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Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism

INDEX.

Reading edition

Abhimukî (sixth stage of Bodhisattvahood), 318.

Acalâ (eighth stage of Bodhisattvahood), 322.

Açoka, King, 49.

Açrava (evil), explained, 249 ft.

Açûnya, 22, 95.

Açvaghosha, 4, 8, 61 ft., 65 ft., 111, 115; on Âlaya, 66 ft., 129, 139 ft.; Awakening of Faith, 7; on Suchness, 99; on Ignorance, 118; and Dionysius, 102 ft.; Buddhacarita, quoted, 147; on Mahâyânism, 246; on the Sambhogakâya, 258, 333.

Agnosticism, 25.

Âlaya (or Âlaya-vijñâna), All-conserving Soul, 66; as depository of “germs”, 66; creator of the universe, 68; and the Garbha, 125 et seq.; its evolution, 128; and the soul, 165; and the twelve nidânas, 183.

Amitâbha, 207, 219, 269.

Anânârtha (non-particularisation), 72.

Ânanda attempts to locate the soul, 157.

Ânâpânam, exercise in breathing, 53 ft.

Arada, 146.

Arcismatî (fourth stage of Bodhisattvahood), 316.

Arhatship and Mahâyânism, 288.

Âryadeva, 3 ft., 8, 60.

Asanga (and Vasubandhu), 4, 62, 65, 69, 87, 88, 153, 231, 234, 263, 354.

Asceticism repudiated, 52, 53.

Atman, and Samkhyan Lingham, 38; and the Vedantic çarîra, 38; and Vijñâna, 39; and unity of consciousness, 40; and karma, 41; and impermanency, 43; and egoism, 44; and the “old man”, 165. (See also “ego” and “soul”.)

Atonement, vicarious, 291 ft.

Avatamsaka Sûtra, The, on Bodhisattva’s reflections, 369 et seq.

Avenikas (unique features), 327 ft.

Avidyâ (ignorance), 35 et seq., 115.

Balas, the ten, of the Buddha, 327.

Beal, Samuel, refuted, 20 et seq. Catena of Buddhist Scriptures, quoted, 157 ft.; Romantic History of Buddha, quoted, on Buddha’s enlightenment, 337.

Bhagavadgîta, quoted, 126 ft.

Bhûtatathâtâ (Suchness), 99 et seq; and Mahâyâna, 7; and perfect knowledge, 92.

Bodhi (wisdom), 46; and Prajñâ etc., defined, 82 ft.; as perfect knowledge, 92; its meaning explained, 294; by Nâgârjuna, 297; as a reflex of Dharmakâya, 299; how awakened in human heart, 302.

Bodhicitta (Intelligence-heart), 52. (See also “Bodhi.”)

Bodhi-Dharma, of Dhyâna sect, 103, 149, 155.

Bodhipakshikas, the seven, 316 et seq.

Bodhisattva, above samsara and nirvana, 72; in the three yânas, 277; the conception of, in primitive Buddhism, 286; we are, 290; and love, 292; his ten pranidhanas, 308; his reflections, 369.

Bodhisattvahood, ten stages of, 70, 311 et seq.

Bodhisattva-yâna, 9.

Brahdaranyaka Upanishad, quoted, 102 ft.

Buddha, and his self-relying spirit, 57; culmination of good karma, 215; in the Mahâyâna texts, 243; the idealisation of, historically treated, 249 et seq.; in the Trikâya, 252; the human, and the spiritual Dharmakâya, 255; his 32 major and 80 minor marks of greatness, 271; in the process of idealisation, 289; in the Mahâyânism, 291; and Mâra, 334; on the ego-soul in the beginning of his religious career, 337.

Buddhacarita, quoted, 57.

Buddhadharma, 355.

Buddha-Essence, Discourse on, 357 ft.

Buddha-intelligence, 364.

Buddhism(s), geographically divided, 3, 4; two, 4 et seq.; and atheism, 31; and the soul problem, 31 et seq.; and agnosticism, 35; and modern psychology, 40; intellectual, 56 et seq.; liberal, 56 et seq.; and speculation, 81 et seq.; and science, 97.

Buddhist(s) classified, 8 et seq.; life and love, 52; ideal, 53; aspiration, 368; rule of conduct, 368.

Çâkyamuni contrasted to Devadatta, 200.

Carlyle’s Hero-Worship, quoted, 325 ft.

Causation, universal, and emptiness, 176.

Christ and Buddha, compared, 57, 58.

Christian conception of the ego-soul, 166.

Christianity, the growth of, compared with Mahâyânism, 12 et seq.; and its founder, 13; not intellectual, 79.

Çikshas (moral rules), ten, 70 ft.

Confucius, 63 ft.

Consciousness, subliminal, 201.

Conservation of energy, and karma, 34.

Convictions, the four, of the Buddha, 327.

Çrâvaka, 277.

Çrâvaka-yâna, 9.

Çrimâla Sûtra, quoted, 127.

Çûnyatâ, (or çûnya), 22, 95; and Christian critics, 105; explained, 173; and universal causation, 176.

Daçabhûmi, (see “ten stages of Bodhisattvahood”), 311, 329.

Deussen, P., quoted, 107.

Devala, 361, 364.

Dharma, its meaning, 21, 221.

Dharmadhatu, 115 ft., 193.

Dharmakâya, Mahâyâna, 7; briefly explained, 20, 45 et seq.; the highest principle, 35; and Brahman, 46; and Paramâtman, 46; and God of Christians, 46; as love and wisdom, 46, 54, 55; and non-ego, 47; and the Golden Rule, 48; and Bodhisattvas, 61; its universal incarnation, 63 ft.; in the Trikâya, 73, 257; as perfect knowledge, 92; and prajñâ, 94; as a cosmic mind, 123; a unity, 193; and Suchness, 217; as God, 219; as religious object, 222; in the Avatamsaka Sutra, 223; its detailed characterisation, 224; in the phenomenal world, 231; as love, 232; as a loving heart in the Avatamsaka, 233; its seven characteristics, 234; by Asanga and Vasubandhu, 234; its five modes of operation, 235; its freedom, 236; its pûrvanidhânabala, 237; as rational will, 238; as father, 239; and its perpetual revelation, 259; the evolution of its conception, 272; all beings are one in, 290; and the Bodhi, 295.

Dharmapada, The, quoted, 34, 145, 336, 368.

Dharmamegha (tenth stage of Bodhisattvahood), 326.

Dharmapala, the Anâgarika, 3 ft.

Discourse on Buddha-Essence, The, by Vasubandhu, 357.

Dûrangama (seventh stage of Bodhisattvahood), 319.

Ego, not the source of energy, 55; noumenal, 145, 163; phenomenal, 145; empirical, 163.

Egoism and the evolution of Manas, 134.

Ego-soul, and its attributes, 147; and the five skandhas, 149; located by Ananda, 157; and the Christian flesh, 166; and the Vedantic conception, 167 et seq.; and Nâgârjuna, 168; and svabhava, 171; and Christians, 212; as conceived by Buddha when he started on his religious career, 337. (See also “Ego”, “âtman” and “soul”).

Ekacitta, (one mind or thought), 70 ft.

Elders, the School of, 248 et seq.

Elephant and the blind, 100.

Emerson, quoted, 29.

Enlightenment, 55, 119; and manas, 134; two obstacles to, 344 ft.

Faith, its contents vary, 27 et seq.

Fatalism, 196.

Gautama and Christ, 29. (See also “Buddha”).

God, the Buddhist, 219. (See also “Dharmakâya”).

Goethe’s Faust, quoted, 181.

Golden Rule, the, universal, 54.

Great Council School, the, 248 et seq.

Guyau, French sociologist, 50 ft., 84.

Hartmann’s Unbewusste, 137.

Hetus and Pratyayas, 33, 41, 142, 148.

Hînayânism, 1, 60, 63, 280.

Hugo, Victor, quoted, 58.

Hui-K’e, second patriarch of Zen sect, 148.

Iccantika (incapable of salvation), 311.

Ignorance, 35 et seq.; and evolution, 115; and consciousness, 120; no evil, 122; when evil? 124; and Tathâgata-Garbha, 126; and Manas, 133; and Prakrit, 138 ft.

Imitation of Christ, 364 fn.

Immortality, 38; and Dharmakâya, 54; karmaic and not individual, 214.

Injustice, social, and karma, 186

Intelligence, awakened by love, 362.

Jâtaka Tales, the, quoted, 156.

Jesus, 6.

Jîvâtman, 145.

Kant, 6; Critique of Pure Reason, quoted, 324.

Karma, and the law of causation, 33; briefly explained, 33 et seq.; and non-atman, 42; and suchness, 181; defined, 181; the working of, 183; irrefragable, 184; and injustice, 186; and the moral laws, 189; an individualistic view, 192; and the desire to communicate, 195; and determinism, 196; not like a machine, 198; and immortality, 203; and Walt Whitman (quoted), 203; how transmitted, 205; and Dharmakâya, 207; and productions of art, 208; and invention, 210; and “seeds of activity,” 212.

Karma-seeds, 134.

Karunâ (love), 46, 82, 238, 296; and Prajñâ, 360.

Kathopanishad, quoted, 47.

Knowledge (sambodhi), 3 ft.; three kinds of, 67, 87.

Kuçalamûla, 199.

Lalita Vistara, quoted, on Nirvana, 338 fn.

Lankavatara Sutra, quoted, 41, 130.

Laotze, 63 ft.

Laotzean Wu wei, 285.

Love, and ego, 55; and Nirvana, 362.

Madhyâmika, The, on Nirvana, 347.

Madhyâmika school, 21, 62, 66; and the Yogacarya, on truth, 95.

Mahâpurusa, Discourse on the, 361.

Mahâsangika, 1 ft.

Mahâyâna, 1 et seq; its original meaning, 7; and Bodhisattvas, 61; and Hînayâna, 70; and spiritual life, 71; and Samkhya, 136.

Mahâyâna-Abhisamaya Sutra, quoted, 45.

Mahâyâna-Sangraha Çâstra, 354.

Mahâyânism, (Mahâyâna Buddhism), defined, 10 et seq.; is it genuine? 11 et seq.; as a living faith, 14 et seq.; and its Christian critics, 15; misunderstood, 16 et seq.; historically treated, 60 et seq.; and Sthiramati, 61 et seq.; its seven features, 62 et seq.; and metempsychosis, 64; ten essential features, 65 et seq.; in its two phases, 76 et seq.; no nihilism, 135 ft.; the development of, 247; and individualism, 282.

Maitreya, 272.

Manas (self-consciousness), 132.

Mañjuçri, 106.

Manovijñâna (ego-consciousness), 67, 69.

Masashige, Kusunoki, 213.

Maudsley, H., quoted, 80.

Max Mueller, quoted, 108 ft., 110 ft., 221.

Mâya, subjective ignorance, 47.

Merits, the accumulation of, 199.

Middle path, Doctrine of the, 59, 358; of Eight No’s, 103.

Milinda-Panha, quoted, 203.

Mitra, Rajendra, referred to, 329 ft.

Monier Monier-Williams, refuted, 18 et seq.

Nâgârjuna, 3 ft., 4, 8, 21, 60, 66, 95, 96, 100, 103, 168, 171, 173, 292, 297, 353.

Nâgasena and King Milinda, 153.

“Na iti,” 102.

Nânâtva, (difference), 72 ft.

Nidânas, the twelve, 36 et seq., 179, 182.

Nirmanakâya, (Body of Transformation), 73, 257, 268.

Nirvana, 19; and its non-Buddhist critics, 49; briefly explained, 49 et seq.; and the surrender of ego, 50; and Dharmakâya, 51; and love, 51, 58; and pessimism, 52; and ethics, 53; and Parinishpanna (knowledge), 94; what is, 331 et seq.; not nihilistic, 332; Mahâyânistic, 341; and Dharmakâya, 342; the Mahâyânistic conception of, 342 et seq.; absolute, 343; four forms of, 343; upadhiçesa, 344; Anupadhiçesa, 344, that has no abode, 345; and I Cor. 7, 30-31, 346; as synonym of Dharmakâya, 346 by Chandra Kirti, 347; its four attributes, 348; its religious phase, 349; and Emerson, 352; and samsara are one, 352; and St. Paul, 352; and the Eight No’s of Nâgârjuna, 358; the realisation of, 360; as the Middle Path, 362; comprehensively treated, 367 et seq.

Non-âtman, 37 et seq.; in things, 41 et seq, 170; and impermanence of things, 141, (see also “non-ego”, “self”, “soul”, “ego”).

Non-duality, the Dharma of, 106.

Non-ego and Dharmakâya, 47; and the Ganges water, 156.

No’s, The Eight, of Nâgârjuna, 358.

“Old man” and Atman, 165.

Paramârtha-satya (absolute truth), 91 et seq.

Paramâtman, 145.

Pâramitâ, 3 ft.; six, 68; ten, 321.

Paratantra (relative knowledge), 67; explained, 89.

Parikalpita (illusion), 67; explained, 88.

Parinishpanna (perfect knowledge), 67; explained, 91.

Parivarta, (turning over), 19, 194; doctrine of, 283.

Paul, Apostle, quoted, 48, 166, 260, 262.

Pingalaka, Nâgârjuna’s commentator, quoted, 172.

Prabhâkarî (third stage of Bodhisattvahood), 315.

Prajñâ (and Bodhi), defined, 82 ft.; 82, 97, 119, 238, 360.

Prakṛti (Samkyan primordial matter), 66 ft.

Pramûditâ (first stage of Bodhisattvahood), 313.

Pranidhâna, a Bodhisattva’s, 307.

Pratisamvids, the four, 325.

Pratyâyasamutpâda, (Nidânas), 36 et seq.

Pratyekabuddha, 278.

Pratyekabuddha-yâna, 9.

Precepts, the ten moral, 70 ft.

Pudgala (ego), 42, 143 ft.

Punyaskandha, 199.

Pure Lands, 269.

Purusha (Samkyan soul), 66 ft.

Pûrvanidhânabala, 237.

Religion, its significance, 22 et seq.; not revealed, 23; and mystery, 24; its intellectual and emotional sides, 25 et seq.; and science, 26; intellect and feeling in, 77; and philosophy, 78; subjective, 81 et seq.; not a philosophical system, 85.

Rockhill’s Life of the Buddha, quoted, on Nirvana, 338 fn.

Saddharma Pundarîka, quoted, 260 ft., 274, 277.

Sadhumatî, (ninth stage of Bodhisattvahood), 325.

Samatâ (sameness), 72 ft.

Sambodhi, (see “Bodhi”).

Sambhogakâya (Body of Bliss), 65 ft., 73, 257; in Açvaghosha, 258; its six features, 264; a mere subjective existence, 266.

Samkhya philosophy, and Yogacarya school, 67 ft.; referred to, 146 ft.; on Nirvana, 340.

Samvrtti-satya (conditional truth), 95 et seq.

Samyukta Nikaya, quoted, 156, 185.

Sanskaras, enumerated, 151 et seq.

Schopenhauer, 181.

Skandhas, the five, 32 ft., 149.

Soul-substance, denied, 164.

Sthavira, 1 ft.

Sthiramati, on Mahâyânism, 61 et seq.; on Bodhicitta, 299.

Suchness, (see also Bhûtatathâtâ), 3; the first principle of Buddhism, 99 et seq.; indefinable, 101; conditioned, 109; in history, 110; in the world, 113; and the Bodhi, 114; and ignorance, 117; in its various modes, 125; and Dharmakâya, 127; and karma, 181.

Sudurjayâ, (fifth stage of Bodhisattvahood), 318.

Sukhâvatî sect, the, 4, 240.

Sumedha, the story of, 280.

Sûrangama Sutra, quoted, 157.

Suvarna Prabha Sutra, 253 ft.

Svabhava, and non-ego, 170 et seq.; and emptiness, 175.

“Tat tvam asi,” 47, 135 ft.

Tathâgata-Garbha, 125, 145.

Teleology, 86.

Tennyson, quoted, 82.

Tîrthakas, 8.

Tolstoi, quoted, in connection with karma, 207 ft.

Trikâya, (trinity), 73, 242, 256, 275.

Truth (satya), conditional and transcendental, 95.

Udâna, quoted, 52, 338 ft., 341.

Universe, a mind, 122.

Upâya (expediency), 64, 260 ft.; its meaning explained, 298 ft.

Upâyajñâ, 320.

Vaiçaradyas (convictions), the four, 327 ft.

Vairocana, 219.

Vasubandhu, 87, 153; his Abhidharmakoça, referred to, 37; on Mahâyâna, 66; On the Completion of Karma, quoted, 194; The Distinguishing of the Mean, quoted, 195; on Bodhicitta, 303; on Nirvana, 357, 359, 360.

Vasumitra, on Various Schools of Buddhism, 1 ft.

Vedanta philosophy, and the Mahâyânism, 108 ft.; on Nirvana, 340; on Atman, 144.

Vicesacinta-brahma-Pariprccha Sutra, 353.

Victory, the hymn of, 336.

Vijñâna, and atman, 39.

Vijnânamâtra, (nothing but ideas), 70.

Vijnânamâtra çâstra, 265 ft., 343.

Vimala (second stage of Bodhisattvahood), 315.

Vimalakîrti, 106, 350, 366.

Visuddhi Magga, quoted, 339, 348 ft.

Waddell, refuted, 21 et seq.

Whitman, Walt, quoted, 155 ft., 197.

Wilson, Dr. G. R., quoted, 201.

Yoga philosophy, The, on Nirvana, 340.

Yogacarya school, 62, 65, 87, 92, 95.

Yogavasistha, a vedantic book, quoted, 167.

[The End]

Notes in this chapter

Note 1 · According to Vasumitra’s Treatise on the Points of Contention by the Different Schools of Buddhism, of which there are three Chinese translaNote 2 · The Anagârika Dharmapala of Ceylon objects to this geographical distinction. He does not see any reason why the Buddhism of Ceylon should beNote 3 · They are: (1) form or materiality (rûpa), (2) sensation (vedanâ), (3) conception (samjnâ), (4) action or deeds (samkâra), and (5) consciousnNote 4 · Guyau, a French sociologist, refers to the Buddhist conception of Nirvâna in his Non-Religion of the Future. I take his interpretation as tyNote 5 · This is a peculiarly Indian religious practice, which consists in counting one’s exhaling and inhaling breaths. When a man is intensely bentNote 6 · His date is not known, but judging from the contents of his works, of which we have at present two or three among the Chinese Tripitaka, it Note 7 · Perceiving an incarnation of the Dharmakâya in every spiritual leader regardless of his nationality and professed creed, Mahâyânists recogniNote 8 · Ancient Hindu Buddhists, with their fellow-philosophers, believed in the existence of spiritually transfigured beings, who, not hampered by Note 9 · That Açvaghoṣa’s conception of the Âlaya varies with the view here presented may be familiar to readers of his Awakening of Faith. This is oNote 10 · For a more detailed explanation of the ideal philosophy of the Yogâcâra, see my article on the subject in Le Muséon, 1905. (return)Note 11 · “One mind” or “one heart” meaning the mental attitude which is in harmony with the monistic view of nature in its broadest sense. (return)Note 12 · The ten moral precepts of the Buddha are: (1) Kill no living being; (2) Take nothing that is not given; (3) Keep matrimonial sanctity; (4) DNote 13 · Mahâyânism recognises two “entrances” through which a comprehensive knowledge of the universe is obtained. One is called the “entrance of saNote 14 · Prajñâ, bodhi, buddhi, vidyâ and jñâ or jñâna are all synonymous and in many cases interchangeable. But they allow a finer discrimination. SNote 15 · This is the famous phrase in the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad occurring in several places (II, 3, 6; III, 9, 26; IV, 2, 4; IV, 4, 22; IV, 5, 5). TNote 16 · The Awakening of Faith, p. 59. Cf. this with the utterances of Dionysius the Areopagite, as quoted by Prof. W. James in his Varieties of RelNote 17 · It is a well-known fact that the Vedanta philosophy, too, makes a similar distinction between Brahman as sagunam (qualified) and Brahman as Note 18 · While passing, I cannot help digressing and entering on a polemic in this footnote. The fact is, Western Buddhist critics stubbornly refuse Note 19 · Dharmadhâtu is the world as seen by an enlightened mind, where all forms of particularity do not contradict one another, but make one harmonNote 20 · Cf. the Bhagavadgîtâ (S. B. E. Vol. VIII, chap. XIV, p. 107): “The Brahman is a womb for me, in which I cast the seed. From that, O descendaNote 21 · A little digression here. It has frequently been affirmed of the ethics of Mahâyânism that as it has a nihilistic tendency its morality turnNote 22 · That the Buddhist Ignorance corresponds to the Sâmkhya Prakṛti can be seen also from the fact that some Samkhya commentators give to PrakṛtiNote 23 · This view of the oneness of the Âlaya or Citta (mind) may not be acceptable to some Mahâyânists, particularly to those who advocate the YogâNote 24 · Pudgala or pudgalasamjña is sometimes used by Mahâyânists as a synonym of âtman. The Buddhist âtman in the sense of ego-substratum may be coNote 25 · Prakṛtivikṛtayas. This is a technical term of Sâmkhya philosophy and means the modes of Prakrti, as evolved from it and as further evolving Note 26 · As cited elsewhere, Bodhi-Dharma of the Dhyâna sect, when questioned in a similar way, replied, “I do not know.” Walt Whitman echoes the samNote 27 · There seem to be two Chinese translations of this Sûtra, one by Kumârajîva and the other by Paramârtha, but apparently they are different teNote 28 · If we understand the following words of Tolstoi in the light which we gain from the Buddhist doctrine of karmaic immortality, we shall perhaNote 29 · Âçrava literally means “oozing,” or “flowing out,” and the Chinese translators rendered it by lou, dripping, or leaking. Roughly speaking, iNote 30 · There are three Chinese translations of this sûtra: the first, by Dharmarakṣa during the first two decades of the fifth century A.D.; the seNote 31 · Cf. I Cor. XIII, II. “When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child, but when I became a man, I put Note 32 · This is one of the most important philosophical works of the Yogacâra school. Vasubandhu wrote the text (Nanjo, No. 1215) which consists onlNote 33 · It may be interesting to Christian readers to note in this connection that modern Buddhists do not reject altogether the idea of vicarious aNote 34 · Upaya, meaning “expedient,” “stratagem,” “device,” or “craft,” has a technical sense in Buddhism. It is used in contrast to intelligence (prNote 35 · In this connection it is very interesting also to note that Carlyle expresses the same sentiment about the greatness of Shakespeare in his HNote 36 · The four convictions (vaiçâradyas) of the Buddha are: (1) That he has attained the highest enlightenment, (2) That he has destroyed all evilNote 37 · The eighteen unique characteristics which distinguish the Buddha from the rest of mankind are: (1) He commits no errors. Since time out of mNote 38 · For an elaborate exposition of the Daçabhûmî, see the Avatamsaka (sixty volume edition, fas. 24-27), the Çûrangama, Vasubandhu’s Commentary Note 39 · The gâthâs supposed to be the first utterance of the Buddha after his enlightenment, according to Rockhill’s Life of the Buddha (p. 33) compNote 40 · There are two obstacles to final emancipation: (1) affective, and (2) intellectual. The former is our unenlightened affective or emotional oNote 41 · In the Visuddhi-Magga XXI. (Warren’s translation, p. 376 et seq.), we read that there are three starting points of deliverance arising from Note 42 · The Discourse on Buddha-essence by Vasubandhu. The Japanese Tripitaka edition of 1881, fas. II., p. 84, where the stanza is quoted from the Note 43 · Compare this Buddhist sentiment of universal love with that of the Christian religion and we shall see the truth that all religions are one
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