Front matter (continued 3)

Enemies.—V. Bailey (1927:119) reports that A. K. Fisher found 50 skulls of Zapus in barn owl pellets taken from the towers of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Dearborn (1932:32) reported mink as having fed on jumping mice. Surface (1906:197) records taking a Zapus from the stomach of a rattlesnake. Pearson and Pearson (1947:138) found remains of Z. hudsonius in pellets of barn owls. Quimby (1951:74) reports two cases of predation on Z. hudsonius; one was by a northern pike, Esox lucius Linnaeus and the other was by a weasel, Mustela sp. Vergeer (1948:91) collected a green frog, Rana clamitans Latreille, which had eaten a jumping mouse.

Quimby (1951:74) frequently found the fleas, Megabothris quirini Rothschild, and Megabothris wagneri (Baker), and occasionally a larval tick, Dermocenter variabilis (Say), on Z. hudsonius. Sheldon (1934:296) remarks that captive animals are burdened with numerous fleas. Hamilton (1935:191) removed a louse from a jumping mouse. One mouse had a hole in the throat and three others had holes in the inguinal region; presumably bot-flies had emerged from these holes. Test (1943:507) found a single Cuterebra larva in the inguinal region of a Z. hudsonius, and Sheldon (1938:328) found Z. hudsonius infested by larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Here, as in other cases, these larvae were found immediately below the skin. Erickson (1938:252) examined 18 Z. hudsonius obtained in Minnesota, and found that three were parasitized. He found a bot-fly larva, Cuterebra sp., nematodes of the genera Subulura and Spirocerca, and a fluke of the genus Notocotylus.

Food.—Quimby (1951:85-86) studied the food preferences, by presenting to caged Z. hudsonius the plants and invertebrate animals normally available to these mice in nature, and indicates that in general, the starchy fruits of the Gramineae and the less fleshy fruits of various groups of plants are more heavily utilized than other plant materials. His observations indicate that these rodents are highly insectivorous and that they consume many insects under natural conditions. Goodwin (1935:148) reports that the stomach contents of several individuals obtained at South Woodstock, Connecticut, consisted exclusively of blackberries, and that others had subsisted principally on cranberries. Hamilton (1935:197) remarks that seeds are the favored food but that berries, nuts, fruits of various kinds, roots, and insects are also utilized. Stoner (1918:123) writes that the food in cultivated areas of Iowa is various grains as well as grass and weed seeds; in wooded places the mice feed on seeds and nuts of trees. Vernon Bailey (1927:118) states that the examination of a great many stomachs of these jumping mice [in North Dakota] revealed nothing “but the fine white pulp of carefully shelled, well-masticated seeds. Generally these are from grasses, although grain and a variety of other plant seeds are eaten.” Schmidt (1931:116) examined the stomach contents of several Z. hudsonius taken in Clark County, Wisconsin, and in most stomachs found the remains of finely chewed roots; however, two from Hewett had eaten several geometrid caterpillars.

Lyon (1938:279), Stoner (1918:123), and J. W. Bailey (1946:263) present information which indicates that Z. hudsonius stores food in its nests or burrows. Possibly these mice awaken at intervals from hibernation and eat.

“These rodents characteristically seize the material to be eaten with the front feet and devour it while reclining on their haunches. The following observation of a caged animal is typical of their feeding habits. The mouse selected a head of yellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (Weig.) Stuntz, from several in the cage, separated it by gnawing through the supporting stem, seized it with the front feet, held it up to the mouth and began to gnaw at one end, stripping all parts from the rachis. The grass head was slowly rotated and shifted sideways until nothing remained but the rachis which was discarded. Actually the seeds were the only parts eaten …” (Quimby, 1951:73). Sheldon (1934:294) remarks that Z. hudsonius eats from a squatting position and holds the piece of food in the forepaws. The mouse seems to bite off a seed, and then, holding it in the forepaws, transfers it to the mouth.

According to Sheldon (op. cit.:295) and Quimby (loc. cit.), caged jumping mice drink water. When drinking, the mouths of the mice are in contact with the water, but neither observer determined whether the mice lapped or sucked the water. Sheldon (loc. cit.) observed these mice passing stems of long grass through their mouths as though to squeeze out moisture, and thought that the mice obtain most of their required moisture from green plants.

Reproduction.—The breeding season begins shortly after the jumping mice emerge from hibernation in the spring, and reproduction continues until a few weeks before they hibernate in the autumn. The extent of the breeding period probably varies geographically and possibly seasonally. For example, Quimby’s (op. cit.:70) information suggests that the 1947 period of parturition occurred between June 15 and August 30 in the area of Centerville, Minnesota. In Michigan, Blair (1940:246) found a peak of breeding activity in spring and another in late summer with little activity in the intervening midsummer. Brimley (1923:263) records a female in North Carolina, with eight embryos on June 13, 1895, and another with seven embryos on September 17, 1891, indicating a strong possibility of two litters per year there. Vernon Bailey (1927:118) records young born in May or June in North Dakota and thinks that there is time for only one litter per year. Petrides (1948:76) captured a female on September 22, 1944, at Athens, Georgia, that gave birth to six young on September 29. This late parturition date indicates a longer breeding season in the southeastern part of the range of Z. hudsonius.

The gestation period of nonlactating, caged Z. hudsonius, Quimby (1951:63) thinks, “is approximately 18 days … [but] gestation is prolonged in lactating females.”

Data from museum labels indicate that embryos in 62 pregnant females averaged 5.4 (2-8) per female. Quimby (1951:67) found the average number of embryos per female for 14 females taken in Minnesota, to be 5.3 and that litters of young found in nests averaged 5.8. Sheldon (1938:330) reports two litters of seven young each and one of four young for Z. hudsonius in Vermont. Petrides (1948:76) records a litter of six young for Z. hudsonius in Georgia. Brimley (1923:263) records one lot of seven and one lot of eight embryos for Z. hudsonius in North Carolina. Vernon Bailey (1923:120) reports six embryos for a female of Z. hudsonius taken in Washington, D. C. Ivor (1934:8) obtained a litter of five young Z. hudsonius from Erindale, Peel County, Ontario. Hamilton (1935:195) records litters of two, four, and five young and embryo counts of four, two, four, and four for Z. hudsonius in New York.

There seems to be two litters per year. According to Quimby (1951:69), “most adult females breed soon after emergence from hibernation and produce the first litters within a month. The remaining females do not breed immediately but produce the first litter,” he says, “in the second month after emergence.” Both early-breeding females and late-breeding females produce at least 2 litters per year. Those that breed early may have 3 litters.

The appearance and development of growing young of Z. hudsonius in successive weeks is described by Quimby (1951:65). Newborn young are pink and hairless except for microscopic vibrissae. The eyes and external auditory meatus are closed, and the pinnae are folded. The toes are fleshy and clawless; the tail is short in relation to the length of the body. The average weight was .78 grams. The average measurements of three from different litters are: total length, 34 mm; tail, 9.2 mm; hind foot, 4.7 mm. The young are helpless but capable of emitting a high pitched squeaking sound which is audible for several feet.

In the first week of growth the vibrissae become visible to the naked eye, the body changes to flesh color, the dorsal parts become dark gray, the pinna unfolds and is black tipped, and the claws appear. The young now are able to crawl and make a suckling noise, but they are not yet able to support themselves on their legs.

In the second week of development, tawny yellow hair appears on the back and spreads onto the sides. Sparse hair of a lighter color appears on the belly, backs of the feet, and outer surfaces of the legs. Vibrissae are now prominent. The eyes are still closed, but a crack down the center of each is visible by the 13th day. Claws have grown, the longest measuring 1.5 mm. The incisors erupt on approximately the 13th day, those in the lower jaw appearing slightly before those in the upper jaw, and all are white. Activity is increased; nevertheless the young still crawl, make suckling notes, and squeak.

In the third week of development the mice are covered with hair; darker hair appears dorsally; and vibrissae continue rapid growth. The external auditory meatus begins to open on about the 19th day and young react to sound on the 20th. The incisors now are 1 mm long and the claws 1.5 mm long. Young are able to support themselves on their legs, walk, and make one inch hops.

In the fourth week the juvenal pelage is replaced by adult pelage. The eyes open between the 22nd and 25th days. The color of the incisors changes from white to yellowish-orange as in the adults. P⁴, M¹, M², m1 and m2 have emerged from the maxillary and dentary bones; M³ and m3 have not yet erupted. A mouse 33 days old had all teeth well developed. By the end of the 4th week the young, except for size, are adultlike and capable of independent existence.

The greatest increase in dimensions of the body is in the first four weeks. A slowing down of growth is simultaneous with weaning.

Other workers, Sheldon (1938:330), Petrides (1948:76), and Ivor (1934:8) also describe the appearance of the young.

Summer nesting sites are usually on the surface of the ground. Jumping mice characteristically construct a globular nest of grass but will utilize other vegetation if grasses are not available. Nests are usually concealed under rocks, logs, bushes, or grass and can be entered by a hole at one side.

Sheldon (1938:328) described a nest of Z. hudsonius found on the ground near the edge of a small hay field. The nest was globular, not more than four inches in outside diameter and two inches in inside diameter; it was closely woven of fine, dry grass and bits of moss. Another nest found in the same field measured 11.5 inches in circumference at the base and six inches in circumference over the top. The inside width and length each was three inches, and the inside height was 3.5 inches. Vernon Bailey (1927:118) remarks that summer nests are placed on the surface of the ground well concealed under grass or other vegetation. He describes the nest as “neat little balls of fine grass with a tiny opening at one side and a soft lining in the central chamber.” Cory (1912:249) reports that summer nests are concealed behind rocks or under bushes and thick grass. The nests are round and four or five inches in diameter with an entrance hole at one side. Goodwin (1935:148) examined a nest made entirely of straight, narrow leaves of grass. Ivor (1934:8) found one made of finely shredded jute sacking. Quimby (1951:80) describes several nests: one in the center of a rotten willow log was lined with small pieces of pulpy wood; another was in the rotted wood and debris, at ground level, inside a large, red oak (this globular nest composed of grasses, plant fibers, and rootlets measured six inches in diameter). Another nest was composed of a pile of wood pulp, leaves of oaks, and grasses; this nest was in a hollow root detached from a willow tree.

The mean home range of males, of Z. hudsonius in Minnesota, according to Quimby (1951:86), was 2.70 plus or minus .50 acres; this was significantly larger than the mean home range of females, 1.57 plus or minus .27 acres. According to Quimby (loc. cit.), the size and shape of the home range is influenced by the general features of the terrain, density and type of cover, and land use in the immediate area. Quimby (1951:94) remarked that the home range of the jumping mouse is relatively unstable and Blair (1940:247) stated that the home ranges of both sexes generally overlapped the ranges of other members of the same species and sex. The average size of the home range for Z. hudsonius in Michigan was .89 plus or minus .11 acres for males and .92 plus or minus .11 acres for females.

Zapus hudsonius acadicus (Dawson)

Meriones acadicus Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Jour., new ser., 3:2, 1856.

Meriones labradorius, Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Jour., new ser., 3:2, 1856.

Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Rept. Expl. and Surv…., 8 (pt. 1):433, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Nova Scotia, Vermont, and New York).

Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. surv. of the territories, 2nd ser., No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Nova Scotia, Vermont, and New York); Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and northeastern New York).

Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part—the part from Keene Valley in Essex County of New York, and Orivell in Vermont); Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942 (part—the part from the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York).

Zapus hudsonius hardyi, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:6, February 8, 1899, type from Mt. Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine; Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:165, September 11, 1947 (part—but excluding Pennsylvania and Ohio).

Zapus hudsonius acadicus, Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:38, July 14, 1942.

Type.—No type specimen designated. Subspecies characterized from specimens obtained in Nova Scotia.

Range.—Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, northern Connecticut and northeastern New York. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.

Description.—Size medium; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Yellow-Ocher with heavy admixture of black-tipped hair, the dorsal band distinct against color of sides; sides lighter than back and from near Cinnamon-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff lined with black-tipped hair; lateral line usually faintly marked but sometimes distinct and clear Warm-Buff; underparts white, sometimes suffused with color of sides; tail distinctly bicolored, brownish-black above and yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears dark, edged with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; zygomata relatively long and broad; auditory bullae relatively narrow, usually with depression on anterior surface; mastoid region relatively narrow; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively narrow.

Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Z. h. acadicus differs in: Size averaging larger; upper parts usually less brownish and more ochraceous, sides and flanks being more ochraceous and less yellowish; zygomata relatively longer; pterygoid fossae relatively narrower; auditory bullae relatively narrower and usually with depression on anterior surface.

From Zapus hudsonius americanus, Z. h. acadicus differs as follows: Size larger; color darker on upper parts, flanks duller (less ochraceous); underparts white, much less frequently suffused with color of sides; ears dark, usually without flecks of ochraceous; general appearance of pelage not so brightly colored; zygomata longer; condylobasal length greater; mastoid region relatively broader; bullae larger, more inflated and usually with depression on anterior surface; maxillary tooth-row relatively longer.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius ladas see account of that subspecies.

Remarks.—Specimens from various localities in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are essentially similar. Anderson (1942:38) revived the name Z. h. acadicus for jumping mice from these areas, correctly considering them to be distinct from Z. h. canadensis, the geographic race immediately to the west.

In the size and shape of the auditory bullae, length of the zygomata, breadth of the pterygoid fossae, and general color of the pelage the populations from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are essentially indistinguishable from material of Zapus hudsonius hardyi from Maine. Thus, Z. h. hardyi must fall as a synonym of the earlier proposed name Z. h. acadicus.

Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) applied the name Z. h. hardyi (= acadicus) to the mice inhabiting a large area from coastal Maine and central New Hampshire through southern New England, New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio. I agree with Bole and Moulthrop (loc. cit.) that the population of Zapus hudsonius from Maine, New Hampshire, west-central and northern New England are different from neighboring subspecies and are referable to Z. h. acadicus, but find that material from extreme southern Massachusetts, Connecticut, southern New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio is best referred to Zapus hudsonius americanus (see account of that subspecies).

Intergradation between Z. h. americanus and Z. h. acadicus is indicated by specimens from Berlin, Rensselaer County, New York. In color of ears, length of zygomata, and size and shape of the incisive foramina these specimens are more nearly like Z. h. americanus but in size and shape of the auditory bullae, breadth of the mastoid region, and general appearance of the pelage they are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus and are here referred to acadicus. Specimens from Glenville, Schenectady County, New York, are intermediate in cranial characters between Z. h. americanus and Z. h. acadicus but in color are best referred to the latter. Specimens from 1 mi. S Ayer, Worchester County, Massachusetts, are like Z. h. americanus in their short zygomata, narrow mastoid region and suffusion of the underparts; nevertheless, in the shape of the auditory bullae, breadth of the pterygoid fossae, and greater condylobasal length the specimens are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus which they are here considered to be. Animals from Essex and Wilmington, Essex County, Massachusetts, are like Z. h. americanus in external size and in the size and shape of the auditory bullae; but they are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus in most cranial characters and in the general color of the pelage and are here assigned to Z. h. acadicus.

Specimens from Keene Valley, Essex County, New York, considered by Batchelder (1899:4) to be Z. h. canadensis, are in color, length of the zygomata, and size and shape of the auditory bullae more nearly like Z. h. acadicus to which subspecies they are here assigned. A specimen from Orwell, Addison County, Vermont, that Batchelder (op. cit.:5) referred to Z. h. canadensis is more nearly like Z. h. acadicus in the shape of the auditory bullae, length of the zygomata, and color of the pelage, and is here referred to Z. h. acadicus. Specimens from western New Brunswick, referred to Z. h. canadensis by Anderson (1942:37), are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus. Specimens from Ste. Anne des Monts, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, are intermediate between Z. h. canadensis and Z. h. acadicus in color and size and also in the shape of the auditory bullae but are best referred to Z. h. acadicus.

Zapus hudsonius acadicus as here understood is a relatively wide-ranging subspecies. Populations at the southern periphery of its range are difficult to separate from populations at the northern periphery of the range of Z. h. americanus. These two geographic races represent opposite extremes of a clinal gradient and, as would be expected, geographic intermediates are morphologically similar.

Specimens examined.—Total, 156, distributed as follows:

Maine: Aroostock County: Madawaska, 6 (MCZ). Hancock County: Mount Desert Island, 9 (6 MCZ, 3 UM). Piscataquis County: Mount Katahdin, 1 (USNM); Sebec Lake, 4 (USBS); Katahdin Lake, 1 (USBS). Sagadahoc Co.: Small Point Beach, 1 (Clev. MNH). Somerset County: east branch Penobscot River, 2 (USBS). Washington County: Columbia Falls, 1 (USBS).

Massachusetts: Essex County: Essex, 4 (Clev. MNH); Wilmington, 4 (3 USBS, 1 USNM). Worchester County: Lunenberg, 2 (USBS); 1 mi. S Ayer, 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. N Gilbertville, 1.

New Brunswick: Charlotte County: 6 mi. N St. Andrews, 2 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Andrews, 4 (NMC). Carleton County: Debec, 1 (MVZ). Gloucester County: Dalhousie, 2 (MVZ); Miramichi Road, 15 mi. from Bathurst, 4 (NMC); Youghall, 3 (NMC). Madawaska County: Baker Lake, 2 (NMC); 9 mi. NE Edmundston, 4 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Leonard, 5 (NMC). Victoria Co.: Tobique Point, 1 (AMNH). York County: Queensbury, 1 (USBS).

New Hampshire: Carroll County: Intervale, 1 (UM); Ossipee, 4 (3 USBS); 2 mi. S Ossipee, 12 (2 USNM). Coos County: Nathan Pond, 1 (UM); Fabyans-Bretton Woods, Dartmouth Brook, 2 (UM); Fabyans, 1 (USNM); 3 mi. W Base Station, 1; Mt. Washington, 1 (MVZ); Pinkham Notch, 1900 ft., 1 (USNM). Grafton County: Franconia Notch, Profile Lake, 1 (UM); Lebanon, 3 (UM). Strafford Co.: 1 mi. E Durham, 1 (UM).

New York: Essex Co.: Keene Valley, 5 (MCZ); Keene Heights, 5 (MCZ); Minerva, 1700 ft., 1 (AMNH). Herkimer County: Northwood, 7 (AMNH). Rensselaer Co.: Berlin, 8 (AMNH). Schenectady County: Glenville, 1 (USBS). Warren County: Lake George, 5 (USBS). Washington County: Patterns Mills, 1 (USBS).

Nova Scotia: Annapolis Co.: Bear River, 7 (NMC); Lake Kedgemakooge, 5 (UM); 2 mi. S Milford, 1 (AMNH). Kings Co.: Black River Dist., 1 (NMC); no exact locality, 1 (NMC). Shelburne County: Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage, 1 (NMC); Barrington Passage, 4 (NMC).

Prince Edward Island: no exact locality, 1 (USBS).

Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts, 1 (AMNH).

Vermont: Addison County: Orwell, 1 (MCZ); Lamville County: Mt. Mansfield, 2 (USBS). Windham County: Whitingham, 2 (AMNH).

Marginal records.—Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts. New Brunswick: Dalhousie. Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia: Black River District; Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage. Maine: Columbia Falls; Small Point Beach. Massachusetts: Wilmington; 2 mi. N Gilbertville. New York: Berlin; North Wood; Keene Valley. Maine: E branch Penobscot River. New Brunswick: Baker Lake.

Zapus hudsonius alascensis Merriam

Zapus hudsonius alascensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2:223, July 15, 1897.

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 24:37, November 23, 1904.

Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 73584, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Yakutat Bay, Alaska; obtained on July 5, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, original No. 4660.

Range.—Alaska Peninsula, coastal section of mainland of southern and southeastern Alaska including Revillagigedo Island; also southwestern Yukon. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.

Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Dresden Brown, sometimes darkened with black tipped hair usually with darker mid-dorsal area forming a band; sides lighter than back and from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Clay Color; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, frequently with a slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged and flecked on the inner surface with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae broad and moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; incisive foramina relatively long, zygomata relatively long and broadly bowed; mastoid region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively great; occipitonasal length relatively great.

Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius tenellus, Z. h. alascensis differs as follows: Size larger; upper parts darker, less ochraceous; sides duller, less ochraceous more tawny; incisive foramina averaging longer; mastoid region broader; occipitonasal length greater; zygomata wider-spreading and longer; condylobasal length averaging greater; auditory bullae less broadly rounded; and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging greater.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius hudsonius see account of that subspecies.

Remarks.—Zapus hudsonius alascensis is a fairly well marked subspecies retaining most of its characters throughout its range. Variation is noted in specimens from the southwest end of Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., Yukon Territory, and seems to be the result of intergradation between Zapus hudsonius hudsonius and Z. h. alascensis. These animals are like Z. h. hudsonius in the shape of the auditory bullae but are otherwise more nearly like Z. h. alascensis to which they are here assigned. Alaskan specimens from 7 mi. SSE Haines, and from a point 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines average slightly larger than Z. h. alascensis in most measurements taken; however, in coloration they more nearly agree with Z. h. alascensis than with Z. h. hudsonius or Z. h. tenellus the geographic ranges of which adjoin that of Z. h. alascensis.

Specimens examined.—Total, 56, distributed as follows:

Alaska: Cook Inlet, Tyonek, 1 (USBS); head Chalitna River, 2 (USBS); Lake Clark, 4 (USBS); east side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, 8; Yakutat, 3 (USBS); Lake Iliamma, 1 (USBS); Lake Aleknagik, 1 (USBS); Kokwok, 1 (USBS); Nushagak River, 3 (USBS); Chilkat Peninsula, 10 ft., 7 mi. SSE Haines, 18; Nushagak, 3 (USBS); Chignik Bay, 1 (USBS); Portage Cove, Revillagigedo, 1 (MVZ); Izembek Bay, 1 (USBS); Frosty Peak, 1 (USBS).

British Columbia: west end Kelsall Lake, 2900 ft., 1; Stonehouse Creek, 5¹/₂ mi. W junction Stonehouse Creek and Kelsall River, 4.

Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., 2.

Marginal records.—Alaska: Lake Aleknagik; head Chalitna River. Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft. Alaska: E side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines; Portage Cove, Revillagigedo Island; Yakutat; Cook Inlet, Tyonek; Chignik Bay; Frosty Peak.

Zapus hudsonius americanus (Barton)

Dipus americanus Barton, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 4:115, 1799.

Jaculus americanus Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, 23, 1830.

Meriones microcephalus Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 1, 1839, based on two specimens from "the farm of Mr. Beck, in Philadelphia County, a few miles northeast of the city [= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]."

Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111, 8 (pt. 1): 433, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania).

Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of the territories, 2nd ser. No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania); Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Peterboro and Waterville, New York, southeastern Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Ohio).

Zapus hudsonius americanus, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:6, February 8, 1899; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:19, August 8, 1899.

Zapus hudsonius hardyi, Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:165, September 11, 1942 (part—the part from New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania).

Zapus hudsonius brevipes Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:168, September 11, 1942, type from Bettsville, Seneca County, Ohio.

Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:169, September 11, 1942 (part—the part from southeastern Ohio), type from Cat Run, extreme southeastern Belmont County, Ohio.

Type.—No type specimen designated. Dipus americanus was characterized from jumping mice obtained by Barton near the Schuylkill River, a few miles from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Range.—Southeastern United States and lower peninsula of Michigan; east of central Indiana; from central New York and Massachusetts southward to northern Georgia. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Austroriparian (Lower Austral), Carolinian (Upper Austral), Alleghanian (Transition), and Canadian.

Description.—Size small; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black-tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides bright, lighter than back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line usually distinct and of color of sides; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears narrowly edged and heavily flecked with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; skull short; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively broad; skull relatively narrow across zygomata; interorbital region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short; auditory bullae relatively small.

Comparisons.—Compared with Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Z. h. americanus differs as follows: Smaller; paler (in a sense brighter because more ochraceous and less tawny); skull smaller; auditory bullae narrower, less inflated; incisive foramina relatively more bowed; condylobasal length averaging less.

From Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Z. h. americanus differs as follows: Smaller; color brighter, more ochraceous, less yellow; braincase relatively narrower; auditory bullae usually smaller; incisive foramina broader; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually with median projection; interorbital region averaging broader.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius acadicus see account of that subspecies.

Remarks.—Intergradation with Zapus hudsonius acadicus occurs in southeastern New York as indicated by a series of 25 specimens from Peterboro. They resemble Z. h. acadicus in width of the mastoid region and relatively longer tooth-row, but in the size and shape of the auditory bullae, width of the pterygoid fossae, and lighter, brighter, color of the sides they are more nearly like Z. h. americanus to which they are here referred.

Intergradation between Z. h. americanus and Z. h. acadicus is indicated also by specimens from Lawyersville and Schoharie, New York. In animals from both localities the length of the zygomata and the breadth of the mastoid region are more nearly as in Z. h. acadicus, but in size and shape of the auditory bullae, over-all length of the skull, color of the ears, and general color of the pelage they are more nearly like Z. h. americanus to which they are here referred.

Specimens from western Pennsylvania, judged to be Z. h. hudsonius by Preble (1899:17), and those from northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio, allocated to Z. h. hardyi (= acadicus) by Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165), are more nearly like Z. h. americanus in size and shape of the auditory bullae, short zygomata, relatively narrow mastoid region, and color of pelage.

Specimens from the lower peninsula of Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio, described by Bole and Moulthrop (op. cit.:168) as belonging to a new subspecies (Zapus hudsonius brevipes), are to me indistinguishable from most specimens of Z. h. americanus. The characters which Bole and Moulthrop (loc. cit.) ascribe to Z. h. brevipes—color bright Ochraceous-Buff, tail and hind feet short, and skull narrow—are also those of Z. h. americanus.

Specimens from various localities in southeastern Ohio, all within the range ascribed by Bole and Moulthrop (op. cit.:169) to Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei, are indistinguishable from specimens of Z. h. americanus from eastern Tennessee, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland. Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei (at least that part from southeastern Ohio) is indistinguishable from Z. h. americanus and therefore is synonymized under Z. h. americanus.

Specimens from Lagrange County, Indiana, show intergradation between Zapus hudsonius intermedius and Z. h. americanus in the color of the pelage but are more nearly like Z. h. americanus to which they are here referred. One from Porter County, Indiana, is more nearly like Z. h. intermedius in size and shape of the bullae and in breadth of the pterygoid fossae but in color and degree of lateral bowing of the zygomata is better placed with Z. h. americanus.

Z. h. americanus is a wide ranging subspecies. Animals at the northern periphery of the range (lower peninsula of Michigan to the west and southeastern Massachusetts to the east) are largest and darkest; to the southward there is a progressive reduction in size and a change to a lighter, brighter color. Animals from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina are more nearly average representatives of the subspecies than are those from the region of the type locality.

A jumping mouse allegedly of this subspecies has been recorded by Coleman (1941:91) from Caesars Head, 300 ft., South Carolina. This specimen and one from Athens, Georgia, provide the southeasternmost record-stations of occurrence for the species Z. hudsonius.

Specimens examined.—Total, 318, distributed as follows:

Connecticut: Hartford County: Windsor, 1 (USBS); East Hartford, 2 (MCZ). Litchfield County: Sharon, 3 (AMNH); Macedonia Park, 2 (AMNH). Middlesex County: Clinton, 1 (AMNH). Windham County: South Woodstock, 10 (AMNH); Pomfret, near Hampton line, 1.

Georgia: Clarke Co.: Athens, 1 (USBS).

Indiana: Lagrange Co.: no exact locality, 2 (UM). Porter Co.: Mineral Springs, 1 (FM); no exact locality, 1 (FM).

Maryland: Anne Arundel County: Patuxent Research Refuge, 1 (USBS). Charles County: no exact locality, 1 (USBS). Garrett Co.: Finzel, 6 mi. N Frostburg, 1 (USBS). Montgomery County: Sandy Springs, 2 (USBS); Kensington, 1 (USNM); Cabin John Bridge, 2 (1 USBS; 1 USNM). Prince Georges County: Laurel, 8 (USNM); Branchville, 1 (USBS); College Park, 1. Worchester County: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City, 1 (USBS).

Massachusetts: Barnstable County: West Falmouth, 1 (USBS). Bristol County: Raynham, 1 (Clev. MNH). Dukes County: Martha’s Vineyard, 1 (USBS); West Chop, Martha’s Vineyard, 1 (Clev. MNH). Nantucket County: Nantucket Island, 1 (USNM). Plymouth County: Middleboro, 1 (USNM); Plymouth, 1 (UM); Marshfield, 6 (USBS); Wareham, 3 (1 Clev. MNH; 2 UM).

Michigan: Alcona Co.: 2 mi. S Harrisville, 2 (UM). Allegan Co.: near junction Swan Creek and Kalamazoo River, 3 (UM). Berrien Co.: Warren Woods, 2 (UM); Three Oaks, 1 (UM). Charlevoix Co.: Thumb Lake, 1 (UM); Section 1 Norwood Township, 1 (UM); Boyne Falls, 12 (UM); 2 mi. S Boyne Falls, 2 (UM). Cheboygan Co.: Douglas Lake, 2 (UM). Clinton Co.: 2 mi. SE DeWitt, 1 (UM). Emmet Co.: Maple River, near Douglas Lake, 1 (UM). Huron Co.: Rush Lake, 1 (UM). Kalamazoo Co.: no exact locality, 1 (UM). Lake Co.: 1 mi. NW Chase, 1 (UM). Livingston Co.: George Reserve, Pinckney, 2 (UM); Upper Whitewood Lake, 1 (UM); Whitmore Lake, 1 (UM); Portage Lake, 3 (UM). Mason Co.: 9 mi. N Ludington, 1 (UM). Midland Co.: Sanford, 1 (UM). Montmorency Co.: T. 32N, R. 1E, Sec. 30, 1 (UM). Muskegon Co.: 4 mi. NW North Muskegon, 2 (UM). Oakland Co.: Bloomfield, 1 (UM); no exact locality, 1 (UM). Otsego Co.: Pigeon River, 1 (UM); T. 32N, R. 1W, Sec. 25, 1 (UM); Waters, 1. Roscommon Co.: T. 24N, R. 2W, Sec. 2, 1 (UM). Shiawassee Co.: ¹/₂ mi. NE Byron, 5 (UM); ¹/₄ mi. S Byron, 2 (UM); 2 mi. SE Byron, 1 (UM); 3 mi. SW Byron, 1 (UM). Van Buren Co.: Van Auken Lake, 1 (UM). Washtenaw County: Whitmore Lake, 1 (UM); 2 mi. W Cherry Hill, 1 (UM); Ann Arbor, 7 (UM); 2 mi. E Ann Arbor, 2 (UM); Willow Run Village, 1 (UM).

New Jersey: Bergen County: Harrington Park, 1 (AMNH); Englewood, 1 (USNM). Cape May County: Mays Landing, 3 (Clev. MNH). Morris County: Mendham, 1 (AMNH). Ocean County: Tuckerton, 3 (USBS).

New York: Broome Co.: 5 mi. N Binghamton, 2 (USNM). Cayuga County: E Aurora, 1 (USBS). Greene County: Catskills, 4 (USNM); Kaaterskill Junction, 1 (USNM). Madison County: Peterboro, 25 (2 MCZ; 19 USNM; 4 Clev. MNH). Nassau County: Locust Grove, 3 (USNM). Orange Co.: Cranberry Pond, 840 ft., Highland, 2 (USNM). Otsego County: Lake Charlotte, 1 (AMNH). Queens County: Woodside, Long Island, 1 (USNM); near Forest Hills, Long Island, 1 (AMNH); Ray Nu Beach, Long Island, 1 (USNM). Rockland County: Tappan, 1 (AMNH). Schoharie County: Lawyersville, 1 (AMNH); Schoharie, 1 (AMNH). Suffolk County: Montauk Point, Long Island, 8 (USBS). Tioga County: Owego, 1 (USBS). Westchester Co.: Bedford, 1 (AMNH).

North Carolina: Buncombe County: Weaverville, 1 (AMNH). Cherokee Co.: Martin Creek, 2 (UM). Mitchell County: Roan Mountain, 2 (USBS). Wake County: Raleigh, 5 (3 USNM; 1 UM; 1 NCS).

Ohio: Carroll Co.: Carrollton, 2 (UM). Cuyahoga County: Big Creek, Brookside Park, 1 (Clev. MNH); Dover, 1 (Clev. MNH); Rocky River Metr. Park, 3 (Clev. MNH); North Olmstead, 1 (Clev. MNH). Erie Co.: Milan, 1 (Clev. MNH); Mill Hollow, Vermilion River, 1 (Clev. MNH). Lake Co.: Holden Arboretum, 3 (Clev. MNH). Meigs Co.: Portland Station, 1 (Clev. MNH). Seneca Co.: Bettsville, 4 (Clev. MNH); Old Fort Seneca, 4 (Clev. MNH); Corners, 1 (Clev. MNH). Wayne Co.: Wooster, 1 (UM); Craighton, 1 (UM).

Pennsylvania: Beaver Co.: 1 mi. NE Darlington, 1 (CM); 2 mi. E Industry, 1 (CM); 4 mi. E Frankfort, 2 (CM). Bedford Co.: 1 mi. NE Osterburg, 1 (CM). Berks Co.: 2 mi. W Strausstown, 1 (USNM). Bradford Co.: 2¹/₂ mi. NNW Wyalusing, 2 (CM). Bucks Co.: 2 mi. N New Britain, 1 (CM). Butler Co.: Thorn Creek, 4 mi. S Butler, 4 (CM); 2 mi. E Middle Lancaster, 1 (CM); Orphans Home, 2 mi. E Mars, 2 (CM). Cambria Co.: 2¹/₂ mi. S Patton, 1750 ft., 1 (CM); 5¹/₂ mi. NE Ebensburg, 1 (CM). Centre Co.: 2, mi. E Snowshoe, 2 (CM). Chester Co.: 2 mi. S West Chester, 1 (CM). Clinton Co.: Tamarack, 9 mi. NNW Renovo, 1 (CM). Crawford Co.: Pymatuning Lake, 3 (Clev. MNH). Erie Co.: 4¹/₂ mi. SW [town of] North East; 2 (CM); East Springfield, 1 (CM). Fulton Co.: 1¹/₂ mi. NE Warfordsburg, 580 ft., 1 (CM). Huntington Co.: 6¹/₂ mi. S Shade Gap, 2 (CM). Indiana Co.: ¹/₂ mi. E Indiana, 1320 ft., 2 (CM). Lebanon Co.: 1¹/₂ mi. SE Cornwall, 800 ft., 1 (CM). Mercer Co.: 2¹/₂ mi. W Mercer, 2 (CM); 5 mi. S Mercer, 1 (CM). Monroe Co.: Pocene Lake, 1(CM). Pike Co.: Bruce Lake, 1 (CM). Potter Co.: Woodcock Run, 7¹/₂ mi. WSW Ulysses, 2 (CM). Sommerset County: 4 mi. SW Somerset, 2100 ft., 2 (CM); New Lexington, 1 (USBS). Susquehanna Co.: 10 mi. NNW Montrose, 1 (CM). Union Co.: Glen Iron, 2 (CM). Warren Co.: Bensons Swamp, 5 mi. E Columbus, 1 (USNM); Miles Run, 5 mi. NW Pittsfield, 1 (CM); 1¹/₂ mi. N Pittsfield, 1 (CM); 2¹/₂ mi. N Kinzua, 2 (CM); 2 mi. N Kinzua, 1 (CM).

Tennessee: Carter Co.: 3 mi. SSW Roan Mountain (town), 2900 ft., 1 (UM).

Virginia: Amelia Co.: Amelia, 1 (UM). Elizabeth City County: Near Hampton, 2 (UM). Fairfax County: Fall Church, 4 (2 USNM; 2 USBS); opposite Plummers Island, Maryland, 1 (USNM). Highland Co.: Laurel Park, 9 mi. NNW Monterey, 3100 ft., 4 (UM). Nelson Co.: no exact locality, 5 (USNM). Norfolk County: Deep Creek, 1 (USBS). Page Co.: no exact locality, 1 (USNM). Smyth Co.: Sugar Grove, 1 (UM); ¹/₂ mi. E Konnarock, 2800 ft., 1 (UM). Washington Co.: Konnarock, 2900 ft., 1 (UM).

Washington D. C.: Chevy Chase, 1 (USBS); no exact locality, 4 (3 USNM; 1 USBS).

West Virginia: Monongalia Co.: Morgantown, 6.

Marginal records.—Michigan: Douglas Lake; Bloomfield. New York: E Aurora; Peterboro; Catskills. Connecticut: Sharon; South Woodstock. Massachusetts: Middleboro. New Jersey: Tuckerton. Maryland: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City. North Carolina: Raleigh. Georgia: Athens. Indiana: Mineral Springs. Michigan: 9 mi. N Ludington.

Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble

Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August 8, 1899.

Type.—Male, adult, No. 65872 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Bear Lodge Mt’s [Crook County], Wyoming; obtained on June 21, 1894, by B. H. Dutcher, original No. 600.

Range.—Southeastern Montana, southwestern South Dakota, and northeastern Wyoming. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition.

Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Yellow Ocher with black hair interspersed; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, usually with moderate suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, well inflated; incisive foramina long and usually truncate at posterior border; pterygoid fossae broad; zygomata relatively wide-spread and long; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; condylobasal length and occipitonasal length relatively great; mastoid region and palatal region relatively broad; interparietal bone usually broad.

Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Coloration darker (more black and yellow but less orange); averaging larger in all measurements taken except in least interorbital constriction and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch which are slightly larger and breadth across zygomatic arches which is same; zygomatic arch heavier; incisive foramina larger; interparietal bone broader.

Compared with Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Coloration more tawny and ochraceous, less yellow; auditory bullae averaging larger, more inflated; condylobasal length averaging greater; zygomata averaging more wide-spread and longer; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina longer and more truncate posteriorly.

From Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Size larger; color lighter, more ochraceous, less tawny; occipitonasal length averaging greater; mastoid region broader; zygomata averaging longer; zygomatic arch more widely bowed; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; incisive foramina longer; auditory bullae broader, more inflated.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius preblei see account of that subspecies.

Remarks.—Animals from the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming are thought of as most characteristic of this geographic race. Intergradation is noted with Zapus hudsonius pallidus and is discussed in the account of that subspecies.

Specimens examined.—Total, 66, distributed as follows:

Montana: Big Horn County: Rotten Grass Creek, north base Big Horn Mts., 2 (USBS); Little Big Horn River, 2 mi. from Wyoming line, 1 (USBS).

South Dakota: Custer County: Custer, 3 (USNM); Bull Springs, 6 (Clev. MNH); Beaver Creek, Wind Cave Nat’l Park, 1 (UM); Wind Cave Nat’l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek, Wind Cave Nat’l Park, 2 (UM); Pennington County: Rapid Creek, 2 mi. W Pactola, 4800 ft., 3 (UM); Castle Creek, R. 2E, T. 1N, 6500 ft., 3 (UM); Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City, 6 (UM); Palmer Gulch, 4 mi. SE Hill City, 3 (UM); Palmer Gulch, 9 (FM); no definite locality, 4 (UM).

Wyoming: Crook County: Devils Tower, flood plain Belle Fourche River, 3350 ft., 1 (USBS); Bear Lodge Mts., 4 (USBS); 15 mi. N Sundance, Black Hills Nat’l Forest, 5500 ft., 2; 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 17; Sundance, 2 (USBS). Weston Co.: 1¹/₂ mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 5.

Marginal records.—Montana: Rotten Grass Creek, N base Big Horn Mts. South Dakota: Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City; Wind Cave Nat’l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek. Wyoming: 1¹/₂ mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft.

Zapus hudsonius canadensis (Davies)

Dipus canadensis Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 4:157, 1798.

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Ontario).

Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part—the part from Quebec); Anderson, Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942 (part—the part from Quebec excepting the Gaspé Peninsula).

Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1942:59, September 7, 1943, type from Pancake Bay (Batchawana Bay) southeast end of Lake Superior, Algoma District, about 40 miles northeast of Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario.

Type.—No type specimen designated, subspecies characterized on the basis of two specimens obtained by Major General Thomas Davies within a few miles of the city of Quebec.

Range.—Eastern Ontario and western Quebec from Hudson Bay southward to the Great Lakes and into northwestern New York. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.

Description.—Size medium; back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of black hair usually forming a dorsal band; sides from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff and lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct, and clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Cinnamon-Buff mid-ventrally; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with color of the sides, edged with Cinnamon-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, relatively broad and flat; incisive foramina relatively short and narrow, widest posteriorly; zygomata not widely bowed outward; mastoid region relatively wide; frontal region well inflated; nasals relatively narrow, short, and parallel sided.

Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Z. h. canadensis differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull averaging lighter, less black tipped hair; sides also lighter with less suffusion of dark hair; frontal region more inflated; mastoid region averaging broader; auditory bullae broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly longer.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius acadicus, Zapus hudsonius ladas, and Zapus hudsonius americanus see accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks.—Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) refer 2 specimens from Elba, New York, to Z. h. hardyi (= acadicus); they are more nearly like Z. h. canadensis in size and shape of the auditory bullae and general color of the pelage. A specimen from Spectacle Pond, New York, has the narrow pterygoid fossae and relatively narrow auditory bullae of Z. h. acadicus and the relatively short, narrow incisive foramina, inflated frontal region, and color of Z. h. canadensis to which the specimen is here referred. Intergradation is noted also in animals from Schreiber, Ontario. They resemble Zapus hudsonius hudsonius in their darker coloration and shape of auditory bullae but in the remainder of the characters studied resemble Z. h. canadensis to which they are referred. Specimens from Notre Dame de la Dore and ¹/₂ mi. N Mistassini Post, Quebec, in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in width of the pterygoid fossae, closely approach Z. h. ladas but in color, distinct dorsal band, and in narrower zygomata are all nearest Z. h. canadensis to which subspecies they are here referred.

Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis Anderson (1942:59) from eastern Ontario was based chiefly, in comparison with Z. h. canadensis, upon, “dorsal stripe less distinct and sides somewhat duller yellowish with more admixture of blackish hairs.” Examination of 68 of the 69 specimens from the type locality shows that 58 are subadult and in subadult pelage. Individuals which are adult are indistinguishable in color of pelage and in cranial features from comparable material from southern Quebec. Z. h. ontarioensis is, therefore, considered to be a synonym of Z. h. canadensis.

Specimens examined.—Total, 123, distributed as follows:

New York: Franklin Co.: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township, 2 (AMNH). Genesee Co.: Elba, 2 (Clev. MNH).

Ontario: Schreiber, 2 (NMC); Franz, 5 (MVZ); Pancake Bay, Algoma District, 68 (NMC); Maclennan, Algoma District, 3 (ROM); Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, 1 (MVZ); Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Dows Swamp, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Apple Hill, 1 (NMC); Clear Lake, Arden, 1 (NMC); Athens, 1 (NMC); Aurora, 4 (Clev. MNH); Pattageville, Toronto, 1; Lorne Park, Toronto, 1 (NMC); Credit, 2 (NMC); Pickering, 1 (MVZ); Preston, 1 (NMC); St. Thomas, 1 (NMC).

Quebec: Notre Dame de la Dore, 3 (NMC); ¹/₂ mi. N Mistassini Post, 1 (NMC); Lake Albanel, 1 (NMC); St. Felicien, 3 (NMC); Valcartier, 8 (NMC); Kiamika Lake, 4 (NMC); Ste. Veronique, 2 (NMC); Val Jalbert, 2 (NMC); St. Methode, 1 (NMC).

Marginal records.—Quebec: ¹/₂ mi. N Mistassini Post; Valcartier. New York: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township; Elba. Ontario: St. Thomas; Pancake Bay, Algoma Dist.; Franz; Schreiber. Quebec: Kiamika Lake.

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius (Zimmerman)

Dipus hudsonius Zimmerman, Geog. Geschichte d Menschen u. vierfussigen Thiere, 2:358, 1780.

Dipus labradorius Kerr, Animal Kingdom:276 (based on the Labrador Jerboid Rat of Pennant, 1781—but Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:11, August 8, 1899, states that the specimen came from Hudson Bay), 1792.

Gerbillus canadensis, Desmarest, Mammalogie, 2:321, 1822.

Gerbillus labradorius, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 157, 1825.

Meriones labradorius, Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1:144, 1829.

Jaculus labradorius Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Saugthiere, 3:294, 1843.

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:15, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Northwest Territory, Ontario, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota).

Zapus hudsonius alascensis, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 19:38, October 6, 1900.

Type.—Type specimen not known to be in existence; from Hudson Bay, locality now considered to be Fort Severn, Ontario (see Anderson, 1942:37).

Range.—Central Alaska southeastward to central Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and upper peninsula of Michigan. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Hudsonian, Canadian, and into Transition.

Description.—Size medium; back dark, from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon with heavy admixture of black hair forming dorsal band; sides lighter than back and from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon, sometimes with admixture of black hair giving sides streaked appearance; lateral line usually distinct, clear Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, usually edged with ochraceous; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively short and broadly rounded; zygomata relatively short; braincase relatively broad; auditory bullae flat, long, and relatively broad; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; nasals relatively broad and short.

Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius alascensis, Z. h. hudsonius differs as follows: upper parts generally darker, more black tipped hair; sides darker with greater suffusion of dark hair; lateral line brighter, more distinct; size averaging smaller; zygomatic arches less bowed outward; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch shorter; zygomata shorter; occipitonasal length less; mastoid region narrower.

From Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Z. h. hudsonius differs in: color darker, more tawny dorsally; sides averaging darker, more black-tipped hairs; size averaging larger; braincase averaging broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly shorter; zygomata averaging longer; mastoid region averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging shorter.

From Zapus hudsonius tenellus, Z. h. hudsonius differs as follows: upper parts averaging darker; tail averaging shorter; condylobasal length averaging more; braincase averaging broader; auditory bullae broader and less inflated; interparietal averaging broader; incisive foramina more broadly rounded and averaging longer.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius canadensis and Zapus hudsonius campestris see accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks.—Preble (1899:16) had available for study five specimens of Zapus hudsonius hudsonius from Hudson Bay. Four were preserved in alcohol and one as an incomplete skin (prepared from an alcoholic specimen). All were unreliable for comparative purposes owing to the effects of the preservative. Preble, therefore, (loc. cit.) selected as a fairly typical sample a series of specimens from Tower, St. Louis County, Minnesota; these formed the basis of comparison between Z. h. hudsonius and other subspecies of Zapus hudsonius. Now that additional material (well prepared skins and skulls) is available from the Hudson Bay region and from other localities in northern and western Canada it is evident that the specimens from Tower, although here considered to be Z. h. hudsonius, are not typical Z. h. hudsonius but are intergrades between hudsonius and specimens of Zapus hudsonius intermedius. Comparisons made in the present account are based on specimens from the vicinity of Hudson Bay (Fort Severen, Ontario, York Factory, Shamatawa River, and Robinson Portage, Manitoba). These individuals are considered typical of this subspecies. With these new data available the range of Z. h. hudsonius is now understood to include all of the region from eastern Alaska to the northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.

Intergradation between Zapus hudsonius canadensis and Z. h. hudsonius is noted in specimens from 30 mi. NE Port Arthur and also in those from Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, Ontario. These individuals resemble Z. h. canadensis in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the shape of the nasals, but in their darker coloration, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and relatively narrow pterygoid fossae they are more nearly like Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here referred.

Specimens from Minaki, Ontario, are tending toward Zapus hudsonius intermedius in lighter coloration but in the size and shape of the auditory bulla, size and shape of the incisive foramina, and in the width of the pterygoid fossae they are more nearly like Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here referred. Specimens from various localities in Menominee County, Michigan, are like Z. h. intermedius in shape of the incisive foramina and shape of the postpalatal notch, but in color of pelage, size and shape of the auditory bullae, and breadth of the pterygoid fossae they closely resemble Z. h. hudsonius.

In Wisconsin, intergradation occurs in color and in cranial characters in specimens from Mercer, Solon Spring, and in a single individual from Basswood Lake. All these specimens, however, are best referable to Z. h. hudsonius.

Specimens from one mile southwest of Fairbanks and from Fairbanks, Alaska, show intergradation with Zapus hudsonius alascensis in coloration (more brown, less black), but in small size, short, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and in size and shape of the auditory bullae are nearest to Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here assigned.

Intergradation with Zapus hudsonius alascensis is noted also in specimens from McIntyre Creek, Yukon. They are like Z. h. alascensis in the size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the more elongate incisive foramina, but in the coloration, size of the pterygoid fossae, and breadth of the braincase are more nearly like Z. h. hudsonius and are here referred to this geographic race.

In British Columbia, in specimens from 1 mi. NW junction of Irons Creek and Laird River as well as in those from Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW junction of Trout River and Laird River, and in those from ¹/₄ mi. S of the junction of the same rivers, three way intergradation occurs. These animals are like Zapus hudsonius alascensis in color and in length of tail. They agree with Zapus hudsonius tenellus in shape of nasals. In degree of inflation of auditory bullae, in length and width of incisive foramina, and in shape of pterygoid fossae they are as in Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here assigned.

Specimens examined.—Total, 230, distributed as follows:

Alaska: Fairbanks, 1 (USNM); 1 mi. SW Fairbanks, 440 ft., 1.

Alberta: Conibear Lake, Wood Buffalo Park, 1 (NMC); Assineau River, 1920 ft., 10 mi. E and 1 mi. N Kinuso, 1; Mountain Rapid, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); Brule Rapid, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); 25 mi. above Pelican Rapid, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); Lac la Nonne, 7 (NMC); Swift Current, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); junction Lac la Biche River and Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); 30 mi. above Athabasca Landing, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS).

British Columbia: 1 mi. NW junction Irons Creek and Laird River, 3; Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW junction Trout River and Laird River, 1; ¹/₄ mi. S junction Trout River and Laird River, 1.

Manitoba: York Factory, 2 (USBS); Shamatawa River, 1 (USBS); Oxford House, 15 (USBS); Robinson Portage, 4 (USBS); Echamamish, 1 (USBS); Norway House, 1 (USBS); Swan River, 1 (NMC); Bird, 1 (NMC); Aimie Lake, 2 (NMC); Albert’s Lake, Flin Flon, 2 (NMC); Portage La Prairie Prov., Delta, 1 (UM).

MacKenzie District: Fort Resolution, 3 (USBS); Fort Smith, 3 (USBS).

Michigan: Chippewa Co.: Marquette Nat’l Forest, 4; no exact locality, 2. Gogebic Co.: Mud Lake, ¹/₄ mi. SE Thousand Island Lake, 2. Keweenaw Co.: Lake Manganese, 1 mi. SSE Copper Harbor, 5 (UM); 2¹/₅ mi. SE Copper Harbor, 8 (UM); 5 mi. E Eagle Harbor, 6 (UM); E end Lake Upson, 3 (UM); Bete Grise, 5 (UM). Marquette County: Michigamme, 3 (2 USBS). Menominee Co.: 8 mi. N Hermansville, 6 (UM); 6 mi. NW Banat, 8 (UM); 5 mi. SW Banat, 8 (UM); 8 mi. SW Banat, 2 (UM); 7 mi. E Stephenson, 3 (UM); 8 mi. WSW Stephenson, 2 (UM); 10 mi. W Stephenson, 2 (UM); 13 mi. WSW Stephenson, 2 (UM); 5 mi. N Menominee, 2 (UM).

Minnesota: Lake Co.: Splitrock River, 2 (UM); St. Louis County: Tower, 27 (USBS).

Ontario: Fort Severn, Kenora District, 6 (ROM); Minaki, 7 (MVZ); 30 mi. NE Port Arthur, 6 (UM); Silver Islet, Thunder Bay District, 4 (NMC); 20 mi. SW Fort Williams, 3 (UM); 20 mi. SE Fort Williams, 1 (UM).

Saskatchewan: Emma Lake, 3 (ROM).

Wisconsin: Bayfield County: Herbster, 4 (USBS); Brinks Camp, Washburn, 1 (AMNH); Basswood Lake, 10 mi. SE Iron River, 1 (USBS). Douglas County: Solon Springs, 9 (USBS). Forest County: Crandon, 1 (USBS). Iron County: Mercer, 2 (USBS). Oneida County: Crescent Lake, 2 (USBS). Vilas County: Mamie Lake, 2 (USBS); Lake St. Germain, 9 (USBS).

Yukon: Lake Lebarge, 3 (USBS); Forks of MacMillian River, 1 (USBS); McIntyre Creek, 2250 ft., 3 mi. NW Whitehorse, 4.

Marginal records.—Alaska: Fairbanks. MacKenzie: Ft. Resolution. Manitoba: York Factory. Ontario: Fort Severn, Kenora District; Silver Islet, Thunder Bay Dist. Michigan: Marquette Nat’l Forest; 5 mi. N Menominee. Wisconsin: Crandon; Solon Springs. Minnesota: Tower. Manitoba: Portage la Prairie Prov., Delta. Saskatchewan: Emma Lake. Alberta: 30 mi. above Athabasca Landing, Athabasca River; Lac la Nonne. British Columbia: 1 mi. NW junction Irons Creek and Laird River. Yukon: McIntyre Creek, 2250 ft., 3 mi. NW Whitehorse; Lake Lebarge.

Zapus hudsonius intermedius new subspecies

Type.—Male, adult, No. 83400, Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.; Ridgeway, Winneshiek County, Iowa; obtained on July 22, 1939, by S. A. Hoslett, original No. 517.

Range.—Eastern Montana, North Dakota, probably northern South Dakota, all but northern parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Upper Austral (Upper Sonoran and Carolinian) and Transition (Alleghanian and Transition).

Description.—Size medium; back from near Warm Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of hair tipped with black or dark brown usually forming distinct, broad, dorsal band; sides lighter, from near Warm Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with sparse mixture of dark-tipped hairs; lateral line often poorly marked but when present of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, grayish-brown to brownish-black above, white to grayish-white or yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; tail relatively short; lateral margins of nasals parallel; auditory bullae relatively short, broadly rounded, and moderately inflated; incisive foramina relatively long and narrow; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; zygomata relatively long; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary frequently lacking a median projection.

Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Z. h. intermedius differs as follows: Coloration duller, not so bright, more yellow or buff and less bright Ochraceous-Buff; interorbital region averaging narrower; incisive foramina averaging longer and narrower; condylobasal length averaging greater; braincase averaging broader; mastoid region averaging broader.

For comparisons with Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Zapus hudsonius campestris, and Zapus hudsonius americanus see accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks.—Zapus hudsonius intermedius has a large geographic range. There is some variation detectable when individuals from widely separate localities are compared, but where there is much variation it is obviously the result of intergradation. All characters differentiating Z. h. intermedius from any contiguous subspecies are not present in every specimen even in the type series. Nevertheless, a certain series of cranial characters (narrow incisive foramina, short rounded auditory bullae, parallel lateral margins of nasals and narrow pterygoid fossae) is diagnostic.

Animals obtained from extreme southwestern Indiana and from eastern Illinois approach Z. h. americanus in color and in shape of the incisive foramina, but in the shape of the nasals, width of the pterygoid fossae and breadth of the zygomata are most nearly like Z. h. intermedius to which they are here referred. Specimens from Lake and Kane counties, Illinois, also show affinity with Z. h. americanus in color, but cranially are most nearly like Z. h. intermedius and are assigned to that subspecies.

Two specimens from southern Illinois (Perry County) are intergrades between Z. h. pallidus and Z. h. intermedius. Cockrum and Baker (1950:3) mentioned that these individuals showed evidence of intergradation with Z. h. pallidus in color of the pelage and the breadth of the least interorbital constriction. In other characters the specimens are most nearly like Z. h. intermedius to which they are here referred. Animals from Lyon County, Iowa, also show intergradation between Z. h. pallidus and Z. h. intermedius. These individuals are most nearly like Z. h. pallidus in interorbital breadth of the skull but in other characters agree with Z. h. intermedius and, therefore, are referred to that subspecies.

Intergradation between Z. h. campestris and Z. h. intermedius is noted in a specimen from 7 mi. NE Glendive, Montana. This individual has the larger, broader, auditory bullae and more widely bowed incisive foramina of Z. h. campestris, but in color, in smaller external size, and in the majority of cranial characters it is best referred to Z. h. intermedius.

Specimens from the north-central periphery of the geographic range of Z. h. intermedius (northern Minnesota and Wisconsin) on the average are darker, have longer auditory bullae, wider bowed incisive foramina, and (some specimens) a slightly wider pterygoid fossa than is normal in more southern populations. This deviation from the norm is interpreted as intergradation between Z. h. hudsonius and Z. h. intermedius. Individuals from Burnett, Price, and Oconto counties, Wisconsin, and those from Cass and southern Clearwater counties, Minnesota, show such intergradation but are here considered to be Z. h. intermedius.

Specimens examined.—Total, 199, distributed as follows:

Illinois: Coles Co.: Fox Ridge State Park, 1 (UIM). Fulton Co.: ¹/₂ mi. N Norris, 2 (UIM); 3 mi. N Canton, 1 (UIM); 2¹/₂ mi. N Canton, 2 (UIM); 2 mi. NW Canton, 3 (UIM); 2 mi. W Canton, 1 (UIM); 3 mi. SW Monterey, 1 (UIM). Jo Daviess Co.: near Galen, 3 (FM). Kane Co.: Sugar Grove, 1 (Chic. AS). Lake Co.: Fox Lake, 4 (FM); Pistake Bay, 1 (FM). Perry Co.: 6 mi. S Pinckneyville (near Pyatt), 2 (SITC). Vermilion Co.: Kickapoo State Park, 2 (UIM); Jordan Creek, 3 mi. NE Fairmont, 5 (UIM).

Indiana: Owen Co.: La Fayette, 1 (USNM). Parks Co.: Turkey Run State Park, 2 (1 UM; 1 UIM). Posey Co.: Hovey Lake, 1 (UM); New Harmony, 2 (Clev. MNH); no exact locality, 2 (UM). Sullivan Co.: no exact locality, 1 (UM).

Iowa: Dickinson Co.: Camp Forester, E Okeboji Lake, 3 (ISC). Emmet Co.: Fort Defiance State Park, 1 (ISC). Hamilton Co.: Little Wall Lake, Jewell, 6 (ISC). Ida Co.: Arthur, 1 (ISC). Lyon Co.: Elgin Township, Sec. 35, 2 (ISC); Riverside Township, Sec. 28, 1 (ISC). Palo Alto Co.: Ruthven, 1 (ISC). Sioux Co.: Ireton, 1 (UM). Story Co.: Ames, 1 (ISC). Winneshiek Co.: Decorah, 3 (UM); Ridgeway, 11 (UM); Conover, 3 (UM).

Kentucky: Lyon Co.: no exact locality, 1 (USNM).

Montana: Dawson Co.: Yellowstone River, 7 mi. NE Glendive, 2000 ft., 1 (MVZ).

Minnesota: Cass County: Cass Lake, 7 (USBS). Clearwater Co.: Itasca Park, Biological Station, 5 (UM). Grant Co.: 3 mi. NW Barrett, 1 (UM). Jackson Co.: 4 mi. E Heron Lake, 1 (UM). Ottertail Co.: 5 mi. NW Vergas, 8 (UM); 4 mi. NW Ashley, 1430 ft., 2. Ramsey Co.: St. Paul, 1 (UM). Sherburne County: Elk River, 23 (2 UM; 6 MVZ; 3 USBS). Winona County: La Crescent, 3 (USBS).

North Dakota: Cass County: Fargo, 1 (USBS). Dickey County: Ludden, 1 (USBS); Ellendale, 1 (USBS). Kidder County: Pettibone, 3 (Chic. AS). La Moure County: La Moure, 1 (USBS). Oliver County: Fort Clark, 3 (USBS). Pembina County: Pembina, 2 (USNM). Ramsey County: Devils Lake, 3 (USBS). Ramson County: Lisbon, 1 (USBS). Richland County: Wahpeton, 2 (USBS); 5 mi. NE Fairmont, Sioux River, 5 (USBS); Blackner, 2 (USBS). Rolette County: Fish Lake, 2 (USBS). Sioux County: Cannon Ball, 4 (USBS). Williams Co.: Grinnell, 2 (USBS).

Wisconsin: Burnett County: Danbury, 1 (USBS). Chippewa County: Holcombe, 3 (USBS). Clark County: Withee, 4 (USBS); Worden Township, 2 (USBS). Crawford County: Lynxville, 1 (USBS). Dane Co.: Madison, 2 (OHIO). Dodge Co.: Horicorn Refuge, 2 (USBS). Juneau County: Mather, 1 (USBS). Marathon Co.: Rib Hill, 8 (USBS). Oconto County: Lakewood, 1 (USBS). Portage County: Stevens Point, 3 (USBS). Price County: Ogema, 2 (USBS). Rock County: Milton, 1 (USBS). Sauk County: Devils Lake, 1 (USBS). Sheboygan County: 8 mi. SW Mellen, 1 (USBS); Elkhart Lake, 1 (USBS). Walworth County: Delavan, Fosters Bridge, 1 (USBS); Turtle Lake, 1 (USBS). Wood Co.: Thorp Township, 2 (AMNH); Hewett Township, 4 (AMNH).

Marginal records.—North Dakota: Fish Lake; Pembina. Wisconsin: Danbury; Ogema; Lakewood. Illinois: Fox Lake. Indiana: La Fayette; New Harmony. Illinois: 6 mi. S Pinckneyville (near Pyatt). Iowa: Ames; Arthur; Ireton. Montana: Yellowstone River, 7 mi. NE Glendive, 2000 ft. North Dakota: Grinnell.

Zapus hudsonius ladas Bangs

Zapus hudsonius ladas Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:10, February 28, 1899.

Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 4169, E. A. and O. Bangs Coll. (now in Mus. Comp. Zool.); Rigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador; obtained on July 18, 1895, by C. H. Goldthwaite.

Range.—Eastern Quebec north of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, and Newfoundland. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.

Description.—Size medium; back relatively dark, near Ochraceous-Tawny with admixture of black-tipped hair; dorsal band relatively wide but not sharply defined against color of sides; side lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Cinnamon and lined with black-tipped hair; lateral line distinct of clear Cinnamon-Buff or Light Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, often suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail distinctly bicolored, dark brown to black above and yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears dark, usually flecked with Tawny Ochraceous and edged with ochraceous; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively short and broad; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; auditory bullae broad and well inflated; mastoid region relatively broad; zygomata relatively short; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively broad.

Comparison.—From Zapus hudsonius acadicus, which Z. h. ladas closely resembles, it differs in: Color darker, dorsal band much less distinct, underparts more frequently suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; auditory bullae relatively broader and more inflated; pterygoid fossae broader; zygomata averaging shorter; incisive foramina relatively shorter; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively broader.

From Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Z. h. ladas differs as follows: Color darker, more richly tawny, dorsal band less distinct; auditory bullae relatively shorter, more inflated; pterygoid fossae averaging broader; zygomata averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging longer.

Remarks.—This subspecies retains all of its diagnostic characters throughout nearly all parts of its geographic range. Specimens from Nova Scotia are like Z. h. ladas in their darker color and less distinct dorsal band, but in the remainder of their characters they are distinct and best referable to Z. h. acadicus.

Zapus h. ladas, with its relatively large size, poorly defined dorsal band, and broad, well inflated auditory bullae, is one of the better marked subspecies of the species Zapus hudsonius.

Specimens examined.—Total, 41, distributed as follows:

Labrador: Mahkovik, 1 (USNM); Etagaulet Bay, Lake Melvikl, 2 (USNM); 3 mi. above mouth of Naskaupi River, 1 (USNM); Northwest River, 6, (USNM); Cartwright, 1 (USBS); Muskrat Falls, Hamilton River, 1 (USNM); Hamilton River, Flour Lake, 3 (USNM); Hawke Harbor, 4 (USNM); Goose Bay, 3 (USNM); Niger Sound, Islet Bay, 1 (USNM); Red Bay, 5 (USNM); Mecklenburg Harbor, 2 (USNM); Mary Harbor, 1 (USNM).

Newfoundland: Hare Harbor, 3 (USNM).

Quebec: northwest Ungava, 1 (NMC); Moise Bay, 5 (NMC); Trout Lake, near Moise Bay, 1 (NMC).

Marginal records.—Labrador: Mahkovik; Red Bay. Newfoundland: Hare Harbor. Quebec: Trout Lake, near Moise Bay; northwest Ungava.

Zapus hudsonius pallidus Cockrum and Baker

Zapus hudsonius pallidus Cockrum and Baker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 63:1, April 26, 1950.

Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111, 8 (pt. 1):433, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Platte River, Nebraska, and Cass County, Missouri).

Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of the Territories, 2nd ser. No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Platte River, Nebraska).

Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Columbus in Nebraska and Jackson County in Missouri).

Type.—Male, adult, No. 22953, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; NW corner sec. 4, T. 12S, R. 20E, 5¹/₂ mi. N, 1³/₄ mi. E Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas; obtained on May 4, 1948, by E. Lendell Cockrum and Rollin H. Baker, original No. 916 of Cockrum.

Range.—Southern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Upper Austral (Upper Sonoran and Carolinian).

Description.—Size small; back near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of dark-tipped hair forming distinct, broad, dorsal band; sides bright Cinnamon-Buff with sparse mixture of dark-tipped hair; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with suffusion of color of sides, tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; mastoid region relatively narrow; maxillary tooth-row relatively short; zygomata relatively short; zygomatic arch relatively broad; interorbital region relatively broad; auditory bullae relatively small and narrow; lateral margins of nasals not constricted posteriorly.

Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius preblei, Z. h. pallidus differs as follows: Coloration brighter and richer, more buff, less black; zygomatic arch more broadly bowed; condylobasal length averaging less; braincase narrower; interorbital region broader; incisive foramina shorter.

For comparisons with Zapus hudsonius pallidus and Zapus hudsonius intermedius see accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks.—The characters that distinguish this jumping mouse from neighboring kinds are relatively stable throughout most of its geographic range. Zapus hudsonius pallidus is one of the best defined subspecies of Z. hudsonius.

One specimen from Batesland, South Dakota, is referred to Z. h. pallidus but shows evidence of intergradation with Zapus hudsonius campestris in the shape of the nasals, incisive foramina, and in breadth of the zygomatic arch. An animal from 3 mi. NE Ponca, Nebraska, is intermediate between Z. h. pallidus and Zapus hudsonius intermedius in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the breadth of the pterygoid fossae, but since this individual shows more resemblance to Z. h. pallidus in coloration and in the majority of cranial characters it is here referred to Z. h. pallidus. Specimens from Beemer, Nebraska, show an intergrading tendency toward Zapus hudsonius intermedius in the reduced lateral bowing of the zygomatic arch and in shorter zygomata. Since these individuals resemble Z. h. pallidus in the majority of characters they are referred to that race. An individual of Z. h. pallidus from Pevely, Missouri, is to some extent an intergrade with Z. h. intermedius of neighboring southern Illinois. Two individuals of Z. h. pallidus from Mohawk Park, Oklahoma, are darker dorsally than, but otherwise similar to, specimens from the type locality.

Zapus hudsonius pallidus seems to be the terminus of a cline; this is a southward trend toward smaller size and lighter, brighter color. There is a similar clinal tendency in the jumping mice in eastern North America, and Z. h. americanus from North Carolina, pronouncedly resembles Z. h. pallidus from Kansas.

Specimens examined.—Total, 44, distributed as follows:

Kansas: Brown Co.: Horton, 1. Douglas Co.: Sec. 8, T. 123, R. 20E, 5¹/₂ mi. N, 1³/₄ mi. E Lawrence, 10; 5 mi. N and 1¹/₂ mi. E Lawrence, 3; Robinson Farm, 5 mi. N and 3 mi. E Lawrence, 2; 4 mi. N, 2¹/₂ mi. E Lawrence, 1; Lakeview, 2; 7¹/₂ mi. SW Lawrence, 1. Greenwood Co.: ¹/₂ mi. S Hamilton, 1.

Missouri: Cole Co.: Jefferson City, 2 (MO). Jackson Co.: no exact locality, 1 (USBS). Jefferson County: Pevely, 1 (USBS).

Nebraska: Blaine Co.: Dismal River, at Thomas-Blaine County line, 1 (NGFP). Boyd Co.: 2 mi. E and 15 mi. S Spencer, 1. Buffalo Co.: Platte Meadows, Kearney, 1 (HM). Butler Co.: 5 mi E Rising City, 1. Cherry Co.: Niobrara River, 18 mi. NW Kennedy, 1; Ballard Marsh, 20 mi. S Valentine, 1 (JKJ); Pony Lake Headquarters, Valentine Nat’l Wildlife Refuge, 1 (JKJ). Colfax Co.: 2 mi. S Schuyler, 1 (JKJ). Cuming County: Beemer, 4 (USBS). Dixon Co.: 3 mi. NE Ponca, 1. Platte County: Columbus, 1 (USBS). Richardson Co.: 5 mi. SE Rulo, 1 (NGFP).

Oklahoma: Tulsa Co.: Mohawk Park, 2 (UM).

South Dakota: Bennett Co.: Batesland, 1 (FM).

Marginal records.—South Dakota: Batesland. Nebraska: 3 mi. NE Ponca; Beemer; 5 mi. SE Rulo. Missouri: Pevely. Oklahoma: Mohawk Park. Kansas: ¹/₂ mi. S Hamilton. Nebraska: Platte Meadows, Kearney; Ballard Marsh, 20 mi. S Valentine; Niobrara River, 18 mi. NW Kennedy.

Zapus hudsonius preblei new subspecies

Type.—Male, adult, No. 73085, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado; obtained on July 23, 1895, by E. A. Preble, original No. 435.

Range.—Southeastern Wyoming and north-central Colorado. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition.

Description.—Size medium; color dull, back from near Clay Color to near Tawny-Olive with admixture of black hair forming poorly defined dorsal band; sides lighter than back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff; lateral line distinct and clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, sometimes with faint wash of clear Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to light brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively narrow and elongate; auditory bullae moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; postpalatal notch broadly rounded; interorbital region relatively narrow; zygomatic arch not widely bowed; frontal region well inflated; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short.

Comparisons.—Among named subspecies, Zapus hudsonius preblei most closely resembles Z. h. campestris. From topotypes of Z. h. campestris, Z. h. preblei differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull, averaging lighter, less black-tipped hair; dorsal band less distinct; sides duller; averaging smaller in most cranial measurements taken; least interorbital constriction narrower; auditory bullae smaller, less well inflated; incisive foramina narrower, not truncate posteriorly; frontal region usually more inflated.

From Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Z. h. preblei differs as follows: Upper parts generally duller (less ochraceous); dorsal band less distinct; sides paler (not bright Ochraceous-Buff); zygomatic arch less widely bowed; least interorbital constriction narrower; occipitonasal length averaging greater; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging less; incisive foramina longer, proportionally less widely bowed; auditory bullae longer; pterygoid fossae averaging broader.

Remarks.—No evidence of intergradation with any other geographic race was noted. To the east the range of Z. h. preblei is separated from that of Z. h. pallidus (western Kansas and southwestern Nebraska), by several hundred miles of mixed and short grass prairie. Much of this area is unsuitable to jumping mice but local marshy places might be inhabited. Much territory inhospitable to Zapus intervenes also between the ranges of Z. h. preblei and Z. h. campestris. This area (northern Platte, Goshen, eastern Converse, Niobrara, and southern Weston counties, Wyoming) is chiefly rolling hills and short grass prairie and, like that to the east, is only locally suitable for Zapus. If jumping mice do occur in suitable places in these intervening areas it is to be expected that they will show intergradation between the subspecies concerned.

Zapus hudsonius preblei, on the basis of 11 specimens, agrees most closely in size and color with Z. h. campestris; there is much less resemblance between Z. h. preblei and Z. h. pallidus.

An adult from Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, is typically Z. h. preblei as is one from Cheyenne.

Although specimens of Z. h. preblei are few (4 adult, 7 non-adults), the differences between this and neighboring named kinds is considerable.

Specimens examined: Total, 11, distributed as follows:

Colorado: Boulder County: 3 mi. E Boulder, 1 (UCM); 5 mi. E Boulder, 1 (UCM); south of Boulder (no exact locality), 1 (UCM). Jefferson County: Semper, 1. Larimer County: Loveland, 2 (USBS).

Wyoming: Albany County: Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft., 3 (USBS). Laramie County: Cheyenne, 1 (USNM). Platte County: Chugwater, 1 (Clev. MNH).

Marginal records.—Wyoming: Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft.; Chugwater; Cheyenne. Colorado: Loveland; Semper.

Zapus hudsonius tenellus Merriam

Zapus tenellus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:103, April 26, 1897.

Zapus hudsonius tenellus, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 40:377, November 5, 1934.

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Baker, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:111, November 28, 1951 (part—the part from E side Minaker River, 1 mi. W Trutch and 3 mi. N Fort St. John, British Columbia).

Type.—Female, young adult, skin and skull, No. 66932 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Kamloops, British Columbia; obtained on August 25, 1894, by Clark P. Streator, original No. 4196.

Range.—British Columbia. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.

Description.—Size medium; back from near Clay Color (brighter) to near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of black tipped hairs forming a weakly defined dorsal band; sides lighter than back from near dull Ochraceous-Buff to near Cinnamon-Buff frequently with admixture of dark-tipped hairs; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white sometimes with slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, white or grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged and flecked on inner surface with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae relatively narrow, moderately inflated, elongate when viewed from below, anterior edge slightly concave; incisive foramina relatively short; braincase relatively narrow; vertical depth of skull at junction of frontals and nasals relatively great; nasals relatively narrow; pterygoid fossae moderately broad; zygomata relatively short.

Comparisons.—For comparisons with Zapus hudsonius hudsonius and Zapus hudsonius alascensis see accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks.—Merriam (1897a:103) named this jumping mouse as a full species, mentioning that the skull is similar in size and characters to that of Zapus hudsonius but that externally these animals differed in coloration and length of the tail. Hall (1934:377) treated Z. tenellus as a subspecies of Z. hudsonius. He observed that the difference between Z. tenellus, Z. h. alascensis, and Z. h. hudsonius was of the same degree, and, even though intergrading material was not known to him, he considered tenellus only subspecifically distinct from Z. hudsonius. Hall (loc. cit.) tentatively referred to Z. h. tenellus specimens from Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. NE Barkerville, Cottonwood P. O., and Hazelton, British Columbia. I have seen and compared with the type of Z. tenellus all specimens examined by Hall and agree with him that they are best referred to Z. h. tenellus. Since 1934, several additional localities in British Columbia have yielded specimens. Those from Minaker River and Fort St. John are intermediate in dorsal coloration and in size and shape of the auditory bullae between Zapus hudsonius hudsonius and Z. h. tenellus but in all other characters are most nearly like Z. h. tenellus to which they are here assigned. These intergrades constitute additional evidence that Z. tenellus and Z. hudsonius are only subspecies of a single species.

Specimens examined.—Total, 17, all from British Columbia, distributed as follows: east side Minaker River, 1 mi. W Trutch, 1; Hazelton, 959 ft., 2 (MVZ); 5 mi. W and 3 mi. N Fort St. John, 1; Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. NE Barkerville, 5 (MVZ); Cottonwood P. O., 3 (MVZ); S end Swan Lake, Vernon, 1200 ft., 2 (MVZ); Kamloops, 3 (USBS).

Marginal records.—British Columbia.—E side Minaker River, 1 mi. W Trutch; 5 mi. W and 3 mi. N Fort St. John; S end Swan Lake, Vernon, 1200 ft.; Kamloops; Hazelton, 959 ft.

Table 5.—Cranial Measurements (in Millimeters) of Zapus.

Number examined, ♂♂ plus ♀♀ Breadth of braincase Condylobasal length Interorbital breadth Mastoidal breadth Length of maxillary tooth-row Occipitonasal length Palatal length Zygomatic breadth Zygomatic length

Zapus trinotatus eureka, Big Lagoon, California.

13 mean 10.3 21.4 4.2 10.9 3.9 24.5 10.4 12.5 9.5

max 10.6 22.1 4.4 11.1 4.0 25.5 11.5 13.2 10.0

min 10.0 20.7 3.9 10.0 3.7 24.0 10.5 12.1 9.0

Zapus trinotatus montanus, Crater Lake, Oregon.

10 mean 10.3 20.7 4.5 10.6 4.0 24.3 10.5 12.1 9.5

max 10.5 21.5 4.7 11.1 4.1 24.8 10.8 12.6 9.8

min 10.2 20.3 4.2 10.2 3.7 23.5 10.1 11.8 9.0

Lost Cr. R. S., 10 mi. SE McKenzie Bridge, Oregon.

5 mean 10.3 20.9 4.5 10.7 3.9 24.2 10.4 12.1 9.0

max 10.5 21.3 4.6 10.9 4.1 24.6 10.7 12.2 9.0

min 10.2 20.4 4.4 10.5 3.8 23.5 10.0 12.0 9.1

Zapus trinotatus orarius, 3 mi. W Inverness, 800 ft., California.

12 mean 9.9 20.4 3.8 10.8 3.7 22.6 10.0 12.1 9.3

max 10.2 20.9 4.1 11.0 3.8 23.5 10.6 12.5 9.8

min 9.6 19.9 3.7 10.4 3.6 21.7 9.8 11.9 8.5

Zapus trinotatus trinotatus, Old Fort Clatsop, 100 ft., Oregon.

8 mean 10.3 21.1 4.4 10.7 3.8 24.3 10.6 12.3 9.0

max 10.6 21.8 4.8 11.0 3.9 25.0 11.0 12.7 10.0

min 10.0 20.2 4.0 10.4 3.7 23.6 10.0 11.9 9.2

Cayuse Meadow, 3800 ft., 3¹/₂ mi. SW Steamboat Mt’n, Wash.

10 mean 10.4 21.5 4.5 11.1 3.9 24.6 10.7 12.6 9.7

max 10.6 22.2 4.8 11.4 4.1 25.4 11.1 12.8 10.0

min 10.2 20.6 3.8 10.8 3.8 23.7 10.2 12.2 9.3

Snoqualmie Pass, Washington.

5 mean 10.6 21.6 4.6 11.1 4.0 24.8 10.9 12.8 9.0

max 10.7 22.2 4.8 11.5 4.2 25.6 11.2 13.2 10.0

min 10.4 21.2 4.4 10.9 3.8 24.0 10.5 12.5 9.5

Alta Lake, 2200 ft., British Columbia.

5 mean 10.6 21.6 4.3 11.3 4.1 24.7 10.8 12.7 9.0

max 10.9 21.9 4.6 11.5 4.3 25.0 10.9 13.1 9.0

min 10.5 21.2 4.2 11.0 3.9 24.4 10.7 12.3 9.6

Zapus princeps cinereus, Raft River Mt’s, Utah.

4 mean 10.5 21.5 5.0 11.1 4.1 24.5 10.9 12.6 9.0

max 11.0 22.5 5.1 11.4 4.3 25.0 11.6 12.9 10.0

min 10.3 21.0 4.6 10.7 3.9 24.0 10.4 12.3 9.4

Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion, Idaho.

13 mean 10.5 21.4 4.8 10.9 4.1 24.9 10.9 12.4 10.1

max 10.7 22.0 5.1 11.4 4.2 25.5 11.4 12.8 10.8

min 10.2 20.9 4.5 10.5 3.9 24.3 10.2 11.7 9.8

Zapus princeps curtatus, Pine Forest Mt’s, Nevada.

11 mean 10.5 21.1 4.7 10.7 4.2 24.6 10.9 12.2 9.7

max 10.6 21.8 5.0 11.0 4.4 25.3 11.4 12.5 10.0

min 10.2 20.5 4.2 10.5 3.9 24.0 10.5 11.9 9.4

Zapus princeps idahoensis, several localities near Cody, Wyoming.

24 mean 10.5 21.4 4.6 11.0 4.0 24.7 10.9 12.6 9.6

max 11.2 22.6 5.2 11.4 4.2 25.6 11.5 13.3 10.2

min 9.9 20.6 4.3 10.5 3.9 24.1 10.2 12.0 9.3

5 mi. E Warm Lake, 7000 ft., Idaho.

4 mean 10.2 21.2 4.3 11.0 4.1 24.4 10.7 12.3 9.0

max 10.3 21.8 4.4 11.1 4.2 24.8 11.0 12.6 9.0

min 10.0 20.7 4.2 10.8 4.0 23.9 10.3 12.0 9.1

Summit Smith Mt’n, 7500 ft., Idaho.

9 mean 10.2 21.3 4.4 10.9 4.1 24.5 10.7 12.1 9.0

max 10.5 22.5 4.6 11.3 4.3 25.2 11.2 12.6 10.0

min 10.0 20.8 4.0 10.5 3.9 23.9 10.3 11.8 9.1

2 mi. NE Cooke, 8500 ft., Montana.

6 mean 10.4 21.1 4.4 10.9 4.0 24.3 10.5 12.5 9.0

max 10.6 21.8 4.5 11.5 4.1 25.4 11.1 12.9 10.0

min 10.2 20.3 4.3 10.7 3.8 23.5 9.9 12.0 9.0

Birch Cr., 18 mi. NE Dillon, 7100 ft., Montana.

11 mean 10.3 21.3 4.3 11.0 4.0 24.5 10.8 12.6 9.6

max 10.6 22.2 4.6 11.6 4.3 25.5 11.5 13.0 9.9

min 9.7 20.7 4.0 10.6 3.8 23.7 10.3 12.4 9.2

Zapus princeps idahoensis, Waterton Lakes Park, Alberta.

5 mean 10.6 21.4 4.6 10.7 4.1 24.5 10.8 12.2 9.0

max 10.9 22.1 4.7 11.0 4.2 25.2 11.0 12.3 10.0

min 10.3 21.0 4.4 10.4 4.0 24.2 10.6 11.8 9.3

Zapus princeps kootenayensis, near Rossland, British Columbia.

10 mean 10.2 20.5 4.4 10.6 4.0 23.7 10.4 11.9 9.2

max 10.8 21.0 4.8 10.9 4.2 24.4 10.7 12.2 9.5

min 9.7 20.0 4.1 10.0 3.8 23.2 9.9 11.4 9.0

Zapus princeps luteus, White Mt’s, Arizona.

20 mean 10.1 20.3 4.9 10.7 3.9 23.8 10.4 11.9 9.7

max 10.4 21.1 5.1 11.2 4.0 24.8 10.9 12.6 10.2

min 9.6 19.1 4.3 10.2 3.6 22.5 9.5 11.1 8.9

Espanola, 5000 ft., New Mexico.

3 mean 9.8 19.8 4.7 10.5 3.7 23.4 9.9 11.5 9.0

max 10.0 20.1 4.8 10.6 3.8 23.7 10.3 11.6 9.0

min 9.7 19.5 4.5 10.3 3.6 22.9 9.6 11.4 9.4

Zapus princeps minor, 2 mi. W Fort Totten, 1400 ft., No. Dakota.

11 mean 9.9 20.5 4.5 10.6 3.7 23.7 10.5 11.8 9.6

max 10.1 20.8 4.8 10.8 3.8 24.2 10.7 12.1 9.9

min 9.7 20.0 4.4 10.4 3.6 23.4 10.2 11.4 9.3

Near Bottineau, North Dakota.

4 mean 10.1 20.9 4.6 10.6 3.8 24.1 10.8 12.3 10.0

max 10.2 21.3 4.7 10.9 3.8 24.5 10.9 12.5 10.0

min 10.1 20.6 4.5 10.4 3.7 23.8 10.7 12.1 9.9

Head Eagle Cr., Bear Paw Mt’s, Montana.

7 mean 10.0 20.8 4.6 10.7 3.8 24.2 10.7 12.1 9.0

max 10.5 21.3 4.7 10.9 4.0 24.7 11.1 12.5 10.0

min 9.8 20.3 4.4 10.5 3.6 23.2 10.3 11.9 9.7

N Maple Cr., Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan.

10 mean 10.1 21.2 4.6 10.7 3.9 24.5 10.9 12.3 9.8

max 10.4 21.7 4.9 10.8 4.0 24.8 11.3 12.7 10.0

min 9.9 20.4 4.4 10.5 3.6 24.0 10.5 11.8 9.6

Zapus princeps oregonus, Parker Cr., Warner Mt’s, 5500 ft., Cal.

12 mean 10.6 21.6 4.7 11.1 4.2 25.0 11.1 12.6 10.2

max 11.0 22.2 4.9 11.6 4.4 25.7 11.4 13.0 10.9

min 10.2 21.2 4.3 10.8 4.0 24.5 10.7 12.4 9.9

Cobb Cr., 6 mi. SW Mt’n City, Nevada.

12 mean 10.7 21.6 5.0 11.2 4.1 25.0 11.2 12.6 10.0

max 11.1 22.1 5.2 11.4 4.3 25.7 11.8 13.0 10.3

min 10.5 21.0 4.6 10.7 3.8 24.4 10.9 12.2 9.5

Wisconsin Cr., 8000 ft., Nevada.

10 mean 10.6 21.6 4.9 11.2 4.0 24.8 11.1 12.4 9.5

max 10.8 22.2 5.0 11.5 4.2 25.2 11.4 12.8 9.6

min 10.3 21.2 4.6 10.8 3.9 24.1 10.6 12.2 9.3

North Fork Malheur River, 21 mi. SE Prairie City, 5000 ft., Ore.

10 mean 10.6 21.5 4.7 11.3 4.2 24.8 11.0 12.7 9.9

max 11.2 22.3 5.2 11.6 4.4 26.2 11.7 13.2 10.9

min 10.0 20.8 4.3 10.9 4.0 23.5 10.5 12.4 9.7

Zapus princeps pacificus, North Fork Coffee Cr., 4500 ft., Calif.

8 mean 10.4 21.5 4.7 10.9 3.9 24.8 11.1 12.5 10.0

max 10.8 22.4 5.0 11.4 4.0 25.2 11.4 13.2 10.0

min 10.0 20.7 4.5 10.7 3.8 24.0 10.5 12.0 9.6

Jackson Lake, 5900 ft., California.

7 mean 10.4 21.5 4.5 11.1 4.0 24.9 11.0 12.6 10.0

max 10.6 22.1 4.6 11.5 4.1 25.5 11.4 12.9 10.0

min 10.1 20.7 4.3 10.5 3.8 23.5 10.0 12.2 9.6

Head of Lyle Canyon, 9700 ft., California.

7 mean 10.3 20.8 4.7 10.6 3.8 24.0 10.5 12.3 9.0

max 10.5 21.8 5.0 11.0 4.0 24.6 10.8 12.7 10.0

min 10.0 20.0 4.5 10.2 3.5 23.0 10.0 11.8 9.0

Zapus princeps princeps, Florida, Colorado.

7 mean 10.2 21.4 4.6 10.5 3.7 24.9 11.1 12.3 9.0

max 10.5 22.3 4.7 11.3 3.8 25.4 11.4 12.5 10.0

min 9.7 20.7 4.3 9.8 3.5 23.9 10.9 11.9 9.3

Zapus princeps princeps, Half Way, Colorado.

6 mean 10.1 21.7 4.6 10.8 3.9 24.9 11.0 12.3 9.0

max 10.3 22.0 4.8 11.1 4.0 25.8 11.3 12.7 10.0

min 10.0 21.2 4.5 10.5 3.8 24.2 10.7 12.1 9.6

8 mi. N, 19¹/₂ mi. E Savery, Wyoming.

11 mean 10.2 21.2 4.5 10.9 3.9 24.5 10.8 12.2 9.7

max 10.5 21.8 4.7 11.1 4.1 25.0 11.1 12.5 10.2

min 10.0 20.8 4.2 10.6 3.7 23.7 10.5 12.0 9.3

21¹/₂ mi. S, 24¹/₂ mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., Wyoming.

11 mean 10.1 21.2 4.6 10.9 4.0 24.6 10.8 12.3 9.8

max 10.4 21.9 4.9 11.2 4.1 25.0 11.2 12.8 10.1

min 9.9 20.7 4.5 10.8 3.8 24.2 10.5 12.0 9.5

Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., Wyoming.

20 mean 10.3 21.5 4.7 11.2 4.0 24.7 11.0 12.6 10.0

max 10.6 22.2 4.9 11.5 4.2 25.3 11.4 12.9 10.4

min 10.0 20.7 4.4 10.8 3.8 24.1 10.6 12.2 9.8

Zapus princeps saltator, Stikine River at Glenora, British Columbia.

17 mean 10.4 21.3 4.4 10.9 4.1 24.3 10.7 12.5 9.6

max 10.7 22.2 4.5 11.4 4.5 25.0 11.4 13.0 10.0

min 9.8 20.5 4.1 10.6 3.8 23.3 10.3 12.0 9.3

Hazelton, 959 ft., British Columbia.

15 mean 10.4 21.6 4.5 11.0 4.0 24.6 10.9 12.5 9.8

max 10.8 22.3 4.7 11.6 4.2 25.5 11.4 12.9 10.0

min 9.9 20.7 4.2 10.7 3.8 23.7 10.5 11.7 9.4

Zapus princeps utahensis, near Robertson, 8700 ft., Wyoming.

15 mean 10.7 22.0 5.0 11.2 4.1 25.4 11.1 13.2 9.9

max 11.1 22.6 5.1 11.6 4.2 26.4 11.7 14.0 10.3

min 10.3 21.0 4.7 10.8 3.9 24.6 10.8 12.4 9.6

3 mi. N and 11 mi. E Alpine, 5650 ft., Wyoming.

17 mean 10.6 22.1 4.7 11.3 4.1 25.3 11.3 13.0 9.9

max 11.0 23.0 4.9 11.7 4.3 26.2 11.8 13.5 10.5

min 10.3 21.3 4.4 1 0.8 4.0 24.2 10.7 12.1 9.5

Zapus princeps utahensis, Salamander Lake and Lambs Canyon, 9000 ft., Utah.

9 mean 10.9 22.0 4.8 11.2 4.1 25.2 11.1 13.1 10.0

max 11.3 22.4 5.0 11.3 4.3 25.9 11.4 13.3 10.0

min 10.7 21.5 4.5 11.0 3.9 24.6 10.7 12.6 9.7

Zapus hudsonius acadicus, vicinity of St. Andrews, New Brunswick.

4 mean 9.6 19.8 4.1 10.2 3.5 23.0 10.1 10.8 9.0

max 9.8 19.9 4.2 10.3 3.7 23.1 10.2 11.1 9.0

min 9.2 19.7 3.9 10.0 3.3 22.8 9.9 10.4 9.2

Sebec Lake, Maine.

3 mean 9.6 19.5 4.3 10.0 3.5 23.0 10.0 10.7 9.0

max 9.8 19.8 4.5 10.1 3.6 23.3 10.1 11.3 9.0

min 9.4 19.0 4.0 9.7 3.4 22.6 9.9 9.9 9.0

2 mi. S Center Ossipee, New Hampshire.

10 mean 9.6 19.8 4.2 10.1 3.5 23.3 10.0 10.8 9.3

max 10.0 20.5 4.6 10.4 3.6 24.0 10.3 11.0 9.9

min 9.2 18.9 3.8 9.7 3.2 22.3 9.6 10.6 8.8

Berlin, New York.

6 mean 9.5 19.5 4.3 10.1 3.5 22.9 9.8 10.8 9.0

max 9.9 20.6 4.4 10.6 3.7 23.8 10.6 11.3 9.0

min 9.2 18.8 4.2 9.5 3.4 21.8 9.3 10.4 8.6

Lake Kedgemakooge, Nova Scotia.

5 mean 9.5 19.9 4.2 10.3 3.5 23.4 10.2 11.3 9.0

max 9.7 20.1 4.3 10.4 3.5 23.5 10.4 11.4 9.0

min 9.3 19.7 4.0 10.3 3.4 23.3 9.9 11.0 9.3

Zapus hudsonius alascensis, Lake Clark, Alaska.

2 mean 9.5 19.3 4.3 10.0 3.6 22.8 9.9 10.7 9.0

max 9.6 19.6 4.4 10.0 3.6 23.0 9.9 10.7 9.0

min 9.4 19.1 4.2 9.9 3.5 22.6 9.9 10.7 9.2

Frosty Peak, Yakutat Bay, Alaska.

3 mean 9.8 19.7 4.2 10.3 3.6 23.5 10.1 10.8 9.0

max 10.0 20.0 4.5 10.6 3.7 24.2 10.4 11.1 9.0

min 9.6 19.0 4.0 9.8 3.5 22.5 9.6 10.2 9.2

Zapus hudsonius alascensis, 7 mi. SSE Haines, 10 ft., Alaska.

14 mean 9.9 20.0 4.2 10.4 3.6 23.7 10.2 11.0 9.4

max 10.1 20.5 4.4 10.8 3.7 24.6 10.7 11.4 9.8

min 9.8 19.5 4.0 10.2 3.4 23.0 9.8 10.4 9.0

SW end Dezadeash Lake, Yukon.

2 mean 10.0 19.8 4.5 10.5 3.6 23.5 10.2 11.3 9.0

max 10.1 20.1 4.5 10.5 3.6 23.8 10.4 11.3 9.0

min 9.8 19.5 4.4 10.5 3.5 23.2 10.0 11.2 9.5

Zapus hudsonius americanus, Boyne Falls, Michigan.

8 mean 9.5 18.7 4.1 9.7 3.3 22.0 9.5 11.0 9.0

max 9.8 19.4 4.3 10.0 3.4 23.2 10.0 11.4 9.0

min 9.3 18.3 3.8 9.4 3.0 21.5 9.0 10.3 9.0

Ann Arbor, Michigan.

3 mean 9.5 18.6 4.2 9.9 3.3 22.0 9.5 10.9 9.0

max 9.6 18.8 4.4 10.0 3.3 22.4 9.8 11.0 9.0

min 9.4 18.5 3.8 9.8 3.2 21.9 9.3 10.8 8.9

Montauk Point, L. I., New York.

2 mean 9.4 18.8 4.3 9.2 3.5 22.2 9.7 10.6 8.0

max 9.6 19.1 4.4 9.2 3.5 22.5 9.8 10.7 8.0

min 9.2 18.4 4.2 9.2 3.4 21.9 9.5 10.5 8.9

Mays Landing, New Jersey.

2 mean 9.4 18.8 4.4 9.8 3.4 22.1 9.6 10.9 8.0

max 9.5 18.8 4.4 9.8 3.5 22.2 9.7 11.0 8.0

min 9.3 18.7 4.4 9.8 3.2 22.0 9.5 10.8 8.2

Laurel, Maryland.

3 mean 9.1 18.6 4.3 9.6 3.3 22.0 9.5 10.6 8.0

max 9.3 18.9 4.5 9.7 3.3 22.0 9.7 10.8 8.0

min 8.9 18.2 4.1 9.5 3.3 21.9 9.2 10.4 8.6

Hampton, Virginia.

3 mean 9.0 18.8 4.1 9.7 3.3 21.9 9.4 10.6 9.0

max 9.3 18.9 4.1 9.8 3.3 22.0 9.6 11.1 9.0

min 8.6 18.5 4.0 9.6 3.2 21.8 9.2 10.0 8.9

Zapus hudsonius americanus, Raleigh, North Carolina.

3 mean 9.2 18.8 4.0 9.9 3.4 22.4 9.6 10.9 8.0

max 9.6 19.7 4.2 10.4 3.5 23.0 9.9 10.9 9.0

min 8.8 17.9 3.9 9.4 3.2 21.8 9.4 10.8 8.5

Zapus hudsonius campestris, 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., Wyo.

19 mean 9.7 19.9 4.3 10.4 3.6 23.2 10.0 11.1 9.5

max 10.0 20.8 4.5 10.9 3.8 24.2 10.5 11.8 10.0

min 9.4 19.2 3.8 10.1 3.4 22.4 9.5 10.7 9.2

Palmer Gulch, Black Hills, South Dakota.

11 mean 9.8 20.2 4.3 10.5 3.7 23.4 10.1 11.4 9.6

max 10.2 21.4 4.5 11.1 3.9 24.9 10.9 12.0 10.2

min 9.5 19.0 4.2 10.1 3.5 21.9 9.5 10.7 9.0

Zapus hudsonius canadensis, St. Methode, Quebec.

4 mean 9.6 19.2 4.3 10.1 3.6 22.6 9.8 10.9 9.0

max 9.9 19.7 4.5 10.2 3.7 23.5 10.1 11.2 9.0

min 9.1 18.5 3.9 9.9 3.3 21.7 9.5 10.7 8.7

Pancake Bay, Algoma District, Ontario.

11 mean 9.6 18.8 4.1 10.0 3.5 22.2 9.6 10.4 9.2

max 10.0 19.4 4.4 10.3 3.6 22.8 9.7 10.6 9.7

min 9.2 18.3 3.8 9.6 3.3 21.8 9.2 9.8 8.6

Franz, Ontario.

5 mean 9.8 19.4 4.2 10.3 3.5 22.6 9.8 10.7 9.0

max 10.0 19.8 4.3 10.5 3.6 23.2 10.2 11.1 9.0

min 9.6 18.9 4.1 10.2 3.4 22.1 9.6 10.4 8.8

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Fort Severn, Ontario.

4 mean 9.9 19.3 4.2 9.9 3.5 22.7 9.6 10.9 9.0

max 10.1 19.7 4.3 10.1 3.6 23.3 9.8 11.0 9.0

min 9.8 19.0 4.0 9.7 3.4 22.0 9.3 10.7 9.0

Oxford House, Manitoba.

6 mean 9.6 19.1 4.4 9.9 3.5 22.3 9.7 10.4 9.0

max 9.9 19.8 4.6 10.1 3.7 23.1 10.0 10.8 9.0

min 9.3 18.7 4.2 9.6 3.3 21.7 9.5 9.8 8.8

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Emma Lake, Saskatchewan.

2 mean 9.8 19.4 4.3 9.9 3.6 22.7 9.8 10.9 9.0

max 9.8 19.5 4.3 9.9 3.6 22.9 9.9 10.9 9.0

min 9.8 19.3 4.2 9.9 3.5 22.4 9.6 10.9 8.9

Lac la Nonne, Alberta.

4 mean 9.8 19.1 4.2 10.0 3.4 22.4 9.7 10.5 9.0

max 9.8 19.4 4.2 10.0 3.5 22.6 9.9 10.5 9.0

min 9.7 18.8 4.1 9.9 3.3 22.2 9.6 10.5 8.9

1 mi. NW Junct. Irons Cr. and Laird River, British Columbia.

3 mean 9.6 19.0 4.3 9.9 3.5 22.2 9.7 10.6 9.0

max 9.6 19.3 4.3 10.1 3.5 22.6 9.8 10.9 9.0

min 9.5 18.7 4.3 9.7 3.4 21.7 9.5 10.3 8.9

Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Blackner, North Dakota.

2 mean 10.1 19.6 4.3 10.0 3.6 22.7 9.9 11.1 9.0

max 10.1 20.0 4.4 10.4 3.7 23.2 9.9 11.4 9.0

min 10.0 19.1 4.1 9.8 3.4 22.2 9.8 10.8 9.0

Cannon Ball, North Dakota.

2 mean 9.8 19.1 4.4 10.1 3.6 22.0 9.5 11.0 9.0

max 9.9 19.1 4.4 10.2 3.7 22.4 9.8 11.3 9.0

min 9.6 19.0 4.3 9.9 3.4 21.8 9.2 10.7 9.0

Elk River, Minnesota.

8 mean 9.5 19.2 4.2 9.9 3.4 22.5 9.6 10.6 9.0

max 9.7 19.6 4.3 10.0 3.6 23.0 9.9 11.0 9.0

min 9.2 18.9 4.0 9.9 3.3 22.1 9.4 10.2 9.0

E Okeboji Lake, Iowa.

3 mean 9.6 19.3 4.2 9.9 3.4 22.2 9.3 10.2 9.0

max 9.8 19.3 4.2 10.0 3.4 22.2 9.3 10.2 9.0

min 9.4 19.3 4.2 9.8 3.4 22.2 9.2 10.2 9.0

Turkey Run State Park, Indiana.

2 mean 9.5 18.9 4.2 9.6 3.5 22.3 9.8 10.4 9.0

max 9.6 18.9 4.4 9.6 3.6 22.4 9.8 10.8 9.0

min 9.4 18.9 4.0 9.6 3.3 22.2 9.8 10.0 9.0

Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Jordan Cr., 3 mi. NE Fairmont, Ill.

5 mean 9.6 19.4 4.1 10.1 3.6 22.6 10.0 10.7 9.2

max 9.9 19.8 4.2 10.3 3.8 23.4 10.5 11.6 9.6

min 9.3 18.9 4.0 10.0 3.4 21.9 9.5 10.3 8.9

Rib Hill, Wisconsin.

5 mean 9.6 19.0 4.3 10.1 3.4 22.6 9.7 10.8 9.0

max 10.0 19.8 4.4 10.5 3.6 23.7 10.2 11.2 9.3

min 9.4 18.4 4.1 9.7 3.2 21.9 9.4 10.3 8.7

Lake St. Germain, Wisconsin.

5 mean 9.7 18.9 4.1 10.1 3.5 22.5 9.6 10.5 9.0

max 9.9 19.5 4.3 10.2 3.6 23.2 10.0 10.8 9.3

min 9.5 18.4 3.9 9.8 3.3 21.8 9.0 10.2 8.5

Zapus hudsonius ladas, Northwest River, Labrador.

6 mean 9.5 19.0 4.2 10.2 3.6 22.4 9.7 10.9 9.0

max 9.6 20.0 4.4 10.3 3.6 23.2 10.2 11.0 9.4

min 9.3 18.4 4.0 10.0 3.5 21.5 9.4 10.6 8.8

Moisie Bay, Labrador.

4 mean 9.8 19.1 4.3 10.0 3.4 22.8 9.6 11.0 9.1

max 9.8 19.7 4.4 10.0 3.5 23.5 10.1 11.3 9.8

min 9.7 18.6 4.1 9.9 3.3 22.1 9.3 10.8 8.9

Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Mohawk Park, Oklahoma.

2 mean 9.7 18.4 4.3 9.9 3.7 21.5 9.3 11.0 8.7

max 10.1 18.8 4.3 9.9 3.7 21.8 9.4 11.0 8.7

min 9.3 18.0 4.3 9.8 3.7 21.1 9.2 11.0 8.6

vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas.

10 mean 9.2 18.8 4.4 9.8 3.4 21.6 9.7 10.9 9.0

max 9.5 19.4 4.8 10.2 3.6 22.4 10.1 11.6 9.4

min 8.9 18.1 4.0 9.3 3.3 21.0 9.0 10.3 8.8

2 mi. S Schuyler, Nebraska.

1 9.2 18.5 4.4 9.5 3.3 21.5 9.6 10.4 9.1

Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Valentine National Wildlife Refuge, Nebraska.

1 10.0 19.6 4.5 10.5 3.5 22.9 10.0 11.6 9.3

Zapus hudsonius preblei, Loveland, Colorado.

2 mean 9.6 18.5 4.1 10.0 3.6 22.3 9.6 10.4 9.1

max 9.6 19.0 4.2 10.0 3.6 22.4 9.8 10.6 9.1

min 9.5 18.0 3.9 10.0 3.6 22.2 9.4 10.2 9.1

Spring Hill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft., Wyoming.

1 9.8 19.2 4.1 10.2 3.6 22.8 10.2 10.7 9.3

Zapus hudsonius tenellus, Hazelton, 959 ft., British Columbia.

2 mean 9.6 19.4 4.4 10.1 3.5 22.9 9.6 10.9 9.2

max 9.6 19.5 4.4 10.2 3.5 23.0 9.6 10.9 9.2

min 9.6 19.3 4.3 10.0 3.4 22.7 9.6 10.8 9.2

Cottonwood P. O., British Columbia.

2 mean 9.5 19.5 4.4 10.1 3.5 22.8 9.7 10.8 9.2

max 9.6 19.6 4.5 10.2 3.5 22.8 9.8 10.9 9.3

min 9.3 19.4 4.2 10.0 3.4 22.7 9.6 10.7 9.1

S end Swan Lake, British Columbia.

2 mean 9.4 19.7 4.1 10.0 3.6 22.9 10.1 10.9 9.5