Front matter (continued 6)
Reading edition
Who are conceivable candidates? Temple, Westcott, Wilkinson, Butler, Lightfoot? Two of these are more learned and more indefinite theologians; but I can see no other point of rivalry. And I do not learn that Dunelm possesses unusual light in dealing with men. Fraser? Who can say that he has the highest qualities in Liddon's measure? Temple is vigorous and open; but he is not highly spiritual, or attractive, or impressive as a speaker; he has an arid mind, and a provincial note in speech and manner. But he also understands science. The Dean assures me that, Pusey being gone, Liddon will be under no personal influence, that he has more confidence in himself and more backbone than I was able to discover for myself.
*****
La Madeleine Jan. 22, 1885
Of course I know very well that we shall not make our Bishop of London; and ever since I wrote to you I have been seeking points of consolation, and magnifying to myself my own sources of misgiving. Yesterday I chanced to see, at Mentone, the best of the Anglican clergy that I have ever known, a Mr. Sidebotham. He told me of a luncheon at Bishop Hamilton's, where he sat, a young clergyman, between Liddon and Tait. Liddon, after a few words, shut up like an oyster; and Tait took a good deal of pains to please his neighbour and to draw him out. From which experience, my friend, himself a truly Catholic Anglican, thinks that Liddon, whom he deems the greatest preacher living, would not make a good Bishop of London. This testimony, from a personal admirer and theological adherent, was rather welcome to me. When I asked him whether there was any dark horse, any candidate not obvious to outsiders, he said "No"; but seemed to think that Bedford[249] would be the sort of strong-backed prelate you mean. He fully expected Temple's appointment. Thank you so much for speaking of Morier. You know that for all people not private friends of his own —— is disappointing. He is a bad listener, easily bored, and distrustful of energetic men who make work for themselves and for the Foreign Office. Morier, in particular, has force without tact, and stands ill with a chief who has tact without force. He feels that he is unsupported and not much appreciated. A few friendly words from above would set him up wonderfully.
Although Chamberlain is not the only source of weakness in the Government, he will be the cause of dissolution if your threat is executed at Easter! I really must come over and make myself very disagreeable if that goes on. It is time to play the last card in one's hand, for one year more of office and power, for the sake of the indefinite future. But perhaps the Vyner Cottage[250] may give me the desired opportunity.
For this is a very central part of Europe. I have had Dilke and Ripon; I saw Salisbury yesterday; and Scherer dines here on Saturday.
Cross is coming with his book[251] next week.
*****
Athenæum Club Pall Mall Feb. 26, 1885
I shall be delighted to dine in bad company on Thursday. Goschen will speak against Government to-morrow, but will vote for them. I dined there yesterday with Morier, Milner,[252] and Albert Grey;[253] and the same party dines with Morier this evening as soon as the P.M. sits down. Several Ministers (Hartington, Spencer, and others) have said too much that they wish to be beaten.
A very strong speech to-night would retrieve the position. If the enemy came in now, England would soon become no better than the Continental powers, and our true greatness and prosperity would depart from us.
Athenæum March 3
I am so glad to know that he is getting better.
If you will burn my letters there will be less difficulty in voting for Government. Certainly a peer cannot vote absolutely only as he approves or disapproves—or I must have voted on the other side. I shall be delighted to call at 12, and also to be your escort.
*****
La Madeleine April 9, 1885
The book[254] reveals a mental flaw I had not suspected. Because Newman, or some of Newman's set, Faber, Ward, Morris, were narrow and fanatical, he concludes that their doctrine is that of narrow-minded fanatics. This is stumbling at the Ass's bridge. Scientific thought begins with the separation between the idea and its exponent, just as much as religious thought; and our peculiar difficulty in keeping them apart is notoriously the great elementary defect of the English—not the Scottish—mind.
Pattison himself suffers from the extreme narrowness of the Oxford horizon in his time. He knows nothing about the other side of the hill; and when he came to know, in later years, his religious spirit was extinct. Newman had unfitted him for Rothe. A strong mind cannot rest without thinking out its thoughts. But Pattison rests without caring to explain which of the several systems which exist outside of the churches satisfied his conscience. He grew impatient of theology. He does not recognise the great importance of Casaubon in religious history, or of Milton's theological treatise on the progress of his mind. Once, having reviewed Pascal, he said to me that he thought, after all, the Jesuits were in the right. I disagreed, but I remember that I was delighted at the openness of his mind. But now I again find him hooded with prejudice. He rightly discerned that the French Protestants created independent scientific learning, and glorifies Scaliger as the type of them: and then he treats Petavius as an impostor, got up by the Jesuits in defiance of Scaliger. Whereas the Jesuit was one of the most deeply learned men that ever lived, by no means inferior to Grotius or Ussher or Selden.
Every year some zealous Frenchman exposes the iniquities of the Tudors, hoping to discredit the Church of England; and Taine fancies that to show the horrors of the Revolution is a good argument against democracy. Pattison must have stood, as to his inner man, nearly on the same level of logic.
*****
*****
Cannes April 22, 1885
Scherer writes that he is going to publish a new volume, in which his recent essay on the Life of George Eliot will be included. You will read it with interest and surprise at the moral judgment.
He is also the great patron of Amiel, whom I read with delight as having a savour of Vinet—with more serious culture and curiosity, and inferior understanding for religion. There is a plot in Arnold's circle to make him known and popular in England. Nobody thought anything of him in his lifetime, at Geneva.
A careful study of my Pall Mall has left me quite in the dark as to Zulfikar, &c.[255] I thought there was a deliberate intention to force us into war, and I did not imagine that there was any way out of it. To my cheap and pacific mind it seemed a disaster not only without remedy, but without even a remote compensation or consolation, in which victory could do us no good, and in which the mere conflict would degrade us to the brutal level of continental powers.
Nothing has so completely puzzled me for the last two years as the hesitation of Russia to re-open the San Stefano question, while we are not only at Cyprus, but in Egypt, and without any moral vantage ground from which we can resist the overthrow of the European Turk. I would willingly give up the whole country from Bulgaria to the Ægean for a few miles of Afghan desert.
But it would be bad policy to give up both and have to fight for existence in India whenever a capricious bell rings at Petersburgh.
*****
*****
Cannes April 27, 1885
I cannot imagine Russia drawing back in so supremely favourable a position. What is hard to understand is her having gone so far, and deliberately resolved on war. But I see that there is something in all this that has entirely escaped me. It seems so clear that our policy is to restore Russia to the position she had attained before the Congress of Berlin, that, therefore, we are not only her best, but her only friends—that I am quite bewildered, and half suspect that there has been some tremendous mistake in our management. I should like to have the chance of distracting Mr. Gladstone with various talk, in all this anxiety. Probably I shall be at Carlton H. Terrace on Friday week. Will you tell me there when we can meet? ... Tennyson's really profound animosity[256] against the P.M. has long been known to people in his confidence, and has come out at last. It was one reason, but not the only one, of my dislike to his peerage.
*****
Maine, whose series of articles form in reality an assault on the Government, promises to adopt all my remonstrances in the reprinting of them. These filled twenty-six of my pages, in all; so I count on a considerable modification of the text.
I hope there will be a possible play ... when we come to town.
—— is very intelligent, agreeable, amiable, a little complex in design; accurate calculation sometimes resides in the corner of her eye, and she knows how to regulate to a hair's breadth, when she smiles, the thin red line of her lips.
Prince's Gate June 20, 1885
No one ever saw Mr. Gladstone in better spirits than he was at dinner yesterday. I hope it was the hitch.[257] It is a bore to be away when the thing is to be decided. May agrees with me, and with that other Radical[258] from Cambridge, that even the ingeniously remodelled assurances ought not to be given; when we have preserved peace with so much difficulty, no concession not absolutely required should be made to these dangerous successors.[259] But it will need great fortitude, and I do not seriously hope for success against the strong wish of so many colleagues.
*****
*****
April, 1885
I have said that I am divided from G. Eliot by the widest of all political and religious differences, and that political differences essentially depend on disagreement in moral principles. Therefore I cannot be suspected of blindness to her faults. More particularly because I have insisted on another grave delinquency which has struck few persons, her tolerance for Mazzini. That is a criminal matter, independent of the laws of states and churches, which no variety of theological opinion can by any means affect. We must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the Teacher, or allow the spots to shut out the sun. It would be unjust, and it would deprive us of nearly all that is great and good in this world. Let me remind you of Macaulay. He remains to me one of the greatest of all writers and masters, although I think him utterly base, contemptible and odious for certain reasons which you know. And I might say as much of many other men. To be truly impartial, that is, to be truly conscientious and sincere, we must be open equally to the good and evil of character....
Cannes Nov. 11, 1885
I wish I had been with you in Norway or could have seen Hawarden during this most interesting time. Other trouble and travel have made havoc of my correspondence, and when you receive these superfluous lines, the die will have been cast in Midlothian. For I fancy that the enemy's only hope now is that Mr. Gladstone will not be able to address his audience.
Lord Granville has kept me up to the mark as to important matters, and announced the manifesto[260] in very warm terms; but his abrupt style of composition is not favourable to the more delicate shades of party division. One makes out, from afar, that Chamberlain is going off from the X.P.M.[261] while Goschen is elaborately advancing towards him; also that he, in fact, agrees better with Chamberlain, whilst the policy of the moment draws him to Goschen.
Our Joe ought to know how to bide his time. I suppose he thinks that something must be offered to the new voters that they care for. I imagine that the Church question forms a very real cause of division. Mr. Gladstone's authority will be able to keep it down for the time, and no more.
Let us hope for an utterly overwhelming victory, in spite of some perceptible progress on the part of the Tories. Through a friend I have explained to Bismarck that he must be prepared for this, if only the voice holds. Tories here tell me that they have no real hope. Selborne's name being on the Grey manifesto, I conclude that he will not be Chancellor. It will be possible to strengthen the new Government immensely with new men, but I am afraid a certain friend of ours will claim the Woolsack. The Eastern question makes me very impatient to see Mr. Gladstone in Downing Street again.
If Morier only came to luncheon, you hardly can have seen the change in him. He is a strong man, resolute, ready, well-informed and with some amount of real resource. But ambition long deferred, activity long restrained, a certain coarseness of grain which is coming to the surface, have turned him into a bully, quarrelsome and dangerous. A dexterous Muscovite will always be able to provide an opportunity of putting him in the wrong and getting up an ugly fracas. It is extraordinary what dull men make sufficient diplomatists. Arnold Morley is new to me; I gather from what you say that Russell[262] is sure of his seat. I was disturbed to find the Duke so hard on him, and so little support on the more amiable side of the family.
I quite agree with Chamberlain, that there is latent Socialism in the Gladstonian philosophy. What makes me uncomfortable is his inattention to the change which is going on in those things. I do not mean in European opinion, but in the strict domain of science. A certain conversation that you remember, when Stuart, fresh from the horny hands of Democracy,[263] produced his heresies, was very memorable to me. But it is not the popular movement, but the travelling of the minds of men who sit in the seat of Adam Smith that is really serious and worthy of all attention. Maine tells me that his book, a Manual of unacknowledged Conservatism, is selling well. It is no doubt meant to help the enemy's cause, and more hostile to us than the author cares to appear. For he requested me not to review it. You know that the new Hatzfeldt is the son of the lady who protected Lassalle, and that it is desirable to speak of his wife as little as of his mother. He is a Berlin bureaucrat, pur sang. I have something to write against time, which keeps me at work during the night until the end of November. Don't mind it, but please tell me what happens, and whether I may come and see you re-installed.
Fancy my disappointment: Paget[264] passed under our windows, and Liddon—as he told the World—was at Tegernsee, and I missed them both. The Pagets have set up a delightful daughter-in-law, and a near relation of hers, a Balliol man, son, I believe, of the chief Tory wire-puller in Shropshire, has just come out here....
*****
La Madeleine Nov. 28, 1885
It was a serious blow to find in your letter that you had no confidence in the election,[265] but I am glad now to think that you were so much better prepared to lose than I was, in spite of what I had also heard about Bright's despondency. I only hope that it has not been a bad time, otherwise, at Dalmeny, and that Mr. Gladstone has not suffered from so much effort.
At this moment I know only the result of the first three days, and have no Scottish news since Goschen got in. I conclude that we are beaten past recovery, and wonder whether the Dark Horse[266] will make the Government independent of their Irish supporters. If not, the rift in the lute will betray itself any time after the first Session.
As I am the only Englishman still so besotted as to feel Salisbury's presence in Downing Street exactly as I should feel Bradlaugh's at Lambeth, I will say nothing about my own sensations to a correspondent necessarily unsympathetic. What strikes me most strongly is the probability of Mr. Gladstone thinking that his release has come, and that he is not bound to embark on a voyage which is very unlikely to lead back to power until he is in his seventy-eighth year. For I suppose that the secret of the situation is that Chamberlain has so far played false, played, I mean, a private game, that he looked far ahead, and did not care to come back to office in the old combination, especially with the prospect of losing Dilke at first. So that, in fact, the Gladstonian influence, which would be unshaken in the country at large, was unable to control his own colleagues, and the old inferiority in the management of men, compared with the management of masses, which Goschen exemplified before, has appeared in the direction of the Radical wing.
As I know his characteristic of caring for measures much more than for the organisation which is to carry them, I conjecture he will say that he is not harnessed for ever to the coach, that he will be grievously tempted to give up leading an active opposition. Of course I should deeply deplore such a decision, but my old arguments, which circumstances did so much to impress, will be weaker now.
Three legitimate causes have told in favour of the Tories. They have not done much to make them odious, and the position abroad is easier, very decidedly, though not very considerably, easier. Then, the case against us in the Soudan is a very strong one. I may say so now that Mr. Gladstone does not really resist it; and you, at any rate, know how strongly I thought so before. That is not a positive recommendation of the Tories, but it does weaken us, and the reproach is not met, in the judgment of impartial men, by saying that the Tories did nothing to restrain or to correct us. Thirdly, the Church argument is logically against us. Mr. Gladstone's attitude gave no security that the Liberals, if they returned strengthened from the poll, would not eventually employ their increased strength to pave the way for disestablishment.
What you say of a flaw in his reckoning is very true indeed. In his literary occupations it appears still more strongly. The grasp is often more remarkable than the horizon. I do not think that it has been much of a drawback in politics, and the minds it would estrange are very few.
You would have written a capital review of Greville.[267] It is very odd that a man should be so shrewd, and so full of experience, and yet so destitute of positive ideas. I see that I thought too much of him, having known him before I knew the difference between common sense and capacity. My friend Maine certainly did not fear that I should spoil his effects, for I should never have found a point of contact with the views of the general reader. I don't think he likes to admit that one can have gone over the same ground, and have come impartially to opposite conclusions. His book is a symptom of the change which is so remarkable in the Times.
Cannes Jan. 1, 1886
It would have been a very great pleasure to be at Hawarden during these festive days; and only very strong local ties oblige me to say that it is impossible. There has never been a time when I was more anxious to learn what is really going on, and to see things from the centre, and it is therefore a disappointment to be away. But there is nothing that I could say or do that would contribute an element to the momentous decisions to be formed. That Mr. Gladstone will, in this great and perhaps final crisis, put himself into the position of Irishmen and view things not only from the point of their present wishes, but with their historic eyes, and that he will hold that the ends of liberty are the true ends of politics, that is the one thing certain and known to all men, and it is the whole of the political baggage with which I set out on the Irish expedition.
I know neither how to resist the claim of the Irish nation to govern themselves nor even their claim to possess the land, and nobody really familiar with the events of this century can say that the one is beyond the resources of political, or the other, of economic science. They are problems which have been solved repeatedly within the experience of two generations. Many experiments have been made, and it is not difficult to determine which solutions have failed, which have succeeded, and to tell the reason why.
I have thought so for twenty years, and now that the question has become perforce a practical one, nobody can be more heartily than I am on the side which I understand to be Mr. Gladstone's, or, to speak definitely, on the Irish side. The claim of duty exactly coincides with the claim of necessity, and that is all about it that one can say from a distance, without having seen what is on paper, or felt pulses all round.
Duty and necessity settle the question, but not as to policy in detail, which I have no right to talk about without hearing more what is said by people on the spot. Only let me say that I would not be influenced by hope of a very brilliant success, even if it is possible to do what would satisfy the better part of the Irish party. The people are so demoralised, both laity and clergy, that we must be prepared to see the best scheme fail. No Irish failure is so bad as the breakdown of parliamentary government, so that even from a sordid point of view that is not insuperable. But I would arm myself against disappointment. There is another point of view from which I see much to apprehend and prepare for. The elections send back Mr. Gladstone to Westminster, and even to Downing Street, with some loss of influence. I see it not only in the reduced majority, but still more in the increase of Conservative minorities at the poll, the infidelity of most important colleagues, and the reluctance with which he will be followed by members under pressure from their constituencies.
We saw the centrifugal forces at work last Session in the Ministry itself. Mr. Gladstone only retained office after the Egyptian vote by the neutrality of Rosebery, and in the question of concession to Parnell he had to yield to the Lords in the Cabinet.
How can they stand by him now, to support measures much more formidable, probably, than that which they rejected last spring? And could not Salisbury dexterously put the question in such a way that their vote then given should disable them altogether?
One sees the danger that Mr. Gladstone would be almost isolated among his friends, even if there is a majority in the House, and I can imagine no way of getting any considerable scheme through the Lords. I wish you would tell me that all this has been provided for, and that very careful negotiations have been carried on. Taking the question grossly, in outline, I can only say that I hope fervently that he will have strength to accomplish the only scheme of policy I can think worthy of his fame.
It seems obvious that, in the mass of letters that afflict your postman, there have been plenty of communications from good men of all sorts in Ireland. I speak of that from a slight, a remote, fear that the study of details, of conflicting and undigested suggestions, may have become distasteful to him. Writing to Lord Granville the other day in answer to a question, I proposed that his former private secretary, Wetherell, should make a tour in Ireland, as he has a very large acquaintance among people who do not clamour in the street. He would bring valuable information to bear. But I hope that there is no lack of information or of advisers.
One has to think of people in the background just because they are the minority. That may justify me in sending you the enclosed letter from a man who had, I think, a good deal of Spencer's confidence and good-will. I would not send it if I thought it could discourage, but Mr. Gladstone has faced heavier artillery every day since Christmas. Happy New Year never meant so much as to-day!...
P.S.—A frightened and discontented voice says, by this day's post, "If there is a vote of censure we must join in it and take the consequences of a majority, for we have no other mandate from our constituents but to bring back Gladstone, and if we abstained from voting we should lose our seats."
FOOTNOTES
INDEX
Aberdeen, Earl of, 25 and note Acton, Lord— Career— Birth, xv; Oscott, xvi; Munich, xvii; visit to France, xix; to United States, xx; Moscow, xx-xxi; Aldenham, xxii; member for Carlow, xxii; in Parliament, xxv; stands for Bridgnorth, xxvii; editorship of the Rambler (Home and Foreign Review), xxvii, xxx-xxxiii, xxxv; at Congress of Munich, xxxiii; marriage, xxxv; lectures at Bridgnorth, xxxv-xxxix, xvi; again stands for Bridgnorth, xxxix; at the Œcumenical Council, xlii-xlvii; peerage, xlix; honorary Doctorate of Philosophy at Munich, l; reply to Gladstone's "Vatican Decrees" pamphlet, lii-liii; death of his daughter, lxxv, 105, and note; residence in Germany and the Riviera, lix; founds English Historical Review, lxiv; D.LL., D.C.L., and All Souls Fellowship, lxv; made lord in waiting, lxv; appointed Professor of Modern History at Cambridge, lxvi, lxix; death, lxxiv Characteristics— Caution in expressing opinions, xii, lx, lxxiv Conversational ability, xii-xiv, lxix Cosmopolitanism, xiv, xv, xx, lix Critical temperament, xiii, lxii Foreign languages, facility in, xv, xviii, lxv Integrity of mind, lii Irony of manner, xiii Learning, xi, lxxvii; range of subjects, xv Liberalism, xxvi Morality, high estimate of, xii Personal appearance, xiii Prudence, xxxiv Reading, fondness for, xi, xiv, xxxv, lxxiii Religious views, xv Sociability, xii, lix Estimates of, xi, lxxi, lxxv Affirmation as substitute for oath, 23 and note Afghanistan, 20 note, 78, 81, 208 and note Africanders, see Boers Airlie, Earl of, 17 Aldenham library, xviii, lv, lxxiii Alexander, 47, 111 Alexandria, 156 Alison cited, 7 America, see United States Amiel, 207 Ammergau, 33, 34 Ampthill, Lord (Odo Russell), xlvii, 195 and note Anglo-Indians, 17 Antonelli, Cardinal, xiv, xlvi Appearances v. realities, 15 Arco, Louis, Count, 172 Argyll, Duke of, incompatibility of, with Chamberlain, 13; resignation of, 87 and note[119]; misunderstandings of Gladstone by, 106; otherwise mentioned, lx, 11, 25, 29, 30, 70, 89, 96, 108 Arnim, Count, 53, 134 Arnold, Matthew, 59, 70, 105 —— Dr., 146 Ashburnham MSS., 162-163 Atterbury, 52 Aumale, Duc d', 88 Austen, Jane, 83 Authorities, list of, 69 Bacon, 93 Banneville, Marquis de, xlv Barère, 136 Barnes, 140 Battersea, Lady (Mrs. Flower), 42 and note, 43 Baxter, 146 Beaconsfleld, Earl of (B. Disraeli)— Bryce on, 130 Croker, views on, 201 and note[247] "Endymion" criticised, 52 First speech of, 109 Gladstone's eulogy on, lx, 99-101 Granville, Earl, dinner with, 66 Illness of, 85 Memorial to, 97 and note[132], 98, 107 and note[145] Peel attacked by, 114 note Press opinions on, 96 Supporters of, 91 Otherwise mentioned, xxiii, lxxvi, 11, 40 Beard's Hibbert Lectures, 173 Bedford, Duke of, 195 "Belgique et le Vatican, La," 54 Benedictines, 137 Benjamin, J. P., 97 and note[131] Berlin, treaty of, 179 Berryer, xxiv, 47, 49 Bessborough Report, 88 Bible, Revised Version of, 120 Bisaccia, 61 Bismarck, Prince, Minghetti on, lxiii; Gladstone contrasted with, 35; mentioned, 13 Blachford, Lord, 4 Blennerhassett, Lady, estimate of, 44; otherwise mentioned, 17, 23, 161, 174 —— Sir Rowland, estimate of, 44; on Forster, 73; mentioned, 23 Blignieres, 191 Blondel, 146 Bluntschli, xix Boers— Characteristics of, 77 Peace made by Gladstone with, 81, 91 Bohme, 139 Bond, 149-150 Bonghi—essays of, on Gladstone, 4 and notes[5, 6] Roman History by, 123, 174; mentioned, 80 and note[103] Books, list of hundred best, 69; Acton's list of, 166-168, 176 Borromeo, St. Charles, lxxi, 135, 186-187 Bossuet, 93, 133, 150 Boutmy, 3 Bradlaugh, Charles, re-election of, for Northampton, 126 and note[166]; Manning's protest against admission of, 130 note[169]; otherwise mentioned, 23 note, 95, 121, 151, 214 Bradley's Recollections, 166 Bramhall, 127, 133, 134 Brand, Speaker (Viscount Hampden), 73 and note Brewer, 128-129, 149, 196 Bright, Rev. J. F., Master of University, lxiv, 160, 173 and note[206], 177 —— Rt. Hon. John, lx, 25, 30, 94, 156, 213 Brodrick, Hon. George, 54 and note[62], 177 Broglie, Duc de, 2 and note[2], 11, 161 Brontë, Charlotte, 83 Brougham, Lord, 47, 57 Browne, Bp., of Shrewsbury, liv —— Bp. Harold, 70 and note[85] Browning, Oscar, 166 Bryce, Rt. Hon. James, paper of, on Disraeli, 130; cited, ix, xiv; quoted, xviii-xix, lx, lxviii; otherwise mentioned, 84, 197 Burke, Edmund— Electioneering speeches of, 4-5 Estimate of, 49, 56-57 Gladstone compared with, 5, 49, 57, 81 Lecky on, 152 Party policy of, 14, 49 and note[54] Otherwise mentioned, xxix, 45 Burials Bill, 33 and note[43] Burnett, 47 Butler, Bp., xxxiv, 203 Byron, 63 Cæsar Borgia, 144 Cairns, first Earl, 90 and note[124], 108 Cambridge, Acton's visit to (1884), 177 note, 181, 191 "Cambridge History," lxx, lxxiii, lxxiv Cambridge University— Acton refused admission to, as a student, xvii, lxvi, 104; made D.LL. at, lxv; appointed Professor of Modern History at, lxvi Aldenham library presented to, lxxiv Scholarship at, for Northumberland miners, scheme of, 192 and note[230] Cannes, lix, 33, 54, 80, 83, 160, 162, 198, 205 Canning, estimates of, 45, 47; otherwise mentioned, 46, 56, 99, 200 Capua, Archbishop of, 87 Cardwell, Lord, xxii, 11, 54, 66, 77 Carlingford, Lord, 87 note[120], 108, 195 Carlyle, Thomas— Estimate of, 70-71, 82, 85, 104, 144 Froude's Life of, 151 Palgrave on, 84 Scherer on, 74 Carnarvon, Earl of, 16, 24 Carnegie, Andrew, lxxiii Carnot, President, 136 Caron, Father, 133, 140 Casaubon, 207 Cassander, 134 Castlereagh, Visct., 46, 99 Cavendish, Lady F., 41, 155 —— Lord F., 66, 154-156 Cavour, xxv, xxviii-xxix, 49 Cetewayo, 174 Chamberlain, Rt. Hn. J., incompatibility of, with Argyll, 13; indiscretions of, 66; policy regarding House of Lords, 102; Döllinger's view of, 170; defection of, 214; on Gladstone's socialism, 212; otherwise mentioned, 24, 43, 153, 164, 205, 211 Chambord, Count of, 86, 161 Channing, 146 Charles I., 136 Chateaubriand, 78 Chatham, Lord, 45, 56, 81 Chenery, 13, 24, 34-35 Cheney, 40 Childers, Rt. Hon. H. C. E., 114 note Chillingworth, 133, 134 Chronicle (1868), xxxvii Church, Dean, at Munich, 170 and note[204]; on Liddon, 180, 192, 204; over-estimation of, 203; otherwise mentioned, 70 Churches— Anglican— Distinguished men in, overmuch made of, 203 Establishment of, 182 High Church party, attitude of, towards Gladstone's alliance with democratic nonconformity, 16 Ireland, in, xxxix Ritualism in, Gladstone's pamphlet on, li Thirty-Nine Articles, 127, 133 Cavour's ideal, xxix Establishments, xxvi, xl; Gladstone's progress of thought regarding, 48 and note, 89 Roman Catholic— Benedictines, 137 Burnings of, 141, 146 "Conflicts with Rome," xxxiii Conversions to— Obstacles to, 185, 187 Protestant sanction of, 134 Identification of, with morality and religion, xxxii Infallibility dogma, xli, xliii-xlviii; civil allegiance in relation to, xlviii, li Inquisition, 141, 146, 185 Jansenism, 131, 140 Jesuits (see that title) Legate and Nuncio, 137 Legitimacy supported by, 86 Marriage with Deceased Wife's Sister, attitude towards, 169 and note Mass, the, 136 Modern thought, Encyclical letter against, xxxiv Molinism, 131 Œcumenical Council (1869), xli-xlix Papacy (see also below Ultramontanism) Creighton's work on, lxiv, 197 and note[243] Ethics of, 127 Inquisition the work of, 185 Temporal power of, xlii, 86-87 Perilous opinions enforced by, 127 Persecution in, 148 Roman Catholic— Quietists, 139 Rosmini's attempted reform of, 171, 176, 185 Syllabus of Errors (1864), xxxiv, xlii, 135, 141 Thirty-Nine Articles, views on, 127 Transubstantiation, 132 Ultramontanism— Acton's attitude towards, xvi Immorality of, lv, 131 Irish clergy, of, 73, 165, 170 Nature of, 185-187 Policy of (1869), xliv "Vatican Decrees" pamphlet, l et seq. Vaticanism, Frère-Orban on, 54 Cicero, 88 Circourt, 40 Clare, Lord, 201 Clark, Dr. A., 29 Clay, 49 Clifford, Bishop, liv Club, The, lix, 50 Cobden, Richard— Economy urged by, xxiv Life of, 111 and note, 112-113 Otherwise mentioned, 19, 27 Coercion, xxviii (see also under Ireland) Colebrooke, Sir E., 125 Coleridge, S. T., 71, 151 Collard, Roger, cited, 84 Colquhoun, Miss (Lady Limerick), 64 Commynes, cited, 35 Conolly, xlix Conscience— Development of, 168 Independence of, 15 Jesuit attitude towards, 39 "John Inglesant," case of, 145 Consent, government by, 68 Conservatism, see Toryism "Consuelo," 83 Contract, freedom of, 92 Coombe Warren, 188 Copenhagen, battle of, lxxi Copernicus, lxvii Coriolis, 161 Corker, 134 Coulanges, Fustel de, xix County Franchise Bill, 108 note[146] Courtney, Rt. Hon. Leonard, 53, 197 Cowper, Earl, 16, 153 —— Henry, 1 Craven, Mrs., 161, 171 Creighton, Bishop, editor of English Historical Review, lxiv; estimate of, 197 Cressy, 140 Croker Papers, 199-201 Cromwell, Oliver, 5-6, 71, 93 Cross, Mr., 64 and note[70], 117, 162, 166, 173, 198, 205 Dante, 40, 57; "Inferno," 44, 143 and note; "Paradiso," 83, 159 and note[185] Darboy, Archbishop, xlii-xliv, xlix Davenport, 140 "David Copperfield," 34 Davitt, Michael, 68 Decazes, 161 Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, 169 and note Delane, 13, 24 Delisle, Leopold, 162-163 Democracy— Danger of, 91 Disraeli's transformation of England into a, 86 Doctrines of, distinct from wishes of Democrats, 7 Government by, success of, 93 Inconstancy of, 9, 91, 101 Principles of, 48 Progress of, a certainty, 44 Unity of power the tendency of, 124 "Democracy" (American novel), 58, 159-160 "Democracy in America," xix "Democracy in Europe," lviii Democrats— Constructive power of, 117 Murder identified with insurrection by, 103 Whig dependence on, 108 Demosthenes, 88 Dempster, Miss, 77 note[97] Derby, 14th Earl, xxiii, 65, 69 ——, 15th Earl, estimate of, 109; otherwise mentioned, 72, 87, 108, 110, 117, 174 ——, Lady, 108-109 Descartes, 130, 146 De Serre, 68 and note[80], 75 Detachment, 71, 105 Devonshire, Duke of (d. 1891), 10 and note[16] D'Harcourt, Marquis, 1 Diary of Miss M. Gladstone, extract from, 113 and note Diary-keeping, 14, 30 Diaz, Porfirio, xxxviii Dickens, Charles, 34, 41, 163 Dilke, Sir Charles, Gladstone's estimate of, 114 note; at Cannes, 205; otherwise mentioned, 24, 43, 214 Dillon, John, 103 Disraeli, see Beaconsfield Döllinger, Dr.— Acton's studies under, xvii, xix; article on, lxxv; estimate of, 2 Bryce's estimate of, lx Chamberlain, views on, 170 Congress of Munich, plea at, xxxiii Excommunication of, xlix Gladstone's visit to, li Liddon, views on, 182, 191 Otherwise mentioned, xliii, 57, 80, 192 Donne, 131 Drew, Mrs., viii, lxiii Dufaure, 2 Duff, Sir M. Grant, ix, xxxiv, xxxvii note; Spectator article by, lxxi Dufferin, Marquis of, 153 and note, 195 Duffy, Sir C. G., 112 and note[150] Dupanloup, xliv, xlix Durham, Bishop of (Westcott), 70, 203 Ecclesiastical Titles Act, li Economist, 24, 29 Ecuador, 74 Edinburgh Review, 5, 50, 65 note[73] Egypt— Alexandria, bombardment of, and complications, 156-159 Evacuation of, views on, 169, 179, 188-189 Northbrook's mission to, 190 and note Eliot, George— Death of, 57 Dickens on "Scenes from Clerical Life," 163 Estimate of, 57, 60-61, 62 Gladstone's attitude towards, lix, 109 Letters of, 121, 166 Life of, 64, 83, 162, 198 Lyttelton's review of, 59 Montégut on, 165 Philosophy of, 121 Political divergence from, 210 Scherer on, 207 Otherwise mentioned, 5, 34, 109 Ellenborough, Lord, xxiii, 93 Eloquence, French, 78 "Endymion," 52 and note[1] Enfield, 197 Equality, doctrine of, lix, 8, 48 Erasmus, lxvii Errington, Sir George, 122 and note, 123 "Expansion of England, The," 6 and note[10]-8 Faber, 206 Fabricius, 134 Fagan, 53 Faith— Patriotism analagous to, xxix Political, 199 Sincerity implied in, 168 Falloux, quoted, 88 Fanaticism, 144 Fawcett, Rt. Hon. Henry, 24 Female suffrage, 180-181 Ferry, Jules, bill of, on unauthorised congregations, 1, 7 and note Flower, Mrs. (Lady Battersea), 42 and note, 43 Forbes, Bishop of Brechin, 150, 183 Forster, Rt. Hon. W. E., speeches of, 36, 62; Blennerhassett on, 73; Gladstone's estimate of, 114 note; resignation of, 153-154; on "Democracy," 160; mentioned, 74 Forwood, 192 Fox, C. J., estimate of, 45; Trevelyan's Life of, 52-53; Chatham compared with, 81; otherwise mentioned, 99, 200 France— Best living writers of, 6 Commercial treaty with, xxiii, 113 Debates, famous, in, 75 Democracy in, 93 Eloquence of, 78 Gladstone's attitude towards literature of, 46-47, 82 Peasants in, condition of, 112 Fraser, Bishop, 203 Free government, 68 Freedom, see Liberty Freeman, lxxvi, 70, 149, 177 Frere, Sir Bartle, estimate of, 17, 66; Toryism and jingoism of, 77 and note[96]; mentioned, 29 Frère-Orban, 54, 76 Freycinet, 39 Froude, J. A., "Life of Carlyle" by, 151; otherwise mentioned, xi, 70, 74, 144, 177 Gambetta, 22, 104 Gardiner, S. R., correspondence with, on "John Inglesant," 126, 128; poverty of, 129; recommended for the Record Office, 149; at King's College, 150: contemplated paper on "John Inglesant," 151; otherwise mentioned, 177, 196, 198 Gaskell, Milnes, 47 Gavard, 11 "Gendre de M. Poirier, Le," 3 George, Henry, 170 and note[202], 175 Germany— Carlyle's view of, 70, 82, 104 Gladstone's attitude towards literature of, xxii, 46-47, 82 Socialism in, 170, 175 Gibbon, 59 Gibson, Rt. Hon. J. G. (Lord Ashbourne), 129 Gladstone, Helen, 32, 173 —— Herbert, Middlesex candidature of, 9 and notes, 11 and note; eloquence of, 84; eulogy of Hartington and Granville by, 107; lecture of, on Ireland, 164 and note; mentioned, 118 —— W. E.— Accident to (1881), 77 Acton, estimate of, l Beaconsfield, eulogy on, lx, 99-101 Bismarck contrasted with, 35 Bonghi's essays on, 4 and note[3] Burke compared with, 5, 49, 57, 81 Characteristics of— Eloquence, xxiii-xxiv, 47 Financial ability, xxiii-xxiv Idealism, 109 Progress of mind, 48 Self-depreciation, 66, 112 Charities, speech on, xxiv, 48 Church establishments, progress of thought regarding, 48 and note, 89 Contact with, desirable for members of the party, 25-26, 61-62 Control of certain men not possible to, 45, 214 Criticism, attitude towards, vii De Serre compared with, 68 Döllinger, visit to, li Estimate of characters by, defects in, 45, 57, 109 Estimate of, by posterity foreshadowed, 44-50 Grantully Castle, voyage in, 33 note[44] Illness of (1880), 27 and note[35] Inequalitarianism of, 94 Influence of, on the nation, 106 Italian independence, attitude towards, xxiv-xxv, lx Lancashire speeches of (1868), 4 and note[7] Land tenure, progress of thought regarding, 48 and note, 89 Letter of, on choice of a profession, 43 Liberal party— Cohesion of, dependent on his ascendency, 25, 110, 193 Divergence from, 13, 16, 46, 158 Future of, 107, 109, 113 note Midlothian campaign (1880), personal victory in, 8, 9-10; campaign of 1884, 193 and note[233] Nonconformist alliance of, 16 O'Donnell affair, the, 21 and note Personal ascendency of, 8, 9-10, 195 Police protection for, 69 and note[83] Position of (1859), xxii-xxiii Principle and policy, grasp of, 18, 48 Retirement of, objections to, 10, 106-107, 159, 169, 178, 193, 195, 214; diary extract on, 113 note Socialism, attitude towards, lxi, 175, 212 Strachey's observation on, 55 Tennyson's attitude towards, 209 and note[256] Vatican decrees, pamphlet on, l —— Mrs., 11, 27, 58, 115, 119, 160 —— W. H., 106 and note[140] Godley, Sir Arthur, 67 and note[77] Goethe, 79, 82 Goldsmid, 11, 61 Goodman, Memoirs of, 129 Goschen, Rt. Hon. G. J., estimate of, 65; financial ability of, 108; otherwise mentioned, 3, 72, 88, 114 note, 115, 117, 119, 124, 205, 211, 213, 214 Government— Consent, by, necessity of, 164 Constitutional, maxim of, concerning subordinates, 125 Party, by, law of, 95 Unfitness for, in every class, 93 Grace, three channels of, 144 Granville, Earl, estimate of, xxi; reception of, in Moscow, xx-xxi; Disraeli dines with, 66; motion of, on Beaconsfield, 101; suggested retirement of, 108; Gladstone discusses retirement with, 113 note; views on Morier, 195; on Gladstone's election address (1885), 211 and note[260]; otherwise mentioned, 12, 18, 26, 29, 36, 39, 103, 104, 106, 196 —— Lady, 61 Green, J. E., 128-129, 163 —— Mrs. J. R., 161, 198 —— T. H., xli Greenwood, Frederick, 13 Grenville, George, 46, 69, 200 Greville, 215 Grévy, 161 Grey, Earl, 205 and note[253] Grillion's, lix, 85 Grosvenor, Lord R. (Lord Stalbridge), 97 note[132] Grotius, 93, 134, 146, 207 Ground Game Bill, 33 and note[43] Grundtvig, 146 Guizot, 84 Hall, 133 Hallam, 46 Hamilton, 49 Hammond, 146 Hampden, Viscount (Speaker Brand), 73 and note Harcourt, Sir William, 25, 69, 103, 112, 114 note —— Marquis de, 161 Hardy, 149 Harley, Speaker, 67 Harrington, James, 139 and note[172] Harrowby, Lord, 47 Hartington, Lord, attitude of, in elections of 1880, 14, 115-116; Gladstone's estimate of, 114 note; on compensation in Ireland, 115-116; otherwise mentioned, xxiii, 15, 108, 205 Hatch, Dr., 115 note[154] Hatzfeldt, 213 Hawarden, Acton's visit to, 117-118 Hay, Colonel, 160, 162 and note[193] Hayward, Lecky reviewed by, 50; on Carlyle, 82; otherwise mentioned, 12, 13, 24, 118 Hefele, Bishop, xliv, xlix Heine, 79, 97 Henriquez, 84 Herbert, Lord, 146 —— Sidney, xxii Heroes, doctrine of, 70 History— Conscience, development of, the aim of, 168 Ideas the essence of, 6-8 Inner reality of, 35 Letters as sources of, 32 Moral estimates based on, 121-122 Printed books as sources of, lxxvi, 151 Religion demonstrated by, lxvii Religious forces in the making of, 167 Scope of, lxxii "History of Liberty, A," xviii, lv-lvi, 6 and note[9], 8, 174; called "The Madonna of the Future," 126 and note[164], 150 "History of Our Own Times," 36 Hoadley, 52 Hohenlohe, 172 Holden, 140 Hollond, Rev. H. S., 170 —— Mrs., 162 Holmbury, 33, 36, 40 Home and Foreign Review, xxvii, xxx-xxiii, xxxv Home Rule, see under Ireland Hooker, 166 Hope-Scott, 46, 182 Houghton, Lord, 53, 160 How, Bishop Walsham, 204 Howson, Dean, 192 Hugo, Victor, 3, 60, 78 Hundred books, Lubbock's scheme regarding, 69; Acton's list of, 166-168, 176 Huskisson, 200 Hutton, R. H., 70 Ideas— Carlyle's notion of, 71 Expedients as opposed to, 56 Exponents as distinct from, 206 History in, 6-8 Party an embodiment of, 200 Illingworth, Rev. J. R., Sermons by, 78 and note[98], 79, 83 "Imitation of Christ, The," 5 Imperialism, lvii Ingram, J. K., 76, 90 Intolerance, 148 Ireland— Acton's representation of, in House of Lords, lxv Arms Bill, 78 Arrears Bill (1882), 158 note[185] Burke's policy regarding, 49 and note[54] Church disestablishment in, xxxix Clergy in, 73, 165, 170, 217 Coercion for, 65, 68, 81, 154 Compensation for Disturbance Bill, 28 and notes, 30 Emigration from, 88 Gladstone, Herbert, lecture of, on, 164 and note Heroic treatment for, 54 Home Rule for— Advocates of, 36 Failure regarding, probable, lxii, lxiv Federalism in, 123-124 Gladstone's references to (Oct. 1881), lxii, 105; (Feb. 1882), 123 Historic case for, 216 Liberal party in regard to, 194 Necessity of, lxi, 164, 165, 216-217 Land League in, 68, 105 Land tenure in— Bill of 1881, 73, 84 and note, 87 and note[118]; criticism of, 89 seq.; opinions of others on, 96; parliamentary prospects of, 98-99; Gladstone's speech on second reading, 103 and notes[134-136]; compensation question not urged in connection with, 115-116; Lords' Committee of Inquiry on the Act, 125 note; Cairns' draft Report, 154 Compensation, idea of, 115-116, 118 Irish ownership, case for, 216 Land Court (1881), 111-112 Landlords, 87 Peasant proprietorship, 78 Rent, 88, 112 Massacre in, 136, 147 Papal authority in, undesirable, 169 Peace Preservation Bill (1881), 61, 62 note[68], 67 note[76], 72 Phœnix Park murders, 154 and note[181]-156 Priests in, see above, Clergy Resignations of officials (1882), 153 Suspicion of England natural in, 164 Wetherell's tour in, suggested, 218 Wolverton's views on, 65 Wrongs of, 63 Irish members, see under Parliament Italian independence, xxiv-xxv, lx Jackson, Bishop, 201 —— Dr. Henry, letter from, lxviii-lxxii; cited, lxxiv James, Henry, 126 note[164] Jansenism, 131, 140 Jebb, Professor, 70 Jefferson, 48, 93 Jennings' "Life of Newman," 117 Jessel, Sir George, 149-150 Jesuits— Clement XIV.'s attitude towards, lii Divisions among, 127 Encyclopædia Britannica article on, 64 Ferry's bill on expulsion of, 1, 7 and note Learning among, golden age of, 137 Luther approved by one of, 132 Papacy supported by, 142 Pattison on, 207 Richelieu supported by, 143, 148 St. Hilaire's argument regarding, 39 Spanish, lix Jingoism, lxi, 114 note "John Inglesant," criticism of, 127-128, 130, 135-149, 150-151 Journalism, power of, 15 Jowett, Benjamin, 70, 177 Juarez, Benito, xxxviii "Julian the Apostate," 54 and note[60] Junius, 52, 120, 151 Kenealy, 95 Kenrick, xlix Kimberley, Earl of, 96, 108 Knesebeck, 192 Knowles, Sir James, 113 Knowsley, 108 note[147], 110 La Bastide, 134 Labouchere, H. L., 99 Laboulaye, 2, 39 Labour, Adam Smith on, 92 Lacaita, Sir James, 1 —— Charles, 190 Lacordaire, 185 Lacour, Challemel, O'Donnell's attempted attack on, 21 note; estimate of, 22; otherwise mentioned, 24, 160 Lamartine, 78 Lamennais, 78 Land tenure— Anomalies of, 28 Brodrick on, 54 and note[62] Gladstone's progress of thought regarding, 48 and note, 89 Importance of subject, xxvi, xl Ireland, in, see under Ireland Landed aristocracy, Gladstone's attitude towards, 95 Lords, House of, as representing, 102 Maine's knowledge of, 31 Political economy in regard to, 90 Lansdowne, Lord, 96 note[130] Lasaulx, Amelie von, 73 —— Ernest von, 73 Lassalle, 97, 213 Lathbury, D. C., 24, 26 Laugel, 11 Laurent, 76 Laveleye, 71, 75-76, 90 Layard, Sir H. A., 80 Lea, Mr., M.P., 83-84 Lecky, "Eighteenth Century" by, 50-51, 115; estimate of, 151-152; otherwise mentioned, 70, 80 Lee, General, 82 and note[106] Lefevre, Rt. Hon. J. G. Shaw, 153 Legitimacy, 86, 119, 161 Leibnitz, 134, 150 Lenbach, 22, 103 Leo XIII., Pope, 80 and note[101], 86, 111 Leslie, Cliffe, 76, 90 Lesseps, 169 Letters— History dependent on, 32 Privacy of, 41 Leveson-Gower, F., 1, 3, 40, 118 Lewes, G. H., 60 —— Mrs. (George Eliot), 64 Lewis, George, 171 Liberal party— Achievements of, xl Gladstone— Dependence on, for cohesion, 25, 107, 110, 193 Divergence from, 13, 16, 46, 158 Future without, 107, 109, 113 note Home Rule in relation to, 194 Liberalism— Aims of, 94 Definition of, 71 and note[88] Gladstone, in relation to, 111 Nature of, lv, 199 Toryism permeated by, 200 Liberty— American realisation of, lvii Ancient, three things lacking in, lvii Contract, of, 92 Definitions of, xxvii-xxviii, 71 and note[89] Division of power essential to, 124 End in itself, lvii Ends of, 216 Equality at expense of, lix "History of," xviii, lv-lvi, 6 and note[9], 8; called "The Madonna of the Future," 126 and note[164], 150 Law of, aims of, 93 Mill on, reviewed by Acton, xxvii-xxviii Minorities, security for, the test of, 69, 76 Savonarola's martyrdom for, 123 Two worst enemies of, xxx Liddon, Canon, first meeting with, 21; on Lord Carnarvon, 24; verbal subtlety of, 46; on Rosmini, 170-171 and note, 176, 180, 184-185, 187; Gladstone's attitude towards, 182; suggestion of, for see of London, 201-204; anecdote of, 204; at Tegernsee, 213; estimate of, 179-180, 182-183, 187, 202-203; Döllinger's estimate of, 182, 191-192; otherwise mentioned, 16, 70 Lightfoot, Bp., 70 and note[86], 112, 203 Limerick, Lord, 64, 72 Listowel, Lord, 96 note[130] Littleberries, 25 note Littré, 38 London, conservatism of, 118 Londonderry, Lady, 180 Longfellow, 5 Lords, House of, see under Parliament Lowder, Rev. Charles, Life of, 151 Lowe, Robert, see Sherbrooke Lowell, J. R., reminiscences of, 5-6; otherwise mentioned, 30-32, 70, 83 Lubbock, Sir John, estimate of, 69; otherwise mentioned, 67, 68 and note[81], 176 Luther, lxvii, 132 Lyons, Lord, 37, 160 Lyttelton, Alfred, 112, 157 and note, 191 —— Rev. the Hon. Arthur, 54 and note[60], 59 and note, 146, 152 Lytton, 20 Macaulay— Brougham, on, 47 Cited, xvii; quoted, lxvii Conversational power of, 40 Estimate of, 59, 210; estimate of Essays and History, 173 Letter of, on Windsor Castle paper, 116 Taine on, 52-53 Writing of, 45, 57 Otherwise mentioned, 57, 95, 144, 196 MacCarthy, J. H., 68; "History "by, 36 MacColl, Canon, 13, 104 and note[138] Machiavelli, lxvii, 144 Mackintosh, 57 Maine, Sir Henry, disagreements with, 29; on land tenure, 31; on primogeniture, 119; on the government, 209, 212-213; estimate of, 26, 31; otherwise mentioned, 70, 118, 181 Maitland, Prof. F. W., cited, ix, lxxiii-lxxiv Malebolge, 143 Malebranche, 140 Mallett, Sir Louis, on Afghanistan, 78; illness of, 125; moves to Mentone, 162; estimate of, 4, 27; otherwise mentioned, 76, 160 Manning, Cardinal, ultramontanism of, xli, 186-187; on Vatican decrees, lii; correspondence of, with Acton, liv; influence lost by, lxxvi; protests against admission of Bradlaugh to Parliament, 130 note[169]; views of, on Borromeo, 186-187; Wiseman succeeded by, xli Marat, 7 Marriage— Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, 169 and note Female Suffrage in regard to, 181 Maximilian, Archduke, xxxviii-xxxix and note May, Sir T. Erskine, "Democracy in Europe" by, reviewed by Acton, lviii; otherwise mentioned, 67, 119, 120 Mazzini, xxix, 210 Men of the time, estimate of, 122 Mentone, 151; Queen's villa at, 126, 128 Mérimée, Prosper, 53 Mexico, xxx, xxxvii-xxxix "Middlemarch," 60, 135 Midhat Pacha, 44, 86 and note Midlothian campaign (1880), personal victory in, 8, 9-10; campaign of 1884, 193 and note[233] Mignet, 2 Mill, J. S., on liberty, reviewed by Acton, xxvii-xxviii; otherwise mentioned, 48, 71, 94, 110 Milman, 5 Milner, Viscount, 205 and note[252] Milnes, Monckton, 41 Milton, 63 Minghetti on Gladstone and Bismarck, lxiii; otherwise mentioned, 4 and note[5], 80 and note[103], 123, 174 Minorities, protection of, a condition of liberty, lvi, 69, 76 Mirabeau, 7, 47 Mivart, 129 Molinism, 131 Molinos, 137-138 Mommsen, 171 Monck, Lord, 118, 120 and note[160] Monroe, President, 198 and note[245] Montagu, 127, 132 Montalembert, xix, 57 Montégut, 165 Montesquieu, 6, 93 Montlosier, Comte de, 120 and note[159] More, 93 Morier, at Seacot, 190; criticisms by, on British foreign policy, 192; estimate of, 23, 24, 195, 201, 205, 212 Morley, Lord, 98 —— Arnold, 212 —— Rt. Hn. John, represented by Acton in House of Lords, lxv; Aldenham library presented to Cambridge University by, lxxiv; "Life of Burke" by, 5; estimate of, 19; Pall Mall under, 19, 113; "Life of Cobden" by, 111 and note, 112-113; Jacobinism of, 125; in Parliament, 163; quoted, l; cited, lxii, 208 note; otherwise mentioned, ix, 8, 24, 41, 43, 65, 70, 72, 119, 164 Morris, 206 Mortola (the poet), anecdote of, 90 Most, 103 and note[133] Mozley, James, 170 ——, John, 158 and note[184], 203 Müller, Max, 70, 177 Münster, 13 Myers, Ernest, 162 Napoleon I., Mme. de Rémusat on 31-32, 36; Lee compared with, 82 note[106]; otherwise mentioned, lxx, 48, 66, 93, 111 Napoleon III., xxxvii-xxxviii National pride, 172 Nationality, Home and Foreign Review article on, xxix-xxx Neander, 146 Nelson, lxxi-lxxii Newman, Cardinal, retires from editorship of Rambler, xxvii; on Vatican Decrees, lii, 134; made a cardinal, lxxvi; verbal subtlety of, 46; Life of, by Jennings, 117; influence of, 182; narrowness of set of, 206; estimate of, lx, 26, 180; otherwise mentioned, 44, 70, 87, 146, 171 Newmarch, 76 Newton, 6 Nonconformists, Gladstone's alliance with, 16 North British Review, xl Northbrook, Lord, 108, 190 and note Northcote, Sir S., 16, 99 O'Connell, 47 O'Donnell, 21 and note O'Hagan, John, 111 Opponents' case, statement of, 193-194 Ottley, Rev. E. B., cited, 121 Owen, Prof., 166, 203 Oxford, Acton's visit to, 177 and note, 178, 196 Oxford University— Acton made D.C.L. at (1889), and Honorary Fellow of All Souls' (1890), lxv Verbal refinements a product of, 46 Paget, Sir Augustus, 80 —— Dean, 213 and note[264] —— Sir J., estimate of, 26, 77; otherwise mentioned, 70 and note[87], 79 note, 166 Palgrave, 59, 84 Pall Mall Gazette— Estimate of, 19, 24, 89, 113 Jacobinism of, 125 Maine a contributor to, 26 Morley's editorship of, 19, 24, 113 Palmer, William, 182 Palmerston, Visct., on Treaty of Paris, xxi; Acton's disagreement with, xxii; on French invasion, xxiv; party's relations with, 114 note; otherwise mentioned, 46, 47 Panizzi, life of, 53 and note Papacy, see under Churches—Roman Catholic Parker, C. S., 54 and note[61] Parliament— Commons, House of— Consent of representatives in, a condition of free government, 68 Irish party in— Degrees among, 74-75 Liberal party dependent on, 214 Obstruction by, 21, 67; two kinds of, 69 Tory alliance with, 209 note[257] Obstruction in, 21; two kinds of, 69 Outside influence on, 101 Procedure Rules, Gladstone's speech on, 64 and note[71], 125 Weakness of, when near its end, 19 Debates in, few famous, 75 Lords, House of— Character of, as an institution, 31, 102 Compensation for Disturbance Bill thrown out by, 28 and notes, 31 Home Rule Bill in, prospects for, 218 Injury done by, 103 Interests of, 102 Irish Land Act, Committee of inquiry on, appointed by, 125 note Modification of, 102 Popular view of, 95 Radical attitude towards, 201 Taxation not in jurisdiction of, xxiii Use of, 101-102 Parnell, C. S., 105, 154, 217 Parties, evening, in Downing Street, 19 and note Party— Burke's policy regarding, 14, 49 and note[54] Government by, law of, 95 Ideas the justifying cause of, 200 Religious view of, 199 Pascal, 6, 93, 146, 207 Pasquier, 2 Pasteur, 152 Patriotism, xxix Pattison, Rev. Mark, Life of Milton by, 5 and note; estimate of, 206-207; otherwise mentioned, 70, 120 —— Mrs. Mark, 43 Paul V., Pope, 146 Peel, Disraeli's attack on, 114 note; personal influence neglected by, 25; justification of, 200; estimates of, 45, 47, 56 Peelites in 1859, xxii Penjdeh, 208 and note Persons versus things, 6-7, 14, 85, 109, 200, 206, 210 Petavius, 207 Pitt, 45, 46, 56, 93 Pius V., Pope, liii, 135 Pius IX., Pope, Encyclical Letter against modern thought, xxxiv; death of, lxxvi; otherwise mentioned, xxxii, xl Plunket, 47 Political economy, changes in, 89-90 Politics— Complexity of, 91 Differences in, dependent on disagreement in moral principles, 210 Ecclesiastical principles in, 51-52 Ends of, 216 Moral basis of, 96, 107, 210 Parentage of, 60 Patriotism in, xxix Religion and, borderland of, 104 Religious view of, 199 Potter, T. B., 54, 111, 113, 162 Power, acquisition and maintenance of, 14-15 Prætorius, 134 Price, Bonamy, 24, 90, 197 and note[241] Primogeniture, 102, 119 Principles, self-identification with, 85 Probabilism, 143 Progress, conditions of, 200 "Progress and Poverty," 170 note[202], 175 Property— Limitation to rights of, 94 Representation based on, 180 Puritans, 147 Pusey, Dr., 171, 203 Quakers, use of term, 136, 147 Quarterly Review, 50 Quietists, 139 Radicalism, 94 Radicals, attitude of, towards House of Lords, 201 Radowitz, 49 Rambler, xxvii-xxviii Rammingen marriage, 22 Ranke, xix Rauscher, xlix Raynaud, 146 Reay, Lady, 85 —— Lord, 4, 22, 23, 27, 118, 120, 162 Reeve, Henry, 65 and note[73] Reform, nature of, 92 —— Bill (1884), 178, 181 Religion— Antagonism founded in, an obstacle to sincerity, 168 Church, identification of, with, xxxii Fanaticism in, 144 History the true demonstration of, lxvii, 167 Key to actions provided by, 167; unreliability of key, lii-liii Liberalism the beginning of real, lv Politics and, borderland of, 104 Scientific discoveries, attitude towards, xxxii Substitutes for, 167, 168 Rémusat, Mme. de, 30, 31-32, 36 Renan, Ernest, 6, 152 Renouf, 182 Renouf, Miss, 173 Representation, property the basis of, 180 Representative systems, 101-102 Retz, 140 Reviews, value of, 83 Richelieu, 134, 143, 148 Richter, 70, 82 Ridding, Dr., 183 Ripon, Marquis of, 205 Robespierre, 8, 22 Rogers, Thorold, 8 and note[13] Rome— "John Inglesant" in reference to, 147 Visit to (1881), 79-80; (1882), 122-123 Roon, 49 Roscher, cited, 90 Rosebery, Earl of, appoints Acton to Cambridge, lxvi; otherwise mentioned, 25, 217 Rosicrucians, 139 Rosmini, 170-171 and note, 176, 180, 184-185, 187 Rossi, Count, 87 and note[117] Rothe, xix, 146, 206 Rousse, 88 Rousseau, xii, 56, 78 Ruskin, John, writings of, on fly-leaves, 58; at Hawarden, 172; on Bonamy Price, 197 and note[241]; estimate of, 42, 62; otherwise mentioned, 59, 85 Russell, Lord Arthur, 31 and note, 65, 72, 74, 162 —— C. (Lord Russell of Killowen), 153 —— George, 212 and note[262] —— Lord John, xxiv, 47 —— Lord Odo (Lord Ampthill), xlvii, 195 and note Russia— Granville's reception in, xx-xxi Policy of, 179, 208 St. Hilaire, B., estimate of, 2, 37-39; argument of, regarding Jesuits, 39; Aristotelian work of, 39; view of, on Greeks, 74; otherwise mentioned, 41, 104 St. Just, 77, 142 St. Simon, memoirs of, 32 Salisbury, Marquis of, Irish party compared with, 75; assurances required by, from Gladstone, 210, note; in Tunis affair, 90; on Irish Arrears Bill, 158 and note[185]; otherwise mentioned, 108, 190, 205, 214, 217 Salmeron, 137 Sancta Clara, Father, 138, 147 Sand, George, 78 and note[99]; 79, 83 Sandford, Bp., 160 and note[191] Savonarola, 123 Scaliger, 207 "Scenes from Clerical Life," 163 Schelling, 146 Scherer, estimate of, 1-2, 6; patriotism of, 34; on Carlyle, 74; on George Eliot, 207; otherwise mentioned, 11, 205 Schiller, 79 Schlegel, 82 Schleiermacher, 82 Schlözer, 123 "School of Shakespeare," 42 Schwartzenberg, xlix Sclater, 129 Scott, Sir Walter, lxi, 93 Scottish mental characteristic, 206 Seeley, Sir John, death of, lxvi; Acton contrasted with, lxvii; "Expansion of England," by, 6 and note[10]-8; otherwise mentioned, 115, 175 Selborne, Lord, 108, 211 Selden, 207 Serjeant, 140 "Sermons in a College Chapel," 78 and note[98], 79, 83 Shakespeare— Defects of, 57, 60 Montalembert on, 57 Sonnets of, 41-42 Shaw, 103, 153 —— Dr., cited, ix, lviii Shelburne, Lord, 81 Shelley, 79 Sherbrookr, Viscount (Robert Lowe), attitude of, towards H. Gladstone, 10-11 and note; hurt regarding offer of peerage, 12-13; Maine's views on, 26; indebtedness of, to Burke, 57; on political economy, 90; otherwise mentioned, 8, 17, 50, 70, 76 Shorthouse, Mr., correspondence with, 151 and note[176], 159 and note[189] Shrewsbury, Lord, 132 Sidebotham, Rev. H., 204 Sidgwick, Prof., 177 note, 191 Sieyès, 48 Simon, Jules, 2, 39, 161 Simon, Richard, 133 Sincerity, 168 Skelton, Sir John, 104 note[137] Slavery, xx, xxxvi Smith, Adam, 6, 91-92 —— Goldwin, 70, 112 —— P. J., 101 —— Robertson, 197 —— Sir William, lviii, 50 Socialism, lxi, 170, 175, 212 Society, State as distinct from, 7, 76, 94, 101 Soudan, 176, 179, 215 Southey, 82, 93 Spain— Inquisition in, 146 Jesuits in, lix Mexican expedition of, xxxvii Spinola, 134, 150 Spinoza, xlix, 96 Spencer, Earl, estimate of, 153; rumoured resignation of, 155 and note; otherwise mentioned, 16, 205, 218 —— Lady, 61 —— Herbert, Laveleye on, 71; opinion of, on "Scenes from Clerical Life," 163; otherwise mentioned, 27 and note[33], 119 Staeël, Mme. de, 5 Stahl, lxxvi, 97 Standard, 55, 65, 66 Stanley, Dean, 70, 85 —— of Alderley, Lord, 64 and note[72] State, society as distinct from, 7, 76, 94, 101 Stephen, Fitzjames, 26, 70; on Criminal Law, 166 Stillingfleet, 133 Strachey, Sir Edward, 55-56 —— Sir John, 20 and note Strossmayer, Bishop, xliv, xlix Stuart, James, 192, 209 and note[258], 212 and note[263] Stubbs, Bishop, estimate of, 149, 177, 191, 192, 196; approached by Mrs. J. R. Green, 198; otherwise mentioned, 180, 183 Sumner, Charles, 5 Suspicion— Commynes on, 35 Desirability of, 12, 15, 122 Moderation to be observed in, 58, 59 Sutherland, Duchess of, 180 and note[218] Swinburne, 21, 42, 79 Swiss nationality, xxx Sybel, von, xix Symonds, J. A., 70 Tachard, M., 27 note[34] Taine, estimate of, 2; Soberer compared with, 6; Tennyson's attitude towards, 20; on Macaulay, 52-53; on the Revolution, 207 Tait, Bishop, 204 Talbot, Dr., 177 note, 179 and note[215] "Talleyrand's Memoirs," 36 Tegernsee, lix, 33, 80, 84 Temple, Bishop, 203-204 —— Cowper (Lord Mount Temple), 3 Temporal power of Rome. See under Churches—Roman Catholic—Papacy Temps, 34, 82 Tennyson, Alfred, estimate of, 20; attitude towards Gladstone, 209 and note[256]; otherwise mentioned, 40, 55, 70, 79 note —— Hallam, 19, 21 Thiers, xxiv, 39, 47, 49 Things versus Persons, 6-7, 14, 85, 109, 200, 206, 210 Thirlwall, Bishop, 117-118 Thorndike, 131 Thucydides, 32 Times— Carlyle, views on, 71, 82 Change in, 215 Chenery's dealings with, 13, 26, 35 Tocqueville, Alexis de, xix, 172 Toland, 52, 139 note[172] Toryism— Attitude of, 199 Female adherents of, 181 Frere's exemplification of, 77 Gout, compared with, 35 Liberal ideas permeating, 200 Maine on, 119 Transvaal, 77 Trench, Archbishop, 27 and note[32] Trevelyan, G. O., "Life of Fox" by, 52-53; estimate of, 59; otherwise mentioned, 17, 65 Trollope, 65 Turgot, 49 Turkey, tyranny of, 91 and note[127] Tyndall, Prof., 50, 166 Tyranny— Success as essence of, 143-144 Turkish, 91 and note[127] Ultramontanism. See under Churches—Roman Catholic United States— Abolitionists in, xx Civil war in, Acton's lecture on, xxxv-xxxvii Constitution of, French critic on, lviii Democracy in, 93; Tocqueville's book on, xix Dependencies in relation to, xxxix Liberty, doctrine of, realised by, lvii Monroe doctrine, 198 and note[245] Ussher, 207 Valdes, Juan, 136, 147 Van Helmont, 139 Vaticanism. See under Churches—Roman Catholic Victoria, Queen, Acton agreeable to, lxv; shot at, by a lunatic, 126 and note[2]; Mentone residence of, 126, 128 Vielcastel, 2 Vinet, 146, 207 Waddington, M., v, 171-172 —— Mme., v Wagner (pol. economist), cited, 90, 97 Waldegrave, Lady, 40 Wales, Prince of, 109 Wallace, Robert, 71 note[88] Walshe, 140 Warburton, 52 Ward, Wilfrid, Wiseman's "Life" by, xvi; otherwise mentioned, 182, 206 Waterland, 180 Wealth, labour the source of, 92 Webster, 47, 49 Wellington, Duke of, 46, 93, 200 Westcott, Dr., Bishop of Durham, 70, 203 Wetherell, 218 —— (editor of Chronicle), xl Whigs— Acton's sympathy with, 56, 107 Constructive power lacking in, 111 Democrats, dependence on, 108 Seeley on, 7 White, 140 Wickham, Dr., 129, 135, 166 Wilberforce, R. J., 180, 182 —— Bishop, 95, 106, 203 Wilkinson, Bishop, 183, 203 William III, 67, note[79] Williams, Roger, 146 Wilson, 52 Wimpfen, 172 Winchester, Bishop of (Winton), 70 Windham, 46 Wiseman, Dr., xvi, xxx-xxxii Wolseley, Lord, 59, 77 Wolverton, Lord, Irish views of, 65; estimate of, 67; otherwise mentioned, 27, 89, 161, 188 Women's Suffrage, 180-181 World, 74 Zulfikar, 208 Zulus, 17; Cetewayo, 174
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