APPENDIX (continued 3)

IV.—Miscellaneous cold weather observations made at various elevations between 1000 and 17,000 feet, during my journey into east Nepal and Sikkim, in November to January 1848 and 1849. The equivalent to 1° Fahr. was deduced from the mean of all the observations at each station, and these being arranged in sets corresponding to their elevations, gave the following results.

Elevation Number of Stations Number of Observations Equivalent

1,000 to 4,000 ft. 4,000 to 8,000 ft. 8,000 to 12,000 ft. 12,000 to 17,000 ft. 27 52 20 14 111 197 84 54 1°=215 ft. 1°=315 ft. 1°=327 ft. 1°=377 ft.

Sum 113 Sum 446 Mean 1°=308 ft.

The total number of comparative observations taken during that journey, amounted to 563, and the mean equivalent was 1°=303 feet, but I rejected many of the observations that were obviously unworthy of confidence.

V.—Miscellaneous observations (chiefly during the rainy season) taken during my journey into Sikkim and the frontier of Tibet, between May 2nd and December 25th, 1848. The observations were reduced as in the previous instance. The rains on this occasion were unusually protracted, and cannot be said to have ceased till mid-winter, which partly accounts for the very high temperatures.

Elevation Number of Stations Number of Observations Equivalent

1,000 to 4,000 ft. 4,000 to 8,000 ft. 8,000 to 12,000 ft. 12,000 to 17,000 ft. 10 21 18 29 45 283 343 219 1°=422 ft. 1°=336 ft. 1°=355 ft. 1°=417 ft.

Sum 78 Sum 890 Mean 1°=383 ft.

The great elevation of the temperature in the lowest elevations is accounted for by the heating of the valleys wherein these observations were taken, and especially of the rocks on their floors. The increase with the elevation, of the three succeeding sets, arises from the fact that the loftier regions are far within the mountain region, and are less forest clad and more sunny than the outer Himalaya.

A considerable number of observations were taken during this journey at night, when none are recorded at Calcutta, but which are comparable with contemporaneous observations taken by Mr. Muller at Dorjiling. These being all taken during the three most rainy months, when the temperature varies but very little during the whole twenty-four hours, I expected satisfactory results, but they proved very irregular and anomalous.

The means were— At 21 stations of greater elevation than Dorjiling 1°=348 ft. At 17 stations lower in elevation 1°=447 ft.

VI.—Sixty-four contemporaneous observations at Jillapahar, 7,430 feet, and the bed of the Great Rungeet river, 818 feet; taken in January and February, give 1°=322 feet.

VII.—Observations taken by burying a thermometer two and a half to three feet deep, in a brass tube, at Dorjiling and at various elevations near that station.

Month Upper Stations Lower Stations

February and March February April April March and April March, April, May Jillapahar, 7,430 ft. Ditto Leebong, 6000 ft. Jillapahar, 7,430 ft. Khersiong, 4,813 ft. Jillapahar, 7,430 ft. Leebong, 6000 ft. Guard House, Great Rungeet, 1,864 ft. Ditto Khersiong, 4,813 ft. Punkabaree, 1,850 ft. Ditto 1°=269 ft. 1°=298 ft. 1°=297 ft. 1°=297 ft. 1°=223 ft. 1°=253 ft.

Mean 1°=273 ft.

The above results would seem to indicate that up to an elevation of 7,500 feet, the temperature diminishes rather more than 1° Fahr. for every 300 feet of ascent or thereabouts; that this decrement is much leas in the summer than in the winter months; and I may add that it is less by day than by night. There is much discrepancy between the results obtained at greater or less elevations than 7000 feet; but a careful study of these, which I have arranged in every possible way, leads me to the conclusion that the proportion map be roughly indicated thus:—

1°=300 feet, for elevations from 1,000 to 8,000 feet. 1°=320 feet, for elevations from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. 1°=350 feet, for elevations from 10,000 to 14,000 feet. 1°=400 feet, for elevations from 14,000 to 18,000 feet.

VIII.—Khasia mountain observations.

Date Calcutta Obs. Number of Obs. Churra Obs. Number of Obs. Altitude above the Sea

Churra Poonji, June 13 to 26 Churra Poonji, Aug. 7 to Sept. 4 Churra Poonji, Oct. 29 to Nov. 16 86·3 84·6 80·7 63 196 85 70·1 69·2 63·1 67 214 133 1°=300 ft. 1°=331 ft. 1°=282 ft. 4,069 ft. 4,225 ft. 4,225 ft.

354 414 Mean, 304 ft.

Date Calcutta Obs. Number of Obs. Khasia Obs. Number of Obs. Altitude above the Sea

Kala-panee, June, Aug., Sept. Moflong, June, July, Aug., Oct. Syong Myrung, Aug. Myrung, Oct. Nunklow Mooshye, Sept. 23 Pomrang, Sept. 23 Amwee, Sept. 23 Joowy, Sept. 23 85·5 85·9 85·1 89·1 82·9 86·4 78·5 82·7 79·9 79·5 35 73 4 42 21 139 9 51 15 11 67·4 68·8 65·0 69·7 63·2 70·9 66·3 65·8 67·1 69·0 35 74 6 41 58 139 12 51 11 7 1°=345 ft. 1°=373 ft. 1°=332 ft. 1°=343 ft. 1°=336 ft. 1°=372 ft. 1°=499 ft. 1°=369 ft. 1°=396 ft. 1°=567 ft. 5,302 ft. 6,062 ft. 5,734 ft. 5,632 ft. 5,632 ft. 4,688 ft. 4,863 ft. 5,143 ft. 4,105 ft. 4,387 ft.

400 434 1°=385 ft.

The equivalent thus deduced is far greater than that brought out by the Sikkim observations. It indicates a considerably higher temperature of the atmosphere, and is probably attributable to the evolution of heat during extraordinary rain-fall, and to the formation of the surface, which is a very undulating table-land, and everywhere traversed by broad deep valleys, with very steep, often precipitous flanks; these get heated by the powerful sun, and from them, powerful currents ascend. The scanty covering of herbage too over a great amount of the surface, and the consequent radiation of heat from the earth, must have a sensible influence on the mean temperature of the summer months.

J. ON THE MEASUREMENT OF ALTITUDES BY THE BOILING-POINT THERMOMETER.

The use of the boiling-point thermometer for the determination of elevations in mountainous countries appearing to me to be much underrated, I have collected the observations which I was enabled to take, and compared their results with barometrical ones.

I had always three boiling-point thermometers in use, and for several months five; the instruments were constructed by Newman, Dollond, Troughton, and Simms, and Jones, and though all in one sense good instruments, differed much from one another, and from the truth. Mr. Welsh has had the kindness to compare the three best instruments with the standards at the Kew Observatory at various temperatures between 180° and the boiling-point; from which comparison it appears, that an error of l·5° may be found at some parts of the scale of instruments most confidently vouched for by admirable makers. Dollond’s thermometer, which Dr. Thomson had used throughout his extensive west Tibetan journeys, deviated but little from the truth at all ordinary temperatures. All were so far good, that the errors, which were almost entirely attributable to carelessness in the adjustments, were constant, or increased at a constant ratio throughout all parts of the scale; so that the results of the different instruments have, after correction, proved strictly comparable.

The kettle used was a copper one, supplied by Newman, with free escape for the steam; it answered perfectly for all but very high elevations indeed, where, from the water boiling at very low temperatures, the metal of the kettle, and consequently of the thermometer, often got heated above the temperature of the boiling water.

I found that no confidence could be placed in observations taken at great elevations, by plunging the thermometer in open vessels of boiling water, however large or deep, the abstraction of heat from the surface being so rapid, that the water, though boiling below, and hence bubbling above, is not uniformly of the same temperature throughout.

In the Himalaya I invariably used distilled, or snow or rain-water; but often as I have tried common river-water for comparison, I never found that it made any difference in the temperature of the boiling-point. Even the mineral-spring water at Yeumtong, and the detritus-charged glacial streams, gave no difference, and I am hence satisfied that no objection can be urged against river waters of ordinary purity.

On several occasions I found anomalous rises and falls in the column of mercury, for which I could not account, except theoretically, by assuming breaks in the column, which I failed to detect on lifting the instrument out of the water; at other times, I observed that the column remained for several minutes stationary, below the true temperature of the boiling water, and then suddenly rose to it. These are no doubt instrumental defects, which I only mention as being sources of error against which the observer must be on the watch: they can only be guarded against by the use of two instruments.

With regard to the formula employed for deducing the altitude from a boiling-point observation, the same corrections are to a great extent necessary as with barometric observations: if no account is taken of the probable state of atmospheric pressure at the level of the sea at or near the place of observation, for the hour of the day and month of the year, or for the latitude, it is obvious that errors of 600 to 1000 feet may be accumulated. I have elsewhere stated that the pressure at Calcutta varies nearly one inch (1000 feet), between July and January; that the daily tide amounts to one-tenth of an inch (=100 feet); that the multiplier for temperature is too great in the hot season and too small in the cold; and I have experimentally proved that more accuracy is to be obtained in measuring heights in Sikkim, by assuming the observed Calcutta pressure and temperature to accord with that of the level of the sea in the latitude of Sikkim, than by employing a theoretical pressure and temperature for the lower station.

In the following observations, the tables I used were those printed by Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau for the East India Company’s Magnetic Observatory at Simla, which are based upon Regnault’s Table of the ‘Elastic Force of Vapour.’ The mean height of the barometrical column is assumed (from Bessel’s formula) to be 29·924 at temp. 32°, in lat. 45°, which, differing only ·002 from the barometric height corresponding to 212° Fahrenheit, as determined experimentally by Regnault, gives 29·921 as the pressure corresponding to 212° at the level of the sea.

The approximate height in feet corresponding to each degree of the boiling-point, is derived from Oltmann’s tables. The multipliers for the mean temperature of the strata of atmosphere passed through, are computed for every degree Fahrenheit, by the formula for expansion usually employed, and given in Baily’s Astronomical Tables and Biot’s Astronomie Physique.

For practical purposes it may be assumed that the traveller, in countries where boiling-point observations are most desired, has never the advantage of a contemporaneous boiling-point observation at a lower station. The approximate difference in height is hence, in most cases, deduced from the assumption, that the boiling-point temperature at the level of the sea, at the place of observation, is 212°, and that the corresponding temperature of the air at the level of the sea is hotter by one degree for every 330 feet of difference in elevation. As, however, the temperature of boiling water at the level of the sea varies at Calcutta between July and January almost from 210·7° to 212·6°, I always took the Calcutta barometer observation at the day and hour of my boiling-point observation, and corrected my approximate height by as many feet as correspond to the difference between the observed height of the barometer at Calcutta and 29·921; this correction was almost invariably (always normally) subtractive in the summer, often amounting to upwards of 400 feet: it was additive in winter, and towards the equinoxes it was very trifling.

For practical purposes I found it sufficient to assume the Calcutta temperature of the air at the day and hour of observation to be that of the level of the sea at the place of observation, and to take out the multiplier, from the mean of this and of the temperature at the upper station. As, however, 330 feet is a near approach to what I have shown (Appendix I) to be the mean equivalent of 1° for all elevations between 6000 and 18,000 feet; and as the majority of my observations were taken between these elevations, it results that the mean of all the multipliers employed in Sikkim for forty-four observations amounts to 65·1° Fahrenheit, using the Calcutta and upper station observations, and 65·3° on the assumption of a fall of 1° for every 330 feet. To show, however, how great an error may accrue in individual cases from using the formula of 1° to 330, I may mention that on one occasion, being at an elevation of 12,000 feet, with a temperature of the air of 70°, the error amounted to upwards of 220 feet, and as the same temperature may be recorded at much greater elevations, it follows that in such cases the formula should not be employed without modification.

A multitude of smaller errors, arising from anomalies in the distribution of temperature, will be apparent on consulting my observations on the temperature at various elevations in Sikkim; practically these are unavoidable. I have also calculated all my observations according to Professor J. Forbes’s formula of 1° difference of temperature of boiling-water, being the equivalent of 550 feet at all elevations. (See Ed. Phil. Trans., vol xv. p. 405.) The formula is certainly not applicable to the Sikkim Himalaya; on the contrary, my observations show that the formula employed for Boileau’s tables gives at all ordinary elevations so very close an approach to accuracy on the mean of many observations, that no material improvement in its construction is to be anticipated.

At elevations below 4000 feet, elevations calculated from the boiling-point are not to be depended on; and Dr. Thomson remarked the same in north-west India: above 17,000 feet also the observations are hazardous, except good shelter and a very steady fire is obtainable, owing to the heating of the metal above that of the water. At all other elevations a mean error of 100 feet is on the average what is to be expected in ordinary cases. For the elevation of great mountain masses, and continuously elevated areas, I conceive that the results are as good as barometrical ones; for the general purposes of botanical geography, the boiling-point thermometer supersedes the barometer in point of practical utility, for under every advantage, the transport of a glass tube full of mercury, nearly three feet long, and cased in metal, is a great drawback to the unrestrained motion of the traveller.

In the Khasia mountains I found, from the mean of twelve stations and twenty-three observations, the multiplier as derived from the mean of the temperature at the upper station and at Calcutta, to be 75.2°, and as deduced from the formula to be 73·1°. Here, however, the equivalent in feet for 1° temp. is in summer very high, being 1°=385 feet. (See Appendix I.) The mean of all the elevations worked by the boiling-point is upwards of 140 feet below those worked by the barometer.

The following observations are selected as having at the time been considered trustworthy, owing to the care with which they were taken, their repetition in several cases, and the presumed accuracy of the barometrical or trigonometrical elevation with which they are compared. A small correction for the humidity of the air might have been introduced with advantage, but as in most barometrical observations, the calculations proceed on the assumption that the column of air is in a mean state of saturation; as the climate of the upper station was always very moist, and as most of the observations were taken during the rains, this correction would be always additive, and would never exceed sixty feet.

It must be borne in mind that the comparative results given below afford by no means a fair idea of the accuracy to be obtained by the boiling-point. Some of the differences in elevation are probably due to the barometer. In other cases I may have read off the scale wrong, for however simple it seems to read off an instrument, those practically acquainted with their use know well how some errors almost become chronic, how with a certain familiar instrument the chance of error is very great at one particular part of the scale, and how confusing it is to read off through steam alternately from several instruments whose scales are of different dimensions, are differently divided, and differently lettered; such causes of error are constitutional in individual observers. Again, these observations are selected without any reference to other considerations but what I have stated above; the worst have been put in with the best. Had I been dependent on the boiling-point for determining my elevations, I should have observed it oftener, or at stated periods whenever in camp, worked the greater elevations from the intermediate ones, as well as from Calcutta, and resorted to every system of interpolation. Even the following observations would be amended considerably were I to have deduced the elevation by observations of the boiling-point at my camp, and added the height of my camp, either from the boiling-point observations there, or by barometer, but I thought it better to select the most independent method of observation, and to make the level of the sea at Calcutta the only datum for a lower station.

SERIES I.—Sikkim Observations.

Place Month Elevation by Barom. or Trigonom. Temp. B.P. Air Elevation by B.P. Error

Great Rungeet river Bhomsong Guard House, Great Rungeet Choongtam Dengha Mr. Muller’s (Dorjiling) Dr. Campbell’s (Dorjiling) Mr. Hodgson’s (Dorjiling) Sinchul Lachoong Lamteng Zemu Samdong Mainom Junction of Zemu & Thlonok Tallum Yeumtong Zemu river Tungu Jongri Zemu river Lachee-pia Momay Palung Kongra Lama Snow-bed above Yeumtong Tunkra pass Yeumtso Donkia Mountain above Momay Sebolah pass Kinchinjow Donkia Mountain Donkia Mountain Bhomtso Donkia pass Feb. Dec. Apr. Aug. Aug. Feb. Apr. Feb. Jan. Aug. Aug. July Dec. July July Sept. June July/Oct. Jan. June Aug. Sept. Oct. July Sept. Aug. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. (feet) B. 818 1,544 1,864 5,268 6,368 Tr. 6,925 6,932 B. 7,429 Tr. 8,607 B. 8,712 8,884 8,976 Tr. 10,702 B. 10,846 11,482 11,919 12,070 12,751 13,194 13,281 15,262 15,362 15,620 15,694 15,985 16,083 16,808 16,978 17,394 17,585 17,624 18,510 18,307 18,450 18,466 210·7 210·2 208·1 202·6 200·6 199·4 200·1 199·4 197·0 196·4 196·3 196·1 193·4 193·6 191·8 191·3 190·4 189·7 188·8 188·5 186·0 186·1 185·4 184·1 184·6 164·1 183·1 182·4 181·9 181·9 181·0 180·6 179·9 181·2 181·2 56·3 58·0 72·7 65·0 68·0 41·3 59·5 47·6 41·7 54·6 77·0 58·6 38·0 52·0 54·6 52·2 48·5 43·4 26·0 47·0 42·8 48·6 45·8 41·5 44·5 39·0 15·0 41·0 47·8 46·5 47·5 37·1 38·8 52·0 45·5 (feet) 904 1,321 2,049 5,175 6,246 7,122 6,745 7,318 8,529 8,777 8,937 8,916 10,516 10,872 11,451 11,887 12,139 12,696 13,151 13,360 14,912 14,960 15,437 16,041 15,816 16,317 16,279 17,049 17,470 17,517 18,026 18,143 18,597 18,305 17,866 (feet) + 86 – 223 + 185 – 93 – 122 + 197 – 187 – 111 – 78 + 65 + 53 – 60 – 186 + 26 – 31 – 32 + 69 – 55 – 43 + 79 – 350 – 402 – 183 + 347 – 169 + 54 – 529 + 71 + 76 – 68 + 402 – 367 + 290 – 145 – 600

Mean – 58

SERIES II.—Khasia Observations.

Place Month Elevation by Barometer Temp. B.P. Air Elevation by B.P. Diff.

Churra Amwee Nurtiung Nunklow Kala-panee Myrung Syong Moflong Chillong June September October July June, July, Sept., Oct. July July July, Aug., Oct., Nov. November (feet) 4,069 4,105 4,178 4,688 5,302 5,647 5,725 6,062 6,662 204·4 205·1 205·0 203·9 202·2 201·9 201·8 201·4 201·2 70·3 67·7 70·0 69·8 65·8 69·4 70·8 64·8 62·8 (feet) 4,036 4,041 4,071 4,333 5,202 5,559 5,632 5,973 6,308 (feet) – 33 – 64 – 107 – 355 – 100 – 88 – 93 – 89 – 354

Mean 5,160 5·016 – 143

K. ACTINOMETER OBSERVATIONS.

The few actinometer observations which I was enabled to record, were made with two of these instruments constructed by Barrow, and had the bulbs of their thermometers plunged into the fluid of the chamber. They were taken with the greatest care, in conformity with all the rules laid down in the “Admiralty Guide,” and may, I think, be depended upon. In the Sikkim Himalaya, a cloudless day, and one admitting of more than a few hours’ consecutive observations, never occurs—a day fit for any observation at all is very, rare indeed. I may mention here that a small stock of ammonia-sulphate of copper in crystals should be supplied with this instrument, also a wire and brush for cleaning, and a bottle with liquid ammonia: all of which might be packed in the box.

Active 6.568. Time always mean.

Jillapahar, Dorjiling, Elev. 7,430 feet, Lat. 27° 3′ N., Long. 88° 13′ E. A.—APRIL 19TH, 1850. Watch slow 1′ 15″ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

8.00 to 8.13 a.m. 8.15 to 8.28 a.m. 9.00 to 9.13 a.m. 10.00 to 10.13 a.m. 11.00 to 11.13 a.m. Noon to 12.13 p.m. 1.00 to 1.13 p.m. 2.00 to 2.13 p.m. 11·1 15·0 17·7 19·1 19·0 18·8 17·2 17·4 65·5 69·5 71·5 72·5 75·0 75·0 73·3 74·0 9·9900 12·2645 14·5140 15·4710 14·9150 12·7600 13·8976 13·8330 22·960 22·948 22·947 22·946 22·944 22·939 22·914 53·5 56·0 57·0 58·5 60·3 59·4 60·3 33·8 37·2 39·7 38·2 44·8 40·7 44·1 19·7 18·8 17·3 20·3 15·5 18·7 16·2 ·505 ·513 ·550 ·500 ·592 ·546 ·577 88·0 111·5 110·0 121·0 125·0 120·0 122·0 108·0 Day unexceptional, wind S.W., after 10 a.m. squally. Dense haze over snowy mountains.

B.—APRIL 20TH.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

8.0 to 8.30 a.m. 9.0 to 9.13 a.m. 10.0 to 10.13 a.m. 11·8 17·8 18·8 64·0 73·3 65·0 10·9150 14·2750 14·7580 22·969 22·974 22·985 54·2 56·2 57·0 43·4 44·1 42·5 10·8 12·1 14·5 ·691 ·662 ·609 74·0 92·0 92·0 Dense haze, S.E. wind, cloudless sky.

Superintendent’s House, Dorjiling, Elev. 6,932 feet. C.—APRIL 21ST. Watch slow 1′ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

8.35 to 8.48 a.m. 9.07 to 9.20 a.m. 10.00 to 10.13 a.m. 11.00 to 11.13 a.m. 17·3 20·9 23·9 24·4 65·0 72·7 77·3 81·0 15·7084 16·8872 18·3791 17·8864 23·447 56·4 63·8 60·8 47·6 49·9 49·2 8·8 13·9 11·6 ·741 ·628 ·677 97.0 100·0 109·0 107·5 Day very fine, snowy mts. in dull red haze, wind S.E. faint.

Rampore Bauleah (Ganges). Elev. 130 feet, Lat. 24° 24′ N., Long. 88° 40′ E. MAY 17TH, 1850. Watch slow 15″ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

7.51 to 8.13 a.m. 9.03 to 9.17 a.m. 9.20 to 9.33 a.m. 11.15 to 11.28 a.m. 11.32 to 11.45 a.m. 1.20 to 1.33 p.m. 1.40 to 1.53 p.m. 13·0 19·5 21·2 21·1 16·5 21·6 21·4 88·0 96·0 107·0 105·0 108·7 108·5 113·7 8·8790 12·5190 12·7836 12·8499 9·8770 12·9348 12·4976 29·698 29·615 29·620 87·5 92·0 92·3 98·5 98·3 104·5 105·8 80·1 81·2 80·2 74·8 74·3 76·7 72·2 7·4 10·8 12·1 23·7 24·0 27·8 33·6 ·793 ·715 ·687 ·478 ·475 ·425 ·355 91·0 83·8 132·0 98·5 142·0 144·0 134·0 S.E. wind, very hazy to west, sky pale blue. Wind west, rising.

Churra, Khasia Mountains. Elev. 4,225 feet, Lat. 25° 15′ N., Long. 91° 47′ E. A.—NOVEMBER 4TH, 1850. Watch slow 7′ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

6.20 to 6.30 a.m. 6.32 to 6.42 a.m. 7.55 to 8.05 a.m. 8.08 to 8.18 a.m. 8.20 to 8.30 a.m. 5·0 7·4 20·0 21·0 24·2 63·7 65·4 77·5 82·0 85·8 4·6400 6·6896 15·2400 15·2040 16·8432 25·781 57·8 59·0 63·5 64·4 64·8 53·1 54·8 56·9 57·3 59·5 4·7 4·2 6·6 7·1 5·3 ·850 ·870 ·806 ·790 ·837 75·0 83·0 108·0 106·5 113·5 Sky faint blue, cloudless, wind S.W., clouding.

B.—NOVEMBER 5TH. Watch slow 7′ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

6.39 to 6.49 a.m. 6.51 to 7.01 a.m. 7.56 to 8.06 a.m. 8.08 to 8.21 a.m. 9.26 to 9.36 a.m. 9.37 to 9.47 a.m. 10.57 to 11.07 a.m. 11·2 13·4 18·4 20·4 23·8 25·1 29·0 70·2 72·8 73·2 77·7 79·5 84·0 89·5 9·3408 10·8138 15·0161 15·4836 17·8072 17·7959 19·5460 59·4 60·5 61·7 63·3 66·7 57·6 57·8 57·7 58·7 60·8 1·8 2·7 4·0 4·6 5·9 ·940 ·918 ·875 ·860 8·28 126·0 Wind S.W., clouds rise and disperse. Sky pale.

C.—NOVEMBER 6TH. Watch slow 7′ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

6.05 to 6.18 a.m. 6.22 to 6.35 a.m. 6.38 to 6.51 a.m. 8.27 to 8.37 a.m. 8.39 to 8.52 a.m. 2·6 6·5 9·6 21·7 23·0 62·0 63·5 66·7 78·8 81·7 2·4986 6·0710 8·5152 16·2750 19·4750 25·781 56·5 57·0 61·0 64·2 64·5 54·5 55·1 57·4 59·3 59·4 2·0 1·9 3·6 4·9 5·1 ·935 ·935 ·888 ·855 ·847 100·0 105·0 Sunrise, 6, pale yellow red, cloudless. Cirrhus below.

D.—NOVEMBER 14TH, 1850.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

6.12 to 6.22 a.m. 6.24 to 6.37 a.m. 7.13 to 7.23 a.m. 7.24 to 7.34 a.m. 8.34 to 8.44 a.m. 8.47 to 9.00 a.m. 9.53 to 10.03 a.m. 10.04 to 10.17 a.m. 11.24 to 11.31 a.m. 2·9 6·1 12·4 14·7 19·9 21·7 23·5 25·3 33·3 60·6 66·0 70·8 76·0 82·8 88·8 86·6 89·5 111·5 3·5988 5·4472 10·2672 11·4025 14·2653 14·7343 16·2620 17·0775 20·7014 25·783 25·832 25·819 51·5 52·7 56·5 57·8 59·8 60·5 67·2 67·0 64·6 49·4 50·3 52·3 53·1 50·8 51·6 61·6 58·8 59·0 2·1 2·4 4·2 4·7 9·0 8·9 5·6 8·2 5·6 ·930 ·925 ·900 ·855 ·742 ·730 ·832 ·778 ·832 98·0 104·0 117·0 121·0 127·0 133·0 130·0 Thick cumulus low on plains. Sunrise yellow red. Cloudless. Clouds rise.

E.—NOVEMBER 15TH, 1850.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat.

9.53 to 10.06 a.m. 10.50 to 11.03 a.m. 11.31 to 11.44 a.m. 12.33 to 12.46 p.m. 1.07 to 1.21 p.m. 2.47 to 3.00 p.m. 3.48 to 4.00 p.m. 4.03 to 4.16 p.m. 25·8 26·1 28·5 30·9 29·1 21·1 16·7 16·2 78·0 80·5 84·0 91·5 90·5 75·0 73·0 75·0 17·5306 19·1835 20·2065 20·4267 20·4388 16·5635 13·4435 12·7170 25·854 25·844 25·808 25·803 63·0 64·0 65·3 65·8 67·0 67·2 62·0 61·5 55·3 52·8 51·9 51·2 49·6 56·6 50·8 50·5 8·7 11·2 13·4 14·6 17·4 10·6 11·2 11·0 ·772 ·690 ·638 ·620 ·560 ·708 ·690 ·692 Sky cloudless. Wind N.E.

Silchar (Cachar). Elev. 116 feet, Lat. 24° 30′ N., Long. 93° E. (approximate) NOVEMBER 26TH, 1850. Watch slow 13′ 39″ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat.

9.11 to 9.24 a.m. 9.34 to 9.41 a.m. 9.50 to 9.57 a.m. 10.07 to 10.14 a.m. 11.03 to 11.16 a.m. Noon to 12.03 p.m. 12.58 to 1.11 p.m. 2.51 to 3.04 p.m. 3.55 to 4.08 p.m. 4.09 to 4.22 p.m. 4.23 to 4.36 p.m. 19·4 22·7 25·3 26·5 26·3 26·4 27·6 23·0 17·6 15·5 12·0 69·0 81·0 87·5 91·5 89·0 90·0 94·0 93·0 91·5 93·5 93·7 16·4706 16·5937 17·3558 17·5695 17·5251 17·8144 17·9676 15·0880 11·6688 11·0215 7·8360 29·999 29·967 29·892 29·881 66·3 68·7 70·3 73·2 74·5 76·8 78·5 79·5 79·4 78·5 63·5 61·5 62·7 60·3 61·7 60·3 62·1 57·0 62·1 62·1 2·8 7·2 7·6 12·9 12·8 16·5 16·4 22·5 17·3 16·4 ·860 ·788 ·780 ·657 ·658 ·586 ·588 ·480 ·570 ·588 Dense fog till 7.30 a.m. Wind north. Clear. Wind N.E. Light cirrhus low. Streaks of cirrhus aloft. Sun sets in hazy cirrhus.

Chittagong, Elev. 200 feet, Lat. 22° 20′ N., Long. 91° 55′ E. A.—DECEMBER 31ST, 1850. Watch slow 3′ 45″ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

7.39 to 7.52 a.m. 8.40 to 8.53 a.m. 9.04 to 9.08 a.m. 9.52 to 9.56 a.m. 10.02 to 10.06 a.m. 11.16 to 11.29 a.m. 11.52 to 11.56 a.m. 1.38 to 1.41 p.m. 1.47 to 1.51 p.m. 3.10 to 3.17 p.m. 3.18 to 3.25 p.m. 10·0 21·3 23·2 24·3 25·1 24·3 26·6 24·7 25·4 21·1 19·3 70·0 91·5 89·5 87·3 90·5 84·5 92·6 84·0 90·7 86·0 89·3 8·3700 14·1219 15·6136 16·7341 16·7668 17·1558 17·5028 17·5123 16·8418 14·6645 13·0468 29·874 29·923 29·892 29·831 57·0 59·5 63·3 64·5 65·7 68·5 69·5 71·7 71·0 55·7 57·2 59·7 61·3 60·4 58·6 59·2 61·8 60·5 1·3 2·3 3·6 3·2 5·3 9·9 10·3 9·9 10·5 ·960 ·920 ·890 ·900 ·840 ·722 ·710 ·720 ·710 127·0 142·0 148·0 150·0 Cloudless. Mountains clear. Wind N.N.E. Cool. Wind N.W. Wind S.W. Clouds about in patches.

B.—JANUARY 1, 1851. Watch slow 3′ 45″ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

7.34 to 7.41 a.m. 8.38 to 8.45 a.m. 9.44 to 9.51 a.m. 10.46 to 10.53 a.m. 11.50 to 11.57 a.m. 12.06 to 12.13 p.m. 12.58 to 1.02 p.m. 1.45 to 1.52 p.m. 3.15 to 3.22 p.m. 4.27 to 4.34 p.m. 4.36 to 4.43 p.m. 4.45 to 4.52 p.m. 4.56 to 5.09 p.m. 5.12 to 5.18 p.m. 10·0 16·0 19·5 21·0 21·5 24·1 23·9 21·4 18·1 10·2 9·8 8·5 5·6 3·8 69·4 70·0 74·7 78·2 81·2 88·0 87·2 84·5 82·5 82·0 84·0 85·0 85·0 84·0 8·4200 13·3920 15·3660 15·8550 15·6950 16·4603 16·4432 15·0870 13·0320 7·3746 6·9482 5·9670 3·9312 2·6942 29·948 29·891 29·850 29·798 29·778 55·4 58·9 63·2 66·7 69·8 70·3 71·0 71·3 71·3 70·0 67·5 68·7 54·0 57·7 61·7 62·4 58·3 56·0 56·7 57·5 57·1 59·5 62·7 62·2 1·4 1·2 1·5 4·3 11·5 14·3 14·3 13·8 14·2 10·5 4·8 6·5 ·953 ·970 ·960 ·870 ·688 ·625 ·625 ·633 ·625 ·708 ·855 ·810 104·5 115·0 120·0 117·0 122·5 117·0 Mist rises and drifts westward till 7.30 a.m. Wind N.W., clouds rise. Sunset cloudless.

C.—JANUARY 2, 1851. Watch slow 3′ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb

10.02 to 10.09 10.20 to 10.24 12.03 to 12.10 p.m. 12.22 to 12.25 p.m. 2.04 to 2.08 p.m. 2.10 to 2.14 p.m. 19·2 22·6 24·7 25·9 23·3 23·8 71·0 79·0 89·2 95·5 91·5 93·0 15·8592 16·9048 16·6972 18·6796 15·4479 15·6128 29·861 29·858 64·5 65·6 69·0 70·7 71·2 60·6 61·4 59·3 57·5 61·0 3·9 4·2 9·7 3·2 10·2 ·878 ·872 ·728 ·650 ·718 116·0 119·0 112·0 Low, dense fog at sunrise, clear at 9 a.m. Hills hazy and horizon grey.

L. TABLE OF ELEVATIONS.

In the following tables I have given the elevations of 300 places, chiefly computed from barometric data. For the computations such observations alone were selected as were comparable with contemporaneous ones taken at the Calcutta Observatory, or as could, by interpolation, be reduced to these, with considerable accuracy: the Calcutta temperatures have been assumed as those of the level of the sea, and eighteen feet have been added for the height of the Calcutta Observatory above the sea. I have introduced two standards of comparison where attainable; namely, 1. A few trigonometrical data, chiefly of positions around Dorjiling, measured by Lieutenant-Colonel Waugh, the Surveyor-General, also a few measured by Mr. Muller and myself, in which we can put full confidence: and, 2. A number of elevations in Sikkim and East Nepal, computed by simultaneous barometer observations, taken by Mr. Muller at Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling barometer was in bad repair, I do not place so much confidence in these comparisons as in those with Calcutta. The coincidence, however, between the mean of all the elevations computed by each method is very remarkable; the difference amounting to only thirty feet in ninety-three elevations; the excess being in favour of those worked by Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling observations were generally taken at night, or early in the morning, when the temperature is below the mean of the day, this excess in the resulting elevations would appear to prove, that the temperature correction derived from assuming the Calcutta observations to correspond with eighteen feet above the level of the sea at Sikkim, has not practically given rise to much error.

I have not added the boiling-point observations, which afford a further means of testing the accuracy of the barometric computations; and which will be found in section J of this Appendix.

The elevation of Jillapahar is given as computed by observations taken in different months, and at different hours of the day; from which there will be seen, that owing to the low temperature of sunrise in the one case, and of January and October in the others, the result for these times is always lowest.

Most of the computations have been made by means of Oltmann’s tables, as drawn up by Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau, and printed at the Magnetic Observatory, Simla; very many were worked also by Bessell’s tables in Taylor’s “Scientific Memoirs,” which, however, I found to give rather too high a result on the averages; and I have therefore rejected most of them, except in cases of great elevation and of remarkable humidity or dryness, when the mean saturation point is an element that should not be disregarded in the computation. To these the letter B is prefixed. By far the majority of these elevations are not capable of verification within a few feet; many of them being of villages, which occupy several hundred feet of a hill slope: in such cases the introduction of the refinement of the humidity correction was not worth the while.

SERIES I.—Elevations on the Grand Trunk-road. February, 1848.

No. of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

1 2 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 2 4 1 3 4 4 Burdwan Gyra Fitcoree Tofe Choney Maddaobung Paras-nath saddle Paras-nath cast peak Paras-nath flagstaff Paras-nath lower limit of Clematis and Berberis Doomree Highest point on grand trunk-road Belcuppee Hill 236th mile-stone Burree Hill 243rd mile-stone Chorparun Dunwah Bahra 284th mile-stone Sheergotty Muddunpore 312th mile-stone Naurungabad Baroon (on Soane) Dearee (on Soane) 93 630 860 912 1230 B.4231 4215 4428 3162 996 1446 1219 1361 1169 1339 1322 625 479 474 460 402 365 337 344 332

SERIES II.—Elevations in the Soane Valley. March, 1848.

No. of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

3 6 2 4 3 6 4 1 3 1 9 4 4 4 7 Tilotho Akbarpore Rotas palace Tura Soane-pore Kosdera Panchadurma Bed of Soane above Panchadurma Pepura Bed of Soane river Chahnchee Hirrah Kotah Kunch Sulkun 395 403 1489 453 462 445 492 482 587 400 499 531 541 561 684

SERIES III.—Elevations on the Kymore Hills. March, 1848.

No. of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

2 9 1 1 9 Roump Shahgunj Amoee Goorawul Mirzapore (on the Ganges) 1090 1102 818 905 362

SERIES IV.—Elevations near Dorjiling. 1848 to 1850.

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

9 110 104 99 93 37 ———— Sum 452 ======= 27 84 37 7 83 74 95 18 ———— Sum 434 ======= 103 16 38 25 2 2 7 1 12 2 5 8 4 4 1 13 13 2 2 13 1 4 8 Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson’s house) sunrise 9.50 p.m. noon 2.40 p.m. 4 p.m. sunset Ditto by Monthly observations. January February March April July August September October The Dale (Mr. Muller’s) by trigonometry Superintendent’s house by trigonometry Colinton (Mr. Muller’s) Leebong by trigonometry Summit of Jillapahar Smith’s hotel Monastery hill below the Dale The Dale by barometer Monastery hill by trigonometry Ging (measured from Dale) Guard-house at Great Rungeet Bed of Great Rungeet at cane-bridge Guard-house at Little Rungeet Sinchul top by trigonometry Saddle of road over shoulder of Sinchul Senadah (Pacheem) bungalow Pacheem village Kursiong bungalow Punkabaree Rungniok village Tonglo, summit by trigonometry Tonglo, Saddle below summit Tonglo, Rocks on ascent of Sourse of Balasun Source of Balasun by Dorjiling Goong ridge 7301 7443 7457 7477 7447 7447 ————— Mean 7429 ========= 7400 7445 7517 7582 7412 7421 7454 7351 ————— Mean 7448 ========= B. 6957 6952 B. 6932 6932 B. 7179 B. 5993 ^[435]6021 B. 7896 6872 B. 214·1 6952 ————— 7166 7165·3 ========= B. 5156 B. 1864 818 1672 8655 8607 7412 7258 3855 B. 4813 1815 B. 4565 B. 10·078 10·079·4 B. 10·008 B. 8148 7436 7451 7441

SERIES V.—Elevations in East Nepal, October to December, 1848.

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

1 7 7 5 2 1 3 8 3 5 4 4 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 8 3 3 3 2 2 10 6 1 1 4 2 2 9 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 4 3 1 8 1 3 4 7 2 4 1 Source of Myong river Myong valley, camp in Myong valley Purmiokzong Shoulder of Nanki Shepherd’s huts on do. Summit of Nanki Camp on Nanki Jummanoo Sulloobong Bheti village Sakkiazong village Camp on ridge of mountain Peak on Sakkiazong Makarumbi Pemmi river Tambur river at junction with Pemmi Camp on Tambur, Nov. 13 Camp on Tambur, Nov. 14 Chintam village Mywa Guola Tambur river, Nov. 18 Tambur river, Nov. 19 Taptiatok village Loontoong village Tambur river, Nov. 23 Wallanchoon village Tuquoroma Wallanchoon pass Foot of pass-road Yangma Guola Base of great moraine Top of moraine above ditto Yangma village camp Lake bed in valley Upper ditto (Pabuk) Yangma valley camp, Dec. 2 Kambachen pass Camp below ditto Kambachen village Camp in valley Choonjerma pass Camp below ditto Yalloong river-terrace Camp side of valley Yankutang village Saddle of road south of Khabili Khabang village Spur of Sidingbah, crossed Nov. 10 Yangyading village Sablakoo Iwa river, Dec. 12 Iwa river, Dec. 13 Singaleh, camp on Islumbo pass (feet) 4,798 4,345 3,801 4,507 7,216 8,999 9,994 9,315 4,320 5,244 4,683 5,804 8,315 9,356 5,444 2,149 1,289 1,418 1,600 3,404 2,079 2,515 3,113 4,207 5,615 8,066 10,384 12,889 B. 16,764 13,501 9,236 12,098 B. 679 B. 13,516 15,186 B. 16,038 10,997 B. 15,770 11,643 11,378 11,454 B. 15,259 13,289 10,449 10,080 5,530 5,746 5,495 6,057 4,082 4,735 3,747 6,134 9,263 10,388 (feet) 4,345 3,763 4,535 10,045 9,324 4,404 5,311 5,847 8,391 9,289 5,525 2,262 1,487 1,496 2,185 2,574 3,289 4,359 5,738 8,096 10,389 12,999 16,748 13,518 9,322 12,199 13,488 11,001 11,611 11,514 13,287 10,035 5,598 5,515 5,980 4,145 4,718 3,818 6,184 9,328

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

4 6 5 6 6 7 8 1 1 6 1 5 1 1 10 9 1 9 1 22 7 15 7 21 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 1 6 Kulhait valley, camp in Lingcham village Bed of Great Rungeet, December 20 Lingdam village, December 21 Nampok village Bhomsong Mainom top Neon-gong Goompa Pass from Teesta to Rungeet Lingdam village Great Rungeet below Tassiding Tassiding temples Sunnook, camp on Bed of Ratong Pemiongchi temple Camp at Pemiongchi village Tchonpong village Bed of Rungbi river Camp on Ratong river Doobdi Goompa Yoksun Dumpook Buckim Mon Lepcha top Jongri Ratong below Mon Lepcha Ratong below Yoksun Catsuperri lake Catsuperri temple Tengling village Rungbee river bed Changachelling temple Kulhait river Saddle of Hee hill Camp on Hee hill (feet) 6,406 4,892 1,805 5,552 4,354 1,556 Tr. 10,702 5,225 6,824 5,349 2,030 4,840 3,955 2,481 7,083 6,551 4,952 3,165 3,100 6,493 5,600 6,646 8,625 13,090 B. 13,170 7,069 3,729 6,068 6,493 5,295 3,230 6,805 3,075 7,289 6,609 (feet) 6,374 4,848 1,874 5,556 4,501 1,533 B. 10,613 5,401 4,018 6,616 5,003 3,242 6,451 5,635 6,710 8,693 13,045 13,184 7,217 3,851 6,009 6,476 5,219 3,350 6,850 3,243 6,744

SERIES VII.—Elevations in the Sikkim Terai and Plains of India, Gangetic Delta and Jheels.

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

3 12 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 1 6 43 24 12 13 54 33 13 4 3 5 Siligoree Bungalow Titalya Sahibgunj (west of Titalya) Bhatgong Thakya-gunj Bhojepore Rummai Rangamally Belakoba Mela-meli Kishengunj Mahanuddy river between Kishengunj and Maldah Mahanuddy river between Maldah and Rampore Bauleah Rampore (Mr. Bell’s) Dacca (Mr. Atherton’s) Jheels, Dacca to Pundua Megna river (June 1st-6th Soormah (June 9th) Pundua (June 10th and 11th) Pundua (Sept. 7th) Pundua (Nov. 16th and 17th) 302 326 231 225 284 404 293 262 368 337 131 153 98 130 72 *– ·003 + ·008 + ·048 + ·018 – ·016 – 0·66

SERIES VIII.—Elevations in Sikkim, May to December, 1849.

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

2 4 1 2 4 8 4 4 2 8 10 16 Mik, on Tendong Namtchi, camp on spur Tendong summit Temi, Teesta valley Nampok, Teesta valley Lingmo, Teesta valley Lingtam spur, Teesta valley Gorh, Teesta valley Bling-bong, Teesta valley Lingo village, Teesta valley Singtam, May 14 to 16 Singtam (higher on hill) Oct. 30 to Nov. 2 (feet) 3,912 5,608 B. 8,671 4,771 B. 5,138 B. 2,861 B. 4,743 B. 4,061 B. 2,657 B. 2,724 B. 4,435 B. 4,575 (feet) Tr. 8,663 5,033 2,838 4,867 4,195 2,711 2,839 4,477

SERIES VIII.—(Continued)

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

5 2 7 27 37 4 4 3 8 1 1 33 53 1 4 74 47 1 1 2 43 20 30 1 3 2 5 2 6 2 2 56 1 1 1 1 1 1 Niong Namgah Chakoong Choongtam, May Choongtam, August Dholep, Lachen Dengha, Lachen Latong, Lachen Kampo Samdong Chateng Chateng, lower on spur Lamteng village Zemu Samdong Snow bed across Zemu river Camp on banks of Zemu Junction of Thlonok and Zemu Camp on banks of Zemu river Zemu river, June 13 Zemu river, high up, June 13 Yeunga (Lachen valley) Tallum Samdong Tungu, July Tungu, October Palung plains Sitong Kongra Lama pass Yeumtso (in Tibet) Bhomtso (in Tibet) Cholamoo lakes (in Tibet) Donkia pass, October Donkia pass, September Momay Samdong Donkia, September 13 Kinchinjhow, September 14 Sebolah pass South shoulder of Donkia, September 20 Mountain north of Momay, September 17 West shoulder of Donkia mountain, September 26 The following were measured trigonometrically: Forked onkia mountain Kinchinjhow mountain Tomo-chamo, east top of Kinchinjhow Thlonok mount, Peak on Chango-khang mountain Tukcham mountain, from Dorjiling Chomiomo mountain (feet) 4,229 4,371 5,245 5,247 6,120 6,337 6,471 7,315 8,819 8,493 8,900 9,026 9,828 10,223 10,864 12,064 12,422 13,281 10,196 11,540 12,779 12,799 15,697 15,372 15,745 16,808 18,590 16,900 18,589 18,387 15,362 16,876 17,495 17,604 18,257 (feet) 3,954 4,443 5,284 5,297 6,145 6,399 6,310 7,344 8,695 8,343 8,867 8,926 10,271 10,828 12,074 11,424 12,723 12,747 15,642 15,069 Measured from Momay 17,079 17,656 17,567 18,357 B. 17,394 B. 18,510 Tr. 20,870 Tr. 22,750 Tr. 21,000 Tr. 20,000 Tr. 20,600 Tr. 19,472 Tr. 22,700

SERIES VIII.—(Continued)

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. Measured by Trig., etc.

48 7 2 3 51 12 8 2 3 4 3 5 7 1 3 1 3 17 3 105 1 2 3 12 11 2 3 5 6 The following were measured trigonometrically: Summit of Donkia (from Donkia pass and Bhomtso) Tunkra Mountain, from Dorjiling Yeumtong Yeumtong, October Snow bed above Yeumtong Punying Lachoong village, August Lachoong village, October Lacheepia Tunkra pass Rock on ascent to ditto Keadom Tukcham village Rinkpo village Laghep Phieungoong Barfonchen Chola pass Chumanako Phadong Tumloong, Nov. 3rd and 4th Higher on hill, Nov. 16th to Dec. 9th Yankoong Tikbotang Camp, Dec. 11th Serriomsa Dikkeeling Singdong Katong ghat, Teesta Namten Cheadam (feet) 11,933 11,951 B. 15,971 B. 11,299 B. 8,712 B. 8,705 B. 15,293 B. 16,083 B. 13,078 B. 6,609 B. 3,849 B. 6,008 B. 10,423 B. 12,422 B. 11,233 B. 14,925 B. 12,590 B. 5,946 B. 5,368 B. 5,976 B. 3,867 B. 3,763 B. 2,952 B. 2,820 B. 4,952 B. 2,116 B. 735 B. 4,483 B. 4,653 (feet) Tr. 22,650 Tr. 18,250 By Dorjiling Barometer 11,839 By Yeumtong Barometer 16,000 By Der. Bar. 8,474 15,231 13,144

SERIES IX.—Khasia Mountains, June to November, 1850.

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

36 167 102 25 63 1 9 1 32 6 9 63 6 10 35 12 9 3 Churra (Mr. Inglis’s) Churra bungalow opposite church, August Churra bungalow, Oct., Nov. Kala-panee bungalow Moflong bungalow Chillong hill Syong bungalow Hill south of ditto Myrung bungalow, July Myrung bungalow, Sept. Chela Nunklow Nonkreem Mooshye Pomrang Amwee Joowye Nurtiung 4,069 4,193 4,258 5,302 6,062 6,662 5,725 6,050 5,647 5,709 80 4,688 5,601 4,863 5,143 4,105 4,387 4,178

SERIES X.—Soormah, Silhet, Megna, Chittagong, etc.

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

27 38 36 24 12 10 72 8 2 16 3 12 4 17 10 Silhet (Mr. Stainforth’s) Soormah river, between Silhet and Megna Silchar Megna river Noacolly (Dr. Baker’s) Noacolly on voyage to Chittagong Chittagong (Mr. Sconce’s) Chittagong flagstaff-hill at south head of harbour Seetakoond hill Seetakoond bungalow Hat-Hazaree Hattiah Sidhee Chittagong to Megua Eastern Sunderbunds 133 46 116 + ·020* – ·039 0† 191 151 1,136 – ·069* – ·039 – ·049 – ·039 – ·014† + ·002