INDEX. (continued 2)

Knox, John, commencement of his career, iii. 74, 75. His influence in promoting the Reformation, 75. His part in the murder of Beaton, 76. Goes to Geneva, 76. Returns, 79. His petition to Parliament as to the Church revenues, 84, 85. His death, 93

Konigseg, his services to Spain, ii. 519

La Bletterie, cause of his expulsion from the French Academy, ii. 235

Labour, effect of climate on the energy and regularity with which it is conducted, i. 42, 43. See Wages

Labourers and employers, their wages and profits, i. 52. Effect of the supply of food on the labouring classes, 54. Native laws respecting the Sudras or labourers of India, 79, 80

La Bruyère, his ‘Charactères,’ ii. 209

Lacteals, Aselli's discovery of the, ii. 81. Recognized by Descartes, but denied by Harvey, 81 and note

La Fayette, character and abilities of, i. 470. Burke's hostility to, 471. His familiarity with English language and literature, ii. 224. His introduction of democratic opinions into France, 417

La Fontaine, ‘Fables’ of, ii. 209

La Force, Marshal, ii. 43

La Harpe, his ‘Éloge sur Fénelon’ suppressed, ii. 237

Laing, Mr., his remarks on the German literary class, quoted, i. 239 note

Laland, his advocacy of atheism, ii. 352

Lamplugh, translated from Exeter to the see of York, i. 404

Lanjuinais, his work on Joseph II. ordered to be burned, ii. 236

Lanthenás, his familiarity with the English language and literature, ii. 224

Laplace, his professed atheism, ii. 352

La Popelinière, his French historical works, ii. 269

Lateran, Matthew of Westminster's etymology of the name, i. 317

Latin, a vernacular dialect in the Middle Ages, i. 271. Results of Latin being colloquially employed by the monks, 271 note

Laverdy, openly protects the Jansenists, ii. 345

Lavoisier, his discoveries in chemistry, ii. 367

Law courts, first publication of the proceedings in the, i. 434

Layamon, his translation into English of the history of Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324

Le Blanc, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219. His admiration for England, 228

Le Brun, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225

Legat, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions, i. 345 note

Legislation, main object of, i. 23. Burke's views as to the true end of, 459. The safest course for a legislator to pursue, 504. See Government

Leicester, Earl of, the founder of the House of Commons, ii. 117

Lenglet du Fresnoy, his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235

Lens, the crystalline, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78

Leprosy, superstitions respecting, i. 127. The leprosy of the Middle Ages extirpated from modern Europe, 155

Lerma, Duque de, prime minister of Spain, ii. 473, 474. His alliance with the clergy, 474. And its consequences, 475–477. His part in the expulsion of the Moriscoes, 493

Lesdiguières, Marshal, ii. 43. His apostacy, 48

Leslie, his philosophy of heat, iii. 383. Aid which he derived from poetry, 385. His injustice to Bacon, 388

Le Trosne, suppression of his work on ‘Finance,’ ii. 238

Lettes, their fondness for pork, i. 314 note

Le Vassor, his ‘Histoire de Louis XIII.,’ ii. 30 note

L'Hopital, his recommendation of religious toleration, ii. 10. His failure to effect any of his noble schemes, 10

Libel, Burke's attack of the power exercised by judges in trials for, i. 464

Libraries, circulating, first establishment of, i. 431. Licences required by Act of Parliament for keeping reading-rooms or circulating libraries, i. 490

Lichfield, first printing office in, i. 432 note

Life, statements of Hindu poets as to the ancient duration of, i. 135. Active causes of the increased duration of, 153. Examination of Bichat's work on Life, ii. 390

Light, French researches as to the phenomena of, in the eighteenth century, ii. 362

Lindsey, Mr. his establishment of Sunday schools, i. 430 note

Linen, manufacture, rise of in Glasgow, iii. 176, 179. And in other parts of Scotland, 180

Linguet, his works suppressed and their author imprisoned, ii. 236, 237

Linnæus, his artificial botanical system superseded by the French natural method, ii. 376, 397

Literature, American, characteristics of, i. 241

Literature, influence of on the progress of society, i. 266. Result which is sure to happen to a literature above the level of its age, 266, 267. Illustrations from Greece, Rome, and Germany, 267. In what real knowledge consists, 268. Men and countries where erudition merely ministers to ignorance, 269. Condition and effects of the literature of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269, 270. Effect of the monopoly of literature by the clergy, 307. Character of the literature of India, 132. And of ancient Greece, 137

Literature, English—characteristics of, in the reign of Charles II., i. 234. Influence of the intellect of France on Dryden's plays, 235 note. Causes which have maintained the independence, and increased the value of English literature, 235 note. Change in the form and make of English literature in the last century, 436. Coleridge's lamentations of this change, 437 note. Addison's establishment of the easy and democratic style, 437. Failure of an attempt to revive the pedantic style, 437 note. Abolition of servile dedications, 438. Introduction of the plan of publishing books by subscription, 439. First instance of a popular writer attacking public men by name, 439. English literature unknown to the French at the end of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 note. But begun to be studied after the death of Louis XIV., 215. Its services to French, and thence to European liberty, 227

Literature, French, effect of, on English writings, i. 235. Characteristics of French literature at the time of Descartes and Richelieu, ii. 93, 94. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, 176. Result in an alliance between literature and government, 176, 177. Servility of men of letters at this time, 177. Injurious effects of the protective system of Louis XIV. upon literature, 182. And of pensions to literary men, 183, 187. The literary splendour of the reign of Louis XIV. not of his creation, 188, 189. Causes of its decay in his reign, 208. Causes of the junction of English and French intellects after the death of Louis XIV. Systematic and prolonged persecution to which literature was exposed in the eighteenth century, 230–242. Proposal of the avocat-general as to the publication of new works, 245. Why the Church, and not the government, was first attacked by literary men, 247. State of French historical literature from the end of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 261 et seq.

Literature, German, since the middle of the eighteenth century, i. 237. Origin of, 237. Remarks on Mr. Kay's picture of German education, 238 note. Mr. Laing's observations on the German literary class, 239 note

Literature, Scotch, poverty of, down to the commencement of the eighteenth century, iii. 183. Buchanan and Napier, 183. Character of the Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281. Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century was unable to affect the nation, iii. 465

Literature, Spanish, causes which gave it its adventurous and romantic tone, ii. 433, 434. Hold retained by the Spanish Church over the highest and lowest intellects, 479

Liver, business of the, i. 148. The liver and lungs always compensatory, 148. Size of the fœtal liver, 149 note

Locke, John, his views as to the use of money in trade, i. 212 note. Causes of his Socinian views, 363. His death, ii. 374

Locomotion, effect of improved means of, in weakening the love of war, i. 221–223

Logarithms, discovery of, iii. 183

Logos, influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea of the, ii. 286

London, the Great Plague and Fire of, i. 387

Lords, House of, abandons its pretensions to an original jurisdiction in civil suits, i. 384. Origin of the disrepute into which the, fell in the reign of George III., 451–453. Abolished, ii. 153

Lotos bread of Egypt, i. 87. Herodotus on the lotos, quoted, 87 note

Loudun, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 61

Louis, Saint, of France, his etymology of the word Tartar, i. 313 note

Louis, suppression of his thesis on ‘Generation,’ ii. 238

Louis IX. of France, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage private war, ii. 116

Louis XIII., his protection of the French protestants, ii. 25. Le Vassor's ‘Histoire de Louis XIII.,’ 30 note. Heretics not only protected during his reign, but openly rewarded, 43. Illtreated by the Protestants whom he had protected, 57, 58, 60

Louis XIV., his accession, ii. 96. The protective spirit carried into literature during his reign, 176. Character of the King's private life and public career, 178. His revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and the results, 178–181. His reign notwithstanding held up by some to admiration, 181. Gratitude of men of letters to him, 181. Injurious effect of his system of protection upon literature, 182–187. The literary glory of his reign not his work, 188. Scarcely anything added during his reign to the sum of human knowledge, 189–202. Causes of this intellectual decay, 202. Universal decline of France in every department during the latter part of his reign, 210–212. His death, 213. The retrograde movement in historical literature in the reign of, 273. Causes of this, 273. His treatment of literary men, 274–277. His thirst for glory, 277. Voltaire's ‘Age of Louis XIV.,’ 296. His disposition to favour the King, 297

Louis XVI., rupture between England and France caused by the execution of, i. 485. His edict granting civil rights to the Huguenots, ii. 335

Loyalty, causes which weakened, in the reign of Charles II., i. 388. Origin of the deep feelings of loyalty among the French people, ii. 249. And among the Spaniards, 249 note. The loyalty of the English and French compared, 250, 251. Causes of the loyalty of the Spaniards, 455 et seq. Connexion between loyalty and superstition, 455. Old punishments for disloyalty in Spain, 458. The loyalty of Spain contrasted with that of Scotland, iii. 2

Lulli, the French musician, ii. 207

Lungs, connexion between carbonized food and the respiratory functions, i. 148. The lungs and liver always compensatory, 148

Mably, his admiration for England, ii. 229. Suppression of his ‘Observations on the History of France,’ 236. Guizot's edition of this work, 236. Character of his ‘History of France,’ 300

Macaulay, Mr., character of his ‘History of England,’ i. 394 note

Macchiavelli, his views as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314 note

Machault, controller-general of France, his edict against mortmain, ii. 332. Dislike of the clergy for him, 333. Favour with which he regarded the Jansenists, 344

Madden, Sir F., his edition of Wace's ‘Brut,’ i. 325 note

Madrid, decline in the population of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 501. Starving condition of the people of, 505, 509. Scenes of robbery and murder in consequence, 509–511. No public library in, in 1679, 527. Beautified by Charles III., 561

Magendie, his division of food into azotized and non-azotized, i. 55 note

Maize, its extraordinary fecundity in Mexico and Peru, i. 109. Most probably peculiar to the American continent, 109

Malaga captured from the Arabs, ii. 440

Malayo-Polynesian race, causes of the corruption of the early histories of the, i. 305. Eastern and western limits of the, 304, 305 note

Malebranches, his ‘Inquiry respecting Truth,’ ii. 209

Malesherbes, M., his attack on church property in France, ii. 333

Mallet, character of his ‘History of Denmark,’ ii. 299

Malus, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362

Malthus, principle of his work anticipated by Voltaire, ii. 304

Man modified by nature and nature modified by man, i. 20. Inquiry into the laws of this double modification, 20. Inferences respecting human actions, 21. Two classes of actions, 22. The powers of man unlimited, 51. Modes in which his energies are checked by the energies of nature, 119. Laws of the process by which the mind of man is influenced by the aspects of nature, 119. Effects of the force and majesty of nature in the tropics, 120. Causes which give birth to superstition, 122, 123. Fictions in Sanscrit literature as to the longevity of the human race at an early period of the world, 135. Moral and intellectual progress of man, 174. No evidence of the improvement of the natural faculties of man, 176. Dependence of his progress on an improvement of the circumstances under which his faculties come into play, 178. The standard of action having varied in every age, the causes of action must be variable, 179. Stationary character of moral principles, 180. Progressive aspect of intellectual truths, 181. Ignorant men always mischievous in proportion to their sincerity, 183. Religious persecutions in Rome and Spain, 185–188. More virtue than vice in every country, 221. Inferences to be drawn as to the causes of social progress, 224. The totality of human actions governed by the totality of human knowledge, 229

Manchester, Earl of, joins the Parliamentary forces, ii. 151

Manichæans, their doctrine of predestination, i. 13

Manrent, in Scotland, iii. 65 note

Mansfield, Lord, his speech on the Theological Society, i. 436 note

Manufactures, few and insignificant improvements made in, in France during the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 193. Sudden rise of the manufactures in Scotland, in 1707, iii. 171, 172

Marat, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 224

Marchand, Prosper, his ‘Dictionnaire Historique,’ ii. 267 note

Margat, suppression of his ‘History of Tamerlane,’ ii. 235

Marlborough, Duke of, character of, i. 201

Marmontel, how treated by a French noble, ii. 239, 240

Marriages, determined by uniformity of sequence, and not by the temper and wishes of individuals, i. 32. Effects of the price of food upon marriages, 32

Marsy, his ‘Analysis of Bayle’ suppressed, ii. 236

Martin, bishop of Tours, Bossuet's estimate of, ii. 287. The Benedictines' life of, 288. His miracles, 288 note

Martyrs, adoration of, in the early ages of the Church, i. 145 note

Mary, Queen, restores England to Catholicism, ii. 7. But fails to effect a restoration of church property, 7 note

Mary of Guise, her marriage with James V. of Scotland, iii. 63. Her attempt to establish a standing army, 77. Becomes regent, 77. Deposed, 80

Masillon, the last of the great French pulpit orators, ii. 348

Masquerades forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Mathematicians, their pretence to certainty in their own pursuits, ii. 326. The study of mathematics in France in the seventeenth century, 189

Mathew of Westminster, his history of Judas, i. 316. His origin of the custom of kissing the Pope's toe, 317. His etymology of the Lateran, 317

Maxwell, Lord, iii. 71. His venality, 71 note

Mazarin, Cardinal, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 96. His toleration, 96, 97. His alliance with Oliver Cromwell, 98. Signs the treaty of the Pyrenees, 98

Mechanics, why less superstitious than agriculturists, i. 376–379

Medici, Catherine de', her protection of the French Protestants, ii. 25. Her foreign policy, 35

Medicine, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 195, 196

Meetings, public political, establishment of the right of, i. 434. Passing of an Act intended to stifle religious or political meetings, 489

Melrose Abbey robbed by the English, iii. 15

Melville, Andrew, takes the lead of the Scotch reformed church, iii. 93. Begins a struggle with the State, which lasted for sixty years, 94. His name of επισκοπομαστιξ, 97 note. Appointed moderator at St. Andrew's in 1582, 101. His personal insult to the king, 110. Summoned by the king to England, 124. Imprisoned in the Tower, 124

Memory, aberrations of, the laws respecting the, i. 32

Mental laws, examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for discovering, i. 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Mental laws either moral or intellectual, 168. Comparison between moral and intellectual laws, 168, 175. Necessity of ascertaining the fundamental laws of intellectual progress, 242. Advantages to be gained in that respect from studying the histories of Germany, America, France, Spain, and Scotland, 243

‘Mence, Institutes of,’ authority of in India, i. 75. Vast antiquity of the, according to the Hindu writers, 137

Menzies, John, the Aberdeen preacher, iii. 203 note

Mercenaries employed by William the Conqueror and his immediate successors, ii. 114

Mercury, mine of, at Almaden, ii. 540

Mescua, Mira de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479

Metaphysics; metaphysical inquiry preceded and often controlled by the physical, i. 10 note. The only successful mode of prosecuting the study of metaphysics, 17. Examination of the two metaphysical methods of generalizing mental laws, 156. Definition of the term metaphysics, 164 note. The English inductive and the Scotch deductive methods, 245 et seq. Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Adam Smith, 249. David Hume, 250. Examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for discovering mental laws, 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Descartes, the originator of the modern method of philosophy, ii. 81, 82. Analogy of his philosophy with the anti-theological policy of Richelieu, 83. The eminent characteristic of the philosophy of Descartes, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Services which metaphysicians formerly rendered to the Church, 262. Analysis of the works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353–360. Rise of the reactionary party in France at the beginning of the present century, 389. See also Philosophy

Meteorology, causes which have retarded the progress of, i. 377 note. Supernatural causes attributed by ignorance to changes in the weather, 378 note

Method, importance of the philosophy of, ii. 387

Mey, suppression of his treatise on ‘French Law,’ ii. 237

Mexico, authentic existing materials for forming an opinion on the ancient state of, i. 95. Characteristics of the climate of, and reasons for its early civilization, 99. Exuberance of the maize plant in, 109. The potato introduced by the Spaniards into, 110, 111. Extraordinary fecundity of the banana in, 111. Success with which astronomy was cultivated in, 112. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the inhabitants of, when discovered by the Europeans, 114. Custom of caste in Mexico, 115. Frivolous waste of labour of the Mexicans, 116. Their immense buildings, 117

Mezeray, character of his ‘History of France,’ ii. 270, 271. How treated by Louis XIV., 274, 275. His ‘Abrégé Chronologique,’ 275 note

Michael, St., foundation of the order of, i. 313 note

Micrometer, discovery of the, ii. 192

Microscope, invention of the, ii. 198, 199

Middle Ages, the childish admiration of the, dispelled by Voltaire, ii. 305

Middleton, Dr., ferment caused by his ‘Free Inquiry,’ i. 428

Mill, James, his method of investigating speculative jurisprudence, i. 426426

Mill, John, his inquiry into the method of investigation which political economists ought to follow, i. 250 note

Millet, use of, as food in India, i. 71 note

Millington, Sir Thomas, his botanical discoveries, ii. 200. Causes of his opposition to ecclesiastical authority, i. 363

Milton, John, parts of his works translated into French by Mirabeau, ii. 225

Minana, Spanish historian, ii. 480

Mineralogy, French researches in, at the end of the eighteenth century, ii. 399. Doubts as to the true method of investigating, 399. The discovery of isomorphism, 400

Mines, military employment of gunpowder in, i. 206 note

Mirabeau, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225. His professed atheism, 352

Miracles, the celebrated dispute respecting, i. 428

Missionaries, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by the efforts of the, i. 255

Mississippi, area drained by the, i. 97 note

Mohammed, cause of his death, according to Mathew Paris, i. 315. And cause of his becoming a heretic, 316. How regarded by Bossuet, ii. 286

Mohammedanism, area of the countries in which it is professed, ii. 286. Lofty ideas of the Mohammedan writers on the oneness of God, 287 note. The Mohammedans in Spain, 439

Molina, Tirso de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 480

Monboddo, Lord, his lamentation over the extinction of pedantry in English literature, i. 437 note

‘Monconys, Voyages de,’ i. 371 note

Money, notions of the use of, in trade, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, i. 210–212. Right of coining allowed to the aristocracy of France, but never in England, ii. 115

Monks, results of Latin being colloquially employed by the, of the Middle Ages, i. 271 note

Monotheism, forms of religion preceding, according to Hume and Comte, i. 250250 note

Monsoons, causes of the, i. 102 note

Monstrosities, animal, discoveries respecting, ii. 396 note

Montaigne, Michel de, first appearance of his essays, ii. 16. Difference between him and Rabelais, 16. Regarded as the first French sceptic, 16. Opinions of Dugald Stewart and Rousseau of his writings, 18 note. Immense influence of his works, 18 note. Compared with Charron, 19. His scepticism compared with that of Descartes, 86. His the first sceptical work published in France, 266

Montalvan, Spanish dramatist, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 479

Montbarey, Prince de, character of his censures of Louis XV., ii. 406 note

Montesquieu, his erroneous notions as to political economy, i. 212 note. His knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His admiration for England, 228. His the first information concerning the real history of Rome, 314. Character of his ‘Spirit of Laws,’ 314. His method, and its value, 315

Montgomery, Robert, appointed Archbishop of Glasgow, iii. 100. Excommunicated by the General Assembly, 100. Submits, 100.

Montgon, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 237

Montlosier, his geological labours, ii. 368

Moral truths, little changes which they have undergone, i. 180. Moral truths in the New Testament quoted from pagan authors, 180 note. Influence of moral feelings on individuals, but not on society in the aggregate, 228. Separation of theology from morals, 424. Consequences of this separation, 425–427

Morals, Charron's, the first attempt to create a system of morals independent of theology, ii. 19

Morellet, l'Abbé, his translation of the ‘Wealth of Nations’ into French, ii. 219, 239. His punishment in the Bastille, 240

Moriscoes, their expulsion from Spain, ii. 485 et seq. Number expelled, 494

Morris-dances forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Mortmain, Machault's edict against, in France, ii. 332

Morton, the Regent, his persecution of the reformed clergy of Scotland, iii. 91

Mosaic cosmogony first impugned, i. 429

Mounier, his familiarity with the English language and English institutions, ii. 225. His proposal for the establishment of two Chambers in France, 225

Muhlberg, results of the battle of, ii. 446

Municipal privileges in England, ii. 119. Futility of, in France, 121

Murder, uniform reproduction of the crime of, i. 24, 25

Muscular system, waste or decomposition of the, i. 56 note

Music forbidden by the Scotch clergy, iii. 258

Muskets, the, of the fifteenth century, i. 206 note

Names, origin of the habit of generalizing, i. 297 note

Nantes, edict of, confirmed by Catherine de' Medici, ii. 25. By her son Louis XIII., 25. And by Mazarin, 96

Napier, Sir William, his military genius and works, i. 200

Napier, John, his discovery of logarithms, iii. 183

Naples, foundation of the city of, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, i. 313

Napoleon I., compared with Richelieu, ii. 27

Nasmyth, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 385

‘Nations, Morals, Manners, and Character of,’ Voltaire's, ii. 297

Nature, laws of, origin of the perception of the, i. 9. Causes of the disturbances in the laws of, 30. Influence and results of the general aspects of, on the human race in its infancy, 39, 118. Modes in which the energies of Nature hamper the energies of Man in South America, 106. Laws of the process by which the aspects of Nature influence the human mind, its natural movements, and natural progress, 119. Feelings inspired by the force and majesty of natural phenomena in tropical regions, 120, 121. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes, 122, 123. Comparison of the material phenomena of Greece and India, 139, 140. Instance in the proportion of births of the sexes of the regularity of natural laws, 168

‘Nature, the System of,’ publication of, ii. 351

Necessity, doctrine of, its displacement of the doctrine of Chance, i. 9. Origin of the doctrine, ii. 343

Necker, M., his Report on the Finances of France, ii. 329. Eagerness of the French to read it, 329. Character of the work, 330. His anti-ecclesiastical policy, 333. His Calvinist opinions, 345.

Newspapers, first publication of, on Sundays, i. 431. Establishment of political ones, 434. And of the right to publish parliamentary debates, 435. Vast increase in the circulation of newspapers in the latter half of the last century, 439 note

Newton, Sir Isaac, his imagination i. 124 note. His death, ii. 374

Niebuhr, his arguments as to the early history of Rome anticipated by Voltaire, ii. 311. The three principles fundamental to his history which it is impossible to refute, 311

Nile, effects of the overflow of the, on the civilization of Egypt, i. 48, 49. Herodotus's expression δῶρον τοῦ ποταμοῦ, 49 note

Nîmes, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60

Nobles. See Aristocracy

Nonconformists. See Dissenters

Nonjurors, the, amongst the bishops and inferior clergy, i. 408–412. The last of the nonjuring bishops, 412 note

Norfolk, Duke of, concludes the treaty of Berwick, iii. 81

North, Lord, overpersuaded by George III. to engage in war with America, i. 480 note

Norwegians, their invasion of Scotland, iii. 10

Nosology, the, of Cullen, iii. 426

Nutrition, M. Chevreul's generalizations of the laws of, ii. 198 note

Oaths, causes which have given rise to, in England, of every kind and in every direction, i. 282. Amount of perjury in England caused by legislation, 282 note

Œpinus, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362

Oils, amount of carbon in, i. 61

Okey, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Opinion, public, origin of the supremacy of, i. 209. The real cause of the abolition of the corn-laws, 273

Optics, discoveries of Descartes in, ii. 78

Orders of chivalry, origin of the, ii. 132, 133

Ordinance, the Self-denying, passed, ii. 153

Oregon or Columbia river, the only river of importance on the western coast of North America, i. 97

Orkney Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

Orleans, Duke of, his residence in England, ii. 226

Osteology, comparative, Ambrose Paré's contributions to, ii. 195

Owen, Professor, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 384, 385. His services to comparative anatomy, 386

Oxford, effort of the clergy to instil their principles at, i. 442 note. Pitt's denunciation, 442 note. Execution of the first heretic at, ii. 109

Oxygen in food, i. 55 et seq.

Paganism, large amount of, existing in every Christian sect, i. 260 note

Paisley, population of, in 1700, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 176

Palæontology, Cuvier the founder of, ii. 369. Its importance to geology, 369 note. Daubenton's labours, 371. Owen's, 386

Palatine, endeavours of Richelieu to save the, ii. 38 note

Paley, Dr., effect of his utilitarian moral system, i. 426 note

Palm-tree, the date, its importance in Africa, i. 83, 84

Palm-wine, of Africa, i. 84 note

Paravicino, Spanish poet, his sermons, ii. 480

Paré, Ambroise, his eminence in surgery, ii. 195. One of the founders of comparative osteology, 195

Paris, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 310. State of the pulpit oratory of, in 1771, ii. 348

Paris, Mathew, his statement as to the reason why Mohammedans refuse to eat pork, i. 315. Sismondi's eulogy of him as an historian, 315 note

Parliament, gradual diminution of the number of ecclesiastics in, i. 416, 417. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons, 418. Establishment of the right to publish the debates in Parliament, 435. And of the doctrine of personal representation, 435

Parr, Dr., classical style of his English, ii. 307

Pascal, Blaise, period in which he flourished, ii. 189. His great works, 189. His ‘Provincial Letters,’ 209

Pathology, characteristics of, iii. 410. Compared with Physiology, 411. Account of the generalizations of Cullen and of Hunter, 413. Difference between the science of pathology and the art of therapeutics, 416. Cullen's theory of the solids and fluids, 418. His theory of fever, 424. His nosology, 426. His services to pathology, 429, 447

Patin, his opinion of the English of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 note

Patronage of literature. See Protective spirit

Pecquet, his discovery of the chyle, ii. 194

Pedantry of ancient English authors, i. 436. Discarded for a lighter style, 437

Pelagius, his doctrines as to free will, ii. 338. Absence of the speculative spirit in, 342. His learning, 342

Penal code, increasing severity of the, in the reign of George III., i. 463

Pensions, literary, injurious effect of, ii. 183–187

Perjury, cause of the increase of, i. 281. Amount of, in England, 282 note

Persecution of the Christians under the Roman Emperors, causes of, i. 185. And of those of Spain, 187. Causes of the diminution of religious persecution, 188. Number of persons put to death in Holland and Spain, 189. Old theological theory of the justification of persecution, 344

Persia, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Causes of the absence of authentic information respecting the early history of, 303. The ‘Shah Nameh’ of Ferdousi, 303. Antagonism between Mohammedanism and the old Persian history, 303. Results anticipated from a decipherment of the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, 304 note

Perth burnt by the English, iii. 14, 16. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 30

Peru, physical condition of, i. 107. Exuberance of maize of, 109. And of the banana of, 111. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the people of, when discovered by the Europeans, 113. Rigid enforcement of caste in Peru, 114 note. Frivolous waste of labour of the Peruvians, 117. Their immense buildings, 117. The effect of earthquakes in Peru in encouraging superstition, 122, 123

Pestilence, superstitions respecting, i. 127. Pestilences ‘the harvests of the ministers of God,’ 130 note

Petit, Antoine, popularity of his lectures on anatomy, ii. 406 note

Pharamond, authorities for the existence of, ii. 265 note

Philip Augustus, his policy in regard to the French aristocracy, ii. 115

Philip II. of Spain, his fondness for bacon, i. 314 note. His hatred of the Calvinists, ii. 341. His character, 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Object of all his wars and negotiations, 452. His celebrated Armada, 453. Supported in everything by his loyal subjects, 453. Ascendancy retained by him over the ecclesiastical hierarchy, 473 note. His cruelty to the Moriscoes, 485, 486. His character as a ruler, 468, 473. His part in the extension of the influence of the Church, 475

Philip III. of Spain, his cruelty to the Moriscoes, ii. 489

Philip IV. of Spain, his character, ii. 468

Philip V. of Spain, his accession, ii. 513. His policy, 513. Attacks the inquisition, but is unable to abolish it, 521. Opposed by his people in everything, 522 note

Philip the Fair, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage private war, ii. 116

Philippine Islands, pure form of the Polytheism of the, i. 305. Spanish conquest of the, ii. 464

Philology, study of, i. 2. Buffier the only Jesuit whose name has a place in the history of abstract philosophy, ii. 342 note. Examination of the Scotch philosophy of the eighteenth century, iii. 281. Causes of the success of the deductive and not of the inductive method in Scotland, 282. The Scotch method compared and contrasted with those of Germany and England, 289, 290. Summary of the most important distinctions between deduction and induction, 290. Hutcheson's philosophy, 292. Adam Smith's, 304. Hume's, 331. Reid's, 348. See also Metaphysics

Phlebitis first recognized by Hunter, iii. 454

Phosphorus, amount of, in the brain, i. 57 note. First announced by Hensing, 57 note

Phrenologists, the principal obstacle in the way of the, i. 176 note

Phyllotaxis, ii. 397 note

Physical science, present state of, compared with history, i. 7. Physical, the natural precursor of metaphysical inquiries, 10 note. Remarks on the influence exercised by physical laws over the organization of society and over the character of individuals, 39. Effects of food, climate, and soil, 40 et seq. Democratic character of the physical sciences, ii. 409. Popular works of Desaguliers and Hill on physical truth, 432 note. Examination of the Scotch method employed in physical philosophy, iii. 361. The laws of heat, 362. Black's philosophy of latent heat, 367. Reasons why it is incumbent on physical philosophers to cultivate the imagination, 381, 382. Leslie's philosophy of heat, 383. Geological speculations in Scotland, England, and Germany, 388–393388–393. Watt's invention of the steam-engine, 402. Methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of the composition of water, 403. Nature of the supposed difference between the organic and inorganic world, 407. Life probably a property of all matter, 408. Division of organic science into physiology and pathology, 411. Theory in science, 414. Hunter's idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. The deductive method supreme in Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 462. The two methods compared, 462–464. Science the ally of religion, 477. Attempts of the clergy of the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical science, i. 372. The term natural science, in contradistinction to supernatural, as used at this period, 372 note

Physiologists, view taken by, of the origin of the sexes, i. 170. Probable causes of the small contributions of physiologists towards the power of predicting events, 171 note

Physiology, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 194. Glisson's services to, 196. Characteristics of the science of, iii. 410. Compared with pathology, 411. John Hunter's generalizations, 428 et seq.

Piracy of the Rochellois, in the seventeenth century, ii. 63

Pistols, invention of, i. 206 note

Pitt, William, the elder, his reputation as a statesman, i. 449. Reason why he was hated by George III., 450

Pitt, William, his subserviency to George III., i. 447, 448. His abandonment of liberal principles, 447. Prosecutes and persecutes his brother reformers, 447 note

Plague, the Great, i. 387

Plants, effects of heat and moisture on, the geographical distribution of, i. 96

Plato, his conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of spectral phenomena or dreams, i. 16 note

Platonism, its natural precursor the atomic doctrine, i. 10 note. Influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea of the Logos, ii. 286

Poetry cultivated solely by the ancient Sanscrit authors, i. 132, 133. Indian metres, 133. Cause of the reverence felt for great poets, 294 note

Poisons, general theory of, i. 56 note

Poissy, conference of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 10

Political economy, study of, i. 2. Influence of the discoveries made in, in lessening the warlike spirit, 209. Misconception of the true nature of barter in early times, 210–212. Movement of the eighteenth century, 213. Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 214. His method of treating the laws of wealth, 249. Mr. John Mill's and Mr. Rae's inquiry into the proper method of investigation, 250 note. French translations of the ‘Wealth of Nations’ in the eighteenth century, ii. 219. Voltaire's opinions respecting, 304. Rise of the French political economists in the middle of the eighteenth century, 327. The revolutionary tendency of this economical movement, 327. Schism effected between the nation and government by the economists, 328. Influence exercised shortly before the revolution by the economists, 329. Examination of Adam Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations,’ iii. 314. Salutary effects of man's constant endeavours to better his condition, 319. Malthus's work on population, 326. Constant struggle between capital and labour, according to Adam Smith, 326, 327. Views of David Hume, 333

Politics, separation of theology from, i. 424. Consequences of this separation, 425–427. Effect of the protective spirit carried into politics, ii. 107

Polytheism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Hume, i. 251 note. Natural creed of the Romans, 252. The religion of the Malayo-Polynesians, 304, 305

Pope, origin of kissing his toe, according to Mathew of Westminster, i. 317. Voltaire's Reasons for the unity and consolidation of the power of the popes as compared with that of the Greek patriarchs, ii. 303

Population, connexion between food and the laws of, i. 57. Case of the potato and Irish population, 66. A poor diet said to be more favourable to fecundity than a rich one, 68 note. Voltaire's ideas respecting the ratios by which population and food increase, ii. 304. Malthus's work on, iii. 326

Pork, in general use in Europe as food, for centuries, i. 314. Cause of the refusal of the Mohammedans to eat pork, according to Mathew Paris, 315. Eaten in Asia and Africa, 315 note

Porson, Richard, his letter on the texts of the Heavenly Witnesses, i. 429. His appreciation of the beauties of the English language, ii. 307

Portugal, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123. Absence of science and triumph of the imagination in, 124

Potato, the principal food of the labouring classes in Ireland, i. 65. Time of its introduction into that country, 65 note. The potato crop compared with that of wheat, 65. Used as food by the ancient Peruvians, 110. Introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards, 110, 111. The starch of the potato frozen into saccharine in Southern Peru, 111 note

Pouissin, his works of art, ii. 209 note

Prathama-Raja, the Hindu poets' account of, i. 136

Precision contrasted with certainty in writing history, ii. 325

Predestination, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of the theory, 13. Calvin, Augustin, and the Manichæans, 13. Ambrose, 13 note. Writers on the absurdity of ‘an omnipotent arbitrary deity,’ 13 note. Barrenness of the hypothesis of predestination in a scientific investigation, 14. The doctrine of providential interference bound up with that of predestination, 19 note

Preëmption, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Prerogative, royal limits set to the, after the expulsion of the Stuarts, i. 402. None of our sovereigns since Queen Anne allowed to be present at state deliberations, 442 note. Reaction in favour of divine right, 445

Prescription, old customary French law of, ii. 115

‘Presidial Jurisdiction,’ by Jousse, suppressed, ii. 238

Press, efforts made by governments to destroy the liberty of the, i. 284, 285. Foundation of the public press in England, and its effect on English civilization, 386. Final abolition of the censorship over the, in England, 402. Practice of the English clergy of censuring all books that encouraged free inquiry, 414. First publication of Sunday newspapers, 431. Speech of Danvers as to the power of the press in his time, 484 note. War carried on in the reign of George III. against free discussion of the acts of the government, 488, 491. Vindictive prosecutions and persecutions of eminent men, 488. Importance of the press in England and France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 99

Preston-pans, battle of, iii. 154

Prévost de la Jannes, his ‘Life of Domat’ suppressed, ii. 237

Prévost, his views as to the laws of the radiation of heat, ii. 362

Priapus, Voltaire's remarks on the worship of, quoted, ii. 303 note

Pride compared with vanity, ii. 163

Pride, Colonel, his origin, ii. 155

Primi, the Abbé, his ‘History of Louis XIV.,’ ii. 276. Thrown into the Bastille, 277

Printing, early knowledge of, in China, i. 302 note. Legislative restrictions in former times on, 386 note. When first generally practised in country towns, 431, 432 note

Probability, Romish doctrine of, i. 22 note

Profits, in what they consist, i. 52. Always reduced by high wages, 74

Progress, moral and intellectual, i. 174. Comparison of the moral with the intellectual element, 175. See Knowledge; Intellect; Man

Progress, social, inferences to be drawn as to the causes of, i. 224

Proselytism, why opposed by Charron, ii. 20 note

Protective spirit, effect of the prevalence of the, in France, in trade and in politics, ii. 106, 107. History of the protective spirit, and comparison of it in France and England, 108. This spirit not destroyed by the feudal system, but only assumed a new shape, 111. New form of the protective spirit which continues in France to the present time, 122. The results compared in France and England, 126. Activity of the protective spirit in France, as shown by the history of chivalry, 131–134. Effect of this spirit carried into religion at the period of the Reformation, 137. Attempts of Charles I. to revive the old protective spirit, 147. Results of the energy of the protective spirit on the issue of the Fronde, 160–174. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, and its result, 176 et seq. Lamentable results of the system of patronage in the reign of Louis XIV., 202. Reasons why government patronage should take a wrong course, 203. Illustrations of, 206. Reaction against the protective spirit in France, and preparations for the French Revolution, 213, 226

Protestantism, compared with Roman Catholicism, i. 261. Intolerance, bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of Sweden, 264. Intolerance of Protestants compared with that of the Catholics, ii. 51. Policy of Mazarin as to the French Protestants, 96 et seq. The war of Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Refusal of Henry IV. of France to punish them at the request of the pope, 22, 23. The King's measures for their protection, 23, 24. The Edict of Nantes confirmed by Catherine de Medici and by Louis XIII., 25. Richelieu's liberal treatment of the Protestants, 37–39, 42. The Protestant Confederation of 1633, 39. Desertion of the Protestant leaders, and consequent fall of the Protestant party into the hands of the clergy, 47–50. De Rohan and his brother the only staunch Protestant leaders in 1621, 49. Causes of the intolerance of the French Protestants, 50, 51. Causes which produced their former superstition, 52–54. Evidence of their intolerance, 55. Decisions of the assembly at Saumur, 56. And of other assemblies, 57. Their interference in the functions of government and in other matters, 60. Bitterness of feeling exhibited in the works put forth by them, 61. Join the rebellion under Condé, and are defeated, 61. Their rebellion in Béarn, 61, 62. Civil war raised by them, and its character, 63. Their wealth, accumulated by industry and piracy, 63. The General Assembly of La Rochelle and its decisions, 64, 65. The consequent civil war, 66. Treaties of Montpelier and La Rochelle, 66. Interference of the Protestants in the commonest occurrences of life, 68. Results which would have happened to France if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 71, 72. The rebellion of the Protestants put down by Richelieu, who, however, refuses to persecute them, 73. Siege of La Rochelle, 74. Civil rights conceded to Protestant by a royal edict, 335

Providential interference, doctrine of, i. 19 note

Prussia, Extent of popular superstitions in, i. 238 note. Origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Punishments future, Charron's views as to the doctrine of, ii. 22 note

Punjab, Arab conquest of the, i. 46.

Puppet-shows forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Puritans, their government of England, i. 360. Their fanaticism, and little superstition, 361. Instances of their ignorance of the real principles of government, 361

Purveyance, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Pyramids of Egypt, a testimony of the degraded condition of the people, i. 90, 92. Weight of the great pyramid, 90 note. Hypotheses as to the purposes for which they were built, 90 note. Estimate of the expense of building one of the pyramids, 91 note

Pyrenees, treaty of the, signed by Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98

Quæns, historical error to which their name gave rise, i. 298

Quid emptores, statute of, ii. 119

Quiché Indians, corrupt Christianity of the, i. 265 note

Quinault, the poet of French music, ii. 207

Rabelais, not the first French sceptic, ii. 15, 16. His ridicule of the clergy, 15. Difference between him and Montaigne, 16

Racine, his works, ii. 208. Pensioned to write a history of France for Louis XIV., ii. 277

Rae, Mr., his inquiry into the method of investigation which political economists ought to follow, i. 250 note

Ragi, use of the grain called, in the south of India, i. 71

Ragnar Lodbrok, confusion in Saxo-Grammaticus's life of, i. 298

Raikes, Robert, his organization of Sunday schools, i. 430 note

Railways, effect of, in correcting national prejudices, and in diffusing desires for peace, i. 221–223

Rainbow, the causes of the, detected by Descartes, ii. 79. Notions of the Hebrews and of other nations respecting the, 79 note

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his military genius and works, i. 200

Ravaillac, murders Henry IV. of France, ii. 24. Accounts of him, 24 note

Raynal, l'Abbé, suppression of his work on the Indies, ii. 236

Reading clubs, formation of, i. 433

Reaumur, appearance of his work on the natural history of animals, ii. 197 note

Rebellion, the Great English, causes which gave rise to, ii. 147. Characteristics of the, 148. Difference between it and the Fronde, 149. Conduct of the nobles, 151, 152. The true character of the Rebellion, 154. Plebeian origin of the leaders, 155–159. Causes of its success, 174, 175

Reboulet, suppression of his ‘History of Clement XI.,’ ii. 238

Red Sea Canal, number of lives sacrificed in the construction of the, i. 93

Reform, the principle of, abandoned by William Pitt, i, 447. Mr. Grey's remarks on Pitt's conduct, 447 note

Reformation, connexion between the, and the views advocated by Richard Hooker, i. 351 note. Immediate fall of the Church in England at the first assault of the Reformation, ii. 4. Influence of the Reformation generally in increasing the power of the Catholic clergy, 5 note. The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Analogy between the Reformation and the Revolutions of the seventeenth century, 138–140. Short existence of the Reformation in Spain, 450. Causes which brought about the Reformation in Scotland, iii. 62. John Knox, 75. The Reformation established, 78

Reform Bill, important effects of the, i. 502

Reid, Thomas, examination of his philosophy, iii. 348. Estimate of the value of what he effected, 353. Opposition between his method and that of Bacon, 356

Religion; views of Hume and Comte respecting monotheism, i. 251 note. Influence of religion on the progress of society, 254. Illustration from the efforts of the missionaries, 255. From the history of the Jews, 257, 258. From the early history of Christianity, 259. And from Sweden and Scotland, 263–266. Baneful results of legislative attempts to encourage religious truth and discourage religious error, 281–285. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. The last executions in England for heresy, 345. The right of private judgment held sacred by Chillingworth, 349. Whose work formed a decisive vindication of religious dissent, 352. Passing of the Toleration Act, 402. Easy and rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, ii. 7. Charron's the first instance in modern language of the doctrine of religious development, 21. An end put to religious wars by Richelieu, 40. Authorities respecting religious wars, 40 note. Effect of the peace of Westphalia, 42. Origin of the difference between religious theory and religious practice, 51. Eagerness of the clergy rather directed against error than against virtue, 52 note. Causes of the energy and vitality of a religion not protected by the government, 53, 54. Descartes' remarks on the slaves to form in religion, 85. Causes which lessen the disposition to form new creeds, 263 note. Religious wars, massacres, and persecutions, the result of ignorance of the duties of governments, i. 262

Rent, theory of, i. 51 note. Considered as a division of wealth, 53 note. Rent in England, Scotland, France, and the United States, 75. In India, 76. Mode of ascertaining the true theory of rent, 250 note. Remarks on the theory of, iii. 336

Representation, personal establishment of the political doctrine of, i. 435

Reptiles, noxious, worship of, i. 126 note

Respiration, theory of, ii. 367

Retz, Cardinal de, character of, ii. 102. Secular view taken by him of political affairs, 102

Reviews, literary periodical, origin of, i. 433

Revolution of 1688, proximate cause of the, i. 399, 400. Importance of the, to England, 402. Sudden repentance of the clergy in having promoted it, 403

Revolution, the French, preparations for the, ii. 213. Precursors of the, 230, 247. Causes of the hideous peculiarities of the, 248. Its proximate causes, after the middle of the eighteenth century, 323. The first epoch through which the French intellect passed in the eighteenth century, viz., the attack on the Church, 323. The second epoch, viz., the attack on the State, 327. Rise of the political economists, 327. Sudden increase of works relating to finance and other questions of government, 328. Influence of Rousseau, 330, 331. Attack of the government on the Church, 332. Machault's edict against mortmain, 332. Excitement caused by the edict, 333 note. The anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's successors, 333. Religious toleration of the government, 434. Revival of Jansenism in France, and consequent overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345. After the fall of the Jesuits, the fall of the clergy inevitable, 347. Reasons for this, 349. Rise and progress of atheistical opinions in France, 351. Study of physical phenomena in France in connexion with the Revolution, 375–404. Effect of the American Rebellion in hastening the Revolution in France, 416, 417. Jefferson's part in the final blow dealt to the French government, 418. Summary of the causes of the French Revolution, 418

Revolution, the Scottish, of 1559, iii. 81

Rey, the first European philosophic chemist, ii. 197

Rhyme, antiquity of, i. 293 note

Rice, the general food of the people of India, i. 70. Nutritive qualities of, 70, 71. Immense yield of a rice-crop, 71

Richard I. of England, historical error as to his appellation of the Lion, i. 299

Richardson, admiration of Diderot for the works of, ii. 218

Richelieu, Cardinal, his character, ii. 27, 29. Compared with Napoleon, 27. Fails to diminish the power of the French nobility, 28. Effectually humbles the clergy, 29–31. His treatment of the clergy how regarded by them, 33. Charges brought against him, 34. Review of his career, 34, 35. Supports the new secular scheme of government against the old ecclesiastical schemes, 36. His liberal treatment of the Protestants, 37–42. His endeavours to save the Palatine, 38. The peculiar glory of his administration, 39. Correspondence of his policy in regard to the French Protestant and Catholic Churches, 42 et seq. Puts down the rebellion of the Protestants, but abstains from persecuting them, 73. Confirms the Edict of Nantes, 74. Determines on the siege of Rochelle, 74. Reasons why he put down the Protestant party, 75, 76. His liberal policy part only of a much larger movement, 76. Analogy of the philosophy of Descartes with Richelieu's anti-theological policy, 83, 92

Rio de Janeiro, vigour and profusion of the vegetation near, i. 103 note

Rioja, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Riolan, period in which he flourished, ii. 194

Ripperda, his services to Spain, ii. 519, 542

Roads in Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, iii. 5, 6 note. Aversion of the Highlanders to roads, 159, 160 note

Robertson, Dr., value of his ‘History of Scotland,’ iii. 19 note

Robinson, John, Bishop of Bristol, the last ecclesiastic who held any of the high offices of state, i. 417 note

Rochelle, La, intolerance of the Protestants in the town of, ii. 57. Determinations of the general assembly of 1620, ii. 63, 64. The civil war and its character, 63–66. Peace of La Rochelle, 66. The great siege of, 74

Rochester, first printing office in, i. 432 note

Rohan, Duc de, employed by Richelieu, ii. 44. De Rohan and his brother Soubise the only staunch Protestant leaders in 1621, 49. An amnesty granted to him by Richelieu, 75

Rohan, Chevalier de, his ill-treatment of Voltaire, ii. 231

Roland, Madame, her knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 226

Rolle, his remark on the peers created by George III., i. 454

Romans, the, in Scotland, iii. 7. Character of their civilization in their best days, 8. Cause of their decline, 8, 9

Rome, causes of the persecutions of the Christians by the Emperors of, i. 185. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient, 267. Voltaire's services in purging the early history of Rome of its absurdities, 309, 310. Niebuhr's arguments anticipated by Voltaire, 310, 311. Montesquieu's the first account of the real history of Rome, 314. Machiavelli's views, 314 note. Vico's opinions, 314 note

Roses, wars of the, effect of the, upon the English nobles, ii. 138

Ross, Western, seized by the Norwegians, ii. 11. Annexed to the Crown of Scotland, 46

Ross, John, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107.

Rouelle, his geological labours, ii. 368

Roundheads, title first bestowed, ii. 149

Rousseau, J. J., his opinion of the works of Montaigne, ii. 18 note. Persecuted by the Government, 236. Influence of his works, 330. Enthusiasm of the nation in his favour, 331 note. Immense demand for his works, 331 note. Belongs to the Calvinistic sect, 345

Royal Society, avowed object of the establishment of the, i. 371

Rubis, De, his work on the European monarchies, ii. 270

Russia, cause of the war between Turkey and, i. 195. And of Russian predilection for war, 196

Ruthven, Raid of, iii. 103, 104

Sabbath, the Scotch, iii. 265

Sahara desert, its extent, i. 47. Condition of its inhabitants, 48

Sailors, causes of the superstitions of, i. 375, 379

Saint-Fargeau, Pelletier de, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Saint Lambert, his professed atheism, ii. 352

Salamanca, reply of the University of, when urged to teach the physical sciences, i. 125 note

Sales, Delisle de, persecuted for his writings, ii. 237

Sancroft, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392. Dr. Birch's opinion of him, 392 note. His attempts to convert James II. to Protestantism, 395 note. His open disloyalty, 401, 407, 408

Sandoval, Spanish historiographer, ii. 480

Sanscrit, character of the works written in, i. 132, 133. And of the Sanscrit language, 134 note

Saracens, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 312

Saragossa besieged by Childebert and Clotaire, ii. 435 note

Saumaise, his opinion of the English people of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 note

Saumur, decisions of the Protestant assembly at, ii. 56

Saveur, considered as the inventor of acoustics, ii. 190 note

Saxe, Maurice de, his treatment of the actress Chantilly, ii. 243

Saxo Grammaticus, confusion in his life of Ragnar Lodbrok, i. 298

Scandinavia, causes of error in the early history of, i. 300. The elder and younger Eddas, 301. Pork the chief food of the Scandinavians in early times, 314 note. Scandinavian pirates in Scotland, iii. 5

Scepticism; the spirit of doubt the necessary precursor of improvement, i. 334. Hence the immense importance of scepticism, 335. First open appearance of scepticism in England and France, 336. Authorities as to the increase of scepticism in England since the latter part of the eighteenth century, 356 note. What the author means by the term scepticism, 357 note. Degree of suffering produced on some minds, 357. Legislative improvements of the reign of Charles II. caused by the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. Encouragement given to scepticism by the conduct of the clergy, 414. Rapid succession of sceptical controversies early in the eighteenth century, 427. First appearance of scepticism in France, ii. 14. Rabelais, 15. Intimate connexion between scepticism and toleration in France, 16. Montaigne, the first systematic sceptic in that country, 16. The first open declaration of scepticism in France, 18. Reason why scepticism was favoured by Henry IV. of France, 23. Scepticism of Hooker and Chillingworth, and of Montaigne and Descartes, 86, 87. Spread of scepticism in France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95 note. Analogy between the progress of scepticism in England and France, 103, 104. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church, 109. Commencement of the struggle between the advocates of inquiry and the advocates of belief, 109, 110. Rise and extent of historical scepticism, 261. The first sceptical book in the French language, by Montaigne, 266

Schism Act, passing of the, i. 452

Scholastic prejudices overthrown by Descartes, ii. 92

Science unknown to the Egyptians, i. 49. Relation between inventions, discoveries, and method, ii. 386, 387

Scotland, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross produce, i. 75. Character of the method of investigation of the great thinkers of, 245. Cause and effect of the divergence and hostility between the practical and speculative classes of, 246. Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Superstition, intolerance and bigotry of the clergy and people, 264, 265. The bards of Scotland, 292 note. Origin of the Scotch people, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, 312. Abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, by William III., 406. Condition of Scotland to the end of the fourteenth century, iii. 1 et seq. Scotland and Spain compared as to loyalty, 2. Similarity of the two countries as to superstition, 4. Investigation of the causes of Scotch liberality in politics united with illiberality in religion, 4 et seq. Influence of the physical geography of the country on the course of events, 5. Scotch roads in the seventeenth century, 5 note. The Roman invasion, 7. The Irish invasion, 9. The Norwegian invasion, 10. Attacks of the English, 12. Immediate consequences of their struggle with the English in the Scottish character, 13. Agriculture stopped, 16. Cannibalism, 17. Wars on the borders, 18. The growth of towns stopped by the wars, and the power of the nobles thereby increased, 18. Circumstances favourable to the authority of the nobles, 19. Weakness of the Crown, 20, 21. Ravages of the Highlanders, 21, 22. Prevalence of barter, 23. Industry impossible, and the commonest arts unknown, 23, 24. Dirty habits of the people, 25 note. Scanty population of the Scotch towns, 26 et seq. Their utter feebleness, 32. Causes of the alliance of the Crown with the Church, 34. Superstition of Scotland, and its causes, 35, 36. Witchcraft, 37. Ignorance of the upper and lower classes, 41, 42. Triumph of the aristocracy over the Church and Crown, 43. Their subsequent decline, 43. Condition of Scotland in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 45. Vigorous measures of Albany against the nobles, 45. And of James I., 46. And of James II., 49. Clanship, 50. The Crown encouraged by the clergy against the nobles, 54. Struggle in consequence, 55 et seq. The Reformation in Scotland the result of this struggle, 62. Battle of Solway and death of James V., 68, 69. Murder of Cardinal Beaton, 74. Career of John Knox, 75. Influence of the Guises, 77, 78. Mary of Guise deposed from the Regency, 80. Treaty of Berwick, 81. Supremacy of the nobles established, and destruction of the Church, 81. Quarrel between the nobles and the preachers about the wealth of the Church, 84. Presentation of the First Book of Discipline, 87. The shares of the new and old clergy, 87. The nobles said to have been instigated by the devil, 88. Persecution of the new clergy by Morton, at the head of the nobles, 91. The consequent rupture between Church and State, 93. The struggle under the leader, ship of Andrew Melville, 94. Attack on the bishops, ending with the abolition of episcopacy, 94 et seq. The Second Book of Discipline, 98. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100. Violent language used by the clergy, Melville's personal insult to the King, 110. The Gowrie conspiracy, 110. Boons conferred upon their country by the clergy, 112. Condition of Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 115 et seq. Attempts of James VI. (now James I. of England) to subjugate the clergy, 115. He forces episcopacy upon them, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125. Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The reaction, and its causes, 129. Framing of the National Covenant, 132. Overthrow of the Bishops, 133. Oppressions of Charles II., 137–139. His attempts to establish a permanent despotism baffled, 140. Episcopacy re-established, 141. Dragonnades in the west, 143, 144. Cruelties of James II., 147. Consequences of the alliance between the Crown and the clergy, 147. The reaction of 1688, 151. Causes of the rebellion of the Highlanders in 1715 and 1745 in favour of the Stuarts, 153. Insignificance into which the Highlanders sank after 1745, 157. Beginning of the trading spirit, 160. Connexion between the rise of the trading spirit and the abolition of hereditary jurisdictions, 161, 162. Armour ceased to be worn, 161. Causes of the decline of the power of the nobles, 162, 167. Treatment which they received in London, 163, 164. Rage in Scotland for speaking with an English accent, 163 note. Causes of the abolition of clanship, 167, 168. Sudden rise of trading and manufacturing interests, 171. Their growth assisted by the union with England, 172. Facts illustrative of the history of Scotch industry down to the middle of the eighteenth century, 178 et seq. The first banks in Scotland, 181. Rise of a new and splendid literature, 183. Which, however, fails to diminish the national superstition, 184. Recapitulation of the history of the struggle with episcopacy, 191 et seq. Cromwell's chain of fortresses in Scotland, 194. Causes of the war of the people against Charles I., 197. Events which produced the solemn League and Covenant, 198. Effect and cause of Scotch superstition, 203. Zeal of the people to hear sermons of inordinate frequency and of terrible length, 203. Effect of the pretensions and arrogance of the clergy on the Scotch mind, 203, 269 et seq. Examination of Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281. And of Scotch physical philosophy, 361. Superstition and illiberality in religion still existing in Scotland, 469. Notions countenanced there respecting the origin of epidemics, 471. Correspondence between the Presbytery of Edinburgh and Lord Palmerston on the origin of the cholera in 1853, 473

Sculpture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209

Segovia, appearance of, in 1659, ii. 503 note. Decline of the silk and wool manufactures of, 503 note

Seiks, cause of their superstition respecting the wounds inflicted by the tiger, i. 125 note

Serpent, worship of the, i. 126 note

Serra, his views as to the exportation of the precious metals, i. 212 note

Serres, historiographer of France, importance attached by him to correct dates in history, ii. 267

Severus, his expedition against Scotland, iii. 8

Sévigné, Madame, her name for Queen Mary, consort of William III., ii. 214 note

Seville, decline of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 501

Sewell, Mr., his remarks on the doctrines of passive obedience and divine right, i. 394 note

Sexes, proportion kept up by the law of Nature in the births of the, i. 168. Opinions respecting the origin of the, 170 note, 173 note. Method by which the discovery of the proportion has been made, 172

Shaftesbury, Earl of, Lord Chancellor, his notions of political economy, i. 211 note

Shakspeare, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 note. His pure English, ii. 307 note

Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, iii. 141. His cruelty and rapacity, 141

Sheldon, Gilbert, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391, 392

Shetland Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

‘Siam, History of,’ by Turpin, ii. 238

Silk trade of Toledo, lost, ii. 502

Sinclair, Sir John, his services to statistical science, i. 33 note

Sion College, the only public library in London at the end of the seventeenth century, i. 431 note

Sigfussen Sæmund, his compilation of the Elder Edda, i. 301

Silesia, origin of the name of, i. 312

Simson, Professor Robert, his efforts to revive the pure Greek geometry, i. 247. Notice of him, 247 note. His reasons for recommending the old analysis, 248 note

Sines, law of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 278

Sins, specimens of the, invented by the Scotch clergy, iii. 261

Siva, antiquity of the worship of, in India, i. 141. How represented by the Hindus, 141. His wife Doorga or Kali, 141

Skye, Isle of, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 11

Slavery, favour with which it was regarded by George III., i. 447, 463. Burke's attack on, 463. Extinction of slavery in England, ii. 128. Its recent extinction in France, 129

Small-pox, extra European origin of, i. 130 note

Smith, Adam, publication of his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ i. 214. Its influence in a few years, 214, 215. His views as to the usury laws, 214 note. His services to mankind, 216. His method of metaphysical investigation, 249. French translations of his ‘Theory of the Moral Sentiments,’ ii. 219. And of his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 219. Examination of his philosophy, as shown together in the ‘Moral Sentiments’ and in the ‘Wealth of Nations,’ iii. 305. His obliviousness and disregard of facts, 340, 341. His method of studying pathology compared with that of Cullen, 417

Smith, William, character of his geological speculations, iii. 391

Smuggling, the only means of keeping up trade during the evil interference of legislation, i. 277. Moral evils of smuggling, 278, 279

Social laws, triumph of, over every obstacle, i. 31. Best method of arriving at social truth, ii. 1

Socrates, effect produced by his method of dialectics upon some Greek minds, i. 357

Soil, influence of, on the human race, i. 40. The Great Sahara, 47. The valley of the Nile, 48, 49. Heat and moisture the causes which regulate the fertility of every country, 96

Soldiers, why less superstitious than sailors, i. 376, 379

Solids, Cullen's theory of the, iii. 418

Solis, the Spanish historian, ii. 480

Solway, battle of, iii. 68

Somers, Lord, prosecution instituted against him by the House of Commons, i. 452. Protected by the House of Lords, 452

Sorbonne, Duvernet's history of the, ii. 237

Sowrdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, ignominiously beaten, ii. 32. Flies to Carpentras, 33

Space, the idea of, of the metaphysicians, i. 160. Authorities on the different theories of space, 161 note

Spain, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Physical causes of the superstition existing in, 123. Triumph of the imagination, and absence of science in, 124. Causes of the persecutions in, 187. Numbers of persons put to death by the inquisition in, 189. Pork, a common food in, in former ages, 314 note. Archbishop Turpin's account of Charlemagne's conquest of, 319, 320. Scepticism punished, and its promulgation prevented in, 336. Influence of French literature in, in diffusing scepticism late in the last century, 336 note. Outline of the history of the intellect of, from the fifth to the middle of the nineteenth century, 425. Heat and dryness of the climate, 427. And therefore droughts and famines frequent and serious, 427. Earthquakes, 428. Causes of the prevalence of a pastoral life in Spain, 432. Settlement of the Visigoths and establishment of their opinions, 434. Attacks of the Franks upon their Arian neighbours, 435. Rise of the influence of the Spanish priesthood, 436. Character of Durham's ‘History of Spain and Portugal,’ 438 note. Proofs of the power of the Spanish clergy, 437, 438. Harsh character of the Spanish laws against heresy and the Jews, 438. The eight centuries of struggle between the Arabs and Spaniards, 439, 440. Effect of the dangers of the Spaniards in exciting their superstitious feelings, 441. Their chest of relics in the Asturias, 441. Their miracles and dreams, 442. The three ways in which the Mohammedan invasion strengthened the devotional feelings of the Spanish people, 444. Capacity and honesty of Isabella in the war with the Arabs, 444. Ferdinand and Isabella's decree against the Jews, 445. The number of Jews actually expelled from Spain, 446 note. Domestic and foreign policy of Charles V., 446. His obedience to the tendencies of his age, 447–449. Character of Philip II., 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of persons put to Death by Alva, 451. Object of all the wars and negotiations of Philip II., 452. The Armada prepared to humble England, 453. Unshaken loyalty of Philip's subjects, 454, 455. Causes of the spirit of loyalty which has distinguished the Spanish above every other European nation, 455. The Arab invasion one of the causes, 456. The old ballads, 456. The poem of ‘The Cid,’ 457. Loyalty of the Spanish codes, 458. Consequences of Spanish loyalty and superstition, 461 et seq. Rapid progress of Spain in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 463. Her territories in America and in other parts of the world, 464. Her military superiority over her contemporaries, 464. Her eminent literary men who were also soldiers, 464. Causes of her decline, 465, 467. Essential difference between English and Spanish civilization, 465, 466. The decay of Spain in the seventeenth century due to the weakness of her people, 470. The declining energy of the government the cause of the increasing influence of the clergy, 472. Davila's statement of the Spanish theory of government, 472 note. Flourishing state of the Church, 475. Her hold over the highest as well as the lowest intellects, 478, 479. Great numbers of works on Spanish ecclesiastical history, 483. Expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 483–485. Cruelty with which they were treated, 485–494. Effect of the expulsion of the Moors in impoverishing the country, 497. Steps which mark the decline of Spain, 500. Loss of population and of manufactures, 501–504. Increase of poverty, 504–506. Destruction of the military reputation of Spain, 506, 515. The whole kingdom unprotected, 509. Gangs of robbers and murderers in the capital, 510 note. The Austrian dynasty succeeded by the Bourbons, 513. Policy of the first Bourbon, Philip V., 513. The Dukes of Berwick and Vendôme, 515–517. The finances of Spain administered by Orry, 518. Alberoni Ripperda, and Konigseg, 519. Endeavours of foreigners to improve the country by weakening the Church, 521. The clergy forced to contribute to the taxes, 523. Alliances formed between Spain and the Mohammedans, 525, 549. Inertness and ignorance of the people, high and low, at this period, 529. State of medical science in the seventeenth century, 532. Foreign aid called in to remedy native ignorance, 536. Expulsion of the Jesuits, 546. Attacks made on the Inquisition, 547. Foreign policy of Spain under the influence of foreigners, 549. A prospect of the return of wealth opened up, 550, 551. Effects of the vigour displayed by Charles III., 552 et seq. Causes of his failure to produce permanent good, 553. Decline of Spain under Charles IV., 571. Endeavours in the nineteenth century to improve the country, 574. Causes of their failure, 575. Immense natural advantages of Spain, 583. Her great men, 585. Her progress prevented by national ignorance, 589. The essential vice of the Spanish people, 592, 593. Causes which keep Spain in her miserable condition, 593 et seq. Scotland contrasted with Spain as to loyalty and superstition, iii. 1

Stafford, William, his work on the theory of politics, ‘A Brief Conceipt of English Policy,’ i. 212 note

Stanyan's ‘History of Greece,’ ii. 218

Starch, amount of oxygen in, i. 62

Starvation, proximate causes of, i. 58 note

States-General of France, feebleness of the, ii. 121

Statesmen, why as a body they are always in the rear of their age, i. 213

Statistics, study of, i. 2. Importance of, 23 note. Of murder and other crimes, 24–29. Value of statistics in the light thrown upon the study of human nature, 33. Early writers on statistics, 33 note. Dislike of Adam Smith and David Hume for statistics, iii. 339. Objections to them, 339 note

Steam, effect of the application of, to purposes of travelling, in weakening the love of war, i. 219–221

Steam-engine, Watt's invention of the, iii. 402

Stearn, Richard, his character as Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392

Stepney, Mr., his notions of political economy, i. 211 note

Stewart, Professor Matthew, his crusade against the algebraic or symbolical analysis, i. 247

Stœffler, John, his predictions as to the deluge of 1524, i. 330

Stoics, the, on the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in insanity, i. 17 note

Stuart, Charles, the young Pretender, his stupidity and drunkenness, i. 444 note

Subinfeudation, effects of, in France, ii. 119

Suicide, the crime of, dependent upon the individual, i. 26. Futility of endeavours to diminish, by legislation, 26 note. Bentham on the perjury of English juries in cases of, 26 note. Regularity of the recurrence of, 28. Causes of, 28. Supposed effect of gloomy weather on the love of, 220220 note. Statistics of, 28, 29

Sully, Marshal, ii. 43. His historical work, 266

Sumatra, superstitions of the people of, respecting tigers, i. 126 note

Sumbawa, the great earthquake and volcanic eruption of 1815 at, i. 126 note

Sunday schools begun, i. 430. Opposition of the clergy to their establishment, 431 note

Superstition, physical causes which give birth to, i. 122, 123. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, 123, 126. The worship of ferocious animals, 125, 126. The fear of death, 127. Pestilences, 127. Extent of popular superstition in Prussia, 238 note. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth century in shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Instance in Scotland of the popular belief in supernatural causation, 373. Causes of the superstitions of sailors and agriculturists, 375. Terror inspired by comets and eclipses, 376. The study of final causes abandoned by Descartes, ii. 91. Connexion between loyalty and superstition, 455. Similarity between Scotland and Spain as to superstition, iii. 4. Scotland favourable to superstition, 35. Sources of superstition, 35. Cause and effect of Scotch superstition, 203. Superstition of the Scotch still existing, 471. Superstitions every day becoming effaced as physical science advances, 477

Surgery, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 195

Surnames, origin of, in Europe, ii. 112

Sweden, intolerance, bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of, i. 264. Swedish heroes of antiquity, 298

Switzerland, Calvinism the popular creed of, ii. 339

Sydenham, Thomas, his reformation in therapeutics, ii. 196

Sympathy, examination of, iii. 310. Hunter's pathological speculations respecting the principles of, 450

Taille, the, in France, ii. 129. Authorities respecting the, 129 note. The diminution of the, proposed by the Fronde, 150 note

Talleyrand, M. de, his admiration for Charron's ‘De la Sagesse,’ ii. 19 note

‘Tamerlane, History of,’ by Margat, suppressed, ii. 237

Tarrega, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479

Tartars, origin of the, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, i. 313. And according to Whiston, 313 note. Effects of the barrenness of the steppes of, in keeping the people uncivilized, 45

‘Taste, Essay on,’ by Cartaud, suppressed, ii. 237

Taxation; settlement of the right of the people of England to be taxed entirely by their own representatives, i. 384. Disputes between the two Houses of Parliament respecting taxation, 384 note

Taylor, Jeremy, his abilities and virtues, i. 393. Marked neglect with which he was treated by Charles II., 393. His assertion of the doctrine of passive obedience, 401 note

Teeth of animals, researches of Nasmyth and Owen on the structure of, ii. 384, 385

Temperaments, the theory of, the principal stumbling-block of the phrenologists, i. 176 note

Teratology, formation of the science of, ii. 396, 397 note

Terray, M., his attack on Church property in France, ii. 333. His open protection of the Jansenists, 345

Test Act, the, i. 396. Suspended by James II., 397. Repealed, 426 note

Theology, state of the, of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, i. 270. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326–328. Theological justification of persecution, 344. Increasing indifference to theological matters in England in the seventeenth century, 350. Chillingworth's views, 350, 351. Connexion between the Reformation and the dogma of an infallible church, 350, 351. The authority of private judgment recognized, 352. Ecclesiastical power almost extinct in Europe, 354 note. Decline in British theology at the present time, 355 note. Efforts of the clergy to check the progress of scepticism, 356. Political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., 359. Antagonism in the reign of Charles II. between the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Reasons of the hostility of the clergy, 373. Separation of theology from morals and politics, 424. Effect of this separation, 425. Attempts to put down the Theological Society, 436 note. Theological influence greater in France in the sixteenth century than in England, ii. 6. Charron's the first attempt made in a modern language to construct a system of morals without the aid of theology, 19. Preparation of the way for the separation of theology from politics, 40, 41. Analogy of the anti-theological policy of Richelieu with the philosophy of Descartes, 83. Mischief done to the old theology by Descartes' principles, 90. Effect of the protective spirit carried into theology, 107. Former subservience of philosophy to theology, and universal interest which theological discussions once inspired, 262. Exactness of the knowledge of theologians on subjects on which nothing is known, 284 note. Reasons why theology is inferior to history, 289. Voltaire's attack on mere theologians, 308, 309. The question of free will taken up by theologians, 338. De Maistre's method of investigation, 389 note. Reasons why the theological or deductive method of philosophy was followed in Scotland, iii. 284. The deductive method of philosophy only applicable to theology, 464

Theory, necessity of, in science, but dangerous in practice, iii. 414

Thermotics, attention given to, in France, in the eighteenth century, ii. 361, 362

Therapeutics, Sydenham's reformations in, ii. 196. Difference between the art of, and the science of, pathology, iii. 416

Thibet, bards of, i. 292 note

Thomas, suppression of his ‘Eloge on Marcus Aurelius,’ ii. 238

Thomson, Hugh, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 204 note

Thread manufacture of Paisley, rise of the, iii. 176

Thumb-screw, torture of the, iii. 149

Tigers worshipped by the Hajin tribe, i. 125 note. Superstitions of the Garrows and Seiks respecting them, 125 note. How regarded by the Malasir, 125 note. And by the inhabitants of Sumatra, 126 note

Tissues, food necessary for repairing the waste of the, i. 55, 58. Bichat's views respecting the, ii. 379–382. The degenerations of, 382 note. The study of, neglected by Cuvier, 383 note

Toledo, power of the clergy at, in the seventeenth century, ii. 437. Captured from the Arabs, 440. Decline of, in the seventeenth century, 502

Toleration, religious, origin of, in England, i. 337. Unusual amount of toleration in Holland two centuries back, 337 note. State of the two hostile creeds in England in the reign of Elizabeth, 338. Hooker's ‘Ecclesiastical Polity’ compared with Jewel's ‘Apology for the Church of England,’ 340. Causes which always hasten the march of toleration, 53, 5454. Summary of the progress of toleration in England and France, 102. The religious toleration of the French government in the middle of the eighteenth, century, 334

Toleration Act, passing of the, i. 402

Toolholos, or bards of Thibet, i. 292 note

Tooth, golden, work of Dr. Horst on the, i. 332

Tories, the, re-established in power under George III., i. 443, 446

Tournaments, origin of, ii. 134. Extinction of, 134

Tournefort, his inferiority as a botanist, ii. 201

Townsend, his views respecting political economy, ii. 304

Tracheæ of plants, discovery of the, ii. 199

Trade-wind, tract north and south of the equator covered by the, i. 101. Causes of the, 192. Way in which the trade-wind is connected with the civilization of South America, 103

Trade, absurd notions respecting, in the 17th and 18th centuries, i. 213. Number of laws passed by the English legislature respecting, 213 note. Struggles of Parliament against the principles of free trade, 215. Objects of early commercial treaties, 216 note. Why the commercial spirit, formerly warlike, is now pacific, 218. Injuries inflicted upon trade by the interference of legislators, 276. Uncertainty of legislation the bane of commerce, 277, 278. Burke's advocacy of free trade, 462. Effect of the protective spirit carried into trade, ii. 107. Voltaire the first historian to recommend free trade, iii. 304. The free trade of the American colonies in the eighteenth century, 186

Tragedies of Corneille, period in which they appeared, ii. 209

Transubstantiation, relation of the Cartesian philosophy to the doctrine of, ii. 90. Development of the doctrine of, by the metaphysicians, 262

Travelling, advantages of, in producing contact and respect, and in weakening the love of war, i. 219–221

Travis, George, his letters on the text of the Heavenly Witnesses, i. 429

Trojan origin of different nations, believed in, in the Middle Ages, i. 309

Tuffnel, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Turenne, created a marshal, ii. 98

Turgot, M., his lectures and their influence, ii. 320. Sir James Mackintosh's opinion of his writings, 321. Influence he exercised shortly before the Revolution, 329. His anti-ecclesiastical policy, 333. Said to have been a Jansenist, 345

Turkey, causes of the war between Russia and, i. 95

Turks, their defeat before Vienna, ii. 447

Turku, the ancient name of Abo, i. 299

Turner, Sir James, his cruelties in Scotland, iii. 143, 144 note

Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, his absurd history of Charlemagne, i. 318

Turpin, M., suppression of his ‘History of Siam,’ ii. 238

Understanding, Kant's views as to the scientific conception of the, i. 18 note. Why controlled by the imagination in India, and paramount in Greece, 138–146

United States of North America, rent paid by the cultivator in, in proportion to the gross produce of the land, i. 75. Causes of low rent, 76 note. Comparison of the history of England with that of the United States, 240. Characteristics of American literature, 241. Love of the people for the study of the law, 241 note. Policy of George III. respecting, 477, 479. His hatred of the Americans, 480 note. Effect of the Declaration of Independence in hastening the French Revolution, ii. 416

Usury-laws, Adam Smith's views as to the, i. 214 note. Jeremy Bentham's demolition of the, 214 note. Increase of usury due to the attempts of legislators to keep it down, 283. Efforts of the Church to suppress it, 283 note. Jeremy Bentham's treatment of the usury-laws referred to, 284 note

Vanity compared with pride, ii. 163

Vassy, massacre of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11

Vattel, his views as to political economy, i. 212 note. His principles of foreign policy compared with those of Grotius, ii. 40 note

Vega, Lope de, his offices in the Church and in the Inquisition, ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 496 note

Velly, character of his ‘History of France,’ ii. 300

Vendôme, Duc de, his command of the Spanish army, ii. 517

Veneration, origin of, ii. 171

Venner, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Vergil, Polydore, his attack of the popular belief in the Trojan descent of the English kings, i. 309 note

Verse, historical and scientific works written in, i. 293, 294 note. See Poetry

Vico, his opinions as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314

Villaret, character of his ‘History of France,’ ii. 300

Villaviciosa, Spanish poet, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 481

Vienna, defeat of the Turks before, ii. 447

Villenage, extinction of, in England, ii. 128

Visigoths, their settlement in Spain, and establishment of their Arian opinions there, ii. 434. Attacked by the orthodox Franks, under Clovis and his successors, 435

Voisins, Gilbert des, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Volcanic eruption of 1815 at Sumbawa, i. 126 note

Voltaire, his visit to England and study of its language and literature, ii. 216–218. His admiration for England, 228. Persecutions to which he was exposed, 231. His method of writing history compared with that of Bossuet, 291. As instanced in his ‘History of Charles X.,’ 292. Turns his attention to physical and speculative science, 295. Returns to history, 295. His ‘Age of Louis XIV.,’ 296. His ‘Morals, Manners, and Character of Nations,’ 297. His intellect, 301. His habit of looking at epochs, and not at the character of the men by whom a country is governed, 301. His tragedies, 302. His endeavours to explain the origin of feudality, 302. His remark on licentious religious ceremonies, 303. The first historian to recommend free trade, 304. His anticipation of Malthus's principle, 304. His attack on the admiration entertained for the Middle Ages, 305. And for the pedantic admirers of antiquity and classical models, 306–308. Ignorant prejudice against him in England, 313. His vast labours aided by Montesquieu, 314

Wace, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey of Monmouth's history, i. 325

Wages, in what they consist, i. 52. And on what they depend, 53. Enquiry into the physical conditions which over supply the labour market and keep the average rate of wages at a low point, 54 et seq. Effects of climate on wages, 62–64. Social and political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Highest, lowest, and average rates of wages in England during the last few years, 66 note. Rates of wages in Ireland, 67. And in India, 73, 74. Adam Smith's views as to the conflict between capital and, iii. 327

Wales, injuries done by clerical historians to the traditions of the bards of, i. 306

Wall, his part in Spanish affairs, ii. 544

Walpole, Sir Robert, endeavours of the House of Commons to hunt him to the death, i. 452. His refusal to tax the colonies, 478

War, decline of the practice of, i. 190. Causes of this, 190, 191, 198. Military spirit of Russia and Turkey, and its causes, 195, 196. Love of war extinct in England, 198. Contrast between the military genius of ancient and modern Europe, 199–202. Causes of the decay of this genius in modern times, 202–223. The right of private war allowed to the French nobles, ii. 115. Early extinction of private war in England, 138

Warburton, Dr., Bishop of Gloucester, his separation of theology from politics, i. 425. Effect of his opinions, 426

Watches, superiority of the English in the seventeenth century, ii. 193 note

Water, methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of, iii. 403

Watson's ‘History of Philip II.,’ translated by Mirabeau, ii. 225

Watt, James, his invention of the steam-engine, iii. 402. His discovery of the composition of water, and the method employed, 403

Wealth, effects of climate, food, and soil on the accumulation of, i. 41. Effects of wealth on the existence of an intellectual class, 42. Physical causes by which the creation of wealth is governed, 42 et seq. Laws of the distribution of wealth, 51. Interest, profits, and wages, 52. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth in India in all ages, 72–77

Weather, alleged effect of gloomy, on the love of suicide, i. 220 note

Wellington, Duke of, his character as a warrior and statesman, i. 201, 202

Welsh, John, story of, and the Popish mocker, iii. 212

Werner, A. G., character of his method of geological speculation, iii. 393

Wesley, John, his abilities as a theological statesman, i. 421, 422. Calumnies and insults to which he and his followers were subjected by the clergy, 423. His ambitious views as to his sect, 424 note

Westphalia, Congress of, purely secular policy of the, ii. 41. The revenues of the Church seized by the contracting parties, 41. Indignation of the pope at the treaty, 41 note

Whewell, Dr., his errors, ii. 401 note

Whigs, their long monopoly of power, i. 443. Displaced by the Tories in the reign of George III., 443, 446

Whitby, first printing office in, i. 432 note

White, Blanco, on free will, quoted, i. 15 note

Whitefield, George, his career, i. 421 note. Character of his sermons, 421 note. Excitement produced by him, 421 note. Opposition of the clergy to him, 423, 424 note

Wightman, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions, i. 345 note

Will, free, controversies of the Calvinists and Arminians as to, ii. 338

William the Conqueror, his modification of the feudal system in England, ii. 114

William III., main characteristics of the reign of, i. 402, 403. Eulogy of Sir A. Alison, 403 note. Hostility between the King and the clergy, 405. His abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, 406. His deprivation of the Archbishop of Canterbury and six of his brethren, 410

Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, the last ecclesiastical lord keeper, i. 417 note

Witchcraft, period of the destruction of the old notions respecting, i. 363 note. Charge of Chief Baron Hale in 1665, 363 note. The last witches executed in England and in Spain, 364 note. John Wesley's belief in the existence of witches, 364 note. Repeal of the statutes against witchcraft, 364 note. Witchcraft in Scotland, iii. 37

Woodrow, value of his ‘Analecta,’ iii. 230 note

Wool manufactures of Spain in the eighteenth century, ii. 542

Writing, invention of, a cause of error in history, i. 296. Modes in which it effects this, 296, 297

Yeomanry, rights of English, ii. 119. Unknown in France, 120. Decay of the Yeomanry in England, 120 note

Yeomen of the Guard, establishment of the, ii. 7 note

Zamora, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Zoology, state of the science of, in France under Louis XIV., ii. 197

Zoology, generalizations in, of Frenchmen in the eighteenth century, ii. 375. The statical and dynamical parts of, 375. Impetus given to the science by Cuvier and Bichat, 376–381

Zurich, antiquity of, according to Swiss authorities, i. 312

THE END.

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Transcriber's Notes: The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and formatting have been maintained. Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked as an misprint. Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected.

The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.

p. xii: 361–sqq. → 361–seq.

p. xiv: 420–sqq. → 420–seq.

p. 7: vol iv. p. 313: → p. 313;

p. 7: vol. xviii. p, 309 → p. 309

p. 12: by the English. → by the English.’

p. 13: Somerville's Memoire → Memorie

p. 18: sovereignty over Scotland. → Scotland.’

p. 18: Chalmer's Caledonia → Chalmers’ Caledonia

p. 20: days of Robert the First, → First,’

p. 21: 18, 27, 375; vol. → 18, 27, 375, vol.

p. 21: 485; vol. x. p. 584; vol. → 485, vol. x. p. 584, vol.

p. 23: Extract from the → Extracts from the

p. 24: mercery and haberdashery. → haberdashery.’

p. 25: vol. i. p. 512 → 512.

p. 26: the bishop and chapter. → chapter.’

p. 29: though it is is → though it is

p. 30: Great Tay, through Perth, → ‘Great

p. 31: ces salles parées. → parées,

p. 37: the Spottiswoode → The Spottiswoode

p. 41: could sign his own name.’ → name.”

p. 46: justiciaries to assist. → assist.’

p. 50: not the king himselue → himselfe

p. 62: Calderwood's Historie → History

p. 64: Henry VIII., “in → ‘in

p. 65: Pitcairn's Criminal Trials of → in

p. 66: favor ony heretike. → heretike.’

p. 78: ‘the secound of Maij. → ‘the secound of Maij.’

p. 80: he (the orator)’ → he (the orator)

p. 86: on the extreame povertie → ‘on

p. 91: “To requyre payment → ‘To

p. 94: Church and State in Scotland vol. → Scotland, vol.

p. 95: in this reformed Kirk. → Kirk.’

p. 97: and ordaines, That → that

p. 106: miscreants and bribers → bribers.

p. 107: salbe the worst.’ → worst.”’

p. 111: Edinburgh, 1847. p. xxxix. → Edinburgh, 1847, p. xxxix.

p. 119: of Montrose, in 1600 → 1600.

p. 121: pp. 265, 266, 272; vol. → 272, vol.

p. 129: twentie thowsand pounds.” → twentie thowsand pounds.’

p. 137: The Diary of Mr. John Lamont, → Lamont

p. 147: Duke of York's instigation. → instigation.’

p. 147: instigation.’ Shield's Hind let loose → Shields’ Hind

p. 147: See Shield's Hind let loose → Shields’ Hind

p. 148: According to Burnet, the → ‘the

p. 149: with an exquisite torture; → torture;’

p. 152: greatest of his works → works.

p. 154: to about 4500 men; → men;’

p. 158: London, 4to, 1817, vol ii. p → vol. ii. p.

p. 162: Fountainhall's Notes on → Notes of

p. 204: Burnet's History of his own Time, vol → vol.

p. 211: whole counsel of God. → God.’

p. 215: before he reached him!”’ → him!’

p. 218: p. 43, in vol i. → vol. i.

p. 224: Binning's Sermons, vol. ii. p. 118; vol. → 118, vol.

p. 226: his people by Satan, → Satan,’

p. 228: and continoues sick.” → sick.’

p. 228: when this happened. → happened.’

p. 250: Fleming's Fulfilling of → of the

p. 250: Balfour's Annals → Annales

p. 253: then when they are are → then when they are

p. 254: and we should chose → choose

p. 262: On the 22d October → On the 22nd October

p. 264: The History → Historie

p. 280: Chalmers' Caledonia, vol → vol.

p. 287: Gray's Precious Promises, p. 139 → p. 139.

p. 288: of Edinburgh,, → of Edinburgh,

p. 311: vol. ii. p. 23, seqq. → vol. ii. pp. 23 seq.

p. 312: united with biography, → biography.

p. 313: vol. ii. p: 206. → p. 206.

p. 328: the wages of labour. → labour.’

p. 333: Brougham's Works, Glasgow, 1856. → 1856,

p. 336: to determine what Adam's → Adam

p. 338: Moral Sentiment → Sentiments

p. 349: of Smith, not → nor

p. 352: murder by persons unknown?’ → unknown?

p. 358: pp. 36, 37, 340, 343; vol. → 343, vol.

p. 358: pp. 115, 116, 288–299; vol. → 288–299, vol.

p. 358: vol. i. p. 305; vol. → 305, vol.

p. 359: vol. i. p. 329, 334; vol. → 334, vol.

p. 361: into execution in his writings. → writings.’

p. 368: concealed in them,—latet → latent

p. 387: says of it, very grvaely → gravely

p. 392: strata from the year 1790. → 1790.’

p. 398: were of igneous origin. → origin.’

p. 410: if not superior, to Newton. → Newton.’

p. 436: Hunter's Works, vol. i. p. 43; vol. → 43, vol.

p. 473: ‘The members were of opinion that it was → ‘that it was

p. 483: Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324. → i. 324

p. 484: statement respecting, ii. 281. → ii. 281

p. 488: one of Linnæus, → one of Linnæus, ii.

p. 490: civil war, ii, → ii.

p. 491: at an early period in, → at an early period in, i.

p. 492: peace of Westphalia, ii, → ii.

p. 494: they appeared, ii. 208. → 208

p. 496: his secular philosophy, 329 → 329.

p. 497: with the clergy, 420, → 420.

p. 497: for the relief of the, 463. → 463

p. 498: Dryburgh Abbey → Abbey,

p. 498: sixteenth century, iii. 30. → sixteenth century, 30.

p. 500: term of years first authorized. → authorized,

p. 501: establishments of, → establishments of, i.

p. 502: first financial reforms, i. → first financial reforms,

p. 502: Fossils; → Fossils,

p. 504: Francis 1. of France → Francis I. of France

p. 505: surrounded his accession, → surrounded his accession, i.

p. 505: ‘Letters’ of, ii, → ii.

p. 506: of political degradation. → degradation,

p. 506: admiration for England, ii, → ii.

p. 507: studies in crystallography → crystallography,

p. 508: causes of the, i. 144. → i. 144

p. 510: French by Le Blanc, ii, → ii.

p. 511: in the reign of Louis XIV., → in the reign of Louis XIV., ii.

p. 512: of the government, 494, → 494.

p. 514: Ismorphism → Isomorphism

p. 515: his accession, → his accession, i.

p. 515: ‘Ecclesiastical Polity,’ → ‘Ecclesiastical Polity,’ i.

p. 519: literary class, 239 note. → note

p. 520: to favour the King, 297. → 297

p. 520: the Jansenists, ii. 344 → the Jansenists, 344

p. 521: of human knowledge, 229. → 229

p. 523: drained by the, 97 → drained by the, i. 97

p. 524: literature, i. 437 note. → note

p. 525: Calvinist opinions, 345. → 345

p. 530: Mathew Paris, i. 315. → Mathew Paris, 315.

p. 533: theory of rent, i. 250 → theory of rent, 250

p. 534: Religious teleration → toleration