Part 2 — CHAPTER II.—Conjugation.
Reading edition
93. A Verb is a word which asserts something; as, est, he is; amat, he loves. The Inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation.
94. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person:—
1. Two Voices,—Active and Passive.
2. Three Moods,—Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative.
3. Six Tenses,—
Present, Perfect,
Imperfect, Pluperfect,
Future, Future Perfect.
But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect; while the Imperative employs only the Present and Future.
4. Two Numbers,—Singular and Plural.
5. Three Persons,—First, Second, and Third.
95. These make up the so-called Finite Verb. Besides this, we have the following Noun and Adjective Forms:—
1. Noun Forms,—Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine.
2. Adjective Forms,—Participles (including the Gerundive).
96. The Personal Endings of the Verb are,—
Active. Passive.
Sing. 1. -ō; -m; -ī (Perf. Ind.); -r.
2. -s; -stī (Perf Ind.); -tō or wanting (Impv.); -rīs, -re; -re, -tor (Impv.).
3. -t; -tō (Impv.); -tur; -tor (Impv.).
Plu. 1. -mus; -mur.
2. -tis; -stis (Perf. Ind.); -te, -tōte (Impv.); -minī.
3. -nt; -ērunt (Perf Ind.); -ntō (Impv.); -ntur; -ntor (Impv.).
VERB STEMS.
97. Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the Stem. We distinguish three different stems in a fully inflected verb,—
I. Present Stem, from which are formed— 1. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative, 2. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive, 3. The Imperative, 4. The Present Infinitive, - (Active and Passive.) 5. The Present Active Participle, the Gerund, and Gerundive. II. Perfect Stem, from which are formed— 1. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative, 2. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 3. Perfect Infinitive, - (Active.) III. Participial Stem, from which are formed— 1. Perfect Participle, 2. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative, 3. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 4. Perfect Infinitive, - (Passive.)
Apparently from the same stem, though really of different origin, are the Supine, the Future Active Participle, the Future Infinitive Active and Passive.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
98. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the vowel of the termination of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows:—
CONJUGATION. INFINITIVE TERMINATION. DISTINGUISHING VOWEL.
I. -āre ā
II. -ēre ē
III. -ĕre ĕ
IV. -īre ī
99. PRINCIPAL PARTS. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle[28] constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb,—so called because they contain the different stems, from which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived.
CONJUGATION OF SUM.
100. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. FUT. PARTIC.[29]
sum esse fuī futūrus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
sum, I am, sumus, we are,
es, thou art, estis, you are,
est, he is; sunt, they are.
IMPERFECT.
eram, I was, erāmus, we were,
erās, thou wast, erātis, you were,
erat, he was; erant, they were.
FUTURE.
erō, I shall be, erimus, we shall be,
eris, thou wilt be, eritis, you will be,
erit, he will be; erunt, they will be.
PERFECT.
fuī, I have been, I was, fuimus, we have been, we were,
fuistī, thou hast been, thou wast, fuistis, you have been, you were,
fuit, he has been, he was; fuērunt, fuēre, they have been, they were.
PLUPERFECT.
fueram, I had been, fuerāmus, we had been,
fuerās, thou hadst been, fuerātis, you had been,
fuerat, he had been; fuerant, they had been.
FUTURE PERFECT.
fuerō, I shall have been, fuerimus, we shall have been,
fueris, thou wilt have been, fueritis, you will have been,
fuerit, he will have been; fuerint, they will have been.
SUBJUNCTIVE.[30]
PRESENT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
sim, may I be, sīmus, let us be,
sīs, mayst thou be, sītis, be ye, may you be,
sit, let him be, may he be; sint, let them be.
IMPERFECT.
essem,[31] I should be, essēmus, we should be,
essēs,[31] thou wouldst be, essētis, you would be,
esset,[31] he would be; essent,[31] they would be.
PERFECT.
fuerim, I may have been, fuerīmus, we may have been,
fuerīs, thou mayst have been, fuerītis, you may have been,
fuerit, he may have been; fuerint, they may have been.
PLUPERFECT.
fuissem, I should have been, fuissēmus, we should have been.
fuissēs, thou wouldst have been, fuissētis, you would have been,
fuisset, he would have been; fuissent, they would have been.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. es, be thou; este, be ye,
Fut. estō, thou shalt be, estōte, ye shall be,
estō, he shall be; suntō, they shall be.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. esse, to be.
Perf. fuisse, to have been.
Fut. futūrus esse,[32] to be about to be. Fut. futūrus,[33] about to be.
FIRST (OR Ā-) CONJUGATION.
101. Active Voice.—Amō, I love.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
amō amāre amāvī amātus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
amō, I love, amāmus, we love,
amās, you love, amātis, you love,
amat, he loves; amant, they love.
IMPERFECT.
amābam, I was loving,[34] amābāmus, we were loving,
amābās, you were loving, amābātis, you were loving,
amābat, he was loving; amābant, they were loving
FUTURE.
amābō, I shall love, amābimus, we shall love,
amābis, you will love, amābitis, you will love,
amābit, he will love; amābunt, they will love.
PERFECT.
amāvī, I have loved, I loved, amāvimus, we have loved, we loved,
amāvistī, you have loved, you loved amāvistis, you have loved, you loved,
amāvit, he has loved, he loved; amāvērunt, -ēre, they have loved, they loved.
PLUPERFECT.
amāveram, I had loved, amāverāmus, we had loved,
amāverās, you had loved, amāverātis, you had loved,
amāverat, he had loved; amāverant, they had loved.
FUTURE PERFECT.
amāverō, I shall have loved, amāverimus, we shall have loved,
amāveris, you will have loved, amāveritis, you will have loved,
amāverit, he will have loved; amāverint, they will have loved.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
amem, may I love, amēmus, let us love,
amēs, may you love, amētis, may you love,
amet, let him love; ament, let them love.
IMPERFECT.
amārem, I should love, amārēmus, we should love,
amārēs, you would love, amārētis, you would love,
amāret, he would love; amārent, they would love.
PERFECT.
amāverim, I may have loved, amāverīmus, we may have loved,
amāverīs, you may have loved, amāverītis, you may have loved,
amāverit, he may have loved; amāverint, they may have loved.
PLUPERFECT.
amāvissem, I should have loved, amāvīssēmus, we should have loved,
amāvissēs, you would have loved, amāvissētis, you would have loved,
amāvisset, he would have loved; amāvissent, they would have loved.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. amā, love thou; amāte, love ye.
Fut. amātō, thou shalt love, amātōte, ye shall love,
amātō, he shall love; amantō, they shall love.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. amāre, to love. Pres. amāns,[35] loving.
Perf. amāvisse, to have loved. (Gen. amantis.)
Fut. amātūrus esse, to be about to love Fut. amātūrus, about to love.
GERUND. SUPINE.
Gen. amandī, of loving,
Dat. amandō, for loving,
Acc. amandum, loving, Acc. amātum, to love,
Abl. amandō, by loving. Abl. amātū, to love, be loved.
102. Passive Voice.—Amor, I am loved.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
amōr amārī amātus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. I am loved.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
amor amāmur
amāris amāminī
amātur amantur
IMPERFECT I was loved.
amābar amābāmur
amābāris, or -re amābāmini
amābātur amābantur
FUTURE. I shall be loved.
amābor amābimur
amāberis, or -re amābiminī
amābitur amābuntur
PERFECT I have been loved, or I was loved.
amātus (-a, -um) sum[36] amātī (-ae, -a) sumus
amātus es amātī estis
amātus est amātī sunt
PLUPERFECT. I had been loved.
amātus eram[36] amātī erāmus
amātus erās amātī erātis
amātus erat amātī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been loved.
amātus erō[36] amātī erimus
amātus eris amātī eritis
amātus erit amātī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. May I be loved, let him be loved.
amer amēmur
amēris, or -re amēmini
amētur amentur
IMPERFECT. I should be loved, he would be loved.
amārer amārēmur
amārēris, or -re amārēminī
amārētur amārentur
PERFECT. I may have been loved.
amātus sim[37] amātī sīmus
amātus sīs amāti sītis
amātus sit amāti sint
PLUPERFECT. I should have been loved, he would have been loved.
amātus essem[37] amātī essēmus
amātus essēs amātī essētis
amātus esset amāti essent
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. amāre,[38] be thou loved; amāminī, be ye loved.
Fut. amātor, thou shalt be loved,
amātor, he shall be loved; amantor, they shall be loved.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. amārī, to be loved.
Perf. amātus esse, to have been loved. Perfect. amātus, loved, having been loved.
Fut. amātum īrī, to be about to be loved. Gerundive. amandus, to be loved, deserving to be loved.
SECOND (OR Ē-) CONJUGATION.
103. Active voice.—Moneō, I advise.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
moneō monēre monuī monitus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. I advise.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
moneō monēmus
monēs monētis
monet monent
IMPERFECT. I was advising, or I advised.
monēbam monēbāmus
monēbās monēbātis
monēbat monēbant
FUTURE. I shall advise.
monēbō monēbimus
monēbis monēbitis
monēbit monēbunt
PERFECT. I have advised, or I advised.
monuī monuimus
monuistī monuistis
monuit monuērunt, or -ēre
PLUPERFECT. I had advised.
monueram monuerāmus
monuerās monuerātis
monuerat monuerant
FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have advised.
monuerō monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. May I advise, let him advise.
moneam moneāmus
moneās moneātis
moneat moneant
IMPERFECT. I should advise, he would advise.
monērem monērēmus
monērēs monērētis
monēret monērent
PERFECT. I may have advised.
monuerim monuerīmus
monuerīs monuerītis
monuerit monuerint
PLUPERFECT. I should have advised, he would have advised.
monuissem monuissēmus
monuissēs monuissētis
monuisset monuissent
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. monē, advise thou; monēte, advise ye.
Fut. monētō, thou shall advise, monētōte, ye shall advise,
monētō, he shall advise; monentō, they shall advise.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. monēre, to advise. Pres. monēns, advising.
Perf. monuisse, to have advised. (Gen. monentis.)
Fut. monitūrus esse, to be about to advise. Fut. monitūrus, about to advise.
GERUND. SUPINE.
Gen. monendī, of advising,
Dat. monendō, for advising,
Acc. monendum, advising, Acc. monitum, to advise,
Abl. monendō, by advising. Abl. monitū, to advise, be advised.
104. Passive voice.—Moneor, I am advised.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
moneor monērī monitus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. I am advised.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
moneor monēmur
monēris monēminī
monētur monentur
IMPERFECT. I was advised.
monēbar monēbāmur
monēbāris, or -re monēbāminī
monēbātur monēbantur
FUTURE. I shall be advised.
monēbor monēbimur
monēberis, or -re monēbiminī
monēbitur monēbuntur
PERFECT. I have been advised, I was advised.
monitus sum monitī sumus
monitus es monitī estis
monitus est monitī sunt
PLUPERFECT. I had been advised.
monitus eram monitī erāmus
monitus erās monitī erātis
monitus erat monitī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been advised.
monitus erō monitī erimus
monitus eris monitī eritis
monitus erit monitī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. May I be advised, let him be advised.
monear moneāmur
moneāris, or -re moneāminī
moneātur moneantur
IMPERFECT. I should be advised, he would be advised.
monērer monērēmur
monērēris, or -re monērēminī
monērētur monērentur
PERFECT. I may have been advised.
monitus sim monitī sīmus
monitus sīs monitī sītis
monitus sit monitī sint
PLUPERFECT. I should have been advised, he would have been advised.
monitus essem monitī essēmus
monitus essēs monitī essētis
monitus esset monitī essent
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. monēre, be thou advised; monēminī, be ye advised.
Fut. monētor, thou shalt be advised,
monētor, he shall be advised. monentor, they shall be advised.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. monērī, to be advised. Perfect. monitus, advised, having been advised.
Perf. monitus esse, to have been advised
Fut. monitum īrī, to be about to be advised. Gerundive. monendus, to be advised, deserving to be advised.
THIRD (OR CONSONANT-) CONJUGATION.
105. Active Voice.—Regō, I rule.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
regō regere rēxī rēctus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. I rule
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
regō regimus
regis regitis
regit regunt
IMPERFECT. I was ruling, or I ruled.
regēbam regēbāmus
regēbās regēbātis
regēbat regēbant
FUTURE. I shall rule.
regam regēmus
regēs regētis
reget regent
PERFECT. I have ruled, or I ruled
rēxī rēximus
rēxistī rēxistis
rēxit rēxērunt, or -ēre
PLUPERFECT. I had ruled.
rēxeram rēxerāmus
rēxerās rēxerātis
rēxerat rēxerant
FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have ruled.
rēxerō rēxerimus
rēxeris rēxeritis
rēxerit rēxerint
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. May I rule, let him rule.
regam regāmus
regās regātis
regat regant
IMPERFECT. I should rule, he would rule.
regerem regerēmus
regerēs regerētis
regeret regerent
PERFECT. I may have ruled.
rēxerim rēxerīmus
rēxerīs rēxerītis
rēxerit rēxerint
PLUPERFECT. I should have ruled, he would have ruled.
rēxissem rēxissēmus
rēxissēs rēxissētis
rēxisset rēxissent
IMPERATIVE.
rege, rule thou; regite, rule ye.
regitō, thou shall rule, regitōte, ye shall rule,
regitō, he shall rule; reguntō, they shall rule.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
regere, to rule. Pres. regēns, ruling.
rēxisse, to have ruled. (Gen. regentis.)
rēctūrus esse, to be about to rule Fut. rēctūrus, about to rule.
GERUND. SUPINE.
regendī, of ruling,
regendō, for ruling,
regendum, ruling, Acc. rēctum, to rule,
regendō, by ruling. Abl. rēctū, to rule, be ruled.
106. Passive Voice.—Regor, I am ruled.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
regor regī rēctus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. I am ruled.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
regor regimur
regeris regiminī
regitur reguntur
IMPERFECT. I was ruled.
regēbar regēbāmur
regēbāris, or -re regēbāminī
regēbātur regēbantur
FUTURE. I shall be ruled.
regar regēmur
regēris, or -re regēminī
regētur regentur
PERFECT. I have been ruled, or I was ruled.
rēctus sum rēctī sumus
rēctus es rēctī estis
rēctus est rēctī sunt
PLUPERFECT. I had been ruled.
rēctus eram rēctī erāmus
rēctus erās rēctī erātis
rēctus erat rēctī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been ruled
rēctus erō rēctī erimus
rēctus eris rēctī eritis
rēctus erit rēctī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. May I be ruled, let him be ruled.
regar regāmur
regāris, or -re regāminī
regātur regantur
IMPERFECT. I should be ruled, he would be ruled.
regerer regerēmur
regerēris, or -re regerēminī
regerētur regerentur
PERFECT. I may have been ruled.
rēctus sim rēctī sīmus
rēctus sīs rēctī sītis
rēctus sit rēctī sint
PLUPERFECT. I should have been ruled, he would have been ruled.
rēctus essem rēctī essēmus
rēctus essēs rectī essētis
rēctus esset rectī essent
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. regere, be thou ruled; regiminī, be ye ruled.
Fut. regitor, thou shalt be ruled,
regitor, he shall be ruled; reguntor, they shall be ruled.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. regī, to be ruled. Perfect. rēctus, ruled, having been ruled.
Perf. rēctus esse, to have been ruled. Gerundive. regendus, to be ruled, deserving to be ruled.
Fut. rēctum īrī, to be about to be ruled.
FOURTH (OR Ī-) CONJUGATION.
107. Active voice.—Audiō, I hear.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
audiō audīre audīvī audītus
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. I hear.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
audiō audīmus
audīs audītis
audit audiunt
IMPERFECT. I was hearing, or I heard.
audiēbam audiēbāmus
audiēbās audiēbātis
audiēbat audiēbant
FUTURE. I shall hear.
audiam audiēmus
audiēs audiētis
audiet audient
PERFECT. I have heard, or I heard.
audīvī audīvimus
audīvistī audīvistis
audīvit audīvērunt, or -ēre
PLUPERFECT. I had heard.
audīveram audīverāmus
audīverās audīverātis
audīverat audīverant
FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have heard.
audīverō audīverimus
audīveris audīveritis
audīverit audīverint
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. May I hear, let him hear.
audiam audiāmus
audiās audiātis
audiat audiant
IMPERFECT. I should hear, he would hear.
audīrem audīrēmus
audīrēs audīrētis
audīret audīrent
PERFECT. I may have heard.
audīverim audīverīmus
audīverīs audīverītis
audīverit audīverint
PLUPERFECT. I should have heard, he would have heard.
audīvissem audīvissēmus
audīvissēs audīvissētis
audīvisset audīvissent
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. audī, hear thou; audīte, hear ye.
Fut. audītō, thou shalt hear, audītōte, ye shall hear,
audītō, he shall hear; audiuntō, they shall hear.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. audīre, to hear. Pres. audiēns, hearing.
Perf. audīvisse, to have heard. (Gen. audientis.)
Fut. audītūrus esse, to be about to hear. Fut. audītūrus, about to hear.
GERUND. SUPINE
Gen. audiendī, of hearing,
Dat. audiendō, for hearing,
Acc. audiendum, hearing, Acc. audītum, to hear,
Abl. audiendō, by hearing. Abl. audītū, to hear, be heard.
108. Passive Voice.—Audior, I am heard.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
audior audīrī audītus sum
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE. I am heard.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
audior audīmur
audīris audīminī
audītur audiuntur
IMPERFECT. I was heard.
audiēbar audiēbāmur
audiēbāris, or -re audiēbāminī
audiēbātur audiēbantur
FUTURE. I shall be heard.
audiar audiēmur
audiēris, or -re audiēminī
audiētur audientur
PERFECT. I have been heard, or I was heard.
audītus sum audītī sumus
audītus es audītī estis
audītus est audītī sunt
PLUPERFECT. I had been heard.
audītus eram audītī erāmus
audītus erās audītī erātis
audītus erat audītī erant
FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been heard.
audītus erō audītī erimus
audītus eris audītī eritis
audītus erit audītī erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. May I be heard, let him be heard.
audiar audiāmur
audiāris, or -re audiāminī
audiātur audiantur
IMPERFECT. I should be heard, he would be heard.
audīrer audīrēmur
audīrēris, or -re audirēminī
audīrētur audīrentur
PERFECT. I may have been heard.
audītus sim audītī sīmus
audītus sīs audītī sītis
audītus sit audītī sint
PLUPERFECT. I should have been heard, he would have been heard.
audītus essem audītī essēmus
audītus essēs audītī essētis
audītus esset audītī essent
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. audīre, be thou heard; audīminī, be ye heard.
Fut. audītor, thou shalt be heard,
audītor, he shall be heard; audiuntor, they shall be heard.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. audīrī, to be heard. Perfect. audītus, heard, having been heard
Perf. audītus esse, to have been heard. Gerundive. audiendus, to be heard, deserving to be heard
Fut. audītum īrī, to be about to be heard.
VERBS IN -IŌ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
109. 1. Verbs in -iō of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in the Present System.
2. Here belong—
a) capiō, to take; cupiō, to desire; faciō, to make; fodiō, to dig; fugiō, to flee; jaciō, to throw; pariō, to bear; quatiō, to shake; rapiō, to seize; sapiō, to taste.
b) Compounds of laciō and speciō (both ante-classical); as, alliciō, entice; cōnspiciō, behold.
c) The deponents gradior, to go; morior, to die, patior, to suffer.
110. Active voice.—Capiō, I take.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
capiō, capis, capit; capimus, capitis, capiunt.
IMPERFECT.
capiēbam, -iēbās, -iēbat; capiēbāmus, -iēbātis, -iēbant.
FUTURE.
capiam, -iēs, -iet; capiēmus, -iētis, -ient.
PERFECT.
cēpī, -istī, -it; cēpimus, -istis, -ērunt or -ēre.
PLUPERFECT.
cēperam, -erās, -erat; cēperāmus, -erātis, -erant.
FUTURE PERFECT.
cēperō, -eris, -erit; cēperimus, -eritis, -erint.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
capiam, -iās, -iat; capiāmus, -iātis, -iant.
IMPERFECT.
caperem, -erēs, -eret; caperēmus, -erētis, -erent.
PERFECT.
cēperim, -eris, -erit; cēperīmus, -erītis, -erint.
PLUPERFECT.
cēpissem, -issēs, -isset; cēpissēmus, -issētis, -issent.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. cape; capite.
Fut. capitō, capitōte,
capitō; capiuntō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. capere Pres. capiēns.
Perf. cēpisse.
Fut. captūrus esse. Fut. captūrus.
GERUND. SUPINE.
Gen. capiendī,
Dat. capiendō,
Acc. capiendum, Acc. captum,
Abl. capiendō. Abl. captū.
111. Passive Voice.—Capior, I am taken.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
capior, capī, captus sum.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
capior, caperis, capitur; capimur, capiminī, capiuntur.
IMPERFECT.
capiēbar, -iēbāris, -iēbātur; capiēbāmur, -iēbāminī, -iēbantur.
FUTURE.
capiar, -iēris, -iētur; capiēmur, -iēminī, -ientur.
PERFECT.
captus sum, es, est; captī sumus, estis, sunt.
PLUPERFECT.
captus eram, erās, erat; captī erāmus, erātis, erant.
FUTURE PERFECT.
captus erō, eris, erit; captī erimus, eritis, erunt.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
capiar, -iāris, -iātur; capiāmur, -iāminī, -iantur.
IMPERFECT.
caperer, -erēris, -erētur; caperēmur, -erēminī, -erentur.
PERFECT.
captus sim, sīs, sit; captī sīmus, sītis, sint.
PLUPERFECT.
captus essem, essēs, esset; captī essēmus, essētis, essent.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. capere; capiminī.
Fut. capitor,
capitor; capiuntor.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. capī.
Perf. captus esse. Perfect. captus.
Fut. captum īrī. Gerundive. capiendus.
DEPONENT VERBS.
112. Deponent Verbs have in the main Passive forms with Active or Neuter meaning. But—
a. They have the following Active forms: Future Infinitive, Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine.
b. They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle; as—
sequendus, to be followed; adeptus, attained.
113. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are—
I. Conj. mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum, admire.
II. Conj. vereor, vererī, veritus sum, fear.
III. Conj. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow.
IV. Conj. largior, largīrī, largītus sum, give.
III. (in -ior) patior, patī, passus sum, suffer.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
I. II. III. IV. III (in -ior)
Pres. mīror vereor sequor largior patior
mīrāris verēris sequeris largiris pateris
mīrātur verētur sequitur largītur patitur
mīramur verēmur sequimur largīmur patimur
mīrāminī verēminī sequiminī largīminī patiminī
mīrantur verentur sequuntur largiuntur patiuntur
Impf. mīrābar verēbar sequēbar largiēbar patiēbar
Fut. mīrābor verēbor sequar largiar patiar
Perf. mirātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum largītus sum passus sum
Plup. mīrātus eram veritus eram secūtus eram largītus eram passus eram
F.P. mīrātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō largītus erō passus erō
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. mīrer verear sequar largiar patiar
Impf. mīrārer verērer sequerer largīrer paterer
Perf. mīrātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim largītus sim passus sim
Plup. mīrātus essem veritus essem sectūtus essem largītus essem passus essem
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. mīrāre, etc. verēre, etc. sequere, etc. largīre, etc. patere, etc.
Fut. mīrātor, etc. verētor, etc. sequitor, etc. largītor, etc. patitor, etc.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. mīrāri verērī sequī largīrī patī
Perf. mīrātus esse veritus esse secūtus esse largītus esse passus esse
Fut. mīrātūrus esse veritūrus esse secūtūrus esse largītūrus esse passūrus esse
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. mīrāns verēns sequēns largiēns patiēns
Fut. mīrātūrus veritūrus secūtūrus largitūrus passūrus
Perf. mīrātus veritus secūtus largitus passus
Ger. mīrandus verendus sequendus largiendus patiendus
GERUND.
mīrandī verendī sequendī largiendī patiendī
mirandō, etc. verendō, etc. sequendō, etc. largiendō, etc. patiendō, etc.
SUPINE.
mīrātum, -tū veritum, -tū secūtum, -tū largītum, -tū passum, -sū
SEMI-DEPONENTS.
114. 1. Semi-Deponents are verbs which have the Present System in the Active Voice, but the Perfect System in the Passive without change of meaning. Here belong—
audeō, audēre, ausus sum, to dare.
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum, to rejoice.
soleō, solēre, solitus sum, to be wont.
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum, to trust.
2. The following verbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with Active meaning:—
adolēscō, grow up; adultus, having grown up,
cēnāre, dine; cēnātus, having dined.
placēre, please; placitus, having pleased, agreeable.
prandēre, lunch; prānsus, having lunched.
pōtāre, drink; pōtus, having drunk.
jūrāre, swear; jūrātus, having sworn.
a. Jūrātus is used in a passive sense also.
3. Revertor and dēvertor both regularly form their Perfect in the Active Voice; viz.—
revertor, revertī (Inf.), revertī (Perf.), to return.
dēvertor, dēvertī (Inf.), dēvertī (Perf.), to turn aside.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
115. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations,—the Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by combining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary.
Active Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. amātūrus (-a, -um) sum, I am about to love.
Inf. amātūrus eram, I was about to love.
Fut. amātūrus erō, I shall be about to love.
Perf. amātūrus fuī, I have been (was) about to love.
Plup. amātūrus fueram, I had been about to love.
Fut. P. amātūrus fuerō, I shall have been about to love.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. amātūrus sim, may I be about to love.
Imp. amātūrus essem, I should be about to love.
Perf. amātūrus fuerim, I may have been about to love.
Plup. amātūrus fuissem, I should have been about to love.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. amātūrus esse, to be about to love.
Perf. amātūrus fuisse, to have been about to love.
Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE.
Pres. amandus (-a, -um) sum, I am to be loved, must be loved.
Imp. amandus eram, I was to be loved.
Fut. amandus erō, I shall deserve to be loved.
Perf. amandus fuī, I was to be loved.
Plup. amandus fueram, I had deserved to be loved.
Fut. P. amandus fuerō, I shall have deserved to be loved.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. amandus sim, may I deserve to be loved.
Imp. amandus essem, I should deserve to be loved.
Perf. amandus fuerim, I may have deserved to be loved.
Plup. amendus fuissem, I should have deserved to be loved.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. amandus esse, to deserve to be loved.
Perf. amantus fuisse, to have deserved to be loved.
PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.
116. 1. Perfects in -āvī, -ēvī, and -īvī, with the forms derived from them, often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also nōvī (from nōscō) and the compounds of mōvī (from moveō). Thus:—
amāvistī amāstī dēlēvistī dēlēstī
amāvisse amāsse dēlēvisse dēlēsse
amāvērunt amārunt dēlēvērunt dēlērunt
amāverim amārim dēlēverim dēlērim
amāveram amāram dēlēveram dēlēram
amāverō amārō dēlēverō dēlērō
nōvistī nōstī nōverim nōrim
nōvisse nōsse nōveram nōram
audīvistī audīstī audīvisse audīsse
2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the endings -undus, -undī, often occur instead of -endus and -endī, as faciundus, faciundī.
3. Dīcō, dūcō, faciō, form the Imperatives, dīc, dūc, fac. But compounds of faciō form the Imperative in -fice, as cōnfice. Compounds of dīcō, dūcō, accent the ultima; as, ēdū´c, ēdī´c.
4. Archaic and Poetic forms:—
a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amārier, monērier, dīcier, for amārī, monērī, dīcī.
b. The ending -ībam for -iēbam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation, and -ībō for -iam in Futures; as, scībam, scībō, for sciēbam, sciam.
c. Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dīxistī, scrīpsistis, surrēxisse, we sometimes find dīxtī, scrīpstis, surrēxe, etc.
d. The endings -im, -īs, etc. (for -am, -ās, etc.) occur in a few Subjunctive forms; as, edim (eat), duint, perduint.
5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, āctūrum for ācturum esse; ējectus for ējectus esse.
FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.
Formation of the Present Stem.
117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dīcere, amāre, monēre, audīre. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:—
1. By appending the vowels, ā, ē, ī; as,—
Present Stem Verb Stem
juvāre, juvā- juv-.
augēre, augē- aug-.
vincīre, vincī- vinc-.
2. By adding i, as capiō, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).
3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundō (Stem fud-), rumpō (Stem rup-).
4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,—
cern-ō pell-ō (for pel-nō).
5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,—
flect-ō.
6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,—
crēsc-ō. scīsc-ō.
7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,—
gi-gn-ō (root gen-), si-st-ō (root sta-).
Formation of the Perfect Stem.
118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem—
1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,—
amāv-ī, dēlēv-ī, audīv-ī.
2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,—
strepu-ī, genu-ī, alu-ī.
3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,—
carp-ō, Perfect carps-ī.
scrīb-ō, " scrīps-ī (for scrīb-sī).
rīd-eō, " rīs-ī (for rīd-sī).
sent-iō, " sēns-ī (for sent-sī).
dīc-ō, " dīx-ī (i.e. dīc-sī).
a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.
4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:—
a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with the following vowel or e; as,—
currō, Perfect cu-currī.
poscō, " po-poscī.
pellō, " pe-pulī.
NOTE 1.—Compounds, with the exception of dō, stō, sistō, discō, poscō, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-pulī, but re-poposcī.
NOTE 2.—Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeō, spo-pondī; stō, stetī.
b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, legō, lēgī; agō, ēgī. Note that ă by this process becomes ē.
c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, vertō, vertī; minuō, minuī.
Formation of the Participial Stem.
119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:—
1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,—
amā-re, Participle amā-tus.
dēlē-re, " dēlē-tus,
audī-re, " audī-tus,
leg-ere, " lēc-tus,
scrīb-ere, " scrīp-tus,
sentī-re, " sēn-sus (for sent-tus).
caed-ere, " cae-sus (for caed-tus).
a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see § 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (§ 8, 2).
2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,—
lāb-ī, Participle lāp-sus.
fīg-ere, " fī-xus.
a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).
3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as,—
domā-re, dom-ĭtus.
monē-re, mon-ĭtus.
4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But—
juvā-re, Perf. Partic. jūtus, has Fut. Act. Partic. juvātūrus.[40]
lavā-re, " lautus, " lavātūrus.
par-ere, " partus, " paritūrus.
ru-ere, " rutus, " ruitūrus.
secă-re, " sectus, " secātūrus.
fru-ĭ, " frūctus, " fruitūrus.
mor-ī, " mortuus, " moritūrus.
orī-rī, " ortus, " oritūrus.
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.
First (Ā-) Conjugation.
120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
amō amāre amāvī amātus love
All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.
pōtō pōtāre pōtāvī pōtus (§ 114, 2) drink
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
crepō crepāre crepuī crepitūrus rattle
cubō cubāre cubuī cubitūrus lie down
domō domāre domuī domitus tame
fricō fricāre fricuī frictus and fricātus rub
micō micāre micuī —— glitter
dīmicō dīmicāre dīmicāvī dīmicātum (est)[41] fight
ex-plicō explicāre explicāvī (-uī) explicātus (-itus) unfold
im-plicō implicāre implicāvī (-uī) implicātus (-itus) entwine
secō secāre secuī sectus cut
sonō sonāre sonuī sonātūrus sound
tonō tonāre tonuī —— thunder
vetō vetāre vetuī vetitus forbid
III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.
juvō juvāre jūvī jūtus help
lavō lavāre lāvī lautus wash
IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.
stō stāre stetī stātūrus
V. DEPONENTS.
These are all regular, and follow mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum.
Second (Ē-) Conjugation.
121. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
dēleō dēlēre dēlēvī dēlētus destroy
fleō flēre flēvī flētus weep, lament
com-pleō[42] complēre complēvī complētus fill up
aboleō abolēre abolēvī abolitus destroy
cieō[43] ciēre cīvī citus set in motion
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
a. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
arceō arcēre arcuī keep off
coerceō coercēre coercuī coercitus hold in check
exerceō exercēre exercuī exercitus practise
caleō calēre caluī calitūrus be warm
careō carēre caruī caritūrus be without
doleō dolēre doluī dolitūrus grieve
habeō habēre habuī habitus have
dēbeō dēbēre dēbuī dēbitus owe
praebeō praebēre praebuī praebitus offer
jaceō jacēre jacuī jacitūrus lie
mereō merēre meruī meritus earn, deserve
moneō monēre monuī monitus advise
noceō nocēre nocuī nocitum (est) injure
pāreō pārēre pāruī pāritūrus obey
placeō placēre placuī placitūrus please
taceō tacēre tacuī tacitūrus be silent
terreō terrēre terruī territus frighten
valeō valēre valuī valitūrus be strong
NOTE 1.—The following lack the Participial Stem:—
egeō egēre eguī —— want
ēmineō ēminēre ēminuī —— stand forth
flōreō flōrēre flōruī —— bloom
horreō horrēre horruī —— bristle
lateō latēre latuī —— lurk
niteō nitēre nituī —— gleam
oleō olēre oluī —— smell
palleō pallēre palluī —— be pale
pateō patēre patuī —— lie open
rubeō rubēre rubuī —— be red
sileō silēre siluī —— be silent
splendeō splendēre splenduī —— gleam
studeō studēre studuī —— study
stupeō stupēre stupuī —— be amazed
timeō timēre timuī —— fear
torpeō torpēre torpuī —— be dull
vigeō vigēre viguī —— flourish
vireō virēre viruī —— be green
and others.
NOTE 2.—The following are used only in the Present System:—
aveō avēre —— —— wish
frīgeō frīgēre —— —— be cold
immineō imminēre —— —— overhang
maereō maerēre —— —— mourn
polleō pollēre —— —— be strong
and others.
b. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -tus (-sus).
cēnseō cēnsēre cēnsuī cēnsus estimate
doceō docēre docuī doctus teach
misceō miscēre miscuī mixtus mix
teneō tenēre tenuī —— hold
So contineō and sustineō; but—
retineō retinēre retinuī retentus retain
obtineō obtinēre obtinuī obtentus maintain
torreō torrēre torruī tostus bake
III. PERFECT IN -SĪ.
augeō augēre auxī auctus increase
torqueō torquēre torsī tortus twist
indulgeō indulgēre indulsī —— indulge
lūceō lūcēre lūxī —— be light
lūgeō lūgēre lūxī —— mourn
jubeō jubēre jussī jussus order
per-mulceō permulcēre permulsī permulsus soothe
rīdeō rīdēre rīsī rīsum (est) laugh
suādeō suādēre suāsī suāsum (est) advise
abs-tergeō abstergēre abstersī abstersus wipe off
ārdeō ārdēre ārsī ārsūrus burn
haereō haerēre haesī haesūrus stick
maneō manēre mānsī mānsūrus stay
algeō algēre alsī —— be cold
fulgeō fulgēre fulsī —— gleam
urgeō urgēre ursī —— press
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH REDUPLICATION.
mordeō mordēre momordī morsus bite
spondeō spondēre spopondī spōnsus promise
tondeō tondēre totondī tōnsus shear
pendeō pendēre pependī —— hang
V. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
caveō cavēre cāvī cautūrus take care
faveō favēre fāvī fautūrus favor
foveō fovēre fōvī fōtus cherish
moveō movēre mōvī mōtus move
paveō pavēre pāvī —— fear
sedeō sedēre sēdī sessūrus sit
videō vidēre vīdī vīsus see
voveō vovēre vōvī vōtus vow
VI. PERFECT IN -Ī WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
ferveō fervēre (fervī, ferbuī) —— boil
prandeō prandēre prandī prānsus (§ 114, 2) lunch
strīdeō strīdēre strīdī —— creak
VII. DEPONENTS.
liceor licērī licitus sum bid
polliceor pollicērī pollicitus sum promise
mereor merērī meritus sum earn
misereor miserērī miseritus sum pity
vereor verērī veritus sum fear
fateor fatērī fassus sum confess
cōnfiteor cōnfitērī cōnfessus sum confess
reor rērī ratus sum think
medeor medērī —— heal
tueor tuērī —— protect
Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.
1. Perfect in -sī.
a. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -tus.
carpō carpere carpsī carptus pluck
sculpō sculpere sculpsī sculptus chisel
rēpō rēpere rēpsī —— creep
serpō serpere serpsī —— crawl
scribō scribere scrīpsī scrīptus write
nūbō nūbere nūpsī nūpta (woman only) marry
regō regere rēxī rēctus govern
tegō tegere tēxī tēctus cover
af-flīgō afflīgere afflīxī afflīctus shatter
dīcō dīcere dīxī dictus say
dūcō dūcere dūxī ductus lead
coquō coquere coxī coctus cook
trahō trahere trāxī trāctus draw
vehō vehere vexī vectus carry
cingō cingere cīnxī cīnctus gird
tingō tingere tīnxī tīnctus dip
jungō jungere jūnxī jūnctus join
fingō fingere fīnxī fīctus would
pingō pingere pīnxī pīctus paint
stringō stringere strīnxī strictus bind
-stinguō[44] -stinguere -stīnxī -stīnctus blot out
unguō unguere ūnxī ūnctus anoint
vīvō vīvere vīxī vīctum (est) live
gerō gerere gessī gestus carry
urō ūrere ussī ūstus burn
temnō temnere con-tempsī con-temptus despise
b. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -sus.
fīgō fīgere fīxī fīxus fasten
mergō mergere mersī mersus sink
spargō spargere sparsī sparsus scatter
flectō flectere flexī flexus bend
nectō nectere nexuī (nexī) nexus twine
mittō mittere mīsī missus send
rādō rādere rāsī rāsus shave
rōdō rōdere rōsī rōsus gnaw
vādō vādere -vāsī[45] -vāsum (est)[45] march, walk
lūdō lūdere lūsī lūsum (est) play
trūdō trūdere trūsī trūsus push
laedō laedere laesī laesus injure, hurt
claudō claudere clausī clausus close
plaudō plaudere plausī plausum (est) clap
explōdō explōdere explōsī explōsus hoot off
cēdō cēdere cessī cessum (est) withdraw
dīvidō dīvidere dīvīsī dīvīsus divide
premō premere pressī pressus press
2. Perfect in -ī with Reduplication.
ab-dō abdere abdidī abditus conceal
red-dō red-dere reddidī redditus return
So addō, condō, dēdō, perdō, prōdō, trādō, etc.
cōn-sistō cōnsistere cōnstitī —— take one's stand
resistō resistere restitī —— resist
circumsistō circumsistere circumstetī —— surround
cadō cadere cecidī cāsūrus fall
caedō caedere cecīdī caesus kill
pendō pendere pependī pēnsus weigh, pay
tendō tendere tetendī tentus stretch
tundō tundere tutudī tūsus, tūnsus beat
fallō fallere fefellī (falsus, as Adj.) deceive
pellō pellere pepulī pulsus drive out
currō currere cucurrī cursum (est) run
parcō parcere pepercī parsūrus spare
canō canere cecinī —— sing
tangō tangere tetigī tāctus touch
pungō pungere pupugī pūnctus prick
NOTE.—In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated, but have lost the reduplicating syllable:—
per-cellō percellere perculī perculsus strike down
findō findere fidī fissus split
scindō scindere scidī scissus tear apart
tollō tollere sus-tulī sublātus remove
3. Perfect in -ī with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
agō agere ēgī āctus drive, do
peragō peragere perēgī perāctus finish
subigō subigere subēgī subāctus subdue
cōgō cōgere coēgī coāctus force, gather
frangō frangere frēgī frāctus break
perfringō perfringere perfrēgī perfrāctus break down
legō legere lēgī lēctus gather, read
perlegō perlegere perlēgī perlēctus read through
colligō colligere collēgī collēctus collect
dēligō dēligere dēlēgī dēlēctus choose
dīligō dīligere dīlēxī dīlēctus love
intellegō intellegere intellēxī intellēctus understand
neglegō neglegere neglēxī neglēctus neglect
emō emere ēmī ēmptus buy
coëmō coëmere coēmī coēmptus buy up
redimō redimere redēmī redēmptus buy back
dirimō dirimere dirēmī dirēmptus destroy
dēmō dēmere dēmpsī dēmptus take away
sūmō sūmere sūmpsī sūmptus take
prōmō prōmere prōmpsī (prōmptus, as Adj.) take out
vincō vincere vīcī victus conquer
re-linquō relinquere relīquī relīctus leave
rumpō rumpere rūpī ruptus break
edō ēsse (§ 128) ēdī ēsus eat
fundō fundere fūdī fūsus four
4. Perfect in -ī without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
excūdō excūdere excūdī excūsus hammer
cōnsīdō cōnsīdere cōnsēdī —— take one's seat
possīdō possīdere possēdī possessus take possession
accendō accendere accendī accēnsus kindle
a-scendō ascendere ascendī ascēnsum (est) climb
dē-fendō dēfendere dēfendī dēfēnsus defend
pre-hendō prehendere prehendī prehēnsus seize
īcō īcere īcī ictus strike
vellō vellere vellī vulsus pluck
vertō vertere vertī versus turn
pandō pandere pandī passus spread
solvō solvere solvī solūtus loose
vīsō vīsere vīsī vīsus visit
volvō volvere volvī volūtus roll
verrō verrere verrī versus sweep
5. Perfect in -uī.
in-cumbō incumbere incubuī incubitūrus lean on
gignō gignere genuī genitus bring forth
molō molere moluī molitus grind
vomō vomere vomuī vomitus vomit
fremō fremere fremuī —— snort
gemō gemere gemuī —— sigh
metō metere messuī messus reap
tremō tremere tremuī —— tremble
strepō strepere strepuī —— rattle
alō alete aluī altus (alitus) nourish
colō colere coluī cultus cultivate
incolō incolere incoluī —— inhabit
excolō excolere excoluī excultus perfect
cōnsulō cōnsulere cōnsuluī cōnsultus consult
cōnserō cōnserere cōnseruī cōnsertus join
dēserō dēserere dēseruī dēsertus desert
disserō disserere disseruī —— discourse
texō texere texuī textus weave
6. Perfect in -vī.
sinō sinere sīvī situs allow
desinō dēsinere dēsiī dēsitus cease
ponō pōnere posuī positus place
ob-linō oblinere oblēvī oblitus smear
serō serere sēvī satus sow
cōnserō cōnserere cōnsēvī cōnsitus plant
cernō cernere —— —— separate
discernō discernere discrēvī discrētus distinguish
dēcernō dēcernere dēcrēvī dēcrētus decide
spernō spernere sprēvī sprētus scorn
sternō sternere strāvī strātus spread
prō-sternō prōsternere prōstrāvī prōstrātus overthrow
petō petere petīvī (petiī) petītus seek
appetō appetere appetīvī appetītus long for
terō terere trīvī trītus rub
quaerō quaerere quaesīvī quaesītus seek
acquīrō acquīrere acquīsīvī acquīsītus acquire
arcessō arcessere arcessīvī arcessītus summon
capessō capessere capessīvī capessītus seize
lacessō lacessere lacessīvī lacessītus provoke
7. Used only in Present System.
angō angere —— —— choke
lambō lambere —— —— lick
claudō claudere —— —— be lame
furō furere —— —— rave
vergō vergere —— —— bend
and a few others.
II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.
induō induere induī indūtus put on
imbuō imbuere imbuī imbūtus moisten
luō luere luī —— wash
polluō polluere polluī pollūtus defile
minuō minuere minuī minūtus lessen
statuō statuere statuī statūtus set up
cōnstituō cōnstituere cōnstituī cōnstitūtus determine
suō suere suī sūtus sew
tribuō tribuere tribuī tribūtus allot
ruō ruere ruī ruitūrus fall
dīruō dīruere dīruī dīrutus destroy
obruō obruere obruī obrutus overwhelm
acuō acuere acuī —— sharpen
arguō arguere arguī —— accuse
congruō congruere congruī —— agree
metuō metuere metuī —— fear
ab-nuō abnuere abnuī —— decline
re-spuō respuere respuī —— reject
struō struere strūxī strūctus build
fluō fluere flūxi (flūxus, as Adj.) flow
III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.
capiō cupere cupīvī cupītus wish
sapiō sapere sapīvī —— taste
rapiō rapere rapuī raptus snatch
dīripiō dīripere dīripuī dīreptus plunder
cōnspiciō cōnspicere cōnspexī cōnspectus gaze at
aspiciō aspicere aspexī aspectus behold
illiciō illicere illexī illectus allure
pelliciō pellicere pellexī pellectus allure
ēliciō ēlicere ēlicuī ēlicitus elicit
quatiō quatere —— quassus shake
concutiō concutere concussī concussus shake
pariō parere peperī partus bring forth
capiō capere cēpī captus take
accipiō accipere accēpī acceptus accept
incipiō incipere incēpī inceptus begin
faciō facere fēcī factus make
afficiō afficere affēcī affectus affect
Passive, afficior, afficī, affectus sum.
So other prepositional compounds, perficiō, perficior; interficiō, interficior; etc. But—
assuēfaciō assuēfacere assuēfēcī assuēfactus accustom
Passive, assuēfiō, assuēfieri, assuēfactus sum.
So also patefaciō, patefīō; calefaciō, calefīō; and all non-prepositional compounds.
jaciō jacere jēcī jactus hurl
abiciō abicere abjēcī abjectus throw away
fodiō fodere fōdī fossus dig
fugiō fugere fūgī fugitūrus flee
effugiō effugere effūgī —— escape
IV. VERBS IN -SCŌ.
1. Verbs in -scō from Simple Roots.
poscō poscere poposcī —— demand
discō discere didicī —— learn
pāscō pāscere pāvī pāstus feed
pāscor pāscī pāstus sum graze
crēscō crēscere crēvī crētus grow
cōnsuēscō cōnsuēscere cōnsuēvī cōnsuētus accustom one's self
quiēscō quiēscere quiēvī quiētūrus be still
adolēscō adolēscere adolēvi adultus grow up
obsolēscō obsolēscerē obsolēvī —— grow old
nōscō nōscere nōvī —— become acquainted with
ignōscō ignōscere ignōvī ignōtūrus pardon
agnōscō agnōscere agnōvī agnitus recognize
cognōscō cognōscere cognōvī cognitus get acquainted with
2. Verbs in -scō formed from other Verbs.
These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see § 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.
flōrēscō flōrēscere flōruī begin to bloom (flōreō)
scīscō scīscere scīvī enact (scīo)
ārēscō ārēscere āruī become dry (āreō)
calēscō calēscere caluī become hot (caleō)
cōnsenēscō cōnsenēscere cōnsenuī grow old (seneō)
extimēscō extimēscere extimuī fear greatly (timeō)
ingemīscō ingemīscere ingemuī sigh (gemō)
adhaerēscō adhaerēscere adhaesī stick (haereō)
3. Verbs in -scō derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.
obdūrēscō obdūrēscere obdūruī grow hard (dūrus)
ēvanēscō ēvanēscere ēvinuī disappear (vānus)
percrēbrēsco percrēbrēscere percrēbruī grow fresh (crēber)
mātūrescō mātūrēscere mātūruī grow ripe (mātūrus)
obmūtēscō obmūtēscere obmūtuī grow dumb (mūtus)
V. DEPONENTS.
fungor fungi fūnctus sum perform
queror querī questus sum complain
loquor loquī locūtus sum speak
sequor sequī secūtus sum follow
fruor fruī fruitūrus enjoy
perfruor perfruī perfrūctus sum thoroughly enjoy
lābor lābi lāpsus sum glide
amplector amplectī amplexus sum embrace
nītor nītī nīsus sum, nīxus sum strive
gradior gradī gressus sum walk
patior patī passus sum suffer
perpetior perpetī perpessus sum endure
ūtor ūtī ūsus sum use
morior morī mortuus sum die
adipīscor adipīscī adeptus sum acquire
comminīscor comminīscī commentus sum invent
reminīscor reminīscī —— remember
nancīscor nancīscī nanctus (nactus) sum acquire
nāscor nāscī nātus sum be born
oblīvīscor oblīvīscī oblītus sum forget
pacīscor pacīscī pactus sum covenant
proficīscor proficīscī profectus sum set out
ulcīscor ulcīscī ultus sum avenge
īrāscor īrāscī (īrātus, as Adj.) be angry
vescor vescī —— eat
Fourth Conjugation.
123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VĪ.
audiō audīre audīvī audītus hear
So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation.
sepeliō sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus bury
II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UĪ.
aperiō aperīre aperuī apertus open
operiō operīre operuī opertus cover
saliō salīre saluī —— leap
III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SĪ.
saepiō saepīre saepsī saeptus hedge in
sanciō sancīre sānxī sānctus ratify
vinciō vincīre vinxī vinctus bind
amiciō amicīre —— amictus envelop
fulciō fulcīre fulsī fultus prop up
referciō refercīre refersī refertus fill
sarciō sarcīre sarsī sartus patch
hauriō haurīre hausī haustus draw
sentiō sentīre sēnsī sēnsus feel
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
veniō venīre vēnī ventum (est) come
adveniō advenīre advēnī adventum (est) arrive
inveniō invenīre invēnī inventus find
V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.
reperiō reperīre repperī repertus find
comperiō comperīre comperī compertus learn
VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.
feriō ferīre —— —— strike
ēsuriō ēsurīre —— —— be hungry
VII. DEPONENTS.
largior largīrī largītus sum bestow
So many others.
experior experīrī expertus sum try
opperior opperīrī oppertus sum await
ōrdior ōrdīrī ōrsus sum begin
orior orīrī ortus sum arise
Orior usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as oreris, orĭtur, orĭmur; orerer (Imp. Subj.); orere (Imper.).
mētior mētīrī mēnsus sum measure
assentior assentīrī assēnsus sum assent
IRREGULAR VERBS.
124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, dō, edō, ferō, volō, nōlō, mālō, eō, fīō. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-ō), instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs.
125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. They are—
absum abesse āfuī am absent
Pres. Partic. absēns (absentis), absent.
adsum adesse adfuī am present
dēsum deesse dēfuī am lacking
insum inesse īnfuī am in
intersum interesse interfuī am among
praesum praeesse praefuī am in charge of
Pres. Partic. praesēns (praesentis), present
obsum obesse obfuī hinder
prōsum prōdesse prōfuī am of advantage
subsum subesse subfuī am underneath
supersum superesse superfuī am left
NOTE.—Prōsum is compounded of prōd (earlier form of prō) and sum; the d disappears before consonants, as prōsumus; but prōdestis.
126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum; potuī is from an obsolete potēre.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
possum, posse, potuī, to be able.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt.
Imp. poteram; poterāmus.
Fut. poterō; poterimus.
Perf. potuī; potuimus.
Plup. potueram; potuerāmus.
Fut. P. potuerō; potuerimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. possim, possīs, possit; possīmus, possītis, possint.
Imp. possem; possēmus.
Perf. potuerim; potuerīmus.
Plup. potuissem; potuissēmus.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. posse. Pres. potēns (as an adjective).
Perf. potuisse.
127. Dō, I give.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
dō, dăre, dedī, dătus.
Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. dō, dās, dat; dămus, dătis, dant.
Imp. dăbam, etc.; dăbāmus.
Fut. dăbō, etc.; dăbimus.
Perf. dedī; dedimus.
Plup. dederam; dederāmus.
Fut. P. dederō; dederimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. dem; dēmus.
Imp. dărem; dărēmus.
Perf. dederim; dederīmus.
Plup. dedissem; dedissēmus.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. dā; dăte.
Fut. dătō; dătōte.
dătō. dantō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. dăre. dāns.
Perf. dedisse.
Fut. dătūrus esse. dătūrus.
GERUND. SUPINE.
dandī, etc. dătum, dătū.
1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dărī, dătur, dărētur, etc.
2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit, perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root of similar meaning.
128. Edō, I eat.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus.
Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. edō, edimus,
ēs, ēstis,
ēst; edunt.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Imp. ēssem, ēssēmus,
ēssēs, ēssētis,
ēsset; ēssent.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. ēs; ēste.
Fut. ēstō; ēstōte.
ēstō; eduntō.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. ēsse.
Passive Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. 3d Sing. ēstur.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Imp. 3d Sing. ēssētur.
1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in ēs-, which alone distinguishes them from the corresponding forms of esse, to be.
2. Note comedō, comēsse, comēdī, comēsus or comēstus, consume.
3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -īs, -it, etc., less often edam, -ās, etc.
129. Ferō, I bear.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus.
Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. ferō, fers, fert; ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46]
Imp. ferēbam; ferēbāmus.
Fut. feram; ferēmus.
Perf. tulī; tulimus.
Plup. tuleram; tulerāmus.
Fut. P. tulerō; tulerimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. feram; ferāmus.
Imp. ferrem; ferrēmus.
Perf. tulerim; tulerīmus.
Plup. tulissem; tulissēmus.
IMPERATIVE
Pres. fer; ferte.
Fut. fertō; fertōte.
fertō; feruntō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. ferre. Pres. ferēns.
Perf. tulisse.
Fut. lātūrus esse. Fut. lātūrus.
GERUND. SUPINE.
Gen. ferendī.
Dat. ferendō.
Acc. ferendum. Acc. lātum.
Abl. ferendō. Abl. lātū.
Passive Voice.
feror, ferrī, lātus sum, to be borne.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. feror, ferris, fertur; ferimur, feriminī, feruntur.
Imp. ferēbar; ferēbāmur.
Fut. ferar; ferēmur.
Perf. lātus sum; lātī sumus.
Plup. lātus eram; lātī erāmus.
Fut. P. lātus erō; lātī erimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. ferar; ferāmur.
Imp. ferrer; ferrēmur.
Perf. lātus sim; lātī sīmus.
Plup. lātus essem; lātī essēmus.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. ferre; ferimimī.
Fut. fertor; ——
fertor; feruntor.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. ferrī.
Perf. lātus esse. Perf. lātus.
Fut. lātum īrī. Fut. ferendus.
So also the Compounds—
afferō afferre attulī allātus bring toward
auferō auferre abstulī ablātus take away
cōnferō cōnferre contulī collātus compare
differō differre distulī dīlātus put off
efferō efferre extulī ēlātus carry out
īnferō īnferre intulī illātus bring against
offerō offerre obtulī oblātus present
referō referre rettulī relātus bring back
NOTE.—The forms sustulī and sublātus belong to tollō.
130. volō, nōlō, mālō.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
volō, velle, voluī, to wish.
nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, to be unwilling.
mālō, mālle, māluī, to prefer.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. volō, nōlō, mālō,
vīs, nōn vīs, māvīs,
vult; nōn vult; māvult;
volumus, nōlumus, mālumus,
vultis, nōn vultis, māvultis,
volunt. nōlunt. mālunt.
Imp. volēbam. nōlēbam. mālēbam.
Fut. volam. nōlam. mālam.
Perf. voluī. nōluī. māluī.
Plup. volueram. nōlueram. mālueram.
Fut. P. voluerō. nōluerō. māluerō.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. velim, -īs, -it, etc. nōlim. mālīm.
Inf. vellem, -ēs, -et, etc. nōllem. māllem.
Perf. voluerim. nōluerim. māluerim.
Pluf. voluissem. nōluissem. māluissem.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. nōlī; nōlīte.
Fut. nōlītō; nōlītōte.
nōlītō; nōluntō.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. velle. nōlle. mālle.
Perf. voluisse. nōluisse. māluisse
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. volēns nōlēns. ——
131. Fīō.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
fīō, fīerī, factus sum, to become, be made.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR, PLURAL.
Pres. fīō, fīs, fit; fīmus, fītis, fīunt.
Inf. fīēbam; fīēbāmus.
Fut. fīam; fīēmus.
Perf. factus sum; factī sumus.
Pluf. factus eram; factī erāmus.
Fut. P. factus erō; factī erimus.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. fīam; fīāmus.
Imp. fierem; fierēmus.
Perf. factus sim; factī sīmus.
Plup. factus essem; factī essēmus.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. fī; fīte.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. fierī.
Perf. factus esse. Perf. factus.
Fut. factum īrī. Ger. faciendus.
NOTE.—A few isolated forms of compounds of fīō occur; as, dēfit lacks; īnfit, begins.
132. Eō.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
eō, īre, īvī, itum (est), to go.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. eō, īs, it; īmus, ītis, eunt.
Imp. ībam; ībāmus.
Fut. ībō; ībimus.
Perf. īvī (iī); īvimus (iimus).
Plup. īveram (ieram); īverāmus (ierāmus)
Fut. P. īverō (ierō); īverimus (ierimus).
SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. eam; eāmus.
Inf. īrem; īrēmus.
Perf. īverim (ierim); īverīmus (ierīmus).
Pluf. īvissem (iissem, īssem); īvissēmus (iissēmus, īssēmus).
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. ī; īte.
Fut. ītō; ītōte,
ītō; euntō.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. īre. Pres. iēns.
Perf. īvisse (īsse). (Gen. euntis.)
Fut. itūrus esse. Fut. itūrus. Gerundive, eundum.
GERUND. SUPINE.
eundī, etc. itum, itū.
1. Transitive compounds of eō admit the full Passive inflection; as adeor, adīris, adītur, etc.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are the most important:—
133. USED MAINLY IN THE PERFECT SYSTEM.
Coepī, I have begun. Meminī, I remember. Ōdī, I hate.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perf. coepī. meminī. ōdī.
Plup. coeperam. memineram. ōderam.
Fut. P. coeperō. meminerō. ōderō.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Perf. coeperim. meminerim. ōderim.
Pluf. coepissem. meminissem. ōdissem.
IMPERATIVE.
Sing. mementō; Plur. mementōte.
INFINITIVE.
Perf. coepisse. meminisse. ōdisse.
Fut. coeptūrus esse. ōsūrus esse.
PARTICIPLE.
Perf. coeptus, begun. ōsus.
Fut. coeptūrus. ōsūrus.
1. When coepī governs a Passive Infinitive it usually takes the form coeptus est; as, amārī coeptus est, he began to be loved.
2. Note that meminī and ōdī, though Perfect in form, are Present in sense. Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force of the Imperfect and Future; as, memineram, I remembered; ōderō, I shall hate.
134. Inquam, I say (inserted between words of a direct quotation)
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. inquam, ——
inquis, ——
inquit; inquiunt.
Fut. —— ——
inquiēs, ——
inquiet. ——
Perf. 3d Sing. inquit.
135. Ajō, I say.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL
Pres. ajō, ——
aīs, ——
ait; ajunt.
Imp. ajēbam, ajēbāmus,
ajēbās, ajēbātis,
ajēbat; ajēbant.
Perf 3d Sing. aït.
SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres 3d Sing. ajat.
NOTE.—For aīsne, do you mean? aīn is common.
136. Fārī, to speak.
This is inflected regularly in the perfect tenses. In the Present System it has—
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. —— ——
—— ——
fātur. ——
Fut. fābor, ——
—— ——
fābitur. ——
Impv. fāre.
Inf. fārī.
Pres. Partic. fantis, fantī, etc.
Gerund, G., fandī; D. and Abl., fandō.
Gerundive, fandus.
NOTE.—Forms of fārī are rare. More frequent are its compounds; as,— affātur, he addresses; praefāmur, we say in advance.
137. OTHER DEFECTIVE FORMS.
1. Queō, quīre, quīvī, to be able, and nequeō, nequīre, nequīvī, to be unable, are inflected like eō, but occur chiefly in the Present Tense, and there only in special forms.
2. Quaesō, I entreat; quaesumus, we entreat.
3. Cedo (2d sing. Impv.), cette (2d plu.); give me, tell me.
4. Salvē, salvēte, hail. Also Infinitive, salvēre.
5. Havē (avē), havēte, hail. Also Infinitive, havēre.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
138. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, it snows, it seems, etc. They have no personal subject, but may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun; as, mē pudet hōc fēcisse, lit. it shames me to have done this; hōc decet, this is fitting. Here belong—
I. Verbs denoting operations of the weather; as,—
fulget fulsit it lightens
tonat tonuit it thunders
grandinat —— it hails
ningit ninxit it snows
pluit pluit it rains
II. Special Verbs.
paenitet paenitēre paenituit it repents
piget pigēre piguit it grieves
pudet pudēre puduit it causes shame
taedet taedēre taeduit it disgusts
miseret miserēre miseruit it causes pity
libet libēre libuit it pleases
licet licēre licuit it is lawful
oportet oportēre oportuit it is fitting
decet decēre decuit it is becoming
dēdecet dēdecēre dēdecuit it is unbecoming
rēfert rēferre rētulit it concerns
III. Verbs Impersonal only in Special Senses.
cōnstat cōnstāre cōnstitit it is evident
praestat praestāre praestitit it is better
juvat juvāre jūvit it delights
appāret appārēre appāruit it appears
placet placēre placuit (placitum est) it pleases
accēdit accēdere accessit it is added
accidit accidere accidit it happens
contingit contingere contigit it happens
ēvenit ēvenīre ēvēnit it turns out
interest interesse interfuit it concerns
IV. The Passive of Intransitive Verbs; as,—
ītur lit. it is gone i.e. some one goes
curritur lit. it is run i.e. some one runs
ventum est lit. it has been come i.e. some one has come
veniendum est lit. it must be come i.e. somebody must come
pugnārī potest lit. it can be fought i.e. somebody can fight