APPENDICES

LEADING EVENTS IN LIBERIAN HISTORY

1777 Virginia Legislative Committee (Thomas Jefferson, Chn.) to devise scheme.

1816 December 23. Virginia asked United States to secure a territory.

Similar plans by Maryland, Tennessee and Georgia.

December 21. Colonization Society considered.

December 21. Society organized with Judge Washington as President.

1818 February 2. Two agents sailed from London for Sierra Leone.

Interview with King Sherbro. Burgess and Mills.

October 22. Burgess reached United States; Mills dead.

1819 March 3. Congress determined to unite with Society.

Samuel Bacon and John P. Bankson—agents.

1820 February. The Elizabeth sailed: Agent Crozier and 88 colonists.

—Three agents and twenty colonists dead; Daniel Coker and others at Sherbro Island.

—To Sierra Leone.

1821 March. Andrus and Wiltberger (Soc.), Winn and E. Bacon (U. S.).

—Cape Mesurado=Montserrado. Failure. Bacon returned; Andrus and Winn dead. Wiltberger remained in Africa.

To Sierra Leone.

Fall. Dr. Ayres (Soc.) to Sierra Leone: Then by Alligator (Capt. Stockton) to Cape Mesurado.

Ayres and Stockton—King Peter and five chiefs. Buy land for $300.

Differences; but colonists persevere.

Wreck palaver: Boatswain’s intervention.

1822 June 4. Dr. Ayres sailed; colonist in charge.

July. Final removal to mainland.

August 8. Jehudi Ashmun arrived. (Landing 8th to 14th.)

August 18. Martello tower begun.

August 31. Night watch established.

September 1. King George removed his town.

September 15. Mrs. Ashmun died; only one person well.

November 7. Notice of planned attack.

November 11. Battle.

November 22. Parley.

November 23. Day of humiliation, thanksgiving and prayer.

November 29. Capt. Brassey’s visit.

December 1. Second battle.

December 2. Night cannonading; Prince Regent (Capt. Laing); Midshipman Gordon and men remain.

December 8. Columbian schooner; (Capt. Wesley).

1823 March 15. Remaining five children returned by natives.

March 31. U. S. S. Cyane (Capt. Spencer).

April 21. Richard Seaton remained: died in June.

May 24. Oswego arrived: Dr. Ayres and 61 colonists.

Intrigue and rebellion rife.

December; Dr. Ayres left.

1824 February 20. Liberia, Monrovia,—official names.

March 22. Ashmun farewell address; April 1 embarked for Islands.

July 24. Ashmun-Gurley meeting on Porpoise; Ashmun returns with him.

August 13. Gurley and Ashmun reach Monrovia: Gurley there until August 22. New plan of government drawn.

1825 New lands acquired; Grand Bassa, New Cess.

1826 New lands acquired; Cape Mount, Junk River.

Trade Town war.

1827 August 27. The Norfolk, with 142 recaptured slaves.

1828 March 25. Ashmun left colony.

August 25. Ashmun died at New Haven, Connecticut.

October 28. New government adopted.

Digby incident; trouble with King Bristol; Lott Carey killed by explosion of powder.

December 22. Richard Randall, new agent, arrived.

1829 April 19. Randall died; Dr. Mechlin, agent.

1831 James Hall with 31 colonists from the Maryland Colonization Society, stop at Monrovia.

1832 Dey-Golah war (Bromley).

1833 Edina founded.

James Hall with 28 colonists; settle at Cape Palmas, “Maryland in Africa.”

1834 Mechlin to the United States; John B. Pinney succeeded him.

1835 Pinney home; Dr. Ezekiel Skinner, agent.

Pennsylvania Colonization Society; Port Cresson massacre.

1836 Anthony D. Williams, agent.

January. Thomas Buchanan arrived; in charge of Bassa settlements.

1837 Gov. I. F. C. Finley arrived; in charge of Mississippi in Africa.

1838 Greenville established.

September 10. Gov. Finley murdered.

New Constitution drawn up by Prof. Greenleaf, Harvard College; “Commonwealth of Liberia.”

1839 A. D. Williams gives up agency; Thomas Buchanan, governor.

Tradetown war.

1840 Boporo-Golah war=Gatumba’s war: Gen. Roberts.

Difficulty with Rev. John Seyes, in charge of the Methodist Episcopal Mission.

English settlement threatens complications.

1841 September 3. Gov. Buchanan died. Joseph Jenkin Roberts, governor.

1842 France attempts to secure Liberian foothold; Cape Mount, Bassa Cove, Butu, Garawé.

1843 February 22. Treaty with Golah.

1844- 1845 Strengthening of Liberian position, by purchase and treaty.

6% ad valorem duty established; in Maryland as well; agreement between Roberts and Russwurm.

1844 Roberts visited the United States; American squadron visited Liberia.

1845 The Little Ben seized; the John Seyes seized from Benson; United States inquiry.

1846 January. American Colonization Society decides to grant self-government.

Continued land-purchasing from natives.

Release and “apprenticeship” of slaves.

October 7. Vote on Independence; opposition in Grand Bassa.

1847 July 8. Day of Thanksgiving.

July 26. Declaration of Independence; Constitution.

August 4. Flag hoisted; recognition by Great Britain.

October. Joseph Jenkin Roberts elected president; installed January 3, 1848.

1848 England, France, Prussia recognition. President Roberts visited Europe.

Lord Ashley raised £2,000 for purchasing lands of Mattru, Gumbo, Gallinhas, Manna, etc. British admiralty presented The Lark.

1849 Roberts re-elected president; Robertsport founded at Cape Mount.

February 26. English treaty ratified.

Portugal, Sardinia, Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Brazil, Hamburg, Bremen, Lubeck, Haiti, recognized republic.

March. New Cesters slavers cleaned up and region annexed.

September 19. Ralph Gurley arrived at Cape Mount; report printed in 1850.

1850 Two German trading houses established; Vai, Dey and Golah quarrelling.

1851 British Consul appointed; Mr. Hanson.

Roberts: third term.

Edward Wilmot Blyden arrived.

Interior troubles; Boporo. Grando war at Grand Bassa. Native troubles in Maryland.

Governor Russwurm died; S. M. McGill, governor of Maryland.

1852 Roberts visited France and England.

1853 Roberts: fourth term.

1854 William A. Prout; governor of Maryland.

October 3. President visited Europe; proposed annexation of Sierra Leone.

1856 Stephen Allen Benson, president.

Napoleon III equipment for 1,000 armed men and the Hirondelle.

J. B. Drayton, governor of Maryland.

December 22. Cape Palmas battle.

1857 January 18. Sheppard Lake disaster, Grebo war.

February 18. J. J. Roberts and J. F. Gibson signed treaty.

February 28. Annexation of Maryland.

Roberts appointed president of Liberia College.

1858 Regina Coeli incident.

Seymore and Ash expedition; (R. G. S. 1860).

1860 John Myers Harris’ boats seized: rescued by a British gunboat—The Torch.

1862 Roberts sent to Europe; appointed Belgian consul.

President Benson in England; question decided.

Harris’ schooners again seized; Monrovia conference; Vai and Harris war; Commodore Schufeldt.

October 22. Treaty with the United States.

1864 Daniel Bashiel Warner, president.

1865 Ports of Entry Law: Robertsport, Monrovia, Marshall, Grand Bassa, Greenville, Cape Palmas.

Three hundred West Indian immigrants; A. Barclay.

1868 James Spriggs Payne, president.

Anderson’s trip to Musahdu.

1870 Edward James Roye, president. Went to England.

England agrees to Boundary Commission.

Vai attack Harris; Sierra Leone demands.

1871 £100,000 loan placed in England.

October. President Roye proclaimed term extended; attempted bank seizure.

—26th. Legislative manifesto.

1872 J. J. Roberts again president.

Paid indemnity of 1869.

1874 Anderson’s second expedition to Musahdu.

1875 Grebo war; natives burned Bunker Hill and Philadelphia (near Harper).

1876 James Spriggs Payne, president.

Chigoes introduced.

1877 Colonists from Louisiana; mainly along lower St. Paul’s R.; some subsequently returned.

1878 Revived demand for £8,500 indemnity.

Anthony William Gardner, president.

1879 Order of African Redemption founded.

April. Entered International Postal Union.

Sierra Leone boundary commission wrangle.

German steamer Carlos wrecked on Nana Kru coast; Victoria punitive expedition; £900.

1879- 1887 J. Buttikoper visits Liberia; zoological research.

1882 March 20. Sir Arthur Havelock and gunboats; Mafa R. boundary, £8,500 indemnity.

September 7. Sir Arthur Havelock returned.

1883 Corisco wrecked at Grand Cestos R.; Liberians punished natives.

Senegal wrecked and plundered.

March. Sierra Leone took land up to Mano River.

January 20. Gardner resigned; Vice-President A. F. Russell in chair.

1884 Hilary Richard Wright Johnson, president.

1885 November 11. Boundary dispute settled; Mano R. boundary.

1885- 1891 Efforts at adjusting loan of 1871.

1891 October 26. French claim Cavalla R. boundary.

1892 Joseph James Cheeseman, president.

December 8. Cavalla R. boundary accepted, after protest.

1893 Third Grebo war.

Kru declaration of adhesion.

1896 November. Vice-President William David Coleman takes presidency.

Grebo trouble.

1897 German consulate offers protectorate.

1898 Liberia admits £70,000 to £80,000 on Loan of 1871.

1899 February 10. Hostain’s and d’Ollones’ expedition; affecting Franco-Liberian boundary.

1900 Coleman expedition to subdue interior; resignation.

Garretson Wilmot Gibson, president.

1902 French boundary negotiations.

1903 French treaty fixing boundary; Liberia paid £4,750.

Anglo-Liberian boundary demarcated; Mano R.; Kanre-Lahun in Liberia.

Missions to chiefs one hundred miles up the Cavalla River, also up the St. Paul’s.

1904 Arthur Barclay, president.

Congress of kings—Golah, Boporo, Mpesse.

March. Effort to fix French boundary from Tembi Kunda to Cavalla R.

May 19. German Government complains of Liberian judiciary.

August. Changes in Liberian Development Chartered Co.; also in January, 1906.

1905 January. Permission given for British force to pacify the Kissi district.

February. President Barclay visited Cape Mount and treated with Vai.

July 27. Vice-President J. D. Summerville died.

1906 Arthur Barclay, president.

January 5. Agreement with Liberian Development Co., for a loan of £100,000.

Lomax in Kanre-Lahun district.

1907 May 7. Amendment to Constitution lengthening presidential term to four years.

Summer: Commission sent to adjust difficulties with Great Britain and France.

August 29. President Barclay reaches London; Great Britain demands reforms as condition to discussion of disagreement.

September 18. President Barclay yields to French demands and accepts treaty.

Severance of relations between Liberian government and Liberian Development Co.

Tripartite Agreement; Liberia, Erlanger Co., Liberian Development Co.; Liberia takes over responsibility for loan of 1906.

Trouble at River Cess.

1908 Arthur Barclay, president; four years term.

January. Major Mackay Cadell appears in Liberia.

January 14. Consul-general Braithwaite Wallis issues reform demand.

British offer to exchange Behlu district for Kanre-Lahun.

May. Liberian Commission bring appeal to the United States.

July. Ex-President W. D. Coleman died at Clay-Ashland.

War-vessel Lark purchased for £40,000; British Government presents gun armament worth £1,600.

1909 February 11. Mackay Cadell’s frontier force in mutiny.

May 8. United States commission of inquiry arrived at Monrovia.

Trouble at River Cess and Grand Bassa.

1910 March 21. German cable line opened.

New Cess trouble; Grebo uprising.

1911 January. Behlu and Kanre-Lahun exchange consummated; delimitation ordered.

May. French demand customs control of both sides of Cavalla River.

September 26. American loan arrangement presented.

November 1. Free navigation of the Mano R. admitted.

1912 January 1-2. Daniel Edward Howard, president; inauguration.

January 1. Loan went into operation.

February 7. Edward Wilmot Blyden died.

Arrival of American military helpers—Major Ballard and Captains Brown and Newton.

September. Lomax and Cooper trials; acquittals.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN CONVENTION

Town of Monrovia; June and July 1847

We, the representatives of the people of the Commonwealth of Liberia, in Convention assembled, invested with authority for forming a new government, relying upon the aid and protection of the Great Arbiter of human events, do hereby, in the name and on behalf of the people of this Commonwealth, publish and declare the said Commonwealth a FREE, SOVEREIGN and INDEPENDENT STATE, by the name and style of the Republic of Liberia.

While announcing to the nations of the world the new position which the people of this Republic have felt themselves called upon to assume, courtesy to their opinion seems to demand a brief accompanying statement of the causes which induced them, first to expatriate themselves from the land of their nativity and to form settlements on this barbarous coast, and now to organize their government by the assumption of a sovereign and independent character. Therefore we respectfully ask their attention to the following facts:

We recognize in all men, certain natural and inalienable rights: among these are life, liberty, and the right to acquire, possess, enjoy and defend property. By the practice and consent of men in all ages, some system or form of government is proven to be necessary to exercise, enjoy, and secure these rights: and every people has a right to institute a government and to choose and adopt that system or form of it, which, in their opinion, will most effectually accomplish these objects, and secure their happiness, which does not interfere with the just rights of others. The right therefore to institute government, and all the powers necessary to conduct it, is an inalienable right, and cannot be resisted without the grossest injustice.

We, the people of the Republic of Liberia, were originally the inhabitants of the United States of North America.

In some part of that country, we were debarred by law from all the rights and privileges of men—in other parts, public sentiments, more powerful than law frowned us down.

We were every where shut out from all civil office.

We were excluded from all participation in the government.

We were taxed without our consent.

We were compelled to contribute to the resources of a country, which gave us no protection.

We were made a separate and distinct class, and against us every avenue to improvement was effectually closed. Strangers from all lands of a color different from ours, were preferred before us.

We uttered our complaints, but they were unattended to, or met only by alleging the peculiar institution of the country.

All hope of a favorable change in our country was thus wholly extinguished in our bosom, and we looked with anxiety abroad for some asylum from the deep degradation.

The Western coast of Africa was the place selected by American benevolence and philanthropy, for our future home. Removed beyond those influences which depressed us in our native land, it was hoped we would be enabled to enjoy those rights and privileges, and exercise and improve those faculties, which the God of nature has given us in common with the rest of mankind.

Under the auspices of the American Colonization Society, we established ourselves here, on land acquired by purchase from the lords of the soil.

In an original compact with this Society, we for important reasons, delegated to it certain political powers; while this institution stipulated that whenever the people should become capable of conducting the government, or whenever the people should desire it, this institution would resign the delegated power, peaceably withdraw its supervision, and leave the people to the government of themselves.

Under the auspices and guidance of this institution, which has nobly and in perfect faith redeemed its pledges to the people, we have grown and prospered.

From time to time, our number has been increased by migration from America, and by accessions from native tribes; and from time to time, as circumstances required it, we have extended our borders by acquisition of land by honorable purchase from the natives of the country.

As our territory has extended, and our population increased, our commerce has also increased. The flags of most of the civilized nations of the earth float in our harbors, and their merchants are opening an honorable and profitable trade. Until recently, these visits have been of a uniformly harmonious character, but as they have become more frequent, and to more numerous points of our extending coast, questions have arisen, which it is supposed can be adjusted only by agreement between sovereign powers.

For years past, the American Colonization Society has faithfully withdrawn from all direct and active part in the administration of the Government, except in the appointment of the Governor, who is also a colonist, for the apparent purpose of testing the ability of the people to conduct the affairs of Government; and no complaint of crude legislation, nor mismanagement, nor of mal-administration has yet been heard.

In view of these facts, this institution, the American Colonization Society, with that good faith which has uniformly marked all its dealings with us, did, by a set of resolutions in January, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty Six, dissolve all political connection with the people of this Republic, return the power with which it was delegated, and left the people to the government of themselves.

The people of the Republic of Liberia then, are of right, and in fact, a free sovereign and Independent State, possessed of all the rights, and powers, and functions of government.

In assuming the momentous responsibilities of the position they have taken, the people of this Republic, feel justified by the necessities of the case, and with this conviction they throw themselves, with confidence upon the candid consideration of the civilized world.

Liberia is not the offspring of grasping ambition, nor the tool of avaricious speculation.

No desire for territorial aggrandizement brought us to these shores; nor do we believe so sordid a motive entered into the high consideration of those who aided us in providing this asylum.

Liberia is an asylum from the most grinding oppression.

In coming to the shores of Africa, we indulged the pleasing hope that we should be permitted to exercise and improve those faculties which impart to man his dignity—to nourish in our hearts the flame of honorable ambition, to cherish and indulge those aspirations, which a Beneficent Creator hath implanted in every human heart, and to evince to all who despise, ridicule and oppress our race that we possess with them a common nature, are with them susceptible of equal refinement, and capable of equal advancement in all that adorns and dignifies man.

We were animated with the hope, that here we should be at liberty to train up our children in the way they should go—to inspire them, with the love of an honorable fame, to kindle within them, the flame of a lofty philanthropy, and to form strong within them, the principles of humanity, virtue and religion.

Among the strongest motives to leave our native land—to abandon forever the scenes of our childhood, and to sever the most endeared connections, was the desire for a retreat where, free from the agitations of fear and molestation, we could, in composure and security, approach in worship the God of our Fathers.

Thus far our highest hopes have been realized.

Liberia is already the happy home of thousands, who were once the doomed victims of oppression; and if left unmolested to go on with her natural and spontaneous growth: if her movements be left free from the paralysing intrigues of jealous ambition and unscrupulous avarice, she will throw open a wider and a wider door for thousands who are now looking with an anxious eye for some land of rest.

Our courts of justice are open equally to the stranger and the citizen, for the redress of grievances, for the remedy of injuries, and for the punishment of crime.

Our numerous and well attended schools attest our efforts, and our desire for the improvement of our children.

Our churches for the worship of our Creator, every where to be seen, bear testimony to our piety, and to our acknowledgement of his Providence.

The native African, bowing down with us before the altar of the living God, declare that from us, feeble as we are, the light of Christianity has gone forth; while upon that curse of curses, the slave trade, a deadly blight has fallen as far as our influence extends.

Therefore, in the name of humanity, and virtue and religion—in the name of the Great God, our common Creator, and our common Judge, we appeal to the nations of Christendom, and earnestly and respectfully ask of them, that they will regard us with the sympathy and friendly consideration, to which the peculiarities of our condition entitle us, and to extend to us that comity which marks the friendly intercourse of civilized and independent communities.

DONE in CONVENTION, at Monrovia, in the County of Montserrado, by the unanimous consent of the people of the Commonwealth of Liberia, this Twenty-sixth day of July, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-seven. In witness whereof we have hereto set our names.

MONTSERRADO COUNTY,

S. Benedict, President H. Teage, Elijah Johnson, J. N. Lewis, Beverly R. Wilson, J. B. Gripon.

GRAND BASS COUNTY,

John Day, Amos Herring, A. W. Gardner, Ephraim Titler.

COUNTY OF SINOE,

R. E. Murray.

Jacob W. Prout, Secretary of the Convention.

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA

PREAMBLE

The end of the institution, maintenance, and administration of government, is to secure the existence of the body politic, to protect it, and to furnish the individuals who compose it, with the power of enjoying in safety and tranquility, their natural rights, and the blessings of life; and whenever these great objects are not obtained, the people have a right to alter the government and to take measures necessary for their safety, prosperity, and happiness.

Therefore, we the People of the Commonwealth of Liberia, in Africa, acknowledging with devout gratitude, the goodness of God, in granting to us the blessings of the Christian Religion, and political, religious and civil liberty, do, in order to secure these blessings for ourselves and our posterity, and to establish justice, insure domestic peace, and promote the general welfare, hereby solemnly associate, and constitute ourselves a Free, Sovereign and Independent State by the name of the REPUBLIC of LIBERIA, and do ordain and establish this Constitution for the government of the same.

ARTICLE I BILL OF RIGHTS

Section 1. All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights: among which are the rights of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and of pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.

Section 2. All power is inherent in the people; all free governments are instituted by their authority, and for their benefit, and they have the right to alter and reform the same when their safety and happiness require it.

Section 3. All men have a natural and inalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of their consciences, without obstruction or molestation from others: all persons demeaning themselves peaceably, and not obstructing others in their religious worship, are entitled to the protection of law, in the free exercise of their own religion, and no sect of Christians shall have exclusive privileges or preference over any other sect; but all shall be alike tolerated; and no religious test whatever shall be required as a qualification for civil office, or the exercise of any civil right.

Section 4. There shall be no slavery within this Republic. Nor shall any citizen of this Republic, or any person resident therein, deal in slaves, either within or without this Republic, directly or indirectly.

Section 5. The people have a right at all times, in an orderly and peaceable manner to assemble and consult upon the common good, to instruct their representatives, and to petition the government, or any public functionaries for the redress of grievances.

Section 6. Every person injured shall have remedy therefor, by due course of law; justice shall be done without denial or delay; and in all cases, not arising under martial law or upon impeachment, the parties shall have a right to a trial by jury, and to be heard in person or by counsel, or both.

Section 7. No persons shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime, except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the army or navy, and petty offences, unless upon presentment by a grand jury; and every person criminally charged shall have a right to be seasonably furnished with a copy of the charge, to be confronted with the witnesses against him,—to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have a speedy, public, and impartial trial by a jury of the vicinity. He shall not be compelled to furnish or give evidence against himself; and no person shall for the same offence be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.

Section 8. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, property, or privilege, but by judgment of his peers or the law of the land.

Section 9. No place shall be searched, nor person seized on a criminal charge or suspicion, unless upon warrant lawfully issued, upon probable cause supported by oath, or solemn affirmation, specially designating the place or person, and the object of the search.

Section 10. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor excessive punishments inflicted. Nor shall the Legislature make any law impairing the obligation of contracts nor any law rendering any acts punishable when it was committed.

Section 11. All elections shall be by ballot; and every male citizen of twenty-one years of age, possessing real estate, shall have the right of suffrage.

Section 12. The people have a right to keep and bear arms for the common defence and as in time of peace, armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the Legislature; and the military power shall always be held in exact subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it.

Section 13. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

Section 14. The powers of this government shall be divided into three distinct departments: Legislative, Executive and Judicial, and no person belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any of the powers belonging to either of the other. This section is not to be construed to include Justices of the Peace.

Section 15. The liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom in a state; it ought not, therefore, to be restrained in this Republic.

The printing press shall be free to every person who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the Legislature, or any branch of government; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the rights thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions, is one of the invaluable rights of man, and every citizen may freely speak, write and print, on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty.

In prosecutions, for the publication of papers, investigating the official conduct of officers, or men in a public capacity, or where the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence. And in all indictments for libels the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the directions of the courts; as in other cases.

Section 16. No subsidy, charge, impost, or duties ought to be established, fixed, laid or levied, under any pretext whatsoever, without the consent of the people, or their representatives in the Legislature.

Section 17. Suits may be brought against the Republic in such manner, and in such cases as the Legislature may by law direct.

Section 18. No person can, in any case, be subject to the law martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law, (except those employed in the army or navy, and except the militia in actual service) but by the authority of the Legislature.

Section 19. In order to prevent those who are vested with authority, from becoming oppressors, the people have a right at such periods, and in such manner, as they shall establish by their frame of government, to cause their public officers to return to private life, and to fill up vacant places, by certain and regular elections and appointments.

Section 20. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties; unless, for capital offences, when the proof is evident, or presumption great; and the privilege and benefit of the writ of habeas corpus shall be enjoyed in this Republic, in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditious and ample manner, and shall not be suspended by the Legislature, except upon the most urgent and pressing occasions, and for a limited time, not exceeding twelve months.

ARTICLE II LEGISLATIVE POWERS

Section 1. That the legislative power shall be vested in a Legislature of Liberia, and shall consist of two separate branches—a House of Representatives and a Senate, to be styled the Legislature of Liberia; each of which shall have a negative on the other, and the enacting style of their acts and laws shall be, “It is enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia in Legislature assembled.”

Section 2. The representatives shall be elected by and for the inhabitants of the several counties of Liberia, and shall be apportioned among the several counties of Liberia, as follows: The county of Montserrado shall have four representatives, the county of Grand Bassa shall have three, and the county of Sinoe shall have one; and all counties hereafter which shall be admitted into the Republic shall have one representative, and for every ten thousand inhabitants one representative shall be added. No person shall be a representative who has not resided in the county two whole years immediately previous to his election and who shall not, when elected be an inhabitant of the county, and does not own real estate of not less value than one hundred and fifty dollars in the county in which he resides, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-three years. The representatives shall be elected biennially, and shall serve two years from the time of their election.

Section 3. When a vacancy occurs in the representation of any county by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be filled by a new election.

Section 4. The House of Representatives shall elect their own Speaker and other officers; they shall also have the sole power of impeachment.

Section 5. The Senate shall consist of two members from Montserrado County, two from Grand Bassa County, two from Sinoe County, and two from each county which may be hereafter incorporated into this Republic. No person shall be a senator who shall not have resided three whole years immediately previous to his election in the Republic of Liberia, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the county which he represents, and who does not own real estate of not less value than two hundred dollars in the county which he represents, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years. The senator for each county who shall have the highest number of votes shall retain his seat four years, and the one who shall have the next highest number of votes, two years; and all who are afterwards elected to fill their seats, shall remain in office four years.

Section 6. The Senate shall try all impeachments; the senators being first sworn or solemnly affirmed to try the same impartially and according to law; and no person shall be convicted but by the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present. Judgment, in such cases, shall not extend beyond removal from the office and disqualification to hold an office in the Republic; but the party may be tried at law for the same offense. When either the President or Vice-President is to be tried, the Chief Justice shall preside.

Section 7. It shall be the duty of the Legislature as soon as conveniently may be, after the adoption of this Constitution, and once at least in every ten years afterwards, to cause a true census to be taken of each town and county of the Republic of Liberia; and a representative shall be allowed every town having a population of ten thousand inhabitants; and for every additional ten thousand in the counties after the first census one representative shall be added to that county, until the number of representatives shall amount to thirty; and afterwards, one representative shall be added for every thirty thousand.

Section 8. Each branch of the Legislature shall be judge of the election returns and qualification of its own members. A majority of each shall be necessary to transact business, but a less number may adjourn from day to day and compel the attendance of absent members. Each House may adopt its own rules of proceedings, enforce order, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, may expel a member.

Section 9. Neither House shall adjourn for more than two days without the consent of the other; and both Houses shall always sit in the same town.

Section 10. Every bill or resolution which shall have passed both branches of the Legislature, shall, before it becomes a law, be laid before the President for his approval; if he approves, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it to the Legislature with his objections. If the Legislature shall afterwards pass the bill or resolution by a vote of two-thirds in each branch it shall become a law. If the President shall neglect to return such bill or resolution to the Legislature with his objections for five days after the same shall have been so laid before him, the Legislature remaining in session during that time, such neglect shall be equivalent to his signature.

Section 11. The Senators and Representatives shall receive from the Republic a compensation for their services to be ascertained by law; and shall be privileged from arrest, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace, while attending at, going to, or returning from, the session of the Legislature.

ARTICLE III EXECUTIVE POWER

Section 1. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a President, who shall be elected by the people, and shall hold his office for the term of two years. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy. He shall in the recess of the Legislature have power to call out the militia, or any portion thereof, into actual service in defence of the Republic. He shall have power to make treaties, provided the Senate concur therein by a vote of two-thirds of the senators present. He shall nominate, and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint and commission all ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls, secretaries of State, of War, of the Navy, and of the Treasury, Attorney General, all judges of courts, sheriffs, coroners, registers, marshals, justices of the peace, clerks of courts, notaries public, and all other officers of State,—civil and military, whose appointment may not be otherwise provided for by the Constitution, or by standing laws. And in the recess of the Senate, he may fill any vacancies in those offices, until the next session of the Senate. He shall receive all ambassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed:—he shall inform the Legislature, from time to time, of the condition of the Republic, and recommend any public measures for their adoption which he may think expedient. He may, after conviction, remit any public forfeitures and penalties, and grant reprieves and pardons for public offences except in cases of impeachment. He may require information and advice from any public officer touching matters pertaining to his office. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the Legislature, and may adjourn the two Houses whenever they cannot agree as to the time of adjournment.

Section 2. There shall be a Vice-President who shall be elected in the same manner and for the same term as that of the President, and whose qualifications shall be the same; he shall be President of the Senate, and give the casting vote when the house is equally divided on any subject. And in the case of the removal of the President from office, or his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Legislature may by law provide for the cases of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

Section 3. The Secretary of State shall keep the records of the State, and all the records and papers of the Legislative body, and all other public records and documents not belonging to any other department, and shall lay the same when required, before the President or Legislature. He shall attend upon them when required, and perform such other duties as may be enjoined by law.

Section 4. The Secretary of the Treasury, or other persons who may by law be charged with custody of public monies, shall, before he receive such monies, give bonds to the State, with sufficient sureties, to the acceptance of the Legislature, for the faithful discharge of his trust. He shall exhibit a true account of such monies when required by the President, or Legislature, and no monies shall be drawn from the Treasury, but by warrant from the President in consequence of appropriation made by law.

Section 5. All ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls, the Secretary of State, of War, of the Treasury, and of the Navy, the Attorney General and Post Master General, shall hold their office during the pleasure of the President. All justices of the peace, sheriffs, coroners, marshals, clerks of courts, registers, and notaries public, shall hold their offices for the term of two years from the date of their respective commissions; but they may be removed from office within that time by the President at his pleasure; and all other officers whose term of office shall not be otherwise limited by law, shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the President.

Section 6. Every civil officer may be removed from office by impeachment for official misconduct. Every such officer may also be removed by the President upon the address of both branches of the Legislature, stating their particular reason for his removal. No person shall be eligible to the office of President who has not been a citizen of this Republic for at least five years, and who shall not have attained the age of Thirty-five years, and who is not possessed of unencumbered real estate of the value of Six hundred dollars.

Section 7. The President shall at stated times receive for his services compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:—

I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Liberia, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution, and enforce the laws of the Republic of Liberia.

ARTICLE IV JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Section 1. The judicial power of this Republic shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such subordinate courts as the Legislature may from time to time establish. The judges of the Supreme Court, and all other judges of courts, shall hold their office during good behaviour; but may be removed by the President, on the address of two-thirds of both houses for that purpose, or by impeachment, and conviction thereon. The judges shall have salaries established by law, which may be increased, but not diminished during their continuance in office. They shall not receive other perquisites, or emoluments whatever from parties, or others, on account of any duty required of them.

Section 2. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in all cases affecting ambassadors, or other public ministers and consuls, and those to which a country shall be a party. In all other cases the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and facts, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Legislature shall from time to time make.

ARTICLE V MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

All laws now in force in the Commonwealth of Liberia and not repugnant to the Constitution shall be in force as the laws of the Republic of Liberia until they shall be repealed by the Legislature.

Section 2. All judges, magistrates, and other officers now concerned in the administration of justice in the Commonwealth of Liberia, and all other existing civil and military officers therein, shall continue to hold and discharge the duties of their respective offices in the name and by the authority of the Republic until others shall be appointed and commissioned in their stead, pursuant to the Constitution.

Section 3. All towns and municipal corporations within the Republic, constituted under the laws of the Commonwealth of Liberia, shall retain their existing organizations and privileges, and the respective officers thereof shall remain in office and act under the authority of this Republic in the same manner and with like power as they now possess under the laws of said Commonwealth.

Section 4. The first election of President, Vice-President, Senators and Representatives, shall be held on the first Tuesday in October, in the year of Our Lord, Eighteen Hundred and Forty-seven, in the same manner as the election of members of the Council are held in the Commonwealth of Liberia; and the votes shall be certified and returned to the Colonial Secretary, and the result of the election shall be ascertained, posted, and notified by him, as is now by law provided, in case of such members of Council.

Section 5. All other elections of Presidents, Vice-President, Senators and Representatives, shall be held in the respective towns on the first Tuesday in May in every two years; to be held and regulated in such a manner as the Legislature may by law prescribe. The returns of votes shall be made to the Secretary of State, who shall open the same and forthwith issue notices of the election to the persons apparently so elected Senators and Representatives; and all such returns shall be by him laid before the Legislature at its next ensuing session, together with a list of the names of the persons who appear by such returns to have been duly elected Senators and Representatives; and the persons appearing by said returns to be duly elected shall proceed to organize themselves accordingly, as the Senate and House of Representatives. The votes for President shall be sorted, counted and declared by the House of Representatives; and if no person shall appear to have a majority of such votes, the Senators and Representatives present, shall, in convention, by joint ballot, elect from among the persons having the three highest number of votes, a person to act as President for the ensuing term.

Section 6. The Legislature shall assemble once at least in every year, and such meetings shall be on the first Monday in January, unless a different day shall be appointed by law.

Section 7. Every legislator and other officer appointed under this Constitution shall, before he enters upon the duties of his office, take and subscribe a solemn oath, or affirmation, to support the Constitution of this Republic, and faithfully and impartially discharge the duties of such office. The presiding officer of the Senate shall administer such oath or affirmation, to the President in Convention of both Houses; and the President shall administer the same to the Vice-President, to the Senators, and to the Representatives in like manner. When the President is unable to attend, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court may administer the oath, or affirmation to him at any place, and also to the Vice-President, Senators, and Representatives, in convention. Other officers may take such oath, or affirmation before the President, Chief Justice, or any other person who may be designated by law.

Section 8. All elections of public officers shall be made by a majority of the votes, except in cases otherwise regulated by the Constitution, or by law.

Section 9. Officers created by this Constitution, which the present circumstances of the Republic do not require that they shall be filled, shall not be filled until the Legislature shall deem it necessary.

Section 10. The property of which a woman may be possessed at the time of her marriage, and also that of which she may afterwards become possessed, otherwise than by her husband, shall not be held responsible for his debts, whether contracted before, or after marriage.

Nor shall the property thus intended to be secured to the woman be alienated otherwise than by her free and voluntary consent, and such alienation may be made by her either by sale, devise, or otherwise.

Section 11. In all cases in which estates are insolvent, the widow shall be entitled to one third of the real estate during her natural life, and to one third of the personal estate, which she shall hold in her own right, subject to alienation by her, by sale, devise, or otherwise.

Section 12. No person shall be entitled to hold real estate in this Republic unless he be a citizen of the same. Nevertheless this article shall not be construed to apply to colonization, missionary, educational, or other benevolent institutions, so long as the property, or estate is applied to its legitimate purpose.

Section 13. The great object of forming these colonies being to provide a home for the dispersed and oppressed children of Africa, and to regenerate and enlighten this benighted continent, none but persons of color shall be admitted to citizenship in this Republic.

Section 14. The purchase of any land by any citizen, or citizens from the aborigines of this country for his or their own use, or for the benefit of others, as estate or estates, in fee simple, shall be considered null and void to all intents and purposes.

Section 15. The improvement of the native tribes and their advancement in the art of agriculture and husbandry being a cherished object of this government, it shall be the duty of the President to appoint in each county some discreet person whose duty it shall be to make regular and periodical tours through the country for the purpose of calling the attention of the natives to those wholesome branches of industry, and of instructing them in the same, and the Legislature shall, as soon as it can conveniently be done, make provisions for these purposes by the appropriation of money.

Section 16. The existing regulations of the American Colonization Society, in the Commonwealth, relative to immigrants, shall remain the same in the Republic until regulated by compact between the Society and the Republic; nevertheless, the Legislature shall make no law prohibiting emigration. And it shall be among the first duties of the Legislature, to take measures to arrange the future relations between the American Colonization Society and this Republic.

Section 17. This Constitution may be altered whenever two thirds of both branches of the Legislature, shall deem it necessary; in which case the alterations or amendments, shall first be considered and approved by the Legislature by the concurrence of two thirds of the members of each branch and afterwards by them submitted to the people, and adopted by two thirds of all the electors at the next biennial meeting for the election of Senators, and Representatives.

DONE in CONVENTION, at Monrovia in the County of Montserrado, by the unanimous consent of the people of the Commonwealth of Liberia, this Twenty-sixth day of July, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-seven, and of the REPUBLIC the first. In witness whereof we have hereto set our names.

(As before.)

AN ACT AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC of LIBERIA

1907

An Act proposing Sundry Amendments to the Constitution of Liberia.

It is enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia in Legislature assembled:—

Section 1. That the following Amendments shall become part of the National Constitution and be submitted to the people at the ensuing biennial election to be held on the first Tuesday in May, A. D. 1907, throughout the several counties of the Republic for their consideration and approval, or non-approval, and the ballot shall be written “adoption, or no adoption.”

Section 2. That Article 3rd, Section 1st be made to read, “The supreme executive power shall be vested in a President, who shall be elected by the people and shall hold his office for the term of four years and be elected quadrennially.”

Section 3. That Article 2nd, Section 2nd, after the words “Twenty-three years” be made to read, The Representatives shall be elected quadrennially and shall serve for four years from the time of their election.

Section 4. That Article 2nd, Section 5th, after the words, “Twenty-five” be made to read “The Senators shall serve for six years and shall be elected quadrennially, and those elected May, A. D. 1905, shall retain their seat for six years, from the time of their election, and all who are afterwards elected, six years.”

Section 5. That when a vacancy occurs in the office of Vice-President by death, resignation or otherwise, after the regular election of the President and Vice-President, the President shall immediately order a special election to fill said vacancy.

Section 6. That Article 5th, Section 13th be made to read “None but Negroes or persons of Negro descent, shall be eligible to citizenship in this Republic.”

Section 7. That Section 3rd, of Article 4th, be made to read, “The judges of the Supreme Court shall be the Chief and two Associate Justices.”

Any law to the contrary notwithstanding.

SUGGESTIONS Made by the Liberian Government to the American Commission in 1909

1. That the Government of the United States be requested to guarantee as far as practicable the independence and integrity of Liberia, either alone or in conjunction with certain European powers.

2. To advise and counsel the Government of Liberia on international affairs and with respect to reforms.

3. The Government of the United States be requested to liquidate the foreign and local indebtedness of the Republic, taking over the control of its financial and customs administrations for a period of years sufficient to effect a reorganization and systematization of same under American experts and allowing to the Republic an annual sum to be hereinafter agreed upon for the payment of the expenses of the Government and for internal improvements until the amount advanced by the United States for the liquidation of the indebtedness of the Republic be paid.

4. That the United States Government be requested to furnish the Republic with experts for service in such departments of government as may be deemed necessary—at the expense of the latter—in order to facilitate and carry out the necessary reforms.

5. That the Government of the United States be requested to use its good offices in inducing American capitalists—either in conjunction with foreign capitalists or alone—to establish a bank in Liberia which shall receive the revenues of the Republic and make advances to the Government upon terms to be agreed upon, and also to construct and run railways and other improvements.

6. That the Government of the United States be requested to enter into an arbitration treaty with Liberia, and to use its good and kind offices with the European powers interested in West Africa to enter into similar engagements with the Republic.

7. That the American Government be requested to use their good offices to secure the equitable execution of the boundary arrangements entered into between the Government of Liberia and the Government of Great Britain and France, especially to assist the Government of Liberia diplomatically to secure possession of the Kanre Lahun section and other sections in the north of Liberia, now occupied by Great Britain, which by the Anglo-Liberian boundary commission were acknowledged to this Republic, as well as the securing to Liberia the hinterland recognized as Liberian by the conventions concluded between her and France, but which has been materially altered to the detriment of Liberia by the delimitation commission of 1908-9.

8. That the Government of the United States be requested to undertake a scientific research of the country with the view of ascertaining a more accurate knowledge of its mineral, vegetable, and other resources, and to interest American capitalists in the development of the same; and also to aid the Government of Liberia in the establishment of a school for scientific medical research with particular reference to the study of tropical diseases.

9. To aid the Government of Liberia in establishing industrial schools in one or more of the counties of the Republic with a view of promoting a knowledge of such trades and industries as will render the Republic self-reliant.

10. To aid in establishing civilized centers on the frontiers and hinterland in order to accelerate the uplifting and improvement of the natives and perpetuate the object of the American founders of Liberia.

11. To supervise the organization of a police and frontier force under American officers.

12. To request the United States war ships to visit Liberia annually, or oftener.

13. It is the anxious desire of Liberia that closer business relations and a substantial sail or steam service be established between the mother country and ours, and to this end we earnestly ask that the United States will encourage and foster a regular line of steamers (by an American company) to carry mails and passengers to and from Liberia as well as African produce to the American markets.

14. The Government of Liberia here express its willingness to concede to the Government of the United States any rights and privileges for the construction of coaling stations or any other enterprises which she may deem necessary to enter upon that would be beneficial to the people and Government of the United States, the same not being inconsistent with existing treaty stipulations with other foreign powers.

LIBERIAN OFFICIALS

AGENTS AND GOVERNORS

Eli Ayres[D] 1822

Frederick James 1822

Elijah Johnson 1822

Jehudi Ashmun[E] 1822

Lott Carey 1828

Richard Randall[F] 1828

William Mechlin[G] 1829

John B. Pinney[H] 1834

Ezekiel Skinner[I] 1835

A. D. Williams 1836

Thomas Buchanan[J] 1839

Joseph J. Roberts 1841

GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND

James Hall[K] 1834

J. B. Russwurm 1836

S. F. McGill 1851

William A. Prout 1854

B. J. Drayton 1856

PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC

Joseph J. Roberts, Monrovia 1848 Nathaniel Brandes A. D. Williams Stephen A. Benson

Stephen A. Benson, Buchanan 1856 Benjamin Y. Yates Daniel B. Warner

Daniel B. Warner, Monrovia 1864 James Priest

James S. Payne, Monrovia 1868 Joseph Gibson

Edward J. Roye, Monrovia 1870 James S. Smith

Joseph J. Roberts, Monrovia 1872 Anthony W. Gardner

James S. Payne, Monrovia 1876 Charles Harmon

Anthony W. Gardner, Monrovia 1878

(Alfred F. Russell) 1883 Alfred F. Russell

Hilary Richard Wright Johnson, Monrovia 1884 James Thompson

Joseph J. Cheeseman, Edina 1892 William D. Coleman

William D. Coleman, Clay-Ashland 1896 Joseph J. Ross

Garretson W. Gibson, Monrovia 1902 Joseph Summerville

Arthur Barclay, Monrovia 1904 Joseph Summerville

1908 James J. Dossen

Daniel E. Howard, Monrovia 1912 Samuel G. Harmon

SECRETARIES OF STATE

Hilary Teague

J. N. Lewis

D. B. Warner

E. W. Blyden

J. W. Blackledge

H. R. W. Johnson

J. E. Moore

W. M. Davis

Ernest Barclay

G. W. Gibson

A. Barclay

W. Y. Gibson (pro tem)

H. W. Travis

NATIONAL ANTHEM