INDEX.

Aberdeen, burnt by the Highlanders, iii. 22. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 28. Linen manufacturers of, 180. The first county bank in Scotland established in, 181. Tyranny of the Kirk session of, 222

Abyssinians, their superstition as to the hyæna, i. 126 note. Causes of the corruptions of the Christianity of the, i. 265 note

Academies, why favoured in France, ii. 127 note

Achenwall, considered to be the first writer on systematic statistics, i. 3333 note

Acoustics, creation of the science of, ii. 190

Adam of Bremen, cause of his error as to Turks in Finland, i. 299. His authority in Northern geography, 299 note

Adanson, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397

Addison, Joseph, his establishment of the easy and democratic style of writing, i. 437 note

Advocates, Faculty of, great part of the, expelled from Edinburgh, iii. 145

Africa, condition of, in the desert of Sahara, i. 47, 48. Causes of its stationary condition, 49

Agassiz, his classification of fossil ichthyology, ii. 383, 384

Ages, the Dark, ii. 108. Supremacy of the clergy at this period, 108

Agricola, Roman invasion of Scotland under, iii. 7

Agriculture, system of, of the Arabs of Spain, ii. 497

Agriculturists, causes of the superstitions of, i. 376, 379

Air, Boyle's discovery of the law of the elasticity of the, i. 368. Marriott's confirmation of this law, 368 note

Albany, Regent of Scotland, his vigorous measures against the nobles, iii. 45. Leaves Scotland, 57

Alberoni, his services to Spain, ii. 519, 522, 523

Alexander IV., Pope, his the first formal call to the secular power to punish heretics, ii. 109 note

Alexandrian doctrine of development in religion, ii. 21 note

Alfred of Beverley, his abridgment of the history of Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324

Alfred, King, causes of our admiration of, ii. 249 note. The institutions popularly ascribed to him, 249 note

Alison, Sir A., his eulogy of William III., i. 403 note

Almansa, battle of, ii. 516

Alva, number of persons put to death by, in the Netherlands, ii. 451

Amazon river, extent of the, i. 97 note. Area drained by the, 97 note. Origin of the name, i. 299 note

Amazons, origin in the North of Europe of the fable of the nation of, i. 298, 299

Amboise, conspiracy of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 10

Ambrose, St., his statement of the doctrine of predestination, i. 13 note

America, policy of the Spaniards in, in the eighteenth century, ii. 557

America, Central, ancient civilization of, i. 93. Ruins and statues extant in, 93 note. Evidences of the unequal distribution of wealth in, 94. Question as to the races which formerly inhabited it, 94. Character of the national religion of, 147

America, North, rivers of importance to be found almost wholly on the eastern side of, i. 97. Causes of this, 97 note. Extent of the Amazon alone, 97 note. Area drained by the Mississippi, 97. The Oregon the boundary of the Californian flora, 97 note. One of the main causes of the fertility of America, heat, 98. Difference between the heat of the eastern and western coasts, 98. Early state of the North American tribes, 99 note. Intercourse between the north-east of Asia and the north-west of America, 99 note. Another main cause of fertility of, irrigation, 97. Calvinism the popular creed of the republics of, ii. 339

America, South, no great river on the western side of, i. 97, 98. Difference between the heat and moisture of the eastern and western coasts of, 100. Way in which the trade-wind is connected with the civilization of, 103. Physical condition of Brazil, 103–107. And of Peru, 107 et seq. Exuberance of the maize plant in Mexico and Peru, 109. And of the banana, 111. The Mexican and Peruvian kingdoms, and the effect of the physical laws under which they existed, 113–117

America, United States of. See United States

Anabaptists, number of, put to death in Holland, i. 189 note

Anatomy, experiments of Descartes in, ii. 80. State of the study of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197 note. Daubenton's union of comparative anatomy with geology, 371. Cuvier's system, 376, 377. Bichat's labours, 378. Results of the study of the tissues, 383. Value of the examination of the teeth of animals, 384

Andrews, St., burnt by the English, iii. 14. The University of, founded, 4040 note

Aneurism, Hunter's improvement in the practice of, iii. 456

Anglo-Saxons, free men of the, all trained to the use of arms, i. 203 note. War and religion the absorbing subjects among the, 204 note

Animal life, examination of Bichat's work on, ii. 390

Anne, Queen, effects of her love for the clergy, i. 419. Her want of abilities, as shown in her letters, 419 note

Antichrist, Audigier's statement respecting, ii. 281

Antinomianism, principles of Calvin leading to, ii. 338

Antiquities, study of, i. 2

Antiquity, harm worked by veneration of, i. 134. Marvellous feats of the ancients as recorded in Sanscrit works, 135. The Hindu poets' statements as to the duration of life in the early age of the world, 135. Undue reverence for antiquity, ii. 139. Voltaire's attack on the admiration entertained for old writers, 306

Antonio, Spanish bibliographer, ii. 480

Apostates, number of, produced by religious persecution, i. 189

Aquinas, Thomas, on the doctrine of providential interference, i. 19

Arabs, causes of their permanent barbarism in Arabia, i. 45. Their foundation of empires in Europe and Asia, 46. Their cultivation of astronomy, 47 note. Their conquests in Spain, ii. 439. The struggles which ensued between the Spaniards and Arabians, 439. Re-establishment of the Spanish Christian monarchy, and extinction of the Arab power, 440. Their expulsion from Spain, 485 et seq. Number expelled, 494. Their manufactures and system of husbandry, 497

Aranda, his attacks on the Inquisition, ii. 547

Archery, attempts to revive, in the reign of Elizabeth, i. 205 note

Architecture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209

Argensola, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Arian controversy, the, at the beginning of the last century, i. 427

Arianism established in Spain by the Visigoths, ii. 434

Aristocracy, commencement of hereditary, in Europe, ii. 112. Reason why the aristocracy possessed more power in France than in England, 113. Policy of William the Conqueror and of Henry II. in reducing the power of the nobles, 114 and note. Right of the nobles in France to wage private war, 115. But in England they were glad to ally themselves with the people against the Crown, 116. Instances of the power of the French nobles, 128. Effect of the Wars of the Roses upon the English nobles, 138. Aversion of the aristocracy to innovation, and reverence for antiquity, 139. Causes of the alliance between the nobles and clergy, 140. The noble class weakened in the reign of Elizabeth, 143, 145. Aristocratic characters of the rebellion of 1569, 144. Abeyance of the ducal order, 146. Attempts made by James I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles, 147. Conduct of the nobles in the Great English Rebellion, 152. Determination of the rebels as to the nobles, 153. The House of Peers abolished, 153. Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles, 162. Instances of this, 164 et seq. Arminianism always connected with aristocracy, 339. Reasons for this, 341. Causes of the power of the nobles of Scotland, iii. 19. Coalition of the Crown and clergy in Scotland against the nobles,34. Ignorance of the Scotch nobles, 40, 41. Causes of the decline of the power of the Scotch nobles, 162, 167

Aristotle, authority of, overthrown by Descartes, ii. 91, 92

Ark, the, of Auriol, i. 331

Armada, the Spanish, ii. 453

Armies, origin of standing, i. 206, 207, 397. And of the custom of employing mercenaries, 207. Computation of the proportion of soldiers to civilians which a country can bear, 208 note

Arminianism, connexion of free will with, i. 14. Its feud with Calvinism, ii. 338. Arminianism always aristocratic, 339. Arminianism the popular creed in England at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 339, 340. This doctrine one for the rich, 340. Causes of this, 341, 342. Arminianism more favourable to the arts than to the sciences, 342

Armorial bearings, origin of, in Europe, ii. 112

Arran, Earl of, regent of Scotland, iii. 70

Art, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 206–208

Arthur, King, history of, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 321

Aselli, his discovery of the lacteals, ii. 81

Asia, region of, in which wealth and progress can alone exist, i. 44, 45. The birthplace of almost all the cruel diseases now prevalent in Europe, 130

Asser, question of the genuineness of his Life of Alfred, ii. 249

Astronomy, the only branch of knowledge raised to a science by the Arabs, i. 47 note. Success with which it was cultivated by the ancient Mexicans, 112. Encouraged by Louis XIV., ii. 191. His eminent astronomers not French but foreigners, 191. Newton's discoveries, 191. Practical astronomy unknown in Scotland in the seventeenth century, iii. 285 note

Atomic theory, importance of the, ii. 364 note

Atheism, rise and progress of, in France, ii. 351. Publication of the ‘Encyclopædia,’ 351. The ‘System of Nature,’ 351. French atheists in 1623, 95 note

Atmosphere, consequences resulting from the weight of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 78

Atomic doctrine, the natural precursor of Platonism, i. 10. The doctrine of Chance of the atomists, 10

Atterbury, Bishop, his remarks on the condition of the Church in the time of Anne and George I., i. 442 note

Audigier, examination of his ‘Origin of the French,’ ii. 279

Audra, his ‘Abridgment of General History,’ suppressed, ii. 238. His death, 239

Augustin, St., the doctrine of predestination first systematically methodized by, i. 13

Aurelius, Marcus, the Emperor, causes of his violent persecution of the Christians, i. 186

Averages, doctrine of, its importance, i. 23 note

Avocats-généraux, of the eighteenth century, their functions, ii. 245 note

Bacon, Lord, effect of his secular philosophy, i. 329. Translation of his works into French, ii. 218

Baikal, dangers of the Lake of, and their effect on the Baikal sailors, i. 376 note

Baillou, his advancement of pathology, ii. 195

Bali, Javanese traditions preserved in the island of, i. 306

Ballads the form and groundwork of early history, i. 291. National bards, 292 note. Antiquity of rhyme, 293 note. General accuracy of the early ballads, 295 note

Balls forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Banana, extraordinary reproductive powers of the, i. 111. Its nutritive powers as compared with those of potatoes and wheat, 111

Bangorian controversy, effect of the, i. 427

Bank, the first County, in Scotland, iii. 181

Bannockburn, battle of, iii. 15

Bards known in almost all nations, i. 292, 293. Those of Gaul, Scotland, and Ireland, 292 note. Cause of the extinction of the class of bards, 296

Bargeton, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 238

Bark, its discredit in France as a ‘remède anglais,’ ii. 214 note

Baron, different meanings attached to the word, ii. 114

Barrow, Isaac, his virtues and abilities, i. 393. Neglect with which he was treated by Charles II., 393

Barter, misconception of the true nature of barter in early times, i. 210–212

Bartholomew, St., massacre of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11

Basilides, his views of predestination, i. 13 note

Baxter, Richard, persecution of, i. 398

Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, compelled to resign his office of Chancellor, iii. 57. His conspiracy, 58

Beaton, Cardinal, his persecution of the Protestants, iii. 63. Arrested, 70. Conspiracy to assassinate him, 73, 74

Beaumarchais, his ‘Memoirs’ burned, ii. 237

Beauvais, Bishop of, his proposal to the Dutch, ii. 38 note

Bedford, Earl of, joins the Parliamentary forces, but deserts them, ii. 151, 152

Being, obscurities of our, solved by the doctrines of free will and predestination, i. 12

Benares, cases of suicide by drowning at, i. 26 note

Bentham, Jeremy, his demolition of the usury laws, i. 214 note. His method of investigating speculative jurisprudence, i. 426

Bentley, Richard, his corrupt English style, ii. 307

Berkeley, Bishop, his erroneous notions of trade, i. 212 note

Berthault, his method of writing history, ii. 270

Berwick, Duke of, appointed Generalissimo of the Spanish army, ii. 515. Gains the battle of Almansa, 516

Berwick destroyed by the English, iii. 13

Berwick, treaty of, iii. 81

Berzelius, his attempts to reduce mineralogical phenomena, ii. 399

Bichat, impetus given to the study of zoology by, ii. 376. Sketch of his method of investigation of the human frame, 379. His views respecting the tissues, 379. Publication of his great work, 380. Connexion between his views and subsequent discoveries, 380–388. Immense importance of his method of investigation, 388. Examination of his work on life, 390

Birmingham, establishment of the first circulating library in, i. 431 note. Not a bookseller in the town in the reign of Anne, 422 note. First printing office in, 432 note

Bishops, precarious tenure with which they hold their seats in the House of Lords, i. 418

Black, David, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107. Thrown into prison, 108, 109

Black, Joseph, examination of his theory of latent heat, iii. 367. And of his method of physical philosophy, 368

Blackburne on ‘The Confessional’ ferment caused by, i. 428

Blackstone, Sir W., his ‘Commentaries’ translated into French, ii. 219

Blanca, Florida, prime minister of Spain, his reforms, ii. 548. Concludes a treaty with Turkey, 549

Blood, discovery of the circulation of the, by Harvey, neglected by his contemporaries, ii. 80. But recognized by Descartes, 81. Hunter's discovery as to the red globules of the, iii. 436. Corroboration of his views after his death, 438

Bodin, John, his character as a historian, i. 326

Boileau, pensioned to write a History of France for Louis XIV., ii. 277

Bombs, invention of, i. 206 note

Boncerf, his treatise on ‘Feudal Law’ burned, ii. 237

Book Clubs and Book Societies, establishment of, i. 433

Books, only use of, i. 267

Boots, the torture of the, iii. 148

Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, character of his ‘Universal History,’ ii. 282. Connexion between his opinions and the despotism of Louis XIV., 289. Character of his writings, 290. His singular arrogance, 290. His works compared with those of Voltaire, 291

Botany, importance of the study of, ii. 197, 198. First steps in the study of, 198. Discoveries of the seventeenth century, 199. Nothing done in France in botanical discovery during the reign of Louis XIV., 200. Labours of the French in, 395. Göthe's discoveries, 396. Number of known species, 396 note

Botany. The natural method superseding the artificial one of Linnæus, ii. 397. Jussieu's generalizations, 397, 398. Phyllotaxis, 399 note

Boucquet, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 208

Boyle, Robert, his doubts as to the theological and scientific theories of diseases, i. 128 note. Influence of the spirit of opposition to unsupported authority on, 367. His great discoveries, 368. His view of the importance of individual experiments, and disregard of ancient authority, 369. His doubts and caution as shown in his works, 370

Brahmanism, remote period of its establishment in India, i. 301. Introduction of a form of, into China, 302

Brain, amount of phosphorus in the, i. 57 note. Excretion of the phosphorus under certain circumstances, 57 note. Doctrines of the improvement of the human brain by transmission, 176 note

Brazil, causes of the gorgeousness of the fauna and flora of, i. 103, 104 note. Description of the rainy season of, 103 note. Inveterate barbarism of the natives of, 105 note. Smallness of the population of, 107

Brissot, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225. His admiration for the English Constitution, 229

Bristol, Earl of, his notions of political economy, i. 212 note

Brougham, Lord, his life of Robert Simson, i. 248 note

Browne, Sir Thomas, influence of the spirit of opposition to unsupported authority on, i. 365. His ‘Vulgar and Common Errors’ and ‘Religio Medici,’ 365. His love of botany, 200

Brunfels, his investigations in the vegetable kingdom, ii. 198 note

Buchanan, George, character of his works, iii. 183

Buffier, the only Jesuit whose name has a place in abstract philosophy, ii. 342

Buffon, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His translations of Newton and Hales, 218. Compelled to publish a recantation of some of his views on geology, 236. His geological theory, 368

Burgos, decay of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 503

Burke's, Edmund, his remarks on the decline of the abilities of official men under George III., i. 449. His great ability and accomplishments, 455, 456. His practical political principles, 458. His view of the true end of legislation, 459 note. Effect which his profound views produced in the House of Commons, 460 note. His attack on the delusions of his time, 461. His opposition to the views of George III., and consequent neglect, 461. His anticipation and defence of most of the great measures of the present generation, 462, 463. His subsequent hallucinations and violence, 467. His rupture with Fox, 469. His hostility to Condorcet and La Fayette, 470, 471. Favoured in his degeneracy by George III., 476, 477

Burnet, Bishop, offer to him of a pension for a history of France, ii. 277, 278

Caithness seized by the Norwegians, iii. 11

Calderon, his fanaticism for the Inquisition, ii. 481

Californian flora, the Oregon or Columbia river the boundary of the, i. 97 note

Calonne, M., his attack on the church property, ii. 333

Calvin, John, his doctrine of predestination, i. 13

Calvinism, its feud with Arminianism, ii. 338. Calvinism always democratic, 339. This doctrine one for the poor, 340. Animosity of the Church of Rome against it, 341. Reasons why it is the doctrine of the poor, 341, 342. More favourable to the sciences than to the arts, 342. Reasons why the professors of this religion are likely to acquire habits of independent thinking, 342, 343. The doctrine of necessity, 343. Alliance of Jansenism with Calvinism, 343

Campbell, Lord, character of his ‘Lives of the Chancellors,’ i. 441 note

Camus, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Cannibalism in Scotland, iii. 17

Canons, invention of, i. 206 note

Capital, Adam Smith's views as to, iii. 327

Carbon, in food, i. 55 et seq.

Carolan, the last Irish bard, i. 292 note

Carra, his familiarity with the English language and literature, ii. 224

Carrillo, Martin, Spanish jurisconsult and historian, ii. 480

Cartaud, suppression of his ‘Essay on Taste,’ ii. 237

Cartwright, Dr., the nonjuring bishop, i. 412 note

Cashmere, rent paid by the cultivator to the sovereign in, i. 76 note

Casualties, diminution of, one cause of the increased duration of life, i. 153

Catholics, Roman, their doctrines compared with those of Protestants, i. 261. Importance of the Toleration Act to them, 402 note. Causes which led to the feeling in favour of Catholic Emancipation, 426. Burke's advocacy of Roman Catholic claims, 462. Importance of the Emancipation Bill, 502. Obligations Europe is under to the Catholic clergy, ii. 5 note. Intolerance of Roman Catholics compared with that of Protestants, 51. Pliancy of the Roman Church against morals, and its inflexibility in regard to dogmas, 52 note. Theory of indulgences, 339. Animosity of the Church of Rome against Calvinism, ii. 341

Causes, final, the study of, abandoned by Descartes, ii. 91. And by Bacon and Auguste Comte, 91 note. Authorities for the injury it has wrought, 9191 note

Caussin, ‘le petit père,’ exiled by Richelieu, ii. 29, 30

Cavaliers, the name and the English civil war, ii. 149

Cavendish, Henry, method employed by him in the discovery of the composition of water, iii. 403

Celibacy of the clergy, opposed by the principle of hereditary rank, ii. 113. Period of the first general and decisive movement in its favour, 113 note

Centralization, in France, the natural successor of feudality, ii. 122. Its baneful effects, 123. How the system actually works, 123 note. Its results in France compared with the freedom of England, 126, 127

Certainty contrasted with precision in writing history, ii. 325

Cervantes, becomes a monk, ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 496 note

Chance, doctrine of, i. 8. Causes of its displacement by the doctrine of Necessary Connection, 9. The doctrine of Chance of the atomists, 10

Chancery, Court of, early exertion of its powers against persecution, i. 345 note

Chantilly, the actress, story of, ii. 243

Character, knowledge of, a key to results and action, i. 18, 19

Charlemagne. His droves of pigs, i. 314 note. His history as related by Archbishop Turpin, 318

Charles I., character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 359. This king's attempts to revive the power of the aristocracy, and adopt the superannuated theories of protection, ii. 147. How treated by his Scottish subjects, iii. 4, 134. Sold by the Scotch to the English, 135. His execution, 136. Character of the war against him in England compared with that of the Scotch, 197

Charles II., frivolous form of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 362. His deism, 362 note. His last refuge in superstition, 362 note. Antagonism in his reign between the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Legislative improvements of this reign in spite of political degradation, 381. Character of Charles II., and condition of the kingdom in his reign, 381, 382. Aid given by his vices to the comprehensive reforms of his reign, 388. And by his dislike of the clergy, 389. Character of this king's ecclesiastical appointments, 391. His inability to do permanent harm to English institutions, ii. 466. Compelled by the Scotch to sign a public declaration, iii. 136. His oppressions of the Scotch, 137–139. His attempted despotism baffled by the Scotch, 140

Charles II. of Spain, his character, ii. 468–470. Misery of Spain during his reign, 501–510. His death, 513

Charles III. of Spain, vigour and success of his rule, ii. 552 et seq. His death, 571

Charles IV. of Spain, his accession, ii. 571. Reaction begun by him, 571

Charles V. the Emperor, his domestic and foreign policy, ii. 446. His humiliation of the Protestant princes in Germany, 446. His repulse of the Turks before Vienna, 446. Number of heretics put to death in the Netherlands during his reign, 447. His codicil to his will as to dealing with heretics, 448. Causes of his barbarous policy, 449

Charles IX., his massacre of St. Bartholomew, ii. 13

‘Charles XII., History of,’ Voltaire's, ii. 292. Charles's only merits, 293. Voltaire's admiration of him, 293. His murder of Patkul, 293

Charles the Bald, initiates a hereditary aristocracy in Europe, ii. 112

Charron, Pierre, reputation of his ‘De la Sagesse,’ ii. 19. Its purity and systematic completeness, 19. Analysis of the work, 20, 21

Charta, Magna, peculiar beauty of, ii. 117

Chateaubriand, his method, ii. 389 note

Chatillon, Marshal, ii. 43

Chauvelin, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Chemistry, the law of definite proportions in as laid down by Turner, i. 59 note. Boyle's discoveries in, 369. His ‘Sceptical Chemist,’ 370. Study of, forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69. State of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197. Causes of its great progress in modern times, 365. The existence of chemistry as a science due to France, 366. Discoveries of Lavoisier, 367. Formation of a chemical nomenclature, 368. Inability of chemistry to reduce mineralogical phenomena, 399. Popularity of Fourcroy's lectures, 407 note

Childebert, King of the Franks, attacks the Arian Visigoths, ii. 435 note

Chillingworth, William, his ‘Religion of Protestants,’ i. 347. His connexion and correspondence with Laud, 347. His work compared with those of Hooker and Jewel, 348. The right of private judgment held sacred by him, 349, 352. Popularity of his work, 352 note. His scepticism compared with that of Hooker, ii. 86

China, gunpowder said to have been used at an early period in, i. 203 note. Causes of the trustworthiness of the early annals of, 302. Antiquity of the history of, 302 note. Early knowledge of printing in, 302 note

Chivalry, origin of, ii. 131. Influence of, on the nobles, 132. Results of the institution of, 132. Origin of the orders of chivalry, 133. Merits ascribed to chivalry, 133 note. Small influence of chivalry in England, 134134. The ballad of the ‘Turnament of Tottenham,’ 136 note. Extinct in England in the fifteenth century, 135. Relation between chivalry and duelling, 136

Choiseul, De, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 333. Openly protects the Jansenists, 345

Cholera, attempts made to revive the theological theory of disease on the first outbreak of the, i. 128 note. And again in Scotland, iii. 473

Christianity, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by the early history of, i. 258. And by the history of Catholicism and Protestantism, 261. Baneful effects of the interference of governments with the opinions of the people, 261, 262. Causes of the corruptions of the Christianity of the Abyssinians and of the Oguiché Indians, 265 note. The crusade against Christianity one of the antecedents of the French Revolution, ii. 247–257. Causes of the Roman persecutions, i. 185

Church property, Vattel's opinions respecting, quoted, ii. 31 note

Church, the revenues of the, seized and appropriated by the contracting parties to the peace of Westphalia, ii. 41

Church of England. See Clergy, English

Chyle, discovery of the, ii. 194

Circular progression, doctrine of, ii. 377

Clanship, in Scotland, causes of the abolition of, iii. 167, 168

Clarke, Adam, the last scholar of European repute amongst the Dissenters, i. 422

Classes, the two, in France, before the Revolution, ii. 128 et seq. The Great Rebellion of England a war of, 150. Opposite character of the Fronde in France, 150

Classical scholars and commentators, Locke and Voltaire's attacks on, ii. 306–308

Clergy, the influence of the, the cause of the corruption of early history, i. 307. Their meddling, inquisitive, and vexatious spirit, ii. 72. Supremacy of the clergy in the Dark Ages, 108. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church, 108, 109. And when the clergy began to punish men for thinking for themselves, 109. The first constitution addressed ‘inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,’ 109 note. Connection between the feudal system and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Causes of the alliance between the clergy and the nobles, 140. The clergy weakened in the reign of Elizabeth, 143

Clergy_English, attempts of the, in the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical science, i. 372. Reasons for their hostility, 373. Destruction of the privileges of the clergy to burn heretics and tax themselves, 383. The tender of the ex-officio oath prevented by law, 384. Dislike of Charles II. of the clergy, 389. Causes of this dislike, 389. Character of his ecclesiastical appointments, 391. Efforts of the clergy in this reign to revive the doctrines of passive obedience and divine right, 394. Good churchmen always bad citizens, 395 note. Alliance between the Protestant clergy and the Roman Catholic king James II., 395. Dissolution of this compact, 397. And union of the clergy with the Dissenters, 399. Which union produces the Revolution of 1688, 400. Sudden repentance of the clergy of their own act, 403. Hostility between them and William III., 405. Their growing unpopularity, 409. King William's deprivation of six of the prelates, 410. The consequent schism in the church, 411. Origin of the term ‘high church’ and ‘low church’ parties, 412 note. Adoption of the theory of the sovereign de facto and de jure, 413. Encouragement which the clergy thus give to scepticism, 414. The church avoided by the ablest men, who prefer secular professions, 415, 416. The most honourable and lucrative posts formerly occupied by ecclesiastics, 416. Loss of the clergy of all offices out of the church, and diminution of their number in both Houses of Parliament, 416, 417. The last ecclesiastic who held any of the high offices of state, 417 note. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons, 418. Temporary rally of the church in the reign of Anne, 419. The clergy weakened by the Dissenters, headed by Wesley and Whitefield, 419–424. Effects of the separation of theology from morals and from politics, 424–427. Rapid succession of sceptical controversies, 427. Diffusion of knowledge, and the popular form taken by it, 430. Opposition of the clergy to the establishment of Sunday schools, 431. Their factious and disloyal conduct during the reign of the first two Georges, 442. Joy of the clergy at the attachment of George III. to the church, 445. Their support of the policy of George III. against, and bitterness towards, the Americans, 479 note

Clergy, the French, greater power possessed by them than by the English clergy, ii. 3, 4. Their endeavours to suppress the progress of secular enquiry, 22. Their alarm at the protection given to the Protestants by Henry IV., Catherine de Medici, and Louis XIII., 26. Richelieu's treatment of the Clergy, and of the Protestants, 28–31. Animosity between the clergy and the secular tribunals, 32. Archbishop Sourdis ignominiously beaten, 32. Reasons why French literary men attacked the Church and not the Government, 247. And therefore to assail Christianity, 247. Personal character of the hierarchy during the reign of Louis XIV., 252. And during the reign of his successor, 252. Attack of the Government on the clergy, 332. Machault's edict against mortmain, 332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's successors, 333. Machault hated by the clergy, 333 note. The power of the clergy weakened by the two hostile parties among themselves, 335. Decline of the respect entertained for the clergy, 348. Reasons why their fall was averted for a time, 349, 350350

Clergy, Scottish, causes of the union of the Crown and the, iii. 34. Causes of the flourishing state of the clergy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 38. And of their great influence, 43. The Church favoured by James I., 46. Struggle between the Crown and clergy on one side and the nobles on the other, 55 et seq. Destruction of the Church, and supremacy of the nobles, 81. Abolition of episcopacy, 94. Struggle between the upper classes and the clergy as to episcopacy, 100. Violence of the clergy, 105 et seq. Boons conferred by them upon their country, 112112. Attempts of the King to subjugate the clergy, 115. His cruel treatment of them, 117–123. Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The bishops overthrown, 133. But again forced upon the people, 141. Alliance between the Crown and the clergy, and its consequences, 147. The struggle of the clergy with Cromwell, 194. And with Charles I., 197. Causes which produced the Solemn League and Covenant, 198. Character of the sermons and zeal of the people in hearing them in the seventeenth century, 203 et seq. The consequent extension and consolidation of the authority of the clergy, 206. Their great engine of power, the Kirk-session, and its tyranny, 206–210. Cases in which it was believed that their pretensions were upheld and vindicated by miracles, 212, 229. Their consequent arrogance, 220. Effect of their advocacy of horrible notions concerning evil spirits and future punishments, 232. And concerning the Deity, 239. Harmless and praiseworthy actions declared to be sinful, 252. Specimens of the sins invented by them, 261, 263. Their arbitrary regulations for punishing disobedience, 262. Their deductive method in philosophy, 286

Clergy, Spanish, rise of the influence of the, ii. 436–444. Proofs of their power, 437, 438. Consequences of the reverence for them, 461 et seq. Causes of their increasing influence, 472. Hold of the Church over all, high or low, 478–481. Use made by the clergy of their power in obtaining the expulsion of the whole of the Spanish Moors, 483. Forced to contribute to the support of the state, 522, 523. Deprived of their wealth by Mendizabal, 590. But re-endowed soon after, 591. The Concordat of 1851, 591, 592

Climate, its influence on the condition of the human race, i. 40. Its effect on the regularity and energy with which labour is conducted, 42, 43. Tartary, 45. Arabia, 45. The civilization of Europe governed by climate, 50. Influence of climate on the kind of food necessary for man, 56. And on his ease or difficulty in procuring it, 58. Modes in which the average temperature of a country affects its civilization, 95. Difference between the eastern and western coasts of North America, 97. Character of the climate of Spain, ii. 427

Clotaire, his attacks of the Visigoth Arians, ii. 435 note

Clovis, King of the Franks, his attack of the Visigoths, ii. 435

Clubs, establishment of, in France, at the end of the last century, ii. 412, 414

Cobbett, William, his racy and idiomatic English, ii. 307 note

Codification, causes of the French love of, ii. 127 note

Coffee, its discredit in France as an English drink, ii. 214 note

Colours, Boyle's experiments in, i. 368 note

Comedies of Racine, character of the period in which they appeared, ii. 208

Comets, feelings of terror inspired by the presence of, i. 376, 377 note

Comines, Philip de, credulity shown in his history, i. 327; ii. 265 note

Commerce. See Trade

Commerce; Rise of trading interests in Scotland in the eighteenth century, iii. 171. See Trade; Trade, Free

Commission, High Court of, established in Scotland, iii. 125. Cruelty of the, 142 note

Commons, House of, origin of the, ii. 117. Causes of the increase of the authority of the, 121

Comte, M., remarks on his ‘Philosophie Positive,’ i. 5 note

Condillac, his metaphysical work, the ‘Traité des Sensations,’ ii. 357. Essential positions upon which the work is based, 358

Condorcet, his character and abilities, i. 470. Burke's remarks on, 471. His proposal of English criminal jurisprudence as a model for France, ii. 226226. His professed atheism, 352

Conjurors, tricks of, forbidden to be seen by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Conquest, Norman, Sir F. Palgrave on the results produced by the, ii. 116 note

Consciousness, faculty or state of the mind so called, i. 14. Different opinions respecting, 14 note. Its fallibility, 15. Authorities as to the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in insanity, 17 note

Constant, M., his adoption of a remark of Voltaire, ii. 303

Converts, fickleness of, i. 255, 256

Convocation, falls into general contempt, i. 414. Final prorogation of, by an act of the Crown, 415. Permitted recently to re-assemble, 415

Copyhold rights in England, ii. 119. Not recognised by the French laws, 120

Coquereau, suppression of his ‘Memoirs of Terrai,’ ii. 238

Corn, free trade in, proposed by Stafford in 1581, i. 213 note. The real cause of the abolition of the, 273. Merits of the Anti-Corn-Law League, 274. Importance of the repeal of the Corn-laws, 502

Corneille, period in which his tragedies appeared, ii. 209

Cornwall, hardly a bookseller in, in 1780, i. 432 note

Corporation Act, i. 396. Suspended by James II., i. 397

Corvée, the, in France, ii. 129. Authorities respecting the, 129 note

Coulumb, his experiments on electrical phenomena, ii. 362

Councils, authority of, despised by Chillingworth, i. 349

Courrayeur, suppression of the ‘Dissertations’ of, ii. 237

Cousin, M., on free will, quoted, i. 14 note

Covenant, Solemn League and, framed, iii. 132. Causes which produced the, 198

Coyer, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219

Credulity of Asiatics as compared with that of Europeans, i. 134. Instances of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This credulity the natural result of the state of the age, 333

Crime, uniform reproduction of, i. 24, 25, 31 notes. Crime the result of the state of society into which the criminal is thrown, 29. Rawson on the possibility of arriving at certain constants with regard to crime, quoted, 31 note. Mode of preventing crime in France, ii. 125

Criminals, mode of examining, in France, ii. 124

Cromwell, Oliver, his alliance with Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98. Irritation of the orthodox with their union, 98. His hostility to the Church not theological, but political, 361 note. His plebeian origin, ii. 156. Capacity of his lieutenants, 156, 157. His chain of fortresses in Scotland, iii. 194. His treatment of the Scotch people, 195 note

Crusades, theological feeling of the English as to the, ii. 6 note

Crystallography, discoveries of De Lisle and Haüy in, ii. 400, 401. Power of crystals, in common with animals, of repairing their own injuries, 403 note. Hunter's inquiries into the malformation of crystals, iii. 443

Cudworth, comparison of the method employed by Hume in his ‘Natural History of Religion’ compared with that of Cudworth's ‘Intellectual System,’ iii. 348

Cullen, William, account of his generalizations respecting pathology, iii. 413. His love of theory, 414. His method of studying pathology compared with that of Adam Smith, 417. His theory of the solids, 418. Character of his premisses and conclusions, 418–421. His theory of fever, 424. His nosology, 426

Culloden, results of the battle of, to the Highland Chieftains, iii. 168 note

Cumberland, Dr., Bishop of Peterborough, his system of morals without the aid of theology, i. 425. Relation between Hume and Cumberland, 426 note

Cuvier, Baron, his labours in geology, ii. 369. Impetus given by him to the study of zoology, 376. His overthrow of the Linnæan system, 376, 377

D'Alembert, his professed atheism, ii. 352

D'Alibard, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362

Damiens, his attempted assassination of Louis XV., ii. 345

Dancing forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69, 70. And by the Scotch clergy, iii. 258

Darigrand, suppression of his work on ‘Finance,’ ii. 238

Dates, effect of the cheapness and abundance of, in Egypt, i. 83

David IV. of Scotland, his imprisonment by the English, iii. 20

Daubenton, his application of the principles of comparative anatomy to the study of fossil bones, ii. 371

Dead, adoration of the, i. 145 note

Death, influence of the fear of, on the imagination, i. 127

Debating clubs, establishment of, i. 433. Authorities as to, 433 note

Deccan, bards of the, i. 292 note

Dedications, servility of the, in books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, i. 438. Abolition of mean and crouching, 438

Defender of the Faith, title of the, conferred on James V. of Scotland, iii. 6

De Grana, entrusted by the King of Spain with the defence of the Netherlands, ii. 515

De Lisles, Romé, his studies in crystallography, ii. 400

Deluge, the predicted, of Stœffler, i. 330

De Maistre, his method, ii. 389 note

Democracy, Calvinism always connected with, ii. 339. Physical science essentially democratic, 409. Democratic tendency, observable in France in the change of dress just before the Revolution, 410. And in the establishment of clubs, 412

Denmark, Mallet's ‘History’ of, ii. 299

Desaguliers, Dr., his success in popularizing physical truths, i. 432 note

Descartes, Réné, his military genius and learning, i. 200. Effect of his secular philosophy, 329. His profundity, ii. 77. His physical discoveries and speculations, 78, 79. Recognizes Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood and Aselli's discovery of the lacteals, 81. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82. Reasons why he deserves the gratitude of posterity, 82. Account of his philosophy as showing its analogy with the anti-theological policy of Richelieu, 83, 92. His words of wisdom addressed to his countrymen, 85. Compared with Montaigne, 86. Eminent characteristic of his philosophy, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Mischief done by his principles to the old theology, 90. And to the inordinate respect with which antiquity was regarded, 91. Period in which he flourished, 189

Desfontaines, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397

Desforges, imprisoned for his work respecting the Pretender, ii. 238

Desmarest, his geological labours, ii. 368

Desmoulins, Camille, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 224

De Thou, raised to the presidency of parliament in France, ii. 26. His great French historical work, 266

Devil, horrible notions of the Scotch clergy concerning, iii. 232

Dhourra of Upper Egypt, its cheapness and abundance, i. 86

Diderot, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His talents, 240. His imprisonment in Vincennes, 242. His professed atheism, 352

Diogenes Laertius, on the physical which preceded metaphysical inquiries, i. 10 note. On the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in insanity, 17 note

Diplomacy, commencement of a purely secular era in the history of, ii. 41

Disease, theological theory of, in the middle ages and in our own times, i. 127, 128 note. Authorities as to the nature and treatment of a disease and the belief that such disease is caused by supernatural power, and is to be cured by it, 129 note. The origin of almost all the cruel diseases of Europe to be found in Asia, 130. Hunter's theories of diseases, iii. 448

Dissenters, persecution of the, in England, in the reign of James II., i. 397. Union of the clergy and dissenters and its result, 399, 400. Authorities for the cruelties inflicted upon them in the reign of Charles II. and James II., 419. Principles avowed by the clergy in justification of the persecution, 419 note. Persecutions in the reign of Anne, 419, 420. Repeal of the laws against them, 420. The Toleration Act regarded by the Dissenters as their Magna Charta, 402 note. Favour shown to them by William III., 405, 406. Their struggle with the clergy, 420. Wesley and Whitefield, 421. Loss of their intellectual vigour, 422. Causes of their recent mental penury, 422. Nonconformist statistics, from the reign of William III. to the present time, 423 note. Treatment which the Wesleyans received from the clergy, 423 note, 424 note. Combination of the Dissenters with the Government against the clergy and the Pretender, 443 note. Passing of the Schism Bill, 452. Burke's support of measures for the relief of the, 463

Divine right of Kings, results of the abandonment of the theological fiction of, ii. 182

Dolben, John, his character as Archbishop of York, i. 392

Dolomieu, his geological labours, ii. 368

‘Domat, Life of,’ by Prévost de la Jannes, suppressed, ii. 237

Douglas, Earls of, treacherously murdered by James II., iii. 49–52. Subsequent power of the family, 57. Driven into exile, 60. Harboured by Henry VIII. in England, 64. Return home, 69

Dramas, French, of the seventeenth century, ii. 208

Dreams, Plato's conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of, i. 16 note

Dress, interference of the French Protestants with, ii. 60, 71. Dress of the French during the reign of Louis XIV., Louis XV., and just before the Revolution, 411

Droughts, frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427

Dryburgh Abbey, burnt by the English, iii. 15

Dryden, John, little effect of the intellect of France on his works, i. 235. His satires, 235 note

Duclos, his ‘History of Louis XI.’ suppressed, ii. 238. His method of writing history, 300

Duellings, causes of the greater popularity of, in France than in England, ii. 136. Relation between chivalry and duelling, 137 note

Duhamel de Monceau, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397

Dukes, the order of, in abeyance in England for fifty years, ii. 146

Dumouriez, his familiarity with the English language and literature, ii. 224

Dunbar, town of, iii. 32 note. Scotch presbyterian view of the battle of, 201 note

Dundee burnt by the English, iii. 16

Dunfermline burnt by the English, iii. 16. Scanty population of the town up to the seventeenth century, 27

Dupleix, Scipio, his new method of writing history, ii. 268. His system of philosophy, 269

Dury, John, opposes episcopacy in Scotland, iii. 95. Banished from Edinburgh, 102. Brought back in triumph, 103. Preaches in favour of the Ruthven conspiracy, 104

Duvernet, his punishment for having written a history of the Sorbonnes, ii. 237

Earthquakes, tendency of the fear of, to inflame the imagination, i. 122. Effect of the atmospherical changes preceding earthquakes upon the nervous system of man, 122. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes, 122, 123. Effect of earthquakes in encouraging superstition, 123. The great earthquake at Sumbawa in 1815, 126 note. Frequency of earthquakes in Spain, ii. 428

Eclipses, feelings with which our fathers regarded, i. 376. Authorities as to the superstition excited by, 377

Edda, compilation of the elder and younger, i. 301

Edinburgh burnt by Richard II., iii. 16. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 30. Houses of the poorer classes at this time, 31 note. Riot of 1637, 132. Foundation of the ‘Edinburgh Society’ for the improvement of manufactures, 181 note

Edward I. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 12

Edward III. of England, his attacks on Scotland, iii. 16. His cruelty there, 16

Egypt, causes of its wealth and civilization, i. 48, 49. Area of the cultivable land of, 49 note. Science unknown to the Egyptians, 49. Causes of their civilization as compared with the condition of the other races in Africa, 82. Fertility of the soil, and abundance of the national food, dates, 83–86. Cheapness of the dhourra of Upper Egypt, 86. Lotos bread, 87. The κὑαμος of Herodotus, 87 note. Encouragement given to the increase of Egyptian population by the fertility of the Nile, 87 note. Evidence of Diodorus Siculus and Herodotus, 88, 89. Testimony of the condition of the people afforded by the existing costly and stupendous ruins, 90, 92. The two ranks of society in Egypt, 91. Tenacity with which old manners and customs were adhered to by them, 116. Forms of the incarnation of the Deity presented by their artists, 143 note. Fifty-three cities of Egypt bearing the same name, 298 note

Election, doctrine of. See Predestination

Electricity, experiments of Œpinus, D'Alibard, and Coulumb, ii. 362. Popularity of electricity in France at the latter part of the last century, 407 note

Elizabeth, Queen, feelings of the nobility in the reign of, ii. 139. Her conduct towards the nobility and clergy, 143. Character of her government, 146

Emilius, Paulus, his ‘Actions of the French,’ ii. 264

‘Encylopædia,’ publication of the, in France, ii. 351

Encylopædias, invention of, i. 433. Harris's ‘Dictionary’ the first, 433 note

England, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross produce in, i. 75. Causes of the extinction of the love of war in, 198. The military classes in the twelfth century, 205 note. And in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 205 note. Reasons why the present history is confined to that of England, 231. Characteristics of the history of England compared with those of France, 232–236. With those of Germany, 237. And with those of America, 240. Reasons why the history of England is more valuable than any other to the philosopher, 242, 252. England less interfered with by Government, and therefore more prosperous than other nations, 286. Popular belief in the Trojan descent of the English Kings, 309 note. Secular philosophy of the seventeenth century, 329. Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of the political degradation of the age, 381–386. These improvements due to the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. And to the vices and prejudices of Charles II., 388, 389. Proximate causes of the Revolution of 1688, 399, 400. Importance of this Revolution, 402. War between England and the American Colonies, 477–481. Importance of the success of the Americans to the preservation of the liberties of England, 482, 483. The unjust war against France in 1793, 486. And its effect in England in producing arbitrary laws, 487. Obligations England is under to the Roman Catholic clergy, ii. 5 note. Feeling of the English people as to theological disputes in the twelfth as compared with the sixteenth centuries 6, 7. Secular character of the civil wars in England, 7. Indifference of the people to the rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 7. Contempt into which excommunication fell in England, 59 note. Importance of the press in England in the middle of the seventeenth century, 99. Analogy between the great Civil war and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of toleration in England, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 et seq. The first instance in England of the execution of an apostate, 109, 110 note. Reasons why the aristocracy in France were more powerful than in England, 113. Period of the union of Normans and Saxons, 116. Union of the nobles and people in forcing the Crown to concede popular privileges, 116, 117. Origin of the House of Commons, 117. Sources whence the people imbibed their tone of independence, 118. Consequences of the social divergence between France and England in the fourteenth century, 119. The three most important guarantees for the liberties of England, 119, 120. The state of France under centralization contrasted with that of England under municipal government, 126, 127. Extinction of villenage in England, 128. Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and England, 131. Feeble influence of chivalry in England, 134. The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Effect of the Wars of the Roses upon the nobles, 138. The clergy and nobles both weakened by Elizabeth, 143. Aristocratic character of the rebellion of 1569, 144. Character of the reign of Elizabeth, 146. Attempts of James I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles and the old protective spirit, 147. Difference between the great English Rebellion and the Fronde, 140, 150. Abolition of the house of Peers, 153. The self-denying ordinance, 153. The leaders of the Rebellion, 155, 159. Barbarism and ferocity of the English people of the seventeenth century, according to the French writers, 214, 215. The results of the suppression of religious scepticism in England and France compared, 257. Prejudice existing in England against Voltaire, 313. Arminianism the popular creed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 340. But it gives way to Calvinism at the death of Charles I., 340. Singular dearth of great thinkers in England during the eighteenth century, 374. Progress of England, notwithstanding the unskilfulness of her rulers, 466. Amazement of Frenchmen at the liberty enjoyed by Englishmen at the beginning of the eighteenth century, 237

Enlistment for life, Burke's opposition to, i. 463. Enlistment for a term of years first authorized, 463 note

Ensenada, his endeavours to improve the state of Spain, ii. 535

Episcopacy, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 94 et seq. Andrew Melville called ἑπισκοπομαστιξ, 97 note. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100, 191

Erskine, Lord, his idiomatic English, ii. 307 note

Essex, Earl of, joins the parliamentary forces, but suspected by the democrats, ii. 151, 152

Europe, the civilization of, governed by climates, i. 50. Social and political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Influence of physical causes in accelerating the progress of man in Europe, 82. Differences between the civilizations in and out of, 152. The energies of nature tamed by man in, 154. The country outstripped by the populations of the towns in, 156. Mental laws more important than physical for the history of, 156. Contrast between ancient and modern military genius in, 199–202

Europe, remarks on the origin of the ecclesiastical establishments of, 259–263. Benefits conferred by literature on, 267. Condition of the mind of, from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269

Excommunication, a French Protestant, ii. 59. Notions of theologians respecting, 59 note. Contempt into which excommunication fell in England, 59 note

Expediency, doctrine of, i. 425, 426. Its gradual diffusion amongst us, 426 note

Eye, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78

Fables, Voltaire's demolition of the belief in national, ii. 312

Falkirk, first printing office in, i. 432 note

Famines, impossibility of the return of, in Europe, i. 155. List of, 155 note. Frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427

Fathers, authority of the, according to Jewel and Hooker, i. 340. Chillingworth's contempt for their authority, 349. Exposure of the gross absurdities of the, 428

Favart, Madame, story of, ii. 243

Fear, special tendency of, to inflame the imagination, i. 120

Fenacute, story of the giant, i. 320

Fénelon, treatment of, by Louis XIV., ii. 276. His ‘Telemachus,’ 276

Ferdousi, his ‘Shah Nameh,’ and its authority in Persian history, i. 303

Fermat, his services to geometry, ii. 190

Fernel, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195

Ferrier, excommunicated by the French Protestants, ii. 58. Result of this measure, 59, 60

Fetichism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Comte, i. 251 note

Feud, feudum, first use of the words, ii. 110 note

Feudal incidents, destruction of, in England, i. 386

Feudal system, origin of the, in Europe, ii. 110. Connexion between it and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Does not destroy the spirit of protection, but only compels it to assume a new form, 111. Commencement of the European hereditary aristocracy, 112. The power of the English and French aristocracy compared, 113 et seq. Sub-infeudation in France and in England, 119. Boncerf's treatise on feudal law, 237. Voltaire's, the first historical endeavour to explain the origin of feudality, 302

Fever, Cullen's theory of, iii. 424

Finance, suppression of the works of Darigrand and Le Trosne on, ii. 238. Sudden eagerness in France in the eighteenth century for inquiries relating to, 328, 329. Necker's celebrated Report, 329. Burke's the first financial reforms, 464

Fire-arms, invention of, i. 206

Flanders, exports from, into Scotland, iii. 24

Food, effect of the supply of, among wandering and agricultural tribes, i. 8. Moral consequences of diminishing the precariousness of food, 9. Influence of food on the human race, 40. The two effects of food necessary to existence, 55. Influence of climate on the necessary kind of food, 56, 60. Connexion between food and the laws of population, 57, 66, 88. Carbon and oxygen in food, 60–62. Amount of carbon required in food in summer and in winter, 63. The potato, the principal food of the labouring class in Ireland, 65. Countries asserted to be more populous when the ordinary food is vegetable than when it is animal, 68 note. Character of the general food of the people of India, rice, 70. And of that of Egypt, dates, 83. Extraordinary fecundity of the maize and banana plants in America, 109–111. Instances from the animal kingdom, proving the connexion between carbonized food and the respiratory functions, 148. French and German discoveries as to the functions of food, 367

Forbes, James, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 203 note

Force, indestructibility of, iii. 363

Forces, theory of the parallelogram of, i. 30

Forestalling and regrating, Burke's attack of the laws against, i. 462

Forgetfulness, laws regulating, i. 32

Fornication made a felony by the English Commonwealth, i. 361 note. Repeal of the law by Charles II., 362 note

Fossils, Daubenton's labours respecting fossil bones, ii. 371. Previous opinions as to, 371 note. Researches of Agassiz in fossil ichthyology, 383

Fourcroy, popularity of his lectures on chemistry, ii. 407 note

Fourier, his views as to the laws of the conduction of heat, ii. 362. His mathematical theory, 362

Fox, Charles James, his remark on good churchmen, i. 395 note. His declaration in the House of Commons against the arbitrary laws proposed for extinguishing the liberties of the country, 493

Fox, Henry his eminent statesmanship, i. 450. Causes of George III.'s dislike of him, 450. Burke's character of Fox, 450 note. Burke's rupture with him, 469

France, rent paid by the cultivator, in proportion to the gross produce of the land, i. 75. French notions of the English people previous to the application of steam to purposes of travelling, 219. The history of England compared with that of France, 234. Debt which French owes to English civilization, 236. Effects of the interference of the government with the people, 236. The results of the suppression of scepticism in France compared with the exercise of individual judgment in England, 257. How and when the political institutions of France might have been saved, 258. Condition of historical literature in France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 261–273. Proximate causes of the French Revolution after the middle of the eighteenth century, 325 et seq. The social changes of the French people immediately preceding the Revolution, 405. Instances of this, 406–412. Tolerance and freedom from superstition of the French, 263. Great numbers of smugglers in France in the last century, 279. The bards of ancient Gaul, 292 note. Corruption of Druidical traditions in Gaul by Christian priests, 306. Popular belief in the middle ages of the Trojan descent of the French kings, 309. Pork a common food in France in the time of Charlemagne, 314 note. Effects of the writings of Descartes, 329. Detestation of George III. of the French people, 448. Burke's epithets applied to France and the French at the time of the Revolution, 472. Effects produced by the French Revolution upon the policy of the English government, 484. First step towards an open rupture between England and France, 485. Effects of the execution of Louis XVI., 485

France, Causes which gave rise to the civil wars of the seventeenth century, ii. 56 et seq. Condé's rebellion in 1615, 61. Rebellion of the Protestants in Béarn, 61, 62. And at La Rochelle, 63–66. Results which would have happened if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 67–72. Breaking out of the war of the Fronde, 99. Importance of the press in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95. Analogy between the great civil war of England and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of toleration in France, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 et seq. Reasons why the feudal aristocracy were more powerful in France than in England, 113–118. In France every man either a tyrant or a slave, 119. System of subinfeudation, 119. Consequences of the early social divergence between England and France in the fourteenth century, 119–121. Futility of French municipal institutions, 121. Feebleness of the States-General, 121. Beginning of the tendency to centralization in France, 122. Its baneful effects, 122, 123. Machinery by which it is worked, 123. Number of civil functionaries in the country, 123 note. Mode of examining criminals in France, 124. And of preventing crime, 125. The education of the people controlled by the government, 125. The worst kind of monopoly established by the government, and its effects on the people, 126. The great power and tyranny of the nobles, 128. Slavery in France, 129. The inequality of taxation, 129. Privileges reserved to themselves by the nobles, 130. Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and England, from the history of chivalry, 131–134. From the vanity of the French, 136. And from the practice of duelling, 136. Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion, 149. Objects of the Fronde, 149, 150. Causes why a war of classes was impossible, 150. Results of the energy of the protective spirit and power of the nobles on the issue of the Fronde, 160. Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles, 162, 163. Examination of the consequences of the protective spirit being carried into literature by Louis XIV., 176. Servility of the people at this period, 177. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., 178. The subsequent dragonnades, 179. And their disastrous effects on the prosperity of France, 181. Universal decline of France during the latter part of the reign of Louis XIV., 210. Joy of the people at his death, 213. Indignities to which French literary men were subject in the eighteenth century, one of the precursors of the revolution, 230–242. Outrages committed by the upper classes in the same period, 243. Stringent cruelty of the French laws, 244. Proposal of the French avocat-general in 1780 respecting new books, 245. The crusade against Christianity in the last century, 247. Causes of the excessive loyalty of the French people, 249. War of opinion between France and Spain in the fifth and sixth centuries, 435

Francis I. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12

Franks, their conversion to Christianity and attack of their Visigoth neighbours, ii. 435

Frauds and Perjuries, security to private property effected by the Statute of, i. 385

Frederick the Great, contrast between his warlike and domestic policy, i. 201201

Free Trade. See Trade.

Free will, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of the theory of, 13. Connexion of free will with Arminianism, 14

Féret, causes of his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235

Fresnel, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362

Frewen, Dr., Archbishop of York, his character, i. 392

Froissart, his the earliest instance in the Middle Ages of an improvement in writing history, i. 325

Fronde, war of the, analogy between it and the civil war in England, ii. 99. Difference between the Fronde and the great English Rebellion, 149. Character and position of the leaders of the Fronde, 160. And consequent failure of the rebellion, 168–173

Fruit, amount of carbon in, i. 61

Fuch's, his investigations in the vegetable kingdom, ii. 198 note

Gaimar, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey Monmouth's history, i. 325

Garlon, suppression of the ‘Therapeutics’ of, ii. 238

Garrows, cause of their superstitions respecting the tiger, i. 125 note

Gascoigne, his invention of the micrometer, ii. 192

Gassion, raised to the dignity of French marshal, ii. 98. Authorities respecting him, 98 note

Gaul, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Génard, suppression of his ‘School of Man,’ ii. 238

Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Monmouth, his history of King Arthur, i. 321. Translations of the work, 324, 325

Geography, physical, study of, i. 2

Geology, first exhibition of the sceptical character of, i. 429 note. Views of Dr. Arnold and Mr. Baden Powell, 430 note. Buffon's recantation of some of his views on, ii. 236. Causes of its great progress in modern times, 365. Labours of French geologists at the latter part of the last century, 368. Cuvier's foundation of palæontological science, 369 note. Remains of organic and inorganic life in the secondary and tertiary strata, 370. The doctrine of universal changes, 369, 371. Daubenton's union of comparative anatomy with geology, 371. Character of Hutton's geological speculations, iii. 388, 396. Causes which have altered and are still altering the crust of the earth, 388. The deductive and inductive methods of studying geology, 390. William Smith's foundation of English geology, 391. Werner's foundation of the German school, 393. Hall's verification of Hutton's views, 401

Geometry, algebra first successfully applied to, by Descartes, ii. 77. Who is regarded as the first geometrician of the age, 80. Ages of Descartes and Fermat, 189, 190. Hypothetical arguments as exhibited by, iii. 306

George I., his utter ignorance of the English language, i. 441

George II., his indifferent knowledge of the English language, i. 441. His ignorance of English politics, 442. His highest ambition, 442 note

George III., fortunate circumstances which surrounded his accession, i. 444. Revival of the doctrine of divine right, 445. The king's respect for church ceremonies, 445 note. Alliance between the Crown and the clergy, 445. The king's ignorance, 446. And hatred of great statesmen, 446, 447. Favour with which he regarded slavery, 447. His hatred of the French, 448. The ‘King's Friends,’ 448, 449. Notorious incapacity of his ministers, 449. His hatred of the elder Pitt and of Fox, 449, 450. Mode in which he brought the House of Lords into disrepute, 453. His hatred of the Americans, 466. Favours Burke in his violent old age, 476, 477477. His policy respecting the American colonies, 477, 479. Reaction of this policy upon England, 481, 482. His policy towards the French republic, 484 et seq. His monstrous principles, 466. His inability however, to do harm to English institutions, 466

George IV., his character, ii. 466

Germany, Comparison of the history of England and, i. 237. Interference of the German governments with the people, 237. Origin of German literature, 237. Character of German intellect among the highest and lowest minds, 238, 239. Process through which the esoteric literature of Germany is passing at the present time, 267. Cultivation of metaphysics in Germany in the latter part of the last century, ii. 373

Gervaise, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 237

Gibbon, Edward, fame of his ‘Decline and Fall,’ i. 429 note. His fifteenth and sixteenth chapters, 429

Gipsies, origin of the, according to the writers of the middle ages, i. 312

Glasgow in the fifteenth century, iii. 26, 27. Rise and progress of, 175. The first bank at, 181

Gloves, Spanish manufacture of, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, ii. 502

Goblets, game of, forbidden to be seen by French Protestants, ii. 70

God, Cartesian method of the ultimate proof of the existence of, ii. 89. Horrible notions of the Scotch clergy respecting, iii. 239

Gomberville, his refutation of the idle stories as to the extreme antiquity of the French, ii. 270

Gongora, the Spanish poet, ii. 480

Göthe, his obligations to Mallet's ‘History of Denmark,’ ii. 299

Gordon, Dr., the nonjuring bishop, i. 412 note

Government, inquiry into the influence of, on the progress of society, i. 272. Illustrated by the abolition of the corn laws, 273. The most important measures of modern British legislation the result of pressure from without, 275. The best legislation the result of the abrogation of former legislation, 275. Injuries caused to trade by the interference of politicians, 276. Smuggling, with all its attendant crimes, caused by legislation, 277. Baneful effects of legislative attempts to encourage religious truth, and discourage religious error, 281. Consequent increase of hypocrisy and perjury, 281, 282. And of usury by the laws against usury, 283. Effects of legislation in hindering the advance of knowledge, 284. England less interfered with by government than other nations, 286. True duties of legislators, 287. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326–328. Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of political degradation, 381

Gowrie conspiracy, the, iii. 110

Gracian, the Spanish Jesuit and prose writer, ii. 480

Granada, capture of, from the Arabs, ii. 440

Gravitation, Newton's discovery of the law of, ii. 191. Tardy reception of the law in France, 191, 192

Greece, condition of, contrasted with that of India, i. 138. Its area, 138. Its material phenomena, 139. Comparison of the Greek and Hindu divinities, 140. The hero-worship of the Greeks, 144. Statesmen, orators, and authors of ancient, 199. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient Greece, 267

Greek language forbidden by the French Protestants to be taught, ii. 69

Greek Church, cause of the small amount of authority possessed by the head of the, compared with that of the Latin Church, ii. 303

Greenock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 174

Grenobles, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60

Grew, Dr. Nathaniel, his botanical discoveries, ii. 199, 200

Grey, Mr. (afterwards Earl), his remarks in the House on the subservient conduct of Pitt, i. 447 note

Grimaldi, prime minister of Spain, ii. 545

Grosley, his admiration for England, ii. 228. Suppression of his ‘Memoirs on Troyes,’ 238

Grotius, his principles of foreign policy compared with those of Vattel, ii. 40 note

Guibert, suppression of his work on ‘Military Tactics,’ ii. 238

Guise, the murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11

Guises, their influence in Scotland, iii. 77, 78

Guizot, his republication of Mably's ‘Observations,’ ii. 236

Gunpowder, invention of, i. 203. And of fire-arms, 204. Gunpowder first used in mining towns, 206 note. Influence of the invention of, in lessening the warlike spirit, 206–209

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, his domestic and warlike policy contrasted, i. 200

Guthrie, the Scotch preacher, iii. 202 note, 204 note

Habeas Corpus Act, passing of the, i. 385. Effect of the suspension of the, in 1794, 496

Haco, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 11

Haillan, Du, his the first history of France, ii. 264. Character of his work, 264, 265

Hajin tribe, cause of their worship of the tiger, i. 125 note

Hall, Chief Baron, his charge to the jury in a case of witchcraft in 1665, i. 363 note

Hall, Sir James, his verification of the geological speculations of Hutton, iii. 401

Hardwicke, Lord, his notions of political economy, i. 211 note

Harris, his account of the extinction of feudalism, i. 386

Harriss's ‘Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,’ the origin of Encyclopædias, i. 433 note

Harvey, his discovery of the circulation of the blood, ii. 80. Denies the existence of the lacteals, 81 note

Haüy, his studies in crystallography, ii. 401

Heat, together with moisture, the causes which regulate the fertility of every country, i. 96. Difference between the heat of the eastern and western coasts of North America, 98; and of South America, 100. French researches on the phenomena of heat in the last century, ii. 361. The laws of heat, iii. 362. The indestructibility of force and interchange of forces, 363. Black's theory of latent heat, 367. Leslie's philosophy, 383

Heat, animal food necessary for keeping up the, i. 55, 58. The blood-corpuscles and animal heat, 58 note. Heat disengaged by the union of carbon and oxygen, 58, 59 note

Heavenly witnesses, controversy on the text of the, i. 429

Helvétius, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His admiration for England, 229. Persecuted by the government, 236. His professed atheism, 352. Analysis of his essay ‘On the Mind,’ 353

Hénault, his method of writing history, ii. 300

Henrion, his views as to fossil bones, ii. 371 note

Henry II. of England, his destruction of the baronial castles, ii. 114 note

Henry II. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12

Henry III. of England, his inability to do permanent harm to English institutions, ii. 466

Henry III. of France, murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11. His zeal against heresy, 13. His affection for monks, 29 note

Henry IV. of France, his accession, ii. 12. His character as a ruler, 12. His apostasies, 13, 14. Publishes the Edict of Nantes, 14. Refuses to accede to the pope's request to punish the Protestants, 22, 23. His measures for their protection, 23, 24. His death, 24. Henry the first French sovereign stained with the imputation of heresy, 267

Henry IV. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 18 note

Henry VII. of England, his establishment of the Yeomen of the Guard, ii. 7 note

Henry VIII. of England, indifference of the people to his arrangement of the formularies of the Church, ii. 7. His bodyguard, 7 note. Character of his reign, 138

Henshaw, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199

Herculaes, origin of the story of the exploits of, i. 297

Hereditary descent connected with the formation of character, question of, i. 176 note. Hereditary talents, vices, and virtues, 177 note

Heresies, the great religious, founded on previous philosophies, i. 11 note. Destruction by the legislature of the writ ‘De Hæretico Comburendo,’ 383. The first papal call on the secular power to punish, ii. 109 note. Harshness of the early Spanish laws for the punishment of heresy, 438

Hero-worship, ancient Greek, causes of the, i. 144

‘High-church’ and ‘low-church,’ origin of the terms, i. 412 note

Highlanders, their ferocity, iii. 21, 22. Let loose upon the Lowlanders in 1678, 145. The only powerful friends of James II., 151. Their love of war and rapine, 151, 152. Reasons which induced them to rebel in favour of the exiled Stuarts, 152. Their rebellions of 1715 and 1745 not the result of loyalty, 153. Their veneration for their chieftains, 156 note. Their insignificance after 1745, 157, 168

Hill, Sir John, his the first publication of popular scientific works in numbers, i. 432 note. His great success, 432 note

Hilton, Laird of, story of the, and the minister, iii. 217

Hindostan, Persian origin of the word, i. 69 note

History, statement of the resources for investigating, i. 1. Confidence in the value of, 1. Use made of the materials for investigating, 3. Instances of endeavours to remedy the backwardness of history, 4. Present prospects of historical literature, 5. Inferiority of the most celebrated historians to the most successful cultivators of physical science, 7. Materials from which a philosophic history can alone be composed, 20, 33. Reasons why historians have not yet collected materials for writing history, 229. Reasons why the present history is restricted to that of England, 231, 242. Hume's method of treating history, 251 note. Why the history of England is eminently valuable, 252. Origin of history, and state of historical literature during the Middle Ages, 288. Value of historical inquiries in throwing light on the changes in society, 290, 291. The ballad form of the earliest histories, 291. Error in history caused by the invention of writing, 296. Corruptions in early history caused by changes in religion, 300. Illustration of this from Scandinavian history, 301. Trustworthiness of histories where there has been no change in religion, 301–304. The influence of the clergy the most active cause of the corruption of early history, 307. Absurdities believed in consequence, 309–325. Beginning of the first improvement in writing modern history, 325. Prevalence of credulity in the time of Comines, 326, 327. Character of Bodin's historical work, 326. Intellectual regeneration of the seventeenth century, 329. Instances of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This absurd way of writing history the natural result of the spirit of the age, 333. The history of every civilized country the history of its intellectual development, 387. Importance to history of the question whether normal phenomena should or should not precede the study of abnormal ones, ii. 1, 2 note. Condition of historical literature in France before the end of the sixteenth century, 261. The Middle Age historians of France merely annalists, 263. Du Haillan's the first French history, 264. De Thou's work, 266. Sully's history, 266. Serres' view of the importance of correct dates in history, 267267. Dupleix's ‘History of France,’ 268. La Popelinière's ‘History of Histories,’ 269. Improvement in the method of writing history in the seventeenth century, 270. De Rubis's work, 270. Gomberville's, 270. Berthault's, 270. Mezeray's great work, 271. The retrograde movement under Louis XIV., 273. As illustrated in the works of Audigier and Bossuet, 279. Reasons why history is superior to theology, 289. Bossuet's method of writing history compared with that of Voltaire, 291. Other historians by whom Voltaire's views were adopted, 299 et seq. His opinions as to feudality, 302. As to free trade, 304. As to political economy, 304. His demolition of the admiration entertained for classical works, and for the fables of early history, 306–312. Value of Montesquieu's method, 315. History separated from biography by him, 316, 317. Turgot's views of the duties of a historian, 321. Difference between certainty and precision in writing history, 325. The first and most essential quality of an historian, iii. 186

Hobbes, Thomas, his works, i. 390. Animosity of the clergy against him, 390. Encouraged by Charles II., 391. Popularity of his works at this time, 391 note

Hogg, Thomas, story of, and the ‘factour,’ iii. 214

Holbach, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219

Holcus arundinaceus, use of, as food by the Egyptians, i. 87

Holland, rescued by man from the grasp of the sea, i. 154. Number of Anabaptists put to death in, 186 note. The Dutch fleet in the Thames and Medway, 382. Proposal of the Bishop of Beauvais, ii. 38 note. Calvinism the popular creed of, 339. The war carried on by Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of heretics put to death by Alva, 451

Holyrood robbed by the English, iii. 15

Homer, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 note

Hooke, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199

Hooker, Richard, his ‘Ecclesiastical Polity’ compared with Jewel's ‘Apology for the Church of England,’ i. 339, 340. And with Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants,’ 348. Connexion between the Reformation and the views advocated by Hooker, 351. Locke's opinion of his philosophy, 351. Compared with Chillingworth, ii. 86. His scepticism, 86

Horst, Dr., his work on the Golden tooth, i. 332

Howe, John, his exile, i. 398

Huguenots. See Protestants, French

Humber, origin of the name of the, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Hume, David, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 250, 426 note. His ‘Natural History of Religion’ and ‘History of England,’ 251. His views as to monotheism, 251 note. His ‘Political Discourses’ translated into French by Le Blanc, ii. 219. Examination of his philosophy, iii. 331. His want of imagination, 331. Importance and novelty of his doctrines, 333. His disregard of facts, 337. His method, 338. His injustice to Bacon, 338. His ‘Natural History of Religion,’ 343. Comparison between his method and that employed by Cudworth, 348

Humidity, together with heat, the causes which regulate fertility, i. 96. Difference between the humidity of the eastern and western coasts of North America, 98. And of South America, 100. Relation between the amount of rain and the extent of coast, 99. The heavy rains of Brazil, 103

Hungary, disease in, from eating pork, i. 314 note

Hunter, John, account of his generalizations, iii. 428. His grandeur and obscurity of language, 428. Conflict of the methods employed by him, and the consequent result, 429–432. His industry in collecting facts, 433. His discovery as to the red globules of the blood, 436. His inquiries as to the movements of animals and vegetables, 439. His idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. His inquiry into the malformation of crystals, 443. His physiological and pathological inquiries, 447. His pathological speculations respecting the principles of action and the principles of sympathy, 450 et seq. Causes of the little influence which he exercised over his English contemporaries, 457

Hutcheson, Francis, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 248. Remarks of Sir J. Mackintosh and M. Cousin, 248 note. Notice of him, iii. 292. Examination of his philosophy, 292. Its results, tendency, and method, 295–300

Hutton, James, his attempts to explain the former changes of the earth's crust by reference solely to natural causes, i. 429 note. Establishes the first library in Birmingham, 431 note. Character of his geological speculations, iii. 388, 396. Verification of his views, 401

Hyænas regarded by the Abyssinians as enchanters, i. 126 note

Hydrostatics, Boyle's discoveries in, i. 368 note

Hypocrisy, cause of the increase of, due to evil legislation, i. 281

Idolatry, the natural fruit of ignorance, i. 258

Ichthyology, fossil, researches of Agassiz in, ii. 383

Ignorance and idolatry, i. 258. The ‘learned ignorance’ for which many men are remarkable, 269

Imagination, special tendency of fear to inflame the, i. 120. Triumph of the imagination in the tropics, from this cause, 121. Instances in the case of earthquakes, 122. And in disease, 127. Imaginative character of the literature of ancient India, 132. The imagination controlled by the understanding in Greece 138–146

Imbert, his French translation of Clarke's ‘Letters on Spain’ suppressed, ii. 234

Impeachments, general effect of the abolition of, i. 386

Independence, personal, idea of, takes root, i. 436. First occurrence of the word ‘independence,’ in the modern acceptation of the word, 436 note

India, fertility and civilization of, i. 69. Character of the food of the people of, 70, 71. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth in India in all ages, 72. Amount of rent paid by the cultivator in India in proportion to the gross produce of the land, 76. Testimony of Bishop Heber to the poverty of the labouring classes, 77 note. Provisions of the native laws respecting the caste of the Sudras, 78. And of the Brahmins, 79, 80. Character of the ancient Indian literature, 132. And of the religion and art of, 137. Contrasted with Greece in these conditions, 137. Absence of harbours in India, 138. Antiquity of the worship of Siva in, 141. The bards of, 292 note. Causes of trustworthiness in the early history of, 301 note. Antiquity of the history of, 302 note. Cause of the existence of this history, 303 note

‘Individualisme,’ De Tocqueville on the word, i. 436 note

Indulgence, Declaration of, of James II., i. 397. Refusal of the clergy to read it in their churches, 399

Indulgences, theory of, of the Church of Rome, ii. 339

Innovation, aversion of the aristocracy for, ii. 139

Inquisition in Spain, character of the founders of the, i. 187. Establishment of the, in Spain, ii. 446. The different punishments for heresy, 448. Attacked by Aranda, 547. The last heretic burned by the Inquisition, 548

‘Inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,’ the first constitution addressed, ii. 109

Insanity, former notions respecting, ii. 404. Pinel's views of the aberrations of the human mind, 404

Insects, incredible number of, in Brazil, i. 106

Insolvents, Burke's opposition to the cruel laws against, i. 463

Intellect, English; English literature unknown in France in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 213. Causes of the junction of English and French intellects after this king's death, 214. Essential difference between the civilization of England and Spain, 465. Outline of the history of the English intellect from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 333. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. Hooker contrasted with Jewel, 339, 340. Theology and persecution, 344. Scepticism and the spirit of inquiry on other subjects, 340. Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants,’ 347. The rapid increase of heresy in the middle of the seventeenth century, 347 note. Increasing indifference to theological matters, 350. The work of Chillingworth a vindication of religious dissent, 352. Political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., 359. Its frivolous form in the reign of Charles II., 362. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth century towards shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Destruction of the old notions as to witchcraft, 363 note. Sir Thomas Browne's works, 365. Boyle's discoveries, 368. Foundation of the Royal Society, 371. Ecclesiastical opposition to physical science in the reign of Charles II., 372. Popular belief in supernatural causation, 373. Improvements in legislation in the reign of Charles II., and the causes which produced them, 388, 389. Hobbists, 390. Effects of the alliance of the clergy with James II., 395. Dissolution of this alliance, 396. Union of the clergy and dissenters, 399. Causes which produced the revolution of 1688, 400. Effects of the expulsion of the Stuarts on English civilization, 402. Struggle between William III. and the clergy, 405. Loss of the clergy of all power out of the Church, 416–418. The clergy weakened by the founders of Wesleyanism, 419–424. Loss of the intellectual vigour of the dissenters, 422. But increase in their numbers, 423 note. Final separation of theology from morals and politics, 424–427. Discoveries of geologists, 429. Diffusion of knowledge among the people, 430. Sunday schools, 430. Sunday newspapers, 431. Country printing offices, 431. Popular works on physical truth first published, 432. Invention of encyclopædias, 433. Literary periodical reviews, 433. Reading clubs, 433. Debating societies, 433. Right of public meeting, and publication of parliamentary debates, 434, 435. Doctrine of personal representation and of personal independence, 436. Change in the style of authors, 436. Review of the reactionary and retrogressive period of English history, 441. Political degeneracy of England during the reign of George III., 446–455. Sketch of the career of Edmund Burke, 455 et seq. Arbitrary laws of George III. against the liberties of his country, 487, 488. Gloomy prospects of the people late in the eighteenth century, 494. Secret imprisonment of opponents of the government, 494. Effect of the suspension of the habeas corpus act in 1794, 496. Preparation for a counter reaction, owing to the progress of knowledge, 498. To which, and to the power of public opinion, England owes her reforms of the present century, 498. The Scotch and English methods of philosophy contrasted, iii. 290.

Intellect, French, outline of the history of the, from the middle of the sixteenth century to the accession to power of Louis XIV., ii. 1. Greater power of the Church in France than in England, 4. As shown by the successful efforts of the clergy to withstand the Reformation, 4. This influence greater in France than in England during the sixteenth century, 6. Hence the impossibility of toleration in France, 7, 8. The civil wars in France conducted in the name of Christianity, 8. Internal condition of the country before the accession of Henry IV., 11. Beginning of toleration by the publication of the Edict of Nantes, 14. Appearance of scepticism, 14, 15. Rabelais and Montaigne, 15. Charron, 19. The party of the ‘Politiques’, 22 note. Decline of the ecclesiastical power in France, 26. Richelieu's endeavours to humble the French nobles, 28. Fails, but effectually humbles the clergy, 29. Favour shown by Richelieu to the Protestants, 37–39. Causes of the religious feuds of the seventeenth century, 55. Character of the civil war raised by the Protestants, 63–66. Efforts of the Protestants to suppress the thirst for knowledge, 69, 70. And to hamper and vex the people, 71, 72. The liberal policy of Richelieu only part of a much larger movement, 76. Illustration of this from the philosophy of Descartes, 77. Who is regarded as one of the founders of French prose, 80. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82. Progress of the French mind as shown in the very existence of the ideas of Descartes and Richelieu, 93. Spread of scepticism in France in the reign of Louis XIII. and during the minority of Louis XIV., 95. The anti-ecclesiastical spirit exhibited by Mazarin, 96. Injurious effects of the protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, 176–188. Proof that the literary splendour of his reign was not his work, 188. Effect of his protection in stopping the progress of science, 190. In mathematics, 191. And in astronomy, 191. Newton's discoveries neglected for forty-five years, 191. Absence of mere practical ingenuity in the reign of Louis XIV., 192. Few and insignificant improvements effected during this period in manufactures, 193. Decline at the same time in physiology, surgery, and medicine, 194–196. In zoology and chemistry, 197. And in botany, 197. Results which followed the decline of the national intellect in the reign of Louis XIV., 203 et seq. Reaction against the protective spirit on the death of Louis XIV., and preparations for the French Revolution, 213. Ignorance of the English language and literature at the end of the seventeenth century, 214. Causes of the junction of the French and English intellect after the death of Louis XIV., 215. Voltaire and his works, 216. Other authors, 216 et seq. Admiration for England expressed by Frenchmen, 222. Who disseminate liberal opinions which the government attempts to stifle, 228, 229. Persecution of literary men, 230–242. The avocat-general's proposition as to the publication of new works, 245. Reasons why French literary men at first attacked the Church and not the government, 247–251. Effects of the hostility of the French intellect against the state, 258. Rise and extent of scepticism in France, 261 et seq. The two epochs through which the French intellect passed during the eighteenth century, 327. Inquiries respecting political economy, 327–329. Eagerness of the French for economical and financial inquiries, 329. Influence of Rousseau, 330–332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault and his successors, 332–334. Concession of civil rights to Protestants, 335. Revival of Jansenism, and consequent overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345. Destruction of the French Church, 347. Rise and progress of atheistical opinions, 351. Tendency of the French intellect during the latter half of the eighteenth century to withdraw from the internal, and concentrate attention upon the external world, 351–353. Works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353–360. Researches as to the laws of heat, light, and electricity, 361–363. And in chemistry and geology, 364. The study of physical phenomena in connexion with the French Revolution, 375. Impetus given to zoology by Cuvier, 375. And by Bichat, 376. Reaction in France at the commencement of the present century, 388, 389. Researches in botany and mineralogy at the end of the last century, 395. And in the aberrations of the human mind, 404

Intellect, German. The Scotch method of philosophy compared with that of Germany, iii. 289

Intellect, human, sole source of the, ii. 89

Intellect, Scotch, examination of the, during the seventeenth century, iii. 191–280. And during the eighteenth century, 281–482. Barrenness of the Scotch mind in science in the seventeenth century, 284. Causes of this, 287. Results of the ignorance of the inductive or analytical method, 289. Scotland in this respect compared and contrasted with Germany and England, 288. Hutcheson, Adam Smith, Hume, and Reid, 292–360. Examination of Scotch physical philosophy, 361 et seq. Difference between the results achieved by Scotchmen in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 458. The deductive method supreme in both centuries, 462. Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century affected the nation so little, 465. Superstition and illiberality still existing in Scotland, 471 et seq.

Intellect, Spanish, outline of the history of the, from the fifth to the middle of the nineteenth century, ii. 425 et seq. Influence of the clergy over the Spanish intellect, high and low, 479

Intellectual progress of man, i. 174. Progressive aspect of intellectual truths, 181. Mischievousness of ignorant men in proportion to their sincerity, 183

Interest, in what it consists, i. 52. Rate of interest in India in 900 b.c., 74. And in 1810 a.d., 75

Inverness burnt by the Highlanders, iii. 22

Ireland, the potato the principal food of the people of, for above two hundred years, i. 65. Period of its introduction into that country, 65 note. Potato crops as compared with those of wheat, 65. Daily average consumption of potatoes in Ireland, 66 note. Evil consequences of the cheapness and abundance of food, 67. Idleness of the Irish at home compared with their industry abroad, 68 note. The bards of Ireland, 292 note. Their contributions to the early history of their country, 292 note. Injuries done to the traditions of the bards of, by clerical historians, 306. Pork the chief food of the Irish in the twelfth century, 314 note. Causes which have produced the present superstition of the Irish Catholics, ii. 53, 54. The Irish invasion of Scotland, iii. 9

Irritability, Glisson's anticipation of the truth respecting, ii. 196 note

Isomorphism, Mitscherlich's discovery of, in minerals, ii. 400

Italy, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123. Triumph of the imaginative and small proportion of scientific men in, 124

Jacobites, extinction of the hopes of the, i. 444

James I., political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 359. His attempts to revive the power of the nobles, ii. 147. His imprisonment in Scotland, iii. 103. Recovers his liberty, 104. Bearded by the ministers, 104. The Gowrie Conspiracy, 110. Ascends the throne of England, 115. Attempts to subjugate the Scotch Church, 115. His cruelties, 117. Forces episcopacy upon Scotland, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125

James I. of Scotland, attacks the nobles, and favours the Church, iii. 46, 47. Causes of his failure, 47, 48. Put to death by his aristocracy, 49

James II. of England, his accession, i. 395. Attempts of Archbishop Sancroft to convert him to Protestantism, 395 note. Services rendered to him by the Protestant clergy, 396. Alliance between the Roman Catholic King and the Protestant clergy, 396. Causes of the dissolution of this alliance, 397. His declaration of indulgence, 397. Establishes the first standing army in England, 397 note. Persecutions in his reign, 397, 398. Union of the Churchmen and Dissenters, and production of the revolution, 400. His character, iii. 147. His fiendish cruelty, 147–149. His ignominious flight, 151

James II. of Scotland, his treachery, iii. 49–52

James IV. of Scotland, his policy, iii. 56

James V. of Scotland, seized by the Douglases, iii. 57. His escape, 58, 59. Favours the Church, and punishes the nobles, 59, 60. Who bring about the Reformation, 62. Accepts the title of ‘Defender of the Faith,’ 62. His marriage with Mary of Guise, 63. Cause of his death, 69

Jamin's ‘Thoughts,’ suppression of, ii. 238

Jansenism, tenets of, ii. 343. Its introduction into France, previous to the time of Louis XIV., but suppression by him, 344. Its revival in the eighteenth century, and its effect on the democratic movement, 344. Its overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345

Java, early civilization of, i. 305. Causes of the loss of the historical traditions of, 305. Establishment of Mohammedanism in, 305 note. Period of the Indian colonization of, 305 note. Traditions of Java preserved in the island of Bali, 306

Jefferson, Thomas, his part in the French Revolution, ii. 418

Jeffreys, Lord, his cruelty, i. 397

Jehangueir, the emperor, his extraordinary wealth, i. 77 note

Jerusalem, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Jesuits, the, banished from France by Henry IV., ii. 23. Recalled, 23, 24 note. Services of the early Jesuits to civilization, 336. Their system of education, 336. Their incompatibility with the opinions of the eighteenth century, 337. Buffier the only Jesuit name in the history of abstract philosophy, 342 note. The order overthrown in France in the last century, 345, 346. Regarded as the instigators of Damiens' attempted assassination of Louis XV., 345. Expelled from Spain, 546

Jewel, Bishop, his ‘Apology for the Church of England’ compared with Hooker's ‘Ecclesiastical Polity,’ 340. And with Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants,’ 348

Jews, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by the history of the, i. 257, 258. Importance of the history of the, according to Bossuet, ii. 285. Harshness of the early Spanish laws against them, 438. Decree of expulsion of Ferdinand and Isabella, 445. Number of Jews expelled from Spain, 446 note

Johnson, Dr., on free will, i. 14 note

Joubert, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195

Jousse, suppression of his ‘Treatise on Presidial jurisdiction,’ ii. 238

Joyce, Cornet, his origin, ii. 155

Judas, history of, according to Matthew of Westminster, i. 316

Judges in France, ii. 124. Period when judges were first knighted in England, 135 note

Julian, the emperor, causes of his persecution of the Christians, i. 186

Jurisdictions, hereditary, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 161, 169

Jury, origin of trial by, ii. 117 note

Jussieu, his botanical generalizations, ii. 397

Justice, permanent improvement in the administration of, in England, i. 402

Juxon, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391

Kamtschatkans, religious regard they pay to some animals, i. 126 note

Kant, his views as to the scientific conception of the understanding, i. 18 note; quoted, 35–38

Ken, Bishop, deprived, i. 408, 410. Refuses to admit in the secular power the right of deprivation, 410

Kennedy, Bishop of St. Andrew's, his power in Scotland, iii. 53. His counsel to the king, 53, 54

Kilmarnock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise of the manufactures of, 180

‘King's Friends,’ the party so called, i. 448

Kings, causes of the diminution of the respect formerly felt for, ii. 182. Reasons why their information is inaccurate, and their prejudices numerous, 183. Their nonsensical or blasphemous titles, 183 note

Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, i. 397

Kirk-sessions in Scotland, in the seventeenth century, iii. 206, 207. Their tyranny, 209, 210

Knights Templars, discourse of St. Bernard on the, quoted, ii. 133 note

Knighthood, bane of the order of, in France, ii. 133, 134. Little respect paid to it in England, 135. Compulsory knighthood in that country, 135

Knowledge, influence of the progress of, in diminishing religious persecution, i. 189. And in diminishing war, 190. The three ways in which the progress of knowledge has lessened the warlike spirit, 203–223. The totality of human actions governed by the totality of human knowledge, 229. Remarkable diffusion of knowledge in the United States, 243. Books the storehouse of knowledge, 267. In what the knowledge in which all civilization consists is based, 268. The ‘learned ignorance’ for which many men are remarkable, 269. Condition and results of the literature of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269. Endeavours of governments to hinder the advance of knowledge, 284. Craving of the people after knowledge, 430. Popular form taken by the diffusion of knowledge, 430, 431. Simplicity of the style of the authors of the last century, 437. The increase and diffusion of knowledge in England at the latter part of the eighteenth century antagonistic to the political events of the same period, 498. Efforts of the French Protestant clergy to suppress the pursuit of knowledge, ii. 70. Sudden craving after knowledge in France at the latter part of the last century, 407