger=, to catch *=conseguir=, to succeed in =contado (al)=, (in) cash =dificultad=, difficulty =un dineral=, a mint of money =encogerse=, to shrink =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =la gente=, the people =mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance =medias=, stockings, hose =ocurrir=, to happen =perfeccionar=, to perfect =persona=, person =por mas que=, however much, whatever *=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try =pruebo, etc=., I try, etc. *=reconvenir=, to reprimand =repasar=, to look over *=saber=, to know =se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc. =sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know, *=ser menester=, to be necessary =telefonear=, to telephone =trabajo=, work =yute=, jute

EXERCISE 1 (47).

Translate into English—

1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe esta cuestion.

2. Es cierto que se acabara.

3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea.

4. Es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura.

5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber (to fulfil his duty).

6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion (mistake).

7. A menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero.

8. Por mas que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales a las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato.

9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo hare, salvo que intervenga algun contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, interin (in the meantime) llegue su remesa.

10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake).

11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera.

12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible.

13. Asi como sepa algo le telefoneare.

14. Enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (imp. subj. of venir) despues con quejas.

15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda.

16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion.

EXERCISE 2 (48).

Translate into Spanish—

1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods.

2. He spoke as if he were sure of it.

3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash.

4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching (en el blanqueo).

5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to insist until he pays him something more.

6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) did his work so that his employer was satisfied.

7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without difficulty.

8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put (dire) a word in his favour whenever I can do so.

9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man.

10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and he will be the last to go (a salir).

11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogera los dedos).

12. He was the only one who understood us.

13. He is not the only one who is mistaken.

14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken.

15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make (es seguro que hara) a mint of money.

16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, Manilla hemp and jute.

LESSON XXV. (Leccion vigesima quinta.)

THE TENSES.

The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only call attention to such of the principal differences between the two languages as have not yet been treated.

=Present—=

The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo si."

"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is translated by "Si," "Si, senor," or "Si entiendo."

"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. ingeniero? Si, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el"; "El es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo."

=Past—=

The English language has one form of Simple Past—I wrote.

In Spanish this is translated by—

Yo escribia (Imperf. Indic.) or

Yo escribi (Past Definite), according to sense.

It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish.

The =Imperfect Indicative=[146] describes an action or state which was present when another past action took place, or another past state existed.

[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.]

The =Past Definite= or =Preterite=[147] narrates an event.[148]

[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the Historical Past).]

[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is grammatically also an event.]

Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to "one point of time" or "several =separate= points of time," the Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period.

The following examples will show clearly the different functions of these two tenses—

Le escribi una vez (or dos o tres veces) mientras el viajaba en Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he travelled[149] in Argentina.

[Footnote 149: Travelled—was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we would also have the progressive form—"estaba viajando."]

Encontre a Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150] a black frock-coat.

[Footnote 150: Wore—was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form "estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is no real progressive action.]

Hacia grandes negocios cuando residia en Chile: I had a large business when I resided in Chili.

Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people.

El estaba alli cuando yo llegue: He was there when I arrived.

El leia al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado: He was reading when I entered the lawyer's office.

En Inglaterra trabajaba[151] ocho horas cada dia: In England I worked (used to work) eight hours a day.

[Footnote 151: As will be seen, the English "was" followed by a pres. part. or the expression "used to be" may always be rendered by the Spanish Imperfect, but the Spanish progressive form also exists: "Estaba leyendo" (he was reading), and "used to" has its equivalent "solia":—"Solia trabajar 8 horas" (he used to work 8 hours).]

Cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo: Each month we received (used to receive) our pay.

Ayer cerre el contrato: Yesterday I signed the contract.

Las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas: The casks of wine were damaged.

Trabaje en Inglaterra 5 anos[152]; Vivi dos anos en Londres y tres en Manchester: I worked 5 years in England; I lived two years in London and three in Manchester.

[Footnote 152: This is "a period of time," but it is definite.]

As will be seen in all the examples of the Imperfect, the action or state is described as "existing in the past."

VOCABULARY.

=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full =acorazado=, iron-clad =ajo=, garlic =alerta=, on the alert, on the look out =brisa=, breeze =cebollas=, onions =conducta=, conduct, behaviour =contrabando=, contraband =cosecha=, harvest, harvest-time, crop *=dar en el clavo=, to hit it =datiles=, dates =encogido=, shrivelled, shrunk =fruta=, fruit =granadas=, pomegranates =guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials =higos=, figs =inmaturo=, verde, unripe =limones=, lemons =llevar=, to carry, to wear =matute=, smuggling =mirar=, to look =moscatel=, muscatel grapes =naranja=, orange i=ojo=! attention! =olvidar=, to forget =pasas de Corinto=, currants =podrido=, rotten =por decirlo asi=, so to say, as it were *=querer decir=, to mean =recobrar=, to recover =reprensible=, objectionable =resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly =sinnumero=, a large number, innumerable =travesia=, journey by sea

EXERCISE 1 (49).

Translate into English—

1. Cuando yo era mas joven y me gustaba viajar, hacia la travesia de Liverpool a Las Palmas todos los anos.

2. Estuve alli la ultima vez en 1905 principalmente para recobrar mi salud, pero como viaje de negocios tambien tuvo muy buen exito.

3. No habia entonces como la hay hoy en dia tanta competencia en ese comercio.

4. Cuando llego el buque a La Coruna habia un sinnumero de guardias aduaneras alerta, pues se decia que llevaba muchos generos de contrabando.

5. ?Que quiere decir genero de matute?

6. De matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero o contrabandista es el que introduce tales generos.

7. No sabia esta palabra antes, pero ya no la olvidare.

8. ?Ha aprendido V. bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el imperfecto?

9. Perfectamente y voy a resumirsela en dos palabras—El uno es pasado, pasado y nada mas, el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo asi; imire V.! "Encontre a Carlos": pasado absoluto; "Llevaba sombrero blanco"; pasado hoy, presente entonces; ?que le parece a V.?

10. Me parece que V. ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho.

11. Y ahora iojo! en la aplicacion y ino olvidar!

EXERCISE 2 (50).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I believe his behaviour is most (muy) objectionable.

2. And I do also.

3. Did you receive the B/L for the cargo (cargamento) of oranges and grapes from Seville?

4. I did; and I expect a good parcel (partida) of muscatels from Valencia as well.

5. Are these the lemons, onions and pomegranates you were expecting?

6. They are.

7. I am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is glutted with fruit.

8. He is my friend and I am his.

9. We received this year three cargoes of bananas from the Canary Islands (Islas Canarias). Six were consigned to us last year, but we used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at harvest time.

10. Ten thousand boxes of currants, 3,000 of figs, and 4,561 of dates were sold by auction.

11. There had not been such large quantities offered for a long time (hacia mucho tiempo que).

12. The iron-clad "Achilles" left yesterday for Vigo. The sea was perfectly calm although a light breeze blew, or was blowing (soplaba not estaba soplando), from the S.W. (sudoeste).

13. The commission-agent (comisionista) went by the three o'clock train.

14. When I went to say good-bye to him (para despedirme de 61) he was writing (escribia or estaba escribiendo) a letter.

15. The cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was unripe, some shrivelled or frost-bitten (tomada por la escarcha), and a parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed.

LESSON XXVI. (Leccion vigesima sexta.)

THE TENSES (contd.).

Uses of the Past Definite (or Preterite) and the Present Perfect (as: Yo he comprado: I have bought).

According to the English rule, the Past Def. (or Preterite) should be used to narrate events which happened in the past, in a period of time which does not include the present moment as—

Yo lo compre el ano pasado: I bought it last year.

The Present Perfect (called in Spanish Preterito Compuesto) should be used when the period of time includes the present moment, as—

He fletado muchos buques: I have chartered many ships.

By following this rule students will always be correct, but we must notice that in Spanish we find the "Preterito compuesto" often used instead of the Past Definite—

1. When the period, although entirely past, is not defined, as—

Le ha facturado la quincalla: He invoiced him the smallware.

2. When although entirely past and definite, it is very recent, as—Se lo he dicho hace un momento: I told him a moment ago.

N.B.—Plegue a Dios que el ano que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha sido el pasado: May it please God that the year which commences to-day may be happier than the last has been (Grammar of the Academy).[153]

[Footnote 153: Here the Present Perfect is used in both languages, because the effects reach up to the present moment.]

The English Compound Past—"I had spoken"—is rendered by "yo habia hablado" or "yo hube hablado."

"Yo habia hablado" is in general use.

"Yo hube hablado" is used only after cuando, luego que, inmediatamente que; viz., when the action is represented as immediately preceding another.

N.B.—The Past Def. Simple may always take its place.

Cuando hube declarado mis intenciones, Cuando declare mis intenciones, se convencio—When I declared my intentions, he was convinced.

The =Future Indicative=, (as well as the =Conditional Mood=) are used in Spanish oftener than in English to denote probability, as—

Habra 20 hombres aqui: I dare say there are 20 men here.

?Le habre dado este derecho? Have I, perchance, given him this right?

?Tendria miedo talvez? Was he afraid, perhaps?

The =Future Progressive=, is not used in Spanish when its place may be taken by the ordinary Future Simple, as—

Le escribire manana: I shall be writing him to-morrow.

But—

Cuando el venga yo estare escribiendo: When he comes I shall be writing.

The =Present Subjunctive= in Spanish refers to time present or future; for time future, its place may be taken by the future Subj. (little used).[154]

[Footnote 154: Except after "cuando" (but not in conversation), as—Se lo dire cuando venga or cuando viniere: I shall tell it him when he comes. The Fut. Subj. is also used (not in conversation) after si instead of Pres. Indic., as—Le servire si la ocasion se ofrece or se ofreciere: I shall serve him if the occasion presents itself.]

=Use of Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood=.

The verb in the Subj. Mood is put in the Present tense when the preceding verb is in the Pres. Indic., Future Indic. (simple) or Imperative, as—

Quiero que el lo haga: I want him to do it. Querre " " ": I shall want " "" Quiere tu " " ": Want (thou) " ""

Otherwise the verb in the Subjunctive is in the Imperfect tense.

N.B.—When the preceding verb is in the "preterito compuesto," e.g., "he dicho," when "he dicho" stands exactly for the English "I have told," it governs the Pres. Subj., as—

Le he dicho que se vaya: I have told him to go.

But if it stands for the English "I told," it governs the Imperfect Subj., as

Le dije (he dicho) que se fuese: I told him to go.

When the preceding verb is in the Future Perfect, the verb in the Subjunctive may be put in the Present when its action does not refer to the past, as—

Habre querido que trabaje hoy o manana: I shall have (may have) wanted him to work to-day or to-morrow.

VOCABULARY.

=*adquirir=, to acquire =alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to take or give on lease =arado=, plough =boni cacion, rebaja=, allowance =cargar=, to charge =ceder=, to yield, to sell, to cede, to warrant make over =cedula de aduana=, custom house =colmo=, climax, record =color firme, solido=, fast colour =contrarrestar=, to check =de otra manera=, otherwise =desarrollar=, to develop =emprestito=, loan =epoca=, epoch, period, time =explotar=, to exploit, to work =igualar, hermanar=, to match =*invertir=, to invest (money) =justificar=, to justify, to warrant =material rodante=, rolling stock (railway) =no bien=, as soon a | =pana (acordonada)=, cords (corduroy) =perspectivas=, prospects =piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) =puros, cigarros, tabacos=, cigars =quinta=, villa =rastrillos=, harrows =rechazar=, to reject =reja=, ploughshare =revocar=, contramandar, to countermand *=tener cuenta=, to pay, viz., to be advantageous =terreno=, land =traspaso=, goodwill =trilladora=, threshing-machine

EXERCISE 1 (51).

Translate into English—

1. Le he dado ayer las Cedulas de Aduana.

2. Le hemos cedido el traspaso de aquel negocio por L500.

3. Le he dicho que los fondos (stocks), obligaciones, u otros valores cualesquiera (whatsoever) han de depositarse en manos seguras.

4. Yo le habia explicado que la Compania se habia constituido para comprar, alquilar (take on lease) o adquirir de otra manera y explotar y desarrollar cualesquier minas o terrenos metaliferos; pero no bien le hube anunciado (or le anuncie) que se trataba de terrenos situados en el Asia Menor, se rehuso a tomar las acciones que le habia ofrecido.

5. Es que tendria sus razones.

6. Habia unos cincuenta puros en aquella caja.

7. Deseo que V. invierta su dinero en esta empresa como deseaba el ano pasado que V. lo invirtiese en el Emprestito del Gobierno Austriaco (Austrian).

8. Le dire que se apresure a despachar los arados con sus rejas y piezas de repuesto, los rastrillos, y las trilladoras.

9. Tal vez mi socio le habra dicho que lo haga.

10. Si, le ha escrito ayer que no retardase el embarque pues hacen mucha falta, hemos excedido la epoca fijada para la entrega y no nos tendria cuenta que la Sociedad Agricola nos los rechazara.

EXERCISE 2 (52).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We wrote them nothing to warrant such action.

2. I warranted him (garantizar) this would not be repeated.

3. The cloth was warranted fast colour.

4. He resorted to extreme means in order to bring about (llegar a) a solution of the difficulty.

5. In the past year the climax of prosperity was reached.

6. Large orders for railway rolling stock were countermanded on account of (a causa de) the feared political complications.

7. Velvet and Cord manufacturers have curtailed their production with a view (a fin de) to check the downward (a la baja) tendency of prices.

8. I matched his sample and I secured the order.

9. Did you hear from your traveller lately?

10. They charged us too much, we can buy on spot (en el mercado) much cheaper.

11. Spot cotton (el algodon disponible) was quoted yesterday one point higher than the day before, but futures declined (bajaron) 3/32

12. Perhaps there are better prospects of the growing crop (nueva cosecha) at present.

13. Do not be long (no tarde V.) in making up your mind (decidirse de) one way or the other.

14. No, I shall soon decide what to do, but I must have a little time for reflection. I cannot bind myself on the spot (al punto).

15. Some of the prints have grease spots (manchas de aceite) and we must refuse to accept them unless under (a menos que nos haga) a reasonable allowance.

16. He has a villa in a delightful spot (sitio) in the country (campo).

LESSON XXVII. (Leccion vigesima septima.)

THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

Tener and haber are used for the English "to have," followed by an infinitive, as—

Tienen que acabar el trabajo para fines de Enero: They have to finish the work for the end of January.

Hemos de seguir los consejos de los peritos en la materia: We have to follow the advice of those expert in the matter.

In such cases Tener is followed by que and Haber by de.[155] The former indicates compulsion or necessity, the latter a moral or self-imposed duty.

Haber de translates also "to be to,"[155] as—

?Quien ha de hacer este viaje? Who is to go on this journey?

Tener de is used in threats—

Tengo de llevarlo ante el tribunal: I shall take him before the court.

"Tener que hacer, que escribir, que comer" and similar expressions translate also "to have something to do, to write, to eat," as—

Hoy tengo que hacer: To-day I have something to do, I am busy.

Tengo mucho que hacer: I have much to do.

Tenemos que comer por todo el dia: We have something to eat which will suffice for the whole day.

Haber is used as a principal verb instead of Tener in—

Haber menester de algo: To need something.

He aqui el muchacho, etc.[156]: Here is the boy (behold the boy here, etc.).

Heme aqui or heteme[157] aqui, etc.: Here I am (behold me here, etc.).

It also survives in some legal phrases, as—

Fue habido el reo: The culprit was captured.

Los hijos habidos en su primera mujer: The children by his first wife.

And in some idioms, as—

Alla se las haya: That is his business.

Haberselas con uno: To dispute with anybody.

Tener translates the English "to be" in such phrases as—

Tener hambre, sed, sueno, calor, frio, vergueenza, and miedo: To be hungry, thirsty, sleepy, warm, cold, ashamed, and afraid.

Also speaking of age—

Tengo veinte anos: I am twenty years old.

[Footnote 155: In all these cases deber may be used instead.]

[Footnote 156: He—imperative mood of haber.]

[Footnote 157: The te is the "ethical dative" (which is much more used in Spanish than in English).]

And in—

Tener razon: To be right.

And—

No tener razon or Dejar de tener razon: To be wrong.

We said that the past participle when used with Tener agrees with the direct object, as—

Tengo leidas las cartas: I have read the letters.

But when there is no direct object, of course the past participle remains invariable, as—

Tengo entendido que….[158]: I have heard that….

[Footnote 158: This use of tener for haber, especially with no direct obj. following is in general to be avoided; in this example, however, "tengo entendido," the phrase has more force than "he entendido." It implies that the mind is full with the effect of the communication.]

[Footnote 159: Model verb for all those ending in cer or cir preceded by a vowel, except cocer (conj. like mover), mecer (reg.) and hacer. (Those ending in ducir are further irreg. in the Past Definite.)

VOCABULARY.

=abrigar=, to shelter, to nourish (the hope) =acciones preferentes=, preference shares =agudo=, sharp, keen =aplazar=, to postpone =asistir=, to assist, to attend =atendible=, plausible =atrasado=, overdue =caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) =consabido=, in question, aforesaid =cuenta de venta=, account sale =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dejar sin efecto=, to cancel =delicado de salud=, in indifferent health =desfavorable, contrario=, unfavourable, adverse =*deshacerse de=, to part with =domicilio=, registered office of a company, also residence =en este momento=, at the present moment =ensayo=, trial, venture =equidad=, fair dealing =*haber menester=, to need =indemnizacion=, indemnity =junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors =liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off goods, etc. =medieria, articulos de punto=, hosiery =pagare=, promissory note, note of hand =palacio=, palace =plazo=, term =respiro=, breath, breathing time, days of grace for payment, delay =retirar=, to withdraw (los) =reunidos=, those present =*tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration =trabajar, *ir, a porfia=, to vie with each other =tramites de la ley=, legal means =viaje de ida=, outward voyage =viaje de vuelta=, inward voyage

EXERCISE 1 (53).

Translate into English—

1. Tengo que hacer hoy y no podre dedicarme a la correspondencia.

2. Si V. no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendre de apelar a los tramites de la ley.

3. V. no habra menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y lo que pido es solo unas pocas semanas de respiro.

4. He aqui pues lo que se ha de hacer, V. me firmara un pagare para fin de Febrero y queda entendido que no concedere despues ninguna extension del plazo.

5. Si entonces V. no satisface su deuda mi abogado dara los pasos necesarios y V. sera responsable de (liable for) los gastos y perjuicios habidos y por haber (damages accrued and to accrue).

6. La Compania Nacional de Transportes (carriage) ha instalado su domicilio en el nuevo Palacio de la Libertad.