Part 2 — ◊ INDEX

◊ INDEX

A

Abbreviations and symbols for points on aerodrome … 14, 15

Accidents, in launching large aerodrome … 126, 184, 185, 265–281

― loss of model aerodrome … 17, 94, 154

Aeolipiles, alcohol … 55, 56, 59, 60, 65, 66, 112

Aerial navigation, report of Board of Ordnance on … 276, 279

Aerodrome, balancing of … 45–52, 81, 90, 109, 134, 211, 212

― construction of … 53–80, 164–187, 234–250

― definition of word … iii

― dimensions of (see aerodrome models and data sheets).

― eighth-size model … 133, 134, 154

― engines (see engines and motors).

― experiments with models … 6–14, 16–24, 133–155

― field trials (see trials).

― first flight of model, May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107, 108, 117

― first trial of a “flying machine” in free air … 97

― flight (see also trials).

― ― first model, May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107, 117

― ― large machine (1903) … 126, 127, 255–282

― ― photographs of … 108, 259, 260

― large … 126, 127, 129, 130, 156, 183, 225, 255–282

― ― construction of … 164–187, 234–250

― ― launching apparatus for … 156–163, 183

― ― shop tests … 251–254

― ― trials (1903) … 126, 181, 255–282

― ― weight of … 277

― launching apparatus for models … 92–122, 133, 134

― ― ― ― large aerodrome … 156–163, 183

― man-carrying (see also aerodrome large) … 123, 125, 129, 130, 151, 153, 156–187, 234–250, 255, 282.

― model, descriptions of (see also data sheets).

― ― ― ― No. 0 … 21, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40, 53, 55, 75

― ― ― ― Nos. 1, 2, 3 … 28, 29, 38, 40, 53

― ― ― ― No. 4 … 53, 62–67, 69, 70, 72, 75–79, 81–83, 86, 92–109, 120

― ― ― ― No. 5 … 26, 64–66, 69, 70, 75–79, 81, 82–84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92–109, 110–122, 130, 131, 134, 135–155, 158, 174, 188, 189, 208–210, 231, 257, 281.

― ― ― ― No. 6 … 49, 61, 62, 78–81, 89, 90, 92–109, 110–122, 130, 131, 134, 158, 174, 188, 193, 208, 210, 231, 257, 281.

― ― ― ― rubber pull … 11–20

― ― eighth-size … 133, 134, 154

― ― frames of … 39, 53–80, 90, 112, 119, 129

― ― launching apparatus for … 92–112, 134

― ― quarter-size … 158, 159, 170, 226–233, 234, 255, 257–261, 281

― ― results from … 17, 129

― ― steam driven (see also Nos. 5, 6) … 122, 164, 165, 224, 281

― ― trials, of Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 (1892) … 29, 53

― ― ― ― Nos. 4, 5, 6 (1893) … 63, 92–106

― ― ― ― Nos. 5, 6 (1896) … 2, 79, 106–109

― ― ― ― No. 6 (1898) … 61

― ― ― ― Nos. 5, 6 (1899) … 49, 79, 135–155, 231, 257

― ― ― ― Nos. 30, 31, and others … 6–14, 17, 19

― motors (see engines and motors).

― quarter-size models (see aerodrome models).

― rubber-power models … 5, 8–24, 44

― weights of (see weight and data sheets).

Aerodromics, science of … iii, 7

Aerodynamics … 7, 30, 43, 44, 80, 91, 99

― experiments in … 1, 6, 7, 19, 21, 32, 41, 80, 98, 128, 150, 153

Aeronaut (see also aviator) … 130

Air, compressed … 11, 24, 25, 26, 68, 112

― liquid … 154

― resistance of … 6, 8, 9, 142, 165–167

Air-chamber … 64, 68, 69, 98, 112, 113

Air-cooled engine … 226

Alcohol and hydrocarbons, use of, as fuel … 24, 25, 35, 55, 57, 66, 72, 73

Alcohol aeolipiles … 55, 56, 60, 66, 69, 112

Allegheny Observatory, experiments at … 11, 13, 31, 150

Allotment, Government, for man-carrying aerodrome … 124–126, 132, 278

Aluminum-bronze, use of … 114, 116, 173, 174

Aluminum in engine construction … 32, 114, 243, 252

― sheathing of hull … 69

― wires … 84

Aneroid barometer for determining height … 186

Anemometer cups … 143

Angle, diedral, of wings … 45, 82, 89

― of inclination … 41, 43, 83, 99, 100

― ― rotation … 61

― ― wings, root angle … 83, 89, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103

Area, relation to weight and power … 43, 44, 64, 90, 99, 101

― supporting (see also surface) … 82, 87–89, 91, 93

Asbestos, use of … 35, 63, 67

Associated Press statement to … 266, 280

Aviator, equilibrium of … 161, 169, 253

― weight of … 130, 210, 256

Aviator’s car … 185–187, 214, 251, 252

― jacket … 273

― seat … 185

― wheel … 214, 216, 265, 266, 272

B

Bagging or pocketing of wings … 84, 86, 100, 195, 203

Balance (see also equilibrium) … 82, 165

Balancing of aerodrome … 45–52, 81, 90, 109, 134, 211, 258

― ― engine … 246, 247

― ― wings and rudder … 211, 255

Ball-bearings on launching car … 160, 175, 177, 252, 253

Bamboo ribs for wings … 200

Barometer, aneroid … 186

Barus, Dr Carl, boiler experiments by … 58, 70–75, 93–95

Batteries, electric … 11, 24, 26, 27, 162, 212, 220–222, 237, 240, 241, 257, 262, 263

Bearings, ball, on aerodrome and launching car … 160, 175, 177, 252, 253

― bronze, on model aerodromes … 177

Bedplates … 116, 168, 175, 273

“Beehive” boilers (see boilers).

Bell Alexander Graham … 4, 96, 102–104, 106, 108

Bessemer steel guy wires … 172

Bevel gears … 174, 177, 241

Bird-wings, construction of … 7, 188, 200, 201

Birds, soaring, study of … 7, 9, 88, 287

Blazer, S. M., engineer … 126

“Bleeder,” feed tube for burner … 67, 113

Blériot aeroplane of Langley type … 283

Blower for artificial wind … 61, 97, 225

Board of Ordnance and Fortification … 124, 126, 132, 250, 255, 271, 276, 278, 279, 280

Boat, house … 92, 93, 136, 148, 149, 156–163, 269

Body, construction of (see also hull) … 32, 60

Boiler, “Beehive” type … 34, 39

― coil of … 34–39, 70, 71, 113–116

― development of … 55–59, 65, 68, 70–75, 102, 114–116

― pressure … 58, 59, 63, 68, 69, 101, 102

― report on, by Dr. Barus … 70–75

― serpollet type … 56, 57

― spray type … 70

― tests of … 70–75, 135

― tubing of … 70–75, 114, 141

― water-tube type of … 34, 35, 70–75, 114

Bolometer, development of … 123

Brake, horse-power … 28, 37, 58, 61, 64–69, 117, 223, 224, 230, 233

― Prony … 38, 61, 65, 66, 117, 179, 222, 228, 233, 249

Brass, use of … 54, 63, 113, 180

Brazing … 117, 173, 175, 235, 236

Bronze, aluminum … 114, 116, 171, 173, 177, 234, 237–240

Burners, Bunsen type … 35, 68, 72, 113

― gasoline … 56, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70–75, 112–116, 149

― shield for … 60, 67, 95, 115

Bushing, cast-iron … 114–117, 121

Buzzard, American, and “John Crow,” study of … 285

C

Cameras, telephoto … 260, 261, 273

“Canvas-covered” propellers … 84, 178

Car, aviator’s … 185–187, 214, 251, 252

― launching (see launching apparatus).

Carbon, energy developed by the use of … 27

Carbonic-acid gas as motive power … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54

― liquid … 24, 28

― ― freezing of … 28–29

― ― latent heat of … 28

Carburetor, development of, suitable type of … 224, 225, 239, 240, 248, 249, 251, 253, 259

Carpenter, Frank G., witnesses flights … 108

Cast-iron, use of (see also iron) … 114–117, 121, 234–236, 240

“Cast-off” apparatus … 96, 110

Center of gravity … 10, 13–16, 45–52, 61, 64, 80, 91, 103, 143, 144, 150, 209, 210

― ― ― in relation to pressure … 10, 11, 15, 46, 48, 64, 98, 99, 101, 103

― ― pressure … 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 45–52, 78, 80, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 200, 209, 210

― ― ― formulæ for … 49, 87, 88, 90

― ― wings and tail … 16

― ― rotation … 62

― ― thrust … 62

Centrifugal pump … 241, 248

Charcoal, as fuel … 57

China silk (see silk).

Chopawamsic Island, Potomac River … 93, 135, 153, 183, 256

Chronograph attachments … 162, 163, 229

Circulating pump … 114, 244

Clamps, wing … 82, 89, 145, 183

Coast and Geodetic Survey … 93, 145, 256

Coefficient of elasticity … 146

Coil, spark (see sparking devices).

Compressed air … 24, 25–26, 68, 112, 113

Condenser, steam … 65

Construction and tests of large engine … 234–250

Construction of frame and engines … 53–80

― ― ― of large aerodrome … 164–187

― ― supporting surfaces … 188–206

Control, equilibrium and … 77, 78, 119, 207–217

― gyroscopic … 78, 211

Cooling systems, (see water and air cooling).

Copper, use of … 27, 39, 63, 72, 112–115, 162

Copper tubing … 35, 56, 57, 59, 112, 115, 140, 141, 248

Counter, speed … 62, 120, 185, 243, 249

― ― propellers … 178

Covering for tail … 86, 103

― ― wings … 54, 63, 77, 81, 86, 88, 90, 148, 194, 195, 205

Crank bell … 110

― starting … 244

Crank-pin … 237–239, 243–247

Crank-shaft … 237, 239, 244–246, 250

Cube, law of the … 129, 130, 222, 244, 249

Currie, Rolla P., report on American Buzzard … 289

Curved surfaces (see also wing curvature) … 18, 44, 47, 99

Cylinders (see also engines, cylinders).

― aluminum in construction of … 114

― brass in construction of … 54

― steel tubes in … 116, 121, 234, 235, 239, 240

― construction of … 112, 114, 116, 121, 212, 213, 232, 235, 239, 240, 246

― five, engine … 245, 246, 250, 255

― high-pressure … 33

― low-pressure … 33

― multiple, engine … 226

― oscillating … 33, 38

― tests of (see also engine tests) … 55

― walls of … 239

― weight of … 246, 247, 250

D

Daniell, on energy in storage batteries … 27

Data sheets … 297

Definitions of terms and symbols … 14, 15

Deflection, absence of … 269

de Lucy, on sustaining surfaces … 19

Diedral angle of wings … 45, 82, 83, 85, 89, 96, 146

Dimensions (see aerodrome descriptions and data sheets).

Distance of flights … 103, 107–109, 135–155, 258

Distortion of wings … 82–84, 91, 98, 105

Dry batteries … 262

Duration of flights (see also time) … 103, 107, 108, 137, 145, 148, 258

Dynamometer, use of … 222, 228, 229, 230, 242, 247, 249

E

Eagle quill and spruce rib, comparative strength of … 201

Early steam motors and other models … 30–40

Efficiency of wings … 87, 89, 91, 144, 192, 193

Eighth-size models … 133, 134, 154

Elastic limit of rubber … 9, 22, 23

Elasticity of tail … 78, 90, 144, 152

― coefficient of … 51, 144, 146

Electric batteries … 24, 26, 27, 212, 262, 263

― circuits … 70, 212, 220–223, 237, 241, 257

Electricity as motive power … 24, 26–28

Energy in foot pounds (see also lift) … 23–27

Engine (see also motors) … 112–116, 179, 180, 222–225, 226–233, 234–250, 281

― American builders … 131, 180, 219, 228

― air-cooled … 226

― automobile … 219

― balancing of … 246, 247

― carbonic-acid gas … 24, 26–29

― compressed air … 11, 24–26, 68, 112

― construction of, and frames … 53–79, 114, 116, 219, 223–233

― ― ― ― tests … 234–250

― contract for … 126

― cylinders of … 33, 38, 54, 112, 114–116, 121, 212, 213, 232, 235–239, 246, 250, 255

― description of one-horse-power … 37, 116

― electric … 24, 26–28

― European builders … 131, 140, 219, 234

― experimental … 218–225

― five-cylinder … 224, 232, 234–250, 255

― gas (see also gasoline) … 26, 28, 131, 133

― gasoline … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218, 219, 224, 277

― gunpowder … 24, 25

― horse-power (see also brake, horse-power) … 37, 58, 116, 233

― hot-water … 24, 25, 68

― large, construction and tests of … 133, 234–250, 281, 282

― ― weight of … 247, 250, 256

― Manly … 219–225

― multiple cylinder … 226

― oscillating … 33, 38

― radiator … 252

― steam … 24, 30–40, 64, 69, 116, 120

― ― dimensions of … 116

― Stringfellow … 30, 31

― tests … 37, 55, 61, 69, 102, 133, 148, 234–250, 281, 282

― water-cooled … 220, 235, 236, 241, 247, 248, 252

― weight of … 116, 126, 130, 209, 247, 250

Equilibrium, maintenance of … 6, 31, 45, 51, 144, 213–216

― of aviator … 161, 169, 213, 253

― and control … 77, 78, 119, 207–217

― lateral, and longitudinal stability … 31, 45–52

Evaporation, rate of gasoline … 65, 66

Evaporators … 37, 65, 67, 114, 148

F

“Factor of safety” … 111, 186

Feathers, pliability of … 188, 200

― toy-propeller, blades made of … 8

Feed, gravity … 239

Fibre insulation … 241, 257

Field trials, eighth-size … 133, 134, 154

― ― large and quarto size models … 126, 158, 170, 181, 226–234, 255–282

― ― models Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 … 29, 53

― ― ― Nos. 4, 5, 6 … 63, 92–106

― ― ― Nos. 5, 6, 2 … 61, 79, 135–155, 231, 257

Fire-proofing preparation … 148

First flight of heavier than air machine … 107, 108

First trial of a flying-machine in free air … 97

Flexure of wings … 82–84, 91, 98, 105

Flight (see aerodrome and aerodrome model flights).

― bird, study of … 7

― of large machine … 126, 181, 255–282

― ― May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107–108

― ― models Nos. 4, 5, 6 … 2, 63, 79, 92–109, 135–155

― ― quarter size model … 259

― ― rubber-driven models … 16–20

― ― quarter-size models … 158, 170, 226–233, 243, 255, 257–261, 281

Floating the models … 64, 68, 69, 99, 103, 119, 120

Fly-wheels of engine … 242, 243, 247, 252

Flying aerodrome model as a kite … 133, 154, 155

Flying-weight of aerodromes (see also data sheets) … 15, 62, 63, 76, 77, 81, 89, 91, 148, 247, 250, 256

Foot-pounds, definition of … 15

― energy in (see also horse-power) … 22, 27, 62

Force-pump … 57

Formulæ:

― area … 19

― center of pressure … 49, 87, 88, 90, 101

― drift … 41, 43

― efficiency … 47

― Harting’s … 19

― horse-power … 15, 62

― lift or weight … 41, 43, 62

― Manly’s, for changing center of pressure … 51

― Maxim’s, for horse-power … 15

― resistance … 41

― soaring speed … 91

― tandem wing … 87

― work (see also horse-power) … 18, 23, 27, 62

Frame, construction of, model … 39, 53–80, 90, 112, 119, 129

― ― ― large aerodrome … 164–187, 253

― main … 165–168, 170

― resistance of … 165–167

― testing of … 79

― transverse … 77, 165, 174–178

― work … 118

French academy, communication to … 3

Fuel, alcohol and hydrocarbon … 24, 25, 35, 55, 57, 66, 72, 73

― carbon … 27

― carbonic acid gas … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54

― charcoal … 57

― gas … 26, 28, 37

― gasoline … 24, 25, 36, 37, 65–68, 112, 125, 224, 248, 259

― quantity of … 68

Fuel-tank … 36, 65, 67, 68, 112, 113

Funds for experiments … 124–126, 132, 257, 278, 279, 281

G

Gaertner, Mr., instrument maker … 93, 95

Gas, carbonic-acid … 24, 26, 28, 36, 68, 113

Gas-burners … 35, 55, 60, 65, 70–75, 112, 113

Gas-engine (see also engines, gas and gasoline) … 26, 28, 37

― Five cylinder … 224, 234–250, 255

― large … 234–250, 277

― model … 26–28, 65, 131, 133, 232–234

Gasoline-burners … 56, 60, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70–75, 112–116, 149

Gasoline-engines … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218–225, 232–234, 248, 259, 277

Gasoline-evaporator … 37, 65, 148

Gears … 114, 117, 136, 137, 168, 174, 175, 177, 237, 241

Gibson, Captain, recorder … 250

Goldbeater’s skin, for wings … 77

Goode, G. Brown … 97

Government allotment (see also Board of Ordnance and Fortification) … 124–126, 132, 279

Gravity, center of … 10, 13–16, 45–52, 61, 64, 80, 91, 98, 101, 103, 143, 144, 150, 209, 210

Gravity-feed … 239

Guiding (see equilibrium and control; sustaining surfaces; and rudder).

Gun-metal … 174

Gunpowder … 24, 25

Guy-posts … 184, 189, 199, 266, 267, 268, 270, 274, 275

Guying, early systems of … 81, 84–91

― wire … 81, 84–90, 99, 164–173, 189, 191, 196, 199, 264, 266

Gyroscopic control … 78, 211

H

Harting’s formula … 19

Head resistance … 142, 165–167

Heating apparatus (see burners).

Herring, A. M., assistant … 104

Hewitt, Mr., at rescue of Mr. Manly … 273

Hodgkin’s fund, aid from … 257

Holmes, W. H. … 286, 289

Horizontal flight, velocity required to sustain … 1, 16–19, 43, 91

― rudder … 8

Horse-power, exerted by rubber … 9, 22

― Maxim’s formula … 15

― required to sustain flight … 1

― developed … 28, 37, 55, 58, 64–69, 117, 179, 223, 233, 249

Hot-water engine … 24, 25

House-boat and launching apparatus … 92–109, 110–122, 148, 149, 156, 163, 269

Huffaker, E. C. … 44, 46

Hull, construction of … 30, 32, 36, 53, 60, 69, 75, 112, 118–121

― forms of … 30, 31, 32, 38, 60, 69

― resistance … 49, 69

― steel tubes for … 39, 69, 75, 112, 118, 120

I

Ignition (see electric batteries and circuits).

Indian rubber for power (see also rubber) … 21, 40

Internal work of the wind … 6, 42

Inclination, angle of … 41, 43, 83, 99, 100

Insulation … 144, 241, 257

Iron, use of … 63, 64, 114–117, 234, 236, 240

J

Jacket, cork, aviator’s … 273

― water … 220, 234, 236, 241, 247, 252

“John Crow” (bird of Jamaica), study of … 285

K

Kite, model flown as … 133, 154, 155

L

Langley. S. P. … 3, 4, 9, 18, 76–79, 93, 95, 102–108, 112, 123–126, 128, 131, 133, 135, 153, 156, 161, 179, 183, 184, 188, 211, 212, 219, 223, 230, 231, 257, 266–268, 270, 271, 287, 280, 281

― statement of … 124, 280

― letter of instructions from (see appendix).

― study of “John Crow” bird (see appendix).

― aerodrome, War Department report on … 277, 278, 279

“Langley type” of aerodrome … 77, 164, 208, 244, 266, 276, 278–281

― ― ― rudder … 77, 86

Lateral stability … 45–52, 97

Launching, difficulties of … 10, 11, 12, 92, 94, 96, 99

― methods of … 13, 94–97, 110

― of large machine … 265–267, 271–272, 276, 282

Launching-apparatus … 92–122, 134, 149, 156–163, 183, 185, 231, 257, 261, 265–267, 270, 272, 276, 282

― overhead … 5, 92–122, 133–135, 139, 142, 143, 145, 151, 152, 154, 156–163

― underneath … 134, 135, 145–147, 151, 152, 154, 156–163, 183

― weakness of … 265, 276, 282

Launching-car … 158, 159, 183, 184, 255, 258, 262, 266–268, 271, 272, 274, 277

Launching speed (see also velocity) … 135, 161, 162

Law of the cube … 129, 130

Lewis, Captain I. N. … 250

Lift of propellers (see also pendulum tests) … 61, 62, 66, 69, 77, 94, 99, 102, 105, 107, 151, 189, 192

Lilienthal, Otto, on efficiency of curves … 44

Lineal velocity … 1, 43, 110, 166

Liquid air … 154

Longitudinal stability … 45–52

Lubrication … 113, 177, 234, 239, 240

M

McDonald, Mr. … 266, 271, 272

McKinley, President William … 123, 124

Macomb, Major M. M., report of … 276–278

Maltby, Mr., machinist … 93–95, 102, 106

Man-carrying machine … 123, 125, 129, 130, 151, 153, 156–187, 234–250, 255–282

Manly, C. M., assistant in charge of experiments … 123, 129, 218–224, 265, 266, 268, 272, 276, 278

― ― ― engine … 219–225

― ― ― formula … 51

― John M., description of flight, by … 260–261

Maxim’s formula for horse-power … 15

Mechanical flight … 2–4

― ― theory of … 1

― ― Dr. Bell on … 4

― ― Mr. Langley on … 3–4

Mica, use of … 63, 72, 115, 257

Models (see also aerodrome model description and trials).

― experiments with … 1, 133–155

― ― ― small … 6–14, 17, 19

― flight of (see trials).

― launching of (see also launching apparatus) … 92–122, 133, 134

― rubber-driven … 5, 8–24, 76

― steam-driven (see also Nos. 4, 5, 6) … 134, 135

― steam, motor, and other … 30–40

Motive power (see also engines, electricity, and fuel) … 8, 11, 21–29, 118

― discussion of … 11

Motors, available (see also engines) … 11, 21–29, 278

― carbonic acid gas … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54

― compressed air … 11, 24, 25, 26, 68, 112, 113

― construction of early types of … 30–40

― electrical … 24, 26, 27, 212, 262, 263

― gas … 26, 28, 37, 131, 137

― gasoline … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218, 219, 224, 277

― gunpowder … 24, 25

― hot-water … 24, 25, 68

― rubber … 5, 8–24, 76

― steam … 24, 25, 30–40

― weight of (see also weight of engines) … 116, 126, 130, 209, 247, 250

Mount Whitney, observations on … 123

N

Nash, Dr. F. S. … 276

National Museum, models in … 282

Needle-valve … 56, 57, 113

Nitric acid, use of … 71

Nomenclature of parts of aerodrome … 14, 15

O

Oiling systems … 113, 177, 234, 239, 240

Open wind, experiments in … 42, 99, 257, 271, 272

Ordinance and Fortification (see Board of).

Oxygen, necessity of … 72

P

Paper covering for rudder … 86, 103

Pénaud, Alphonse, toy aeroplane designed by … 7–9, 21, 22, 40

― tail or rudder … 8, 12, 13, 50, 51, 79, 82, 107, 122, 139–147, 151, 152, 153, 209, 211, 213, 214, 216, 253, 264, 270–272

“Pendulum” test for lift … 60, 61, 66, 94, 131, 135, 211, 212, 214, 232

Percaline for wing covering … 194, 195

Pinion (see gears).

Piston (see engines and cylinders).

Pitch of propellers … 63, 69, 76, 94, 181

Plane (see also wings and surfaces).

― dropper … 150

― surface, angle of inclination of … 6, 8, 41–45, 61, 83, 97, 99, 100

― velocity required to sustain … 1, 43, 110, 166

Pocketing of wings … 84, 86, 100, 195, 203

Potomac River, location of tests on … 93

Power (see also steam, fuel, and electricity).

― development of … 8, 39

― formula for … 62

― generating apparatus … 112, 125

― relation to area and weight … 43

Power-gauge (see dynamometer).

Powell, Major G. H., recorder … 250, 267, 276

Press, attitude of … 127, 268

― report to, Mr. Langley’s … 280

― ― ― Mr. Manly’s … 266–267

Pressure, center of … 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 45–52, 64, 78, 80, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 200, 209, 210

― ― ― rules for locating … 49, 87, 88, 90, 101

― ― ― and center of gravity … 10, 11, 15, 46, 48, 64, 98–101, 103

― steam … 24, 30–40, 53–59, 63–75, 101, 114, 117, 134, 135, 137, 141, 142, 149, 150

Pressure-gauge … 114

Prony-brake … 38, 61, 65, 66, 117, 179, 222, 228, 233, 249

Propellers … 7, 8, 11, 13, 22, 40, 68, 69, 94, 95, 102, 103, 108, 109, 118, 119, 136, 139, 143, 145, 149, 178–184, 258, 261, 262, 268, 272, 277

― construction of … 63, 76, 98, 100, 178–184

― early forms of … 7, 8, 11, 22, 33

― lift of … 61, 62, 66, 69, 77, 94, 102, 105, 107, 131, 148, 151, 189, 192

― pitch of … 63, 69, 76, 118, 181

― position of … 39, 63

― shafts of … 39, 117, 175–177, 242

― slip of … 107, 109

― speed of (see also revolutions per minute) … 61, 91, 94, 99, 107, 114, 134, 264, 272

― tests of (see pendulum, lift, and thrust).

― thrust of … 47, 62, 94, 119, 148, 154, 161, 174

― toy … 7, 8, 9, 21, 22

Pumps … 36, 37, 57, 59, 65, 68, 71, 75, 114, 115, 141, 241

― centrifugal … 241, 248

― circulating … 114, 244

― double-acting … 68, 114

― force … 57

Q

Quantico, Va., flights at … 64, 66, 79, 93, 147, 255, 269

Quarter-size model … 158, 159, 170, 226–233, 243, 255, 257–261, 281

Quill, eagle’s, and spruce rib compared … 200, 201

R

Radiator (see also engine, water-cooled) … 252

Randolph, Gen. W. F. … 276, 277

Record of flights (see also data sheets) … 2, 3, 17, 107, 117, 135–155, 255–282

Reed, R. L., chief carpenter … 93–95, 102, 106, 266, 271, 272, 275

Reel attached to float … 119, 120

Relation of area to weight and power … 43, 44, 64, 81, 89, 90, 99

Reservoir (see air-chamber and tank).

Resistance, air … 6, 8, 9, 142

― of frame and guy-wires … 165–167

Revolutions of engine and propellers per minute (see also speed) … 33, 58, 63, 65, 66, 102, 109, 115, 249, 252

Rib, spruce and eagle’s quill, compared … 200, 201

Ribs, construction of … 37, 80, 81, 86, 89, 188, 194–206, 263, 264

Ridgway, Robert, on American Buzzard … 301

Root-angle of wings … 82, 83, 91, 98, 100, 101, 103

Rotation, angle of … 61

― center of … 62

Rubber as a source of power … 5, 8–24, 44, 76

― elastic limit of … 9, 22

― “fatigue” of … 23

― horse-power produced by … 9, 22, 23

― springs … 2, 185

― insulation … 144, 241

Rubber-driven models … 5, 8–22

Rubber-pull and rubber-twisted models … 16–24

Rudder (see also tail) … 8, 9, 77, 80–91, 122, 136, 207–217, 255, 272, 275

― horizontal … 8

― Pénaud’s … 8, 12, 13, 50, 79, 87, 107, 122, 139–147, 151, 209, 211, 213, 214, 216, 253, 270–272, 275

― vertical evolution of … 81, 82, 86, 97, 101, 106

Rudder-tail (see tail-rudder).

S

Sanding-tests of wings … 84, 85, 89, 99, 190–204

“Separator,” evolution of, for dry steam … 58, 59, 65, 68, 114, 142

Serpollet-type boilers … 56, 57

Shafts, main, construction of … 117

― propeller … 39, 117, 175–177, 242

Sharp, Archibald, on balancing of engines … 246

Sheathing, aluminum … 69

― mica … 63, 72, 115

Shop tests … 40, 218, 251–254

Silk wing-covering … 54, 63, 81, 86–88, 90, 148, 194, 195, 205

Sliding tail designed … 16, 84

Smillie, Thomas W., photographer … 260, 267, 271, 273

Smithsonian Institution … 1, 6, 17, 18, 31, 42, 124–126, 171, 174, 176, 179, 257, 260, 271, 276, 280–281

Smoke-stack … 60, 67, 74, 78

Soaring birds, study of (see also appendix) … 7, 9, 88

Soaring-speed … 32, 41, 69

Sparking devices (see electric batteries and circuits).

Specific gravity … 120

Speed attained (see also velocity) … 31, 32, 41, 55, 61, 91, 99, 107, 114, 134, 161, 264

Speed-counter … 62, 120, 185, 243, 249, 252

Spokes, wire … 243

Spruce guy-sticks and frames … 85–87, 90

― ribs compared with quills … 200, 201

St. Louis Exposition tests … 249

Stability, lateral and longitudinal … 45–52, 77

Starter on launching-car … 94, 95

Starting-crank on launching-car … 243, 244

Steam, dry, production of … 58

Steam-chest … 117

Steam-engine … 24, 30–40, 64, 69, 116, 120

Steam-gauge … 114

― construction of frames and … 53–80

Steam-generating apparatus … 114–116

Steam-motors and other models … 30–40, 134, 135

Steam-pressure … 24, 30–40, 53–59, 63–70, 101, 102, 114, 117, 134, 135, 137, 141, 142, 149, 150

Steel, use of … 69, 112, 116, 119, 121, 172, 174, 234, 277

― tubes, for hull … 39, 69, 75, 112, 118, 120

Steering apparatus (see also equilibrium and control) … 214–216, 265, 266, 272

― ― automatic … 30, 77, 211, 216

Steering wheel … 214, 216, 265, 266, 272

Storage batteries (see batteries, electrical).

Stringfellow engine … 30, 31

Superposed wings … 13, 14, 17, 138, 153, 193, 231

Supporting surfaces … 11, 44, 77, 81, 99, 188–206

Supports for propellers … 112

― ― wings and tails … 36, 69

Surfaces (see also planes and wings).

― covering for … 77, 81, 86, 87, 90, 148, 194, 195

― curved … 44, 46

― plane, observations on velocity of … 1

― rigid … 6, 46

― supporting … 11 44, 77, 93, 99 188–206

― sustaining … 1, 5, 41–44, 80–91, 99

― ― and guiding … 5, 80–91

Surgeons’ tape, used for mending ribs … 264

Sustaining surface … 1, 5, 41–44, 80–91, 99

― ― de Lucy on … 19

Symbols … 14, 15

Synchronizing mechanism … 108, 121, 136, 137

T

Table, turn … 156, 165, 166

― whirling … 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 31, 42, 165, 166, 178, 189–194

Tachometer … 62, 120, 185, 243, 249, 252

Tail … 8, 9, 70, 77, 80, 91, 99, 207–217

― adjustment of … 16, 84

― connections of … 84, 213–216

― covering … 86 103

― Pénaud … 12, 13, 50, 79, 107, 122, 139–147, 151–153, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215

― sliding … 16, 84

― use as guiding and sustaining surface … 80

Tail-rudder … 77, 86, 87, 119, 152, 153

― Langley … 77, 86

Tank, air … 64, 68, 69, 112, 114

― fuel … 36, 65–68, 112, 113

― water … 252

Telephoto camera … 260, 261, 273

Tests (see also engine tests, trials, and flights).

― boilers … 70–75, 135

― construction and … 234–250

― cylinder … 55

― engine … 37, 55, 61, 69, 102, 133, 135, 148, 234–250, 251–254, 281

― experimental engine … 1902–1904 … 250

― frame … 79

― power … 61, 62, 69, 102

― resistance … 165–167

― sanding, of wings … 84, 85, 89, 90, 190–204

― shop, of large machine … 40, 218, 251–254

― St. Louis Exposition … 249

― whirling-table … 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 31, 42, 165–166, 178, 189–194

― wing … 84, 85, 89, 99, 190–204

Testing ground (see also Quantico) … 64, 66, 92, 93, 255, 256, 277, 280

Thrust, center of … 62

― propeller … 47, 62, 94, 119, 148, 154, 161, 174

Thrust-recording devices … 229, 230

Thurston, R. H. … 128, 129

Time of flights … 103, 107, 108, 109, 137, 145, 148, 258

Torque … 222, 242

Toy aeroplanes … 7, 9, 21, 22, 40

Transmission (see also shaft and gears) … 117, 175–177, 242

Transverse frame … 77, 165, 174–178

Trials, first … 97

― (1891) … 17

― (1892) … 53, 92

― (1893) … 65, 93–96

― (1894) … 65, 96–100

― (1895) … 101–106

― (1896) … 2, 79, 106–109

― (1897) … 123–125

― (1898) … 61

― (1899) … 79, 135–155

― (1903) … 126, 181, 255–282

Tubes in hull construction … 69, 112, 116, 119, 120, 172, 174, 234, 277

Turn-table … 156, 165, 166

Turnbuckle (see also guying) … 170, 171, 172

V

Valve-chest … 114, 213

Valves … 114, 117, 213

― exhaust … 237

― mechanically operated … 114, 213

― motion … 112, 114, 115, 213

― needle … 56, 57, 113, 212

Vaporization … 37, 67, 148, 149

Varnish, collodion … 192

― not affected by ammonia … 198

― pyroxelene … 86

― water-proof … 263, 264

Velocity … 18, 31, 32, 55, 91, 99, 107, 109, 114, 134, 150, 161, 166, 185, 264, 265

― initial … 100, 110, 150, 163

― required to sustain plane … 1, 43, 110, 166

Vertical rudder … 81, 82, 86, 97, 101, 106

Vulcanite, use of … 257

W

War Department, allotment … 124–126, 132, 278, 279

― ― Board of Ordnance and Fortification … 124–126

― ― ― ― ― ― ― Report of … 276–280

Washington Evening Star, report of … 274

Watches, stop, for timing flight … 109

Water, cooling, for engine … 235, 236, 241, 247, 248, 252

Water-engine, hot … 24, 25

Water-jacket … 220, 234, 236

Water-proof varnish … 263, 264

Water-tank … 252

Watkins J. E. … 39

Weight (see also data sheets).

― flying, of aerodrome … 15, 38, 62, 63, 76, 77, 81, 89, 90, 91, 101, 109, 116, 148, 206, 247, 250, 256, 277

― of aerodrome … 31, 38, 40, 53, 62, 63, 116, 126, 130, 206, 256

― ― covering for wings … 194

― ― parts of aerodrome … 31, 63, 116, 190, 250

― ― engine … 116, 117, 126, 130, 156, 209, 247, 250, 277

― per horse-power … 31, 126

― relation to area and power … 43, 44, 64, 81, 89, 90, 96

― total, with aviator … 256

Wellner, Georg … 44, 47

Wheel, fly … 242, 243, 247, 252

― steering … 214–216, 265, 266, 272

Whirling-table … 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 31, 42, 165–166, 178, 189–194

Widewater, Va., experimental grounds (1903) … 255, 256, 277, 280

Wind, artificial … 42, 61

― difficulties of launching in … 94, 99, 265, 271, 272, 276, 282

― experiments in … 42, 61, 99, 257, 271

― internal work of the … 6, 42

― open … 42, 99, 257, 271, 272

Wind-shield for burners … 60, 67, 95, 115

Wind-vane rudder … 136

Wing-clamps … 82, 89, 145, 183

Wings, adjustment of, for center of gravity … 16

― angle of … 45, 61, 82, 83, 89, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103

― arrangement of … 45–47, 77, 86, 89, 194, 255

― bagging of … 84, 86, 100, 195, 203

― bird, construction of … 7, 188, 200, 201

― boxes for … 263, 264

― construction of … 7, 70, 80, 81, 87, 90, 91, 99, 105, 119, 121, 138, 188–206

― covering of, cloth … 195, 199, 204, 205

― ― ― goldbeater’s skin … 77

― ― ― paper … 86

― ― ― silk … 54, 63, 81, 86–88, 90, 148, 194, 195, 205

― ― ― weight of … 194

― curvature of … 18, 44, 46, 47, 86, 87, 90, 99, 112

― distortion of … 82, 83, 84, 91, 98, 105

― double tier … 13, 14, 17, 138, 193, 231

― efficiency of … 46, 87, 89, 91, 144, 192, 193

― flexure of (see distortion of).

― pocketing of … 84, 86, 100, 195 203

― quills and spruce ribs compared … 200, 201

― ribs of … 37, 80, 81, 86, 89, 188, 194–206

― single tier … 17, 142, 146, 147–151, 153, 192, 193, 231

― superposed … 13, 14, 17, 138, 153, 193, 231

― surface of … 9, 69, 81, 99

― tandem efficiency of … 46, 87

― two sets of … 13, 77, 106, 138, 231

― weight of … 190, 196

Wire guying … 81, 84–91, 99, 164–173, 189, 191, 195, 196, 199, 264, 266

― resistance … 165–167

― spokes … 243

Wooden guy sticks … 63, 81, 85

― ribs … 37, 80, 81, 86, 89, 188, 194–206, 263, 264

Wrecking of large machine … 126, 184, 265–281

Z

Zinc, energy developed from … 27, 241

Zoological Park cameras … 260, 261, 273