Part 2 — INDEX.

Acts of the Oxford Parliament, 357 Adalid Mayor, 248 Adalides, election and office of the, 247, 248 Administration of Diocletian, 24 Alaric II., king of the Visigoths, in Gaul, 208 Alfaqueque, appointment of, 249 Alfred the Great, influence of, on English legislature, 30, 41; right of, to the throne, 53 Algila, king of the Visigoths, 210 Allodium, characteristics of the, 107 Allods, 106; conversion of, into benefices, 125; proprietors of, 107, 135 Almocadene, appointment of the, 249 Almogavars, 248 Alode, origin of the term, 106 Amalaric, king of Spain, 209 Ambassadors, French, 108 America, elections in, 407, 408 Anglo-Saxons, 29, 37; resemblance of, to the Normans, 281; subjection of the, 286; general assemblies of the, 49; institutions of the, 38, 46, 282, 284 Anglo-Saxons, Saxon heretochs, election of, 247 Anglo-Saxons, Normans, institutions of the, 282, 314 Antiquity, study of, 5-7 Antrustions, see Leudes. Apocrisiary, or keeper of the palace, 166 Arianism, introduction of, into Spain, 210 Arimanni, or Rathimburgi, 146 Aristocracy, origin of the, 34; signification of the term, 56; historical definition of, 66; influence of the, 235 Aristocracy, feudal origin of the, 135, 143; powers of the, 299 Aristocracy, French, 97 Aristocracy, Norman, cohesion of the, 286 Aristocracy, Saxon, 271 Army, privileges of the, under the Roman Empire, 194 Arthur, duke of Bretagne, 309; death of, 310 Assembly, general, of the Saxons, see Wittenagemot Assemblies, Germanic, 47, 163 Assemblies, national, first termed Parliaments, 356 Assemblies, of the Franks, 163, 164; decay of, 171; revival of, under Charlemagne, 164; Hincmar, on the, ib. Assemblies, of the Normans, 298, 311 Assemblies, of the Saxons, 291, 293 Assemblies, of the Visigoths, 210 Assessors, appointment and duties of, 44, 158, 239 Assizes, first appointed, 315 Athanogild, 210 Austrasia, kingdom of, 88; queen of, 89, 210 Authority, judicial, institution of, 239 Authority, parental, legitimacy of, 345 Authority, regal, progress of, in England, 499, 500, 521 B. Ballot, origin of the scheme, 408 Barbarianism, epoch of, 258 Barons, original qualifications of, 294; tyranny of the, 358; wealth of the, 457; struggles of, with the Commons, 497-501 Barons, Council of, 423 Barons, factions of the, 518, 519 Barons, Norman, coalition of the, 300, 303, 309, 311; increasing powers of the, 306; contests of, with King John, 311-318; with Henry III., 322; with Edward I., 327; with Edward II., 456 Barons, French, powers of the, 101 Basques, see Vascons. Becket, Thomas, rise of, 275; fall of, 278 Belgium, settlement of the Franks in, 84 Benefices, 112; tenure of, 114, 115, 120, 135; transference of, 116; conditions attached to, 124; character of, 125 Benefices, Montesquieu on, 117 Benefices,hereditary, 119 Beneficiaries, 135, 160 Benevolences, substitution of, for taxes, 520 Bills, parliamentary, origin of, 514; amendments to, first permitted, 515 Bills, of attainder, 517 Bishops, powers of, in Gaul, 143; nomination of, 144; position of, in the Roman Empire, 200, 205; political preponderance of, 221 Black Prince, the, 489, 490 Borough representation, corruption of, 386 Boroughs, progress of the liberties of, 28; deputies of, first called to Parliament, 361; forms of elections for, 387 Boroughs, representatives of, 384, 385 Bracton, on "Sovereign power," 267 Breviarium Aniani, 209, 241, 245; abolition of the, 244 Britain, a Roman colony, 25; first inhabitants of, 270 Britons, origin of the, 270 Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia, 89 ancestors of, 210 C. Cambridge, University of, first represented in Parliament, 373 Capacity, electoral, 395, 396; legal signs of, 397 Capitularies, 168 Carlovingians, wealth of the, 113; dissolution of the kingdom under the, 95; monarchy of the, 157; fall of the, 160, 171 Catalonia, origin of the name, 207 Castile, ancient customs of, 246 Centralization, origin of, 39; object of, 201 Centralization, progress of, in England, 268, 275, 289, 316, 364 Centralization, tendency to, in France, 94, 158; progress of, 160, 170, 201 Centralization, in Rome, 184, 201 Centralization, monarchical, 158 Centralization, of power opposed to representative government, 520; origin of, 289; tendency to, in England, 364, 497; tendency to, in France, 100, 289 Ceorls, history of the, 33-37 Chamberlain, office of, 166 Champs de Mars, assemblies of, 80, 163-169 Champs de Mai, 171 Chancery, courts of, 297 Charlemagne, political aspect of the reign of, 96 98; attempt of, to establish monarchy, 149, 158; government of, 154, 157, 170 Charles the Bald, reign of, in France, 99; government of, 158, 171; laws of tenure under, 120 Charles the Fat, reign of, 100 Charters, origin of, 300 Charters, English, history of, 302-306; general character of, 319; statute in confirmation of, 330 Charters, of Edward I., 328 Charters, of Henry I., 273, 304 Charters, of Henry II., 306 Charters, of Henry III., 320; violation of the, 321; revocation of, 322; confirmation of, 323, 324 Charters, of John, 309, 311, 316 Charters, Magna, or the great, 313-317 Charters, relating to forests, 316, 321; confirmation of, 493 Charters, of Stephen, 305 Charters, of William the Conqueror, 303 n. Charters, of manumission, 498 Charters, granted to the clergy, 311 Chartularii, 147 Chiefs, Frankish, 83 Childeric, 83 Chindasuinth, 212 Chintila, reign of, 212 Christianity, dawn and growth of, in Rome, 187, 189; effects of, on society, 162, 190 Chronicles, European, 259 Church, early endowment of the, 144; first union of, with the state, 144 Church, property, seizure of, 118 Cinq Ports, political importance of the, 365 Cities, defenders of, appointed, 199; duties of, 242 Citizenship, Roman, terms of admission to, 182, 185 Civil list, origin of the, 496 Civil courts, powers of the, established, 276 Civilization, effects of, on society, 32, 33; its aid to power, 39; progress of, 155; chief aim of, 161 Civilization, in England, 282 Civilization, European, unity of, 257 Clarendon, constitution of, 276-278, 292 Clarissimi, 193, 194 Classification of persons, principles of, 134, 135, 137, 138, 193 Classification of members, 421, 422, Classification of governments, 61, 75 Clement V., bull of, 332, 333; letter of, to Edward I., 332 Clergy, influence of the, 98, 162, 177, 190, 205, 212; privileges of the, 194; political predominance of, 220; incompetency of, for government, 232; powers of the, 276, 310; decline of, in England, 282, 491; contests of, with royalty, 310; charters granted to, 311; statutes in favour of, 499 Clovis, wars of, 84; death of, 85; successors of, 86 Code of English laws, 286 Code of the Visigoths, 177 Colonies, Roman, 25; state of the, 179 Comitia, the, in Rome, 184, 185 Commons, admission of the, to Parliament, 370-373, 451; formation of the, 422; intervention of, in matters of peace or war, 485; political influence of, 452, 487, 495; progressive rights of the, 400, 476, 480, 488, 496, 516; resistance of, to regal power, 477, 499, 501; power of, in government, 495, 497; annihilation of the, 521 Commons, House of, 268, 418-423, 437 Commons, House of, a secret assembly, 81 Commons, House of, in France, enfranchisement of the, 424 Committees, parliamentary, first formed, 492, 497 Compurgation, 250-252 Concilium, attributes of the, 290, 448, 449 Concilium, Regni, 290 Confiscation, 286 Conquest, Norman, 271; effects of the, 281, 283, 285; results of, 287, 288 Conquest, of England by Louis of France, 318 Conquest, of Gaul, 84, 91 Constitutions of Clarendon, 276-278, 292 Constitutions of English, basis of the, 309 Convocation, writs of, 371, 373 Corporation, municipal, right of, to elect members, 385 Cortes, acts of the, 246 Councils of Clarendon, 276 Councils of barons, 315, 320, 423 Councils of kings, various names of the, 291, 292, 448; increase of the, 489 Councils of State, 165 Council, national, of England, 448, 449; dispersion of the, 459 Council of Northampton, 292 Councillors, election of, 165; duties of, 167 Counts, institution of, 152; jurisdiction of, 152; rise of, 158 Counties, deputies of, called to Parliament, 351, 362 Counties, progress of the representation of, 363 County courts, origin and laws of, 43, 150; effects of, on feudalism, 287; members of, 352; functions of, 379 Courts, civil powers of, established, 276 Courts, of Chancery, 297 Courts, of Exchequer, 297 Courts, of kings, 291, 294 Courts, of law, established in England, 297 Cromwell, Parliament under, 6, 7 Crusades, 279 Curator, 198 Curatores, 199 Curfew, laws of, 271 Curia, attributes of the, 183, 188, 197; importance of the, 243; abolishment of, 204 Curia, de more, 290, 291 Curia, regis, 291; constitution of the, 293 Curials of the Roman Empire, 183, 193; functions and charges of, 195 D. Danegeld, the, 296, 305 Danes, establishment of, in England, 270; affinity of, to the Normans, 271 David Bruce, 486 Debt, national, progress of the, 507 Debates, parliamentary, order of, 515 Decurio, origin of the term, 183 Defensores, appointment of, 199; result of the, 200; duties of, 242 Democracy, principles of, 70 Democracy, compared with representative government, 73, 445 Denariales, 146 Deputies of boroughs, first called to Parliament, 361 Deputies of counties, admitted to Parliament, 351, 363; relation of, to the great barons, 354; election of, 381; union of, with borough members, 422 Deputies of towns, first admitted to Parliament, 365 Despotism, origin of, 156, 158, 341; tests of, 170, 187; union of, with privilege, 194; forms of, 444 Despotism, Roman, 161, 199; effects of, in the west, 180; dangers of, 187; principles of, 204 Diocletian, administration of, 24 Dissolution, tendency to, in early states, 95, 101; phenomena of, 102 Districts, electoral, 404 Donors of benefices, 124 Doomsday-book, compilation of, 286; tythes granted by, 326 n. Dukes, appointment and jurisdiction of, 152 Duty on wool, first imposed, 326 Duumvir, 198 E. Edward I., reign of, 325-330; exactions of, 326; quarrels of, with the nobles, 327, 329; statute of, 330; character of, 368; Parliaments of, 368, 370, 371, 374 Edward II., reign of, 454-461; Parliaments of, 455; deposition of, 457 Edward III., reign of, 476, 484-489; death of, 490; Parliaments of, 495-498 Egica, succession of, 214 Eginhard, on the "Tenure of Benefices," 117, 124 Election, direct advantages of, 408; necessity of, 411 Election, indirect evils of, 412, 413; source of, 416 Elections, an element in representative government, 80, 409; evils of, 407 Elections, American, forms of, 407 Elections, of borough members, 387 Elections, of councillors, 166 Elections, of county members, 381 Elections, English, 404-407 Elections, French, 408 Elections, of kings, 222 Elections, of knights, 380, 419; by the sheriff, 354 Elections, under the Merovingians, 159 Elections, by vote, limited power of, 339 Elections, character and power of, 63; introduction of, 80; forms of, 387; necessity for, 265; effects of, on feudalism, 422; advantages of, 408; fundamental law of, 405; influence of kings upon, 492 n.; abuses of, first repressed, 491; parliamentary interference in, 507 Electors, original qualification of, 377, 381, 385; two classes of, 393; rights of, 406, 407 Emperors, powers of the, 28 Empire, Roman, political sterility of the, 24; social condition of, in the 5th century, 193-203; fall of the, 187, 205; position of bishops under the, 200, 205; Honorati of the, 243 Enfranchisement, modes of, 146, 147; progress of, 173; effects of, on the continent, 424 Enfranchisement, general, 498 England, early history of, 29-31, 270; division of the soil, 42; representative government in, 56, 69, 258, 263, 266, 268, 519; progress of feudalism in, 274, 280; civilization of, 282; conquest of, by Louis of France, 318; facts which decided the political destiny of, 423; modern state of, 448; political aspect of, in the reign of Edward III., 477; institutions of, 30, 149, 284, 494 Enquiry, right of, 473 Enquiry, commissions of, instituted, 487 Epochs of European history, 258 Error, sources of, 4 Error of the Whigs and Tories, 293, 462 Erwig, usurpation of, 213 Escuage, establishment of, 306; laws of, 313 Euric, king of the Visigoths, 208 Evesham, battle of, 362 Evil, conflicts of, 68 Exchequer, court of, instituted, 297 Excommunication, 310 F. Fact, philosophy of, 426 Favourites, empire of, in England, 455, 500, 502 Feudalism, characteristics of, 14, 35, 104, 120, 173; first principles of, 41; importance of, to the formation of society, 130; rapid extension of, 146, 158, 171; origin of, 148; conflicts of, 149; rudiments of, 151; influence of, 175; epoch of, 258; establishment of, in England, 271, 280; decline of, in England, 437 Feudalism, in France, 95, 285; effects of, 102; progress of, 110, 111, 113; predominance of, 153; attacks on, 173; source of, 284. Feudalism, effects of, on the Saxons, 286 Fidelity, oaths of, 123 Fiefs, book of, 117 Forests, charters relating to, 316, 321, 493 Formation and dissolution, phenomena of, 102 Fortescue, on "Sovereign Power," 267 Forty-shilling freeholders, origin of, 381 Forum Judicium, laws of the, 216, 224, 226, 237; study of the, 255 France, historical position of, 3; absolute monarchy in, 56; representative government in, 62, 175, 519; early settlements of, 84; partition of the realm, 87, 92; national assemblies established in, 163 169; centralization of power in, 289 Franks, origin of the, 82; countries first inhabited by, 88; institutions of the, 83, 103, 149; first habitations of, 111; condition of, under the Romans, 134; national assemblies of the, 163, 174; results of their settlement in Gaul, 172 Franks, under Charlemagne, 97 Fredegonde, queen of Neustria, 89 Free-men, various classes of, 136; rank of, 143; signification of the term, 145 Free-men, in Rome, 193 Freeholders, origin of, 295, 378 Freeholders, court of, 353, 379 Freeholders, rights of, 380, 381, 385 Fueros, or ancient customs of Castile, 246, 247 G. Gaul, invasion of, by the Germans, 26; conquest of, by Clovis, 84; by Pepin, 91, 93; territorial division of, 103, 150; settlement of the Franks in, 172; Visigothic monarchy in, 208 Germany, Franks in, 84; primitive state of society in, 148; institutions of, 148 Gibbon, history by, 259, 260 Goths, character of the, 236; laws of the, 246 Government, forms and principles of, 56, 58, 443; co-existence of, with society, 57; true laws of, 60; problem of, 78; twofold object of, 155; theories of, 341 Government, aristocratic, 66, 70; consequences of, 68, 457 Government, central, rise of, 289; principal organ of, 452 Government, ecclesiastical, 51, 234 Government, free, progress towards, 302 Government, English, sources of, 283; fundamental principles of, 369 Government, local, 240 Government, monarchical, sources of, 444; encroachments upon, 487 Government, parliamentary, struggles of, with absolute power, 495-501 Government, representative, origin of, 12; distinct features of, 47, 61; principles of, 55, 71, 77, 264, 265, 267, 440, 441; aim of, 62, 64; requirements of, 67; forms of, 77, 266; characteristics of, 265; formation of, 302; nature of, 340, 348, 440 Government, representative, in England, causes which led to the establishment of, 267, 289, 521; first development of, 354, 355; necessity for the perfecting of, 474, 475; decadence of, 520 Government, representative, in France, 62, 175, 519 opposed to absolute power, 441 Government, representative, under the feudal system, 175 Government, representative, the government of the majority, 72 Motesquieu on, 56 Governments, classification of, 61, 75 Governments, free, 449 Grants, parliamentary, 419, 420 Gregory VII., Pope, contests of, with William the Norman, 272 Gundemar, reign of, 211 H. Harold, usurpation and death of, 271 Henry I., usurpation of, 272; reign of, 273; death of, 274; charters of, 304 Henry II., reign of, 275; charters of, 306; negotiations of, with Rome, 278; Parliaments of, 292 Henry III., reign of, 319; charters of, 320, 321, 323; struggles of, with the barons, 355, 356, 359; Parliaments convoked by, 360, 362; political character of, 368 Henry IV., reign of, 518 Henry V., parliamentary character of the reign of, 518 Hierarchy of feudalism, 175 Hincmar, Archbishop, letter of, on national assemblies, 164 History, simultaneous development of, 1, 2, 11; aspects of, 259, 260; adoption of, to the present age, 261 History, of the Anglo-Saxons, 29, 37 History, of England, sketch of, 270; remarkable fact in the, 494 History, of English towns, 364 History, European, epochs of, 13, 258 History, of free nations, 260 History, philosophic, 260 History, poetical, 259 History, political, 262 History, practical, 260 Honorati, the, under the Roman empire, 243 Honorius III., decrees of, 321 House of Commons, origin of the, 268, 419-423, 437; early importance of, 424; rights of the, 480; participation of, in the legislature, 481 House of Commons, in the 14th century, 388 House of Commons, in the reign of Henry III., 484 House of Commons, in the reign of Edward II., 458 House of Commons, speaker of the, first chosen, 478 House of Lords, origin of the, 419-423, 435; results of the establishment of the, 437; increasing powers of, 486; struggles of, with the Commons, 498 House of Lords, in the 15th century, 515 Houses of Parliament, origin of the separation of the, 314, 418; distinct characters of, 372, 478 Hubert de Burgh, 322 Hugh Capet, 101, 160; succession of, 171 Hullman, Dr., views of, on the social state, 104 Hume, history by, 259, 260 I. Independence under the feudal system, 130 Independence, individual, 156 Industry, national, protection of, 491 Inequality, tendency of society to, 440 Influence, political, 231 Initiative, right of, 464, 467, 483; abuse of, 471; introduction of the present form of, 507 Innocent III., Pope, 311, 317 Institutions, points necessary to the study of, 32; three systems of, 148 Institutions, ancient, study of, 4, 7 Institutions, Anglo-Norman, 282; political estimation of the, 283, 314, 328 Institutions, Anglo-Saxon, 38, 46, 282, 284; political estimation of, 283 Institutions, central, 46, 52, 159, 229, 282 Institutions, English, foundations of the, 30, 284 Institutions, European, 3, 13; general character of, 23; origin of, 281 Institutions, feudal, establishment of, 172 Institutions, Frankish, 82; difficulties relating to, 103, 104, 149 Institutions, free, birth of, 254; establishment of, in England, 28, 284; circumstances favourable to, 494; decline of, 149, 172 Institutions, of liberty in Germany, 148 Institutions, local, 1, 150; results of, 45, 150 Institutions, of the Visigoths, 237 Institutions, monarchical, decline of, 158, 172 Institutions, political, study of, 11 Institutions, Roman, 235 Insurrections in England, 323, 355, 360 Ireland, conquest of, 279 Irenarchæ, 199 J. Jews, treatment of, by the Visigoths, 211; massacre of the, 271 John, reign of, 308-318; character of, 301; excommunication of, 310 Judges, laws referring to, 239, 240; appointment of, 315 Jurisdiction, seignorial, extension of, 153 Jurisdiction, of counts, 158 Jurisdiction, of dukes, 152 Jurisdiction, Norman, 296 Juries, Gothic, in Spain, 247 Jury, origin of the, 44; election of officers by, 249 Justice, character, and power of, 33; administration of, according to Magna Charta, 314 Justices, itinerant, 297 Justinian, laws of, 199; possessions of, 210 K. Kingdom of the Franks, division of the, 92, 95 Kingdoms, barbarian foundation of, 27,86, 87 King's court, 291, 294 King's ministers, appointment of, 488 Kings, origin of the appointment, 53; private domains of, 113; progress of the power of, 151, 486; duties of, 169, 225; election of, 222 Kings, Anglo-Saxon, 53 Kings, Frankish, 113 Kings, of France, maintenance of, 108 Kings, Norman, wealth of, 295; government of, 290, 298 Kings, of the Visigoths, 207-214 Knights of shires, appointment of, 351, 353, 354; admission of, to Parliament, 353; influence of, 358, 359; election of, 380, 419 L. Lands, distribution of, in France, 111; condition of, a symbol of the condition of persons, 105 Lands, allodial, 106; division of, 106; taxation of, 108 Lands, beneficiary, 112 Lands, salic, 106, 107 Lands, tributary, 126 Lands, waste, 128 Landowners, power of, 47, 377; benefices conceded by, 124 Language, changes in, connected with the changes in society, 65 Law, theory of, 217, 218 Law, courts, established in England, 297 Law, of the inviolability of members, 511; infringement of the, 512 Law, Divine, the true law of man, 60, 347 Law, man, subject to, 60, 349 Laws, barbarian, 137, 215 Law, of compurgation, 250, 251 Law, criminal, principles of, 226 Laws of Henry I., 273 Laws relating to judges, 239, 240, 315 Laws relating to slaves, 227 Laws, Saxon, 286 Laws, of tenure, 1, 14, 117, 120, 135 Laws of the Visigoths, 119, 125, 177, 208, 215, 229, 236 Laws of William the Norman, 271 Leicester, Earl of, result of the insurrection headed by, 323, 355, 360; government of, 361; death of, 362 Legislation, theory of, 216 Legislation, Anglo-Saxon, 36, 41 Legislation, according to Magna Charta, 314 Legislation, parliamentary, 480, 481 Legislation, under William the Norman, 45, 272 Legislation, of the Visigoths, 215, 228; defects of the, 229 Legislature, division of the, into three branches, 514 Legislature, English, 30, 41 Leovigild, reign of, 210 Leudes, appointment of, 141; offices held by, ib.; duties and emoluments of, 142; rise of the, 160 Liberalism, progress of, 369 Liberty, demands of, on society, 133; character of, in the early ages, 135; aspects of, 154, 155; principles of, 201, 205; guarantees of, 240; sources of, 269; theory of, 335 Liberty, natural, 155 Liberty, moral, 155 Liberty, municipal, 241-244 Liberty, personal, two meanings of, 154 Liberty, political, origin of, 283; secret of, 443; principles of, 450 Liberty, of the press, advantages arising from the, 64, 81, 264 Liberty, social, 155 Liberties, English, causes of the, 283, 424 Liberties, of the Franks, Mannert on the, 143 Liuva I., reign of, 210 Liuva. II., death of, 211 London, early political importance of, 365 Lords, committee of, appointed, 501 Lords, struggles of the, with royalty, 502; with the Commons, 496, 498 Lords, House of, 419-423, 435; results of the establishment of, 437 Lords, ordainers, institution of, 456, measures of the, 477 Louis the Debonnair, reign of, 98, 99, 158, 171 Louis the Prince, conquest of England by, 318; his resignation of the kingdom, 320 Louis, St., arbitration of, between Henry III. and his barons, 360 Loyalty, general requirements of, 123 M. Magistrates, appointment of, 45, 361; various kinds of, 238 Magistrates, municipal, 198, 199 Magistrates, local, 238 Magna Charta, 309; analysis of, 313-316; violation of, 317; confirmation of, 493 Magnum Concilium, 290 Magnum commune consilium regni, 448 Majority, sovereignty of the, 340 Man, a free agent, 427 Mannert, on "the liberties of the Franks," 143 Mariana, Abbé, on Councils of Toledo, 241 Marshals of England appointed, 327 Martel, Charles, 91, 92; seizure of church property by, 118; despotism of, 157 Matilda, queen of Henry I., 273 Matilda, daughter of Henry I., coronation of, 274 Mayors of the palace, institution of, 90; authority of, 164 Members of Parliament, 383; nomination of, 377; election of, 385; classification of, 421-422; inviolability of, 511; salaries paid to, 383, 461 Merovingians, fall of the, 91, 160; tendency of events under the, 94 Might and right, amalgamation of, 431 Ministers of State, responsibility of, 488 Monarchy, issue of, from feudalism, 174; progress of, under Charlemagne, 15, 157 Monarchy, absolute, in France, 56, 149 Monarchy, absolute, in England, 519 Monarchy, Anglo-Saxon, 48 Monarchy, English, 266; character of the, 267; increasing powers of, 451 Monarchy, Frankish, 89; decline of, 158 Monarchy, French, 86; extension of, 148, 149 Monarchy, of the Visigoths, 208-214, 221; destruction of the, by the Arabs, and consequent results, 254 Montesquieu, on "Representative government," 56 Montesquieu, on the "Tenure of Benefices," 116 Montesquieu, on the "Origin of Nobility," 142 Montfort, Simon de, rebellion of, 355, 360; death of, 362 Municipia, 181; constitution of the, 184; growing importance of, 186; burdens of the, 188; decay of the, 191 Murder, punishment of, under the feudal system, 137, 138 N. Nations, free, history of, 260 Nature, law of, 8, 129 Neustria, kingdom of, 88, 89 Nobles, functions of the, in early Parliaments, 292 Nobility, origin of the, 142, 143 Nobility, Montesquieu on, 142 Normandy, union of, to the British crown, 273; reunion of, to the crown of France, 310 Normandy, feudalism in, 285 Normans, the, 100; resemblance of, to the Anglo-Saxons, 281; national assemblies of the, 290 Norway, election of the kings of, 298, 311 O. Oath of the Adalid, 248 Oaths of fidelity, 123 Office of kings appointed, 53 Offices held by Leudes, 141 Officers, municipal, 183, 198 Officium palatinum, 234 Omnipotence, great question of, 441 Oppression, primary cause of, 133, 134 Ordeal, trials by, 249, 251, 252 Ordinances, nature of, 482 Organization, monarchical, 158 Ostrogoths, in Italy, 236 Oxford, Parliament of, 356; acts of the, 357 P. Palace, keeper of the, 166 Palace, mayors of the, 90, 164 Palatines, appointment of, 167 Parliament, English, a secret assembly, 81; origin of the, 266, 268; formation of, 350-354, 366, 388; progress of, 326, 360, 370, 372, 453; final establishment of the, 372; composition of, 374, 376; original constitution of, 419; sittings of, 421; present constitution of, 423; object of, 442; first name of, 448; power and attributes of, 449; vicissitudes of, 452; development of, 467; prorogations of, 479, 499; reaction against, 503; climax of the power of, 518; suspension of, 520; admission of the Commons to, 370 Parliament, Anglo-Norman, 290 Parliament, two Houses of, necessity for the, 265; origin of the division, 418-421, 434 Parliament, the Good, 490 Parliament, of Oxford, 356, 367; acts of the, 357 Parliament, the Wonderful, 502 Parliaments, annual, 496; statutes relating to, 477 Parliament, of Edward II., 370, 371, 374, 454, 455 Parliament, of Edward III., 455, 477 Parliament, of Henry II., 292 Parliament, of Henry III., 360, 362 Parliament, of Richard II., 494-507 Party influence, action of, 406 Peers, origin of the House of, 52; functions of the, 435; advantages of, 436 Pembroke, Earl of, 320 People, sovereignty of the, 69 Pepin, ancestors of, 90, 91 Pepin the Short, 96; despotism of, 157, 160 Perers, or Pierce, Alice, influence of, 488 Persons, classification of, 132; principles of, 134, 193 Peter de Roches, 322 Petition, right of, 463, 465, 469; abuse of the, 470; right of, superseded, 515 Petitions, practice regarding, 459; presentation of, 464, 468, 482; discussions of, 472; usage of, exchanged for bills, 513 Phenomena of nature and of mind, 102 Philosophy of fact, 426 Philosophy of will, 337, 338, 344 Philosophy school of, 426, 427, 430, 432 Plurality, definition of, by Pascal, 62 Police regulations, 42, 271 Poll-tax levied, 497, 498 Politics, art of, 443 Popes, origin of the right of, to make and unmake kings, 96; powers of the, 311, 317, 321; resistance of the Commons to the, 490 Power, derivation of, 346; legitimacy of, 349 absolute, characteristics of, 58, 59, 233, 299, 346; fallibility of, 77; theory of, 341; causes which led to the establishment of, in France, 424; bulwarks against, 442; struggles of, in England, 495-502 Power, administrative, division of, in England, 289 Power, central, division of, 444; relation of, to representative government, 445 Power, ecclesiastical, 275, 276; decline of, in England, 282 Power, electoral, 264; division of, in England, 266 Power, executive, 288; tendency of, 289; theory of, 340 Power, judicial, 288, 441; division of, 289, 517; concentration of, in the person of Henry II., 296 Power, legislative, 288; division of, in England, 418-424; effects of, 446 Power, monarchical, progress of, 15 Power, regal, extension of, 148, 151; causes of the, 160, 276; theory of, 218, 446; origin of, 219; struggles of, with feudal powers, 308-325; restrictions to, 361; resistance of the Commons to, 477 Powers, division of, essential to government, 79, 289; results of, in England, 268 Powers, emancipation of, in France, 289 Powers, which rule society, 288 Precaria, origin of the, 117 Prerogative, royal origin of, 300; maintenance of, 503 Problem of government, 78 Progress, the law of nature, 129 Property, territorial, 126-129 Proprietors, isolation of, 130 allodial, 135 beneficiary, 135 Prorogation of Parliament, 499; right of, 478, 479 Publicity, an essential characteristic of representative government, 80, 265 Publicity, in England, 81 R. Reason, unity of, 79; sovereignty of, 343, 346 Reason, the source of power, 346 Recared I., reign of, 211 Recared II., reign of, 212 Recesuinth, accession of, 213; laws of, 244 Reconciliation, theory of, 338 Recommendation, feudal system of, 125, 126 Reformation, causes which led to the, 491 Regent, title of, first adopted, 320 Régime, feudal, in France, 97 Relations, social, rule of, 428 Religion, influence of, on royal power, 161, 162 Rentals, origin of, 127 Representation, political meaning of the term, 334, 348; theories of, 335, 336, 341; doctrine of, 347; first development of, in English government, 354, 355; progress of, 363, 367 Representation of counties, 363 Representation of boroughs, 364-366 Representation of universities, 373 Representation of will, 339 Representatives of counties, election of, 381; payment of, 383, 461; number of, 405; coalition of, with members for boroughs, 422; qualifications of, 410 Representatives of boroughs, election of, 384, 385; assembly of, 419 Republic, Venetian, result of the, 69 Requirements, historic, of the present age, 261 Revenue, public employment of the, 499 Revenues of the Norman kings, 296 Revolutions, general effects of, on society, 2, 10; epochs of, 187 Revolutions, French, effects of the, 40 Richard Cœur de Lion, 279; death of, 280; reign of, 306 Richard II., reign of, 494-506; government of, 500; deposition of, 505, 506, 509; political character of, 507, 508 Right, impossibility of defining, 429; philosophy of, 426, 437, 430; legitimacy of, 431 Right and might, amalgamation of, 431 Right, derived from capacity, 394 Right, Divine, theory of, 213, 446 Right, of enquiry, 473, 487 Right, hereditary, 435 Right, initiative, 464, 471; completion of the, 514 Right, of petition, 463, 469 Right, of prorogation, 478, 479 Rights, electoral, 406, 407 Rights, municipal, 200, 385, 386 Rights, national, 63 Rights, political, 63; separation of, from municipal rights, 200 Rights, public, combination of, 391; independence of, 392 Robert, duke of Normandy, 273 Robertson, history by, 259, 260; Rochester, siege of, 317 Rome, political institutions of, 184; classification of the inhabitants of, 193, 200; centralization of power in, 202 Rousseau, his hypothesis of society, 57; his theory of representation, 335, 337, 339 Royalty, theory of, 218; struggles with feudal aristocracy, 311, 317, 322, 327 Royalty, among the Franks, 159 Royalty, Anglo-Norman, 295; wealth and power of, 296-299 Runnymede, conference at, 312 S. Salic lands, 107 Salic law, 107 Salisbury, Parliament at, 373 Savigny, M. de, on the laws of the Visigoths, 241, 244 Saxons, enmity of, to the Danes, 270; analogy of, with the Normans, 282; national assemblies of the, 291-293 School, philosophic, fundamental principles of, 426; errors of the, 427, 429, 430, 432 School, historic principles of the, 426; errors of the, 433 Science, political, 389 Scribæ, 199 Scotland, early independence of, 484; wars of, 486 Senators, Roman, 194 Serfs, see Slaves. Service, military, origin of, 109; limits of, 110; exaction of, 326 Siesbut, reign of, 211 Sisenand, usurpation of, 212 Slaves, 33, 38; causes of the condition of, 136; laws regarding, 227 Socialism, first law of, 57 Society, classification of, 33; origin of, 57; philosophy of, 57; desire and tendency of, 66, 438, 439; earliest condition of, 133; tests of the social condition of, 137; meaning and object of, 441; government of, 288; parliamentary classification of, 420, 422; great aim of, 432, 438 Society, Anglo-Saxon, 34-37 Society, Christian, influence of, on the fallen powers of Rome, 187; growth of, 189 Sovereignty, right of, 58; effects of, 67; theories of, 263, 264; opinions of Bracton and Fortescue on, 267 Sovereignty, individual, theory of, 336-338, 242; results of, 443; division of, 445 Sovereignty, of the majority, 340 Sovereignty, of reason, 343 Sovereignty, of will, 341, 344 Spain, under the Roman Empire, 206; invasion of, 209; monarchy in, 210; fall of the, 214; division of, into dioceses, 213; Gothic laws of, 246, 247; institutions of, 235 Speaker of the House of Commons, first appointed, 478; functions of the, 511 Speech, liberty of, secured, 510 State, councils of, 165; revenues of the, 487 States, barbarian, 232, 281 States, modern, 201, 448; comparison of, with the Roman Empire, 113, 201 Statute of Acton Burnel, 420 Statute in confirmation of charters, 330 Statute granted to the clergy, 499 Statutes, formation of, 461, 482 Stephen, wars of, 274; regal power of, 300; charters of, 305 Sub-enfeoffment, origin of, 124 Subsidies, conditions attached to, 461, 497, 498; appropriation of, 480 Succession, hereditary, 101, 158, 159, 209, 212 Suffolk, earl of, 501 Suffrage, universal, origin of, 339 Suffrage, right of, 381, 385 Suffrage, Roman, 181 Suinthila, king of the Visigoths, 212 Susceptor, 199 Suzerainty, 172, 173 System, electoral, of England, 377-388, 408, 517 System, feudal, 14, 35, 126, 173, 146, 158, 171, 175; establishment of, in Normandy, 103, 283; origin of the, 112 System, municipal, 200; decay of, 202, 204 System, municipal, Roman, 178; effects of the, 180, 181; extension of the, 186; results of the, 189; abolition of the, 192 System, philosophical, 343 System, representative, nature of the, 348; object of, 440; principle of, 440, 449 Systems, judicial, of France and England, 287 T. Tabularii, 147 Talliage, 364 Taxes levied by Edward I., 326 Taxes levied by Edward III., 479, 498 Taxes levied by Henry III., 323 Taxes levied by the Norman kings, 296, 305, 306 Taxes levied by Richard II., 497 Taxes, right of imposing, 364, 480, 495 Taxes, voting of, 400, 481 Taxes, distinction between, and the civil list, 496 Taxes, imposition of, in France, 110 Tenchebray, battle of, 273 Tenure, laws of, 114, 117, 120, 124, 135 Tenure, Montesquieu on, 116 Tenure, of national assemblies, 293 Territory, divisions of, under the Anglo-Saxons, 42 Territory, divisions of, by the Frankish kings, 86, 92 Thanes, history of the, 33-35 Theodosius the Great, 24 Theodoric, dominions of, 86 invasion of Spain by, 207; death of, 208 Theodoric II., 208 Theory of law, 217 Theory of power, 219, 220 Theory of reconciliation, 338 Theory of royalty, 218 Theories of representation, 335, 336; consequences of, 337 Theories of government, 341 Theudegisil, king of the Visigoths, 210 Thorismund, 208 Time, past, importance of the study of, 5; present characteristics of the, 21 Toledo, general councils of, 211-213, 221, 230; political influence of the, 231, 233; Abbé Mariana on the, 241 Tories, their estimation of Saxon and Norman institutions, 283; opinions of, on national assemblies, 290; on electors, 377; theories of, refuted, 382 Towns, English, importance of, 268, 306, 362, 364; liberties of, 265, 280; effects of the Norman conquest on, 294; deputies of, called to Parliament, 362; representation of, 366 Towns, conquered, treatment of, by the Romans, 181 Trial, by ordeal, 249, 251 Trial by jury, 250, 252 Tribute, laws of, 108 Truth, difficulty of attaining the, 19; characteristics of, 68 Tyranny, local, effects of, 174; origin of; 340, 341 Tythes, institution of, 326; continuation of, 372 U. Unity, definition of, 62, 265; power of, in government, 72 University of Oxford first represented in Parliament, 373 Usurpation, frequency of, 223 V. Vascons or Basques, defeat of the, 210 Vassals, etymology of the term, 122; condition of, 175 Vassals, royal, duties of, 296 Vassalage, 122, 126 Visigoth legislation, character of, 215 Visigoths, laws of the, 119, 125, 177, 208, 215; national assemblies of, 211; institutions of, 237 Visigoths, monarchy of the, in Gaul, 207, 208 Visigoths, monarchy in Spain, 207, 210 Visigoths, bishops of the, 232; character of, 236 Visigoths, kings of the, 207-214; duties of the, 225 Votes, classification of, 420 W. Wallia, king of the Visigoths, 207 Wamba, 213 Wars, civil, 274, 275, 280, 311, 519; results of, 301, 520 Wars of Clovis, 34 Wars of Edward II., 456 Wars of Henry III., 323 Wars of Stephen, 274 Wars regulated by Parliament, 486 Wars of York and Lancaster, 519; effects of, on the representative form of government, 520 Wealth, stationary condition of, 131 Wealth, of the Norman kings, 295 Wehrgeld, or classified value of life, 137, 138 Whigs, opinions of the, on Saxon and Norman institutions, 283; on national assemblies, 291; on the election of members, 377 Will, philosophy of, 337, 338, 344; representation of, 339; province of the, 344 Will representation, 343 William the Norman, changes in the legislature instituted by, 45, 272; conquest of England by, 211; charters of, 303 William Rufus, political character of the reign of, 272 Wittenagemot, composition of the, 46; powers of, 49, 51; character of the, 52; assemblies of the, 284, 292, 449 Withema, 211 Witiza, reign of, 214 Writs of Chancery, 297 Writs of convocation, 371, 373, 374 Writs of election, 386 Y. Yeomanry, English, origin of the, 36