History of the inductive sciences, from the earliest to the present timeBook 7 — BOOK VII.Reading editionChapter navigation170 reading sectionsGo to chapterChoose a chapter…Front matterPREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS.BOOK I.Chapter I · Prelude to the Greek School Philosophy.Chapter II · The Greek School Philosophy.Chapter III · Failure of the Physical Philosophy of the Greek Schools.BOOK II.Chapter I · Earliest Stages of Mechanics and Hydrostatics.Chapter II · Earliest Stages of Optics.Chapter III · Earliest Stages of Harmonics.BOOK III.Chapter I · Earliest Stages of Astronomy.Chapter II · Prelude to the Inductive Epoch of Hipparchus.Chapter III · Inductive Epoch of Hipparchus.Chapter IV · Sequel to the Inductive Epoch of Hipparchus.BOOK IV.Chapter I · On the Indistinctness of Ideas of the Middle Ages.Chapter II · The Commentatorial Spirit of the Middle Ages.Chapter III · Of the Mysticism of the Middle Ages.Chapter IV · Of the Dogmatism of the Stationary Period.Chapter V · Progress of the Arts in the Middle Ages.BOOK V.Chapter I · Prelude to the Inductive Epoch of Copernicus.Chapter II · Induction of Copernicus.—The Heliocentric Theory asserted on formal grounds.Chapter III · Sequel to Copernicus.—The Reception and Development of the Copernican Theory.Chapter IV · Inductive Epoch of Kepler.Chapter V · Sequel to the epoch of Kepler. Reception, Verification, and Extension of the Elliptical Theory.BOOK VI.Chapter I · Prelude to the Epoch of Galileo.Chapter II · Inductive Epoch of Galileo.—Discovery of the Laws of Motion in Simple Cases.Chapter III · Sequel to the Epoch of Galileo.—Period of Verification and Deduction.Chapter IV · Discovery of the Mechanical Principles of Fluids.Chapter V · Generalization of the Principles of Mechanics.Chapter VI · Sequel to the Generalization of the Principles of Mechanics.—Period of Mathematical Deduction.—Analytical Mechanics.BOOK VII.Chapter I · Prelude to the Inductive Epoch of Newton.Chapter II · The Inductive Epoch of Newton.—Discovery of the Universal Gravitation of Matter, according to the Law of the Inverse Square of the Distance.Chapter III · Sequel to the Epoch of Newton.—Reception of the Newtonian Theory.Chapter IV · Sequel to the Epoch of Newton, continued.—Verification and Completion of the Newtonian Theory.Chapter V · Discoveries added to the Newtonian Theory.Chapter VI · The Instruments and Aids of Astronomy during the Newtonian Period.ADDITIONS TO THE THIRD EDITION.BOOK I.Chapter II · The Greek Schools.Chapter III · Failure of the Greek Physical Philosophy.BOOK II.BOOK III.Chapter I · Earliest Stages of Astronomy.BOOK IV.Chapter V · Progress in the Middle Ages.BOOK V.Chapter I · Prelude to Copernicus.Chapter II · The Copernican Theory.Chapter III · Sequel to Copernicus.BOOK VI.Chapter III · Principles and Problems.BOOK VII.Chapter I · Prelude to Newton.Chapter III · The Principia.Chapter IV · Verification and Completion of the Newtonian Theory.Chapter VIBOOK VIII.BOOK VIII.Chapter I · Prelude to the Solution of Problems in Acoustics.Chapter II · Problem of the Vibrations of Strings.Chapter III · Problem of the Propagation of Sound.Chapter IV · Problem of different Sounds of the same String.Chapter V · Problem of the Sounds of Pipes.Chapter VI · Problem of Different Modes of Vibration of Bodies in General.BOOK IX.Chapter I · Primary Induction of Optics.—Rays of Light and Laws of Reflection.Chapter II · Discovery of the Law of Refraction.Chapter III · Discovery of the Law of Dispersion by Refraction.Chapter IV · Discovery of Achromatism.Chapter V · Discovery of the Laws of Double Refraction.Chapter VI · Discovery of the Laws of Polarization.Chapter VII · Discovery of the Laws of the Colours of Thin Plates.Chapter VIII · Attempts to discover the Laws of other Phenomena.Chapter IX · Discovery of the Laws of Phenomena of Dipolarized Light.Chapter X · Prelude to the Epoch of Young and Fresnel.Chapter XI · Epoch of Young and Fresnel.Chapter XII · Sequel to the Epoch of Young and Fresnel. Reception of the Undulatory Theory.Chapter XIII · Confirmation and Extension of the Undulatory Theory.BOOK X.Chapter I · The Doctrines of Conduction and Radiation.Chapter II · The Laws of Changes occasioned by Heat.Chapter III · The Relation of Vapor and Air.Chapter IV · Physical Theories of Heat.BOOK XI.CHAPTER 1. Discovery of Laws of Electric Phenomena.Chapter II · The Progress of Electrical Theory.BOOK XII.Chapter I · Discovery of Laws of Magnetic Phenomena.Chapter II · Progress of Magnetic Theory.BOOK XIII.Chapter I · Discovery of Voltaic Electricity.Chapter II · Reception and Confirmation of the Discovery of Voltaic Electricity.Chapter III · Discovery of the Laws of the Mutual Attraction and Repulsion of Voltaic Currents.—Ampère.Chapter IV · Discovery of Electro-magnetic Action.—Oersted.Chapter V · Discovery of the Laws of Electro-magnetic Action.Chapter VI · Theory of Electrodynamical Action.Chapter VII · Consequences of the Electrodynamic Theory.Chapter VIII · Discovery of the Laws of Magneto-Electric Induction.—Faraday.Chapter IX · Transition to Chemical Science.BOOK XIV.Chapter I · Improvement of the Notion of Chemical Analysis, and Recognition of it as the Spagiric Art.Chapter II · Doctrine of Acid and Alkali.—Sylvius.Chapter III · Doctrine of Elective Attractions. Geoffroy. Bergman.Chapter IV · Doctrine of Acidification and Combustion.—Phlogistic Theory.Chapter V · Chemistry of Gases.—Black. Cavendish.Chapter VI · Epoch of the Theory of Oxygen.—Lavoisier.Chapter VII · Application and Correction of the Oxygen Theory.Chapter VIII · Theory of Definite, Reciprocal, and Multiple Proportions.Chapter IX · Epoch of Davy and Faraday.Chapter X · Transition from the Chemical to the Classificatory Sciences.BOOK XV.Chapter I · Prelude to the Epoch of De Lisle and Haüy.Chapter II · Epoch of Romé De Lisle and Haüy.—Establishment of the Fixity of Crystalline Angles, and the Simplicity of the Laws of Derivation.Chapter III · Reception and Corrections of the Hauïan Crystallography.Chapter IV · Establishment of the Distinction of Systems of Crystallization.—Weiss and Mohs.Chapter V · Reception and Confirmation of the Distinction of Systems of Crystallization.Chapter VI · Correction of the Law of the same Angle for the same Substance.Chapter VII · Attempts to Establish the Fixity of other Physical Properties.—Werner.Chapter VIII · Attempts at the Classification of Minerals.Chapter IX · Attempts at the Reform of Mineralogical Systems.—Separation of the Chemical and Natural History Methods.BOOK XVI.Chapter I · Imaginary Knowledge of Plants.Chapter II · Unsystematic Knowledge of Plants.Chapter III · Formation of a System of Arrangement of Plants.Chapter IV · The Reform of Linnæus.Chapter V · Progress towards a Natural System of Botany.Chapter VI · The Progress of Systematic Zoology.Chapter VII · The Progress of Ichthyology.BOOK XVII.Chapter I · Discovery of the Organs of Voluntary Motion.Chapter II · Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood.Chapter III · Discovery of the Motion of the Chyle, and consequent Speculations.Chapter IV · Examination of the Process of Reproduction in Animals and Plants, and Consequent Speculations.Chapter V · Examination of the Nervous System, and Consequent Speculations.Chapter VI · Introduction of the Principle of Developed and Metamorphosed SymmetryChapter VII · Progress of Animal Morphology.Chapter VIII · The Doctrine of Final Causes in Physiology.BOOK XVIII.Chapter I · Prelude to Systematic Descriptive GeologyChapter II · Formation of Systematic Descriptive Geology.Chapter III · Sequel to the Formation of Systematic Descriptive Geology.Chapter IV · Attempts to Discover General Laws in Geology.Chapter V · Inorganic Geological Dynamics.Chapter VI · Progress of the Geological Dynamics of Organized Beings.Chapter VII · Progress of Physical Geology.Chapter VIII · The Two Antagonist Doctrines of Geology.Chapter III · Sound.BOOK IX.Chapter XIII · Undulatory Theory.BOOK X.Chapter III · The Relation of Vapour and Air.Chapter IV · Theories of Heat.BOOK XI.BOOK XII.BOOK XIII.Chapter VII · Magneto-electric Induction.BOOK XIV.Chapter IX · The Electro-chemical Theory.BOOK XV.BOOK XVI.BOOK XVII.Chapter VII · Animal Morphology.BOOK XVIII.Previous chapter ←Book 6 — Chapter III · Principles and Problems.Next chapter →Book 7 — Chapter I · Prelude to Newton.All chapters and sections (170)Opening pagesFront matterOther sectionsPREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS.Books1Book 1 · Chapters123Books2Book 2 · Chapters123Books3Book 3 · Chapters1234Books4Book 4 · Chapters12345Books5Book 5 · Chapters12345Books6Book 6 · Chapters123456Books7Book 7 · Chapters123456Book 7 · Other sectionsADDITIONS TO THE THIRD EDITION.Book 1 · Books1Book 1 · Chapters23Book 2 · Books2Book 3 · Books3Book 3 · Chapters1Book 4 · Books4Book 4 · Chapters5Book 5 · Books5Book 5 · Chapters123Book 6 · Books6Book 6 · Chapters3Book 7 · Books7Book 7 · Chapters1346Books8Book 8 · Books8Book 8 · Chapters123456Books9Book 9 · Chapters12345678910111213Books10Book 10 · Chapters1234Books11Book 11 · Chapters12Books12Book 12 · Chapters12Books13Book 13 · Chapters123456789Books14Book 14 · Chapters12345678910Books15Book 15 · Chapters123456789Books16Book 16 · Chapters1234567Books17Book 17 · Chapters12345678Books18Book 18 · Chapters12345678Book 8 · Chapters3Book 9 · Books9Book 9 · Chapters13Book 10 · Books10Book 10 · Chapters34Book 11 · Books11Book 12 · Books12Book 13 · Books13Book 13 · Chapters7Book 14 · Books14Book 14 · Chapters9Book 15 · Books15Book 16 · Books16Book 17 · Books17Book 17 · Chapters7Book 18 · Books18PHYSICAL ASTRONOMY.◇← CHAPTER III. Principles and Problems.CHAPTER I. Prelude to Newton. →