Part 1 — INDEX (continued 2)

EVA, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-35

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Eva is a medium to large, basally notched point with an excurvate or recurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: The 10 plesiotypes which supplied the features (the illustrated example is included) range in measurements as follows: length—maximum, 96 mm.; minimum, 48 mm.; average, 61 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 39 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 33 mm.: stem width—maximum, 26 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem length—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are simple-barbed and inversely tapered. The blade is usually excurvate but may be recurvate. The distal end is acute. Basal notches range from 1 to 7 mm. deep and average 4 mm. deep. The notch width range is from 3 to 9 mm.; notch width average is 6 mm. Retouching often leaves the stem longer than the barbs. The stem is either straight or contracted. Stem side edges may be straight or excurvate. The stem base is usually straight but may be excurvate; it is usually thinned by retouching and may be lightly ground.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by strong, broad, shallow, random flaking. The blade face is thinned from edge to center by broad secondary flaking. Some fine retouch appears along the blade and hafting area edges. The basal notches are formed perpendicular to the base by removal of one broad flake from opposite faces on each side of the stem. Retouching often shortened the barbs; in some cases a barb was almost completely worked away. No retouch was noted in the notches.

COMMENTS: The point is named after the Eva Site in Benton County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is among the 10 measured plesiotypes from the Plevna Site, Cambron 79, in Madison County, Alabama. Lewis and Lewis (1961) describe most examples from the Eva Site as having recurvate blade edges and sometimes displaying barbs longer than the stems. Examples of the type were in association at the Eva Site with materials dated by radiocarbon method at 7200 B. P. Lewis and Lewis (1961) also describe a smaller, narrower variant found at later levels as Eva II. Four examples of the Eva type were recovered from Zone A—one each from Levels 3, 7, 9 and 11—at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter in Colbert County, Alabama (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Four examples were recovered from the bottom of Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Little Bear Creek Site in Colbert County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b), one example was recovered from the 8-foot level (below the shellmidden). Numerous surface finds in North Alabama also indicate an early Archaic association. The 7200 B. P. date at Eva Site appears acceptable.

EVANS, Ford and Webb (Ford and Webb, 1956): A-36

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized point which usually displays an expanded stem and a notch flaked into each blade edge above the shoulders.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 60 mm. in length, 33 mm. in width, 20 mm. in stem width, 11 mm. in stem length, 11 mm. in thickness.

FORM: (The following description is taken from the illustrated example, an example from Cambron Site 14, Limestone County, Alabama, and from illustrations and description by Bell, 1958): The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders may be horizontal, inversely tapered, or tapered. The blade is usually excurvate but may be straight; blade edges are deeply notched from the shoulders to about one-third to nearly one-half the length of the blade. The distal end may be acute or broad. The hafting area may include the notched portion of the blade as well as the stem. The stem is usually expanded but may be straight or, rarely, contracted. The side edges of the stem may be straight or incurvate and the basal edge, straight or excurvate. The excurvate stem base edge is ground on the Alabama example.

FLAKING: Broad, irregular, random flaking appears on the blade and stem. Some retouch accomplished by the removal of small, fairly deep flakes is found along the blade edges. Deep side notches are the result of removal of a broad, deep flake from the edges of opposite faces of the blade. Occasionally, limited retouch was employed to broaden the notches after the main notching flake had been struck.

COMMENTS: The point was named after examples found at Poverty Point Site in Louisiana. The illustrated example is from Holland Site 123 in Franklin Parish, Louisiana. Bell (1958) gives the distribution as the northern half of Louisiana, the adjacent portions of eastern Texas, southern Arkansas and western Mississippi. On the basis of radiocarbon dates from Poverty Point and the Jaketown Site, Ford and Webb (1956) suggest an age of around 2600 to 2800 years ago. Points of similar workmanship but with three or more notches along each blade edge are found in North Alabama and classified as Provisional Type 10, eccentric notched (Cambron and Waters, 1961; Cambron and Hulse, 1960b). These points may or may not be related to the Evans type.

FAIRLAND, Kelley (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-137

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized point with an expanded stem, incurvate base and random flaking.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight cotypes from sites in South Calhoun County and North Talladega County, Alabama provided traits and the following measurements: length—maximum, 52 mm.; minimum, 41 mm.; average, 45 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 26 mm.: stem length—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 12 mm.: thickness—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. The illustrated example measures 46 mm. long, 31 mm. wide at the shoulders, 27 mm. wide across the stem, 12 mm. in stem length, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered. The blade may be excurvate or straight. The distal end is usually acute but may be broad. The stem is expanded and the side edges may be ground. The basal edge is incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: Because of the poor grade of material used, the shallow, random flaking which shapes the blade and stem is, in most cases, poor. Some blade edges may be finely serrated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Lehmann Rock Shelter in Texas by J. Charles Kelley (1947b) and was described by Suhm and Krieger who also give an estimated age of about 1000 B. C. to 500 A. D. or part thereof (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954). Suhm and Krieger list the Fairland type as characteristic of Central Texas. Occasional examples appear in collections throughout Oklahoma and elsewhere (Bell, 1960). Four of the eight measured examples are made of quartzite and four are made of a poor grade of flint The illustrated example is made of quartzite. All examples, including 39 that were broken and not measured, are from the collection of Eugene L. Grace of Anniston, Alabama. They were recovered from late Archaic and early Woodland sites.

FLINT CREEK, Cambron (Cambron, 1958b): A-37

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Flint Creek is a medium to large, finely serrated, stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: Examples which provided the features (including the illustrated example) ranged in measurements as follows: length—maximum, 76 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.; average, 55 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem width—maximum, 19 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length—maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually inversely tapered but may be tapered or, occasionally, horizontal. The blade is excurvate and is usually finely serrated; the distal end is acute. The stem, usually formed by corner or side notching, is expanded. The side edges of the stem are usually excurvate; rarely, straight. The stem base edge is usually excurvate but may, on rare examples, be straight. It may be thinned or unfinished with rind still in evidence. Several examples were lightly ground on the stem base edge.

FLAKING: The thick blade is shaped by broad, random flaking. Deep, narrow, and often long flakes were removed from the blade edges to shape and finish the blade and to form fine regular serrations. These flakes were removed alternately from opposite faces, making the serration projections rather sharp. Broad, deep flakes, struck from the basal corners or sometimes the sides of the hafting area, shape the stem. Some of the straighter stemmed examples are reworked along the stem side edges, but usually no retouch is noted in the notches. Basal edges are often slightly thinned by broad shallow flaking.

COMMENTS: The type was named from Cambron Site 78 on Flint Creek in Morgan County, Alabama, where numerous examples were first collected. The illustrated example is one of several from the predominantly Copena site, Cambron Site 53, in Morgan County, Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), 69 examples were recovered from Zone A, Levels 1 through 8. Of these 69 examples, 40 per cent were from Levels 3 and 4, indicating a climax in the late Archaic—early Woodland times. One example each was recovered from Levels 4, 5 and 7 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961), ten examples were recovered from Stratum I (Woodland) and one from Stratum II (Archaic). The Flint Creek type was important at Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), where most examples were found in upper Zone C (Archaic) and lower Zone B (Woodland). This is a late Archaic to early Woodland type. The type appears to be related to Dustin points illustrated by Ritchie (1961). Similar examples may be recognized among points illustrated as Palmillos by Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954), who give the distribution as from East Texas across the state to the Trans-Pecos area, and from the upper Brazos and Trinity valleys to the central and eastern coastal plain. The distribution extends southward in Mexico to southern Tamaulipas. The type is associated with late Archaic and early Woodland cultures. The Dustin points are from Michigan and from the Lamoka Lake Site, Schuyler County, New York.

FLINT RIVER SPIKE, Cambron (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-38

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, narrow, lanceolate point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen cotypes (including the illustrated example) from University of Alabama Site Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) range in measurements as follows: length—maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.; average, 50 mm.: width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 16 mm.: thickness—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be median ridged or biconvex. The blade is usually excurvate, but may be straight with an acute distal end. The base is usually rounded, but an occasional example may display a straight, unfinished basal edge. The hafting area includes the basal area from the base to the widest point of the blade, which is usually less than half way from base to distal end. The base is usually thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by random percussion flaking. Many of the flakes are rather deep. Some retouch appears along the edges, especially along the blade edges, of about half the examples.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Flint River Mound at the mouth of Flint River in Madison County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), where the illustrated example was recovered. Of the 41 examples from this site, 24 were from upper Zone A (Woodland), 14 from lower Zone A and Zone B (Woodland) and three from upper Zone C (Archaic). Two examples were recovered from Level 3 (Woodland) at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. Six examples (excluding material from the 100-foot trench) were recovered at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): two examples were recovered from Level 1, Zone A, one each from Levels 2, 3 and 6, Zone A, and one from Level 1 of Zone B. Flint River Spike and Bradley Spike appear to be of late Woodland cultural association and may be typologically related. Unlike Bradley Spike, however, Flint River Spike has no stem and may be retouched along the blade edges. A late Woodland association is suggested for Flint River Spike in North Alabama.

FORT ANCIENT, Bell (Bell, 1960): A-39

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, thick, triangular point that may be serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) lists the length as from about 30 mm. to 50 mm. and the width as about 15 mm. or less. The illustrated example measures 32 mm. long, 14 mm. wide, and 6 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. The blade is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate near the distal end or, rarely, excurvate. Blade edges may be serrated. (Serrated examples are more readily identified.) The distal end may be keenly acute or acuminate. The base may be straight or excurvate. It is usually thinned and may be slightly expanded.

FLAKING: The point displays random flaking which is usually broad and fairly deep, with some fine retouch near the distal end. The serrations on the serrated examples are the result of the removal of broad regular flakes from the edge of alternate faces, leaving an irregular pattern along the blade edges. Occasionally the basal edge was retouched as well as thinned by removal of broad flakes.

COMMENTS: "The Fort Ancient points are associated with the Feurt Focus of the Fort Ancient aspect of the Ohio Valley. The Fort Ancient point has been recognized among archaeologists, both amateur and professional, in the Ohio region for a number of years." (Bell, 1960). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. This Woodland-Mississippian site has produced Fort Ancient, Madison, Jacks Reef Corner Notched, Knight Island, Swan Lake and Copena points. One Fort Ancient point was recovered from Level 1 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. Bell (1960) dates the type at some time from about 1200 A. D. to 1600 A. D. Morgan (1952), in summarizing the prehistoric Indian cultures of the Ohio region, says of the Fort Ancient aspect of the Mississippian period: "Their trait assemblage is indicative of a people with a mixed cultural background, both Woodland and Mississippi elements being involved. White trade goods at one site show that some of these people were probably still in existence as late as the last quarter of the seventeenth century."

FRAZIER, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-40

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, narrow, triangular point with a well thinned basal edge.

MEASUREMENTS: "In size these points range from 2 to 2¾ inches." (Bell, 1960.) Alabama examples are slightly shorter. Measurements of 4 plesiotypes, including the illustrated example, are: length—maximum, 51 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 49 mm.: width at base—maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 23 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm. Basal depth on one incurvate base example was 1 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is excurvate. A slightly serrated appearance is found on some examples as the result of retouching along the blade edge. The distal end is acute. The hafting area includes an undetermined basal portion of the blade which is more or less parallel along the basal edges. The basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate; it is thinned and, rarely, ground.

FLAKING: Large shallow flakes, removed to shape the faces, were followed by shorter deeper flaking along all edges. The secondary flaking along the basal edge is usually broader and longer than that used along the blade and hafting area edges. Some retouching along the blade edges results in a finely serrated appearance.

COMMENTS: This point is named after the Frazier Site in Benton County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 389 in Limestone County, Alabama. No examples were recovered from control sites in the Tennessee Valley. The type is comparatively rare in Alabama and the cultural association is not known, but it usually appears in surface collections from early Archaic sites. Kneberg (1956) suggests a late Archaic association in Tennessee and a "probable time period from about 1500 B. C. to early centuries A. D." The point is similar to Paint Rock Valley points but is narrower. The base is not as incurvate and the flaking is usually better controlled.

GARTH SLOUGH, Cambron (This Paper): (Formerly classified as Catahoula)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, expanded-barb point. Barbs are prominent and usually obtuse.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of eight plesiotypes (including the illustrated example) from which descriptions were drawn are: length—maximum, 47 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.; average, 40 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 33 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem width—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: stem length—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 5 mm.: thickness—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulder barbs are usually expanded and broad; the barb ends may be obtuse or straight. The blade is usually incurvate; rarely, recurvate or straight. Most examples are finely serrated with an acute distal end. The stemmed hafting area is formed by diagonal notches. The stems of the measured examples are straight. The base may be straight or excurvate, thinned, and may be ground on some examples.

FLAKING: Remnants of blade scars may be evident on the faces. Random, secondary flaking may leave a median ridge on some examples. This flaking, along with some fine retouch produced fine serrations along the blade edges. Broad flakes were removed to form the basal notches.

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples from surface sites in the Garth Slough area in Morgan County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type is found on Transitional Paleo and Early Archaic sites in North Alabama. One example was recovered from the bottom of Stratum II (Early Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). What appears to be a smaller variant of the type was recovered from level V at Danger Cave, Utah (Jennings, 1957) and listed as type W37. Radiocarbon dates from this level range from 6863 ±500 B. P. at the base of the level to 3893 ±240 B. P. in the topmost part of the level. One example was recovered from Cave Spring, Level 9, Stratum III, in association with Big Sandy, Cave Spring, Colbert Dalton, Decatur, Frazier, Greenbrier Dalton, Jude, Lerma Rounded Base, Paint Rock Valley, and Stanfield points. The Garth Slough point was formerly but incorrectly, classified as Catahoula.

GARY, Newell and Krieger (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-41

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized point with contracted stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) gives the size range as about 40 mm. to 80 mm. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) note that the stem length is more consistent than the length of the blade. The illustrated example measures 57 mm. in length, 26 mm. in shoulder width, 18 mm. in stem width, 14 mm in stem length and 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders may be horizontal or tapered and are occasionally rounded or expanded barbed. The blade is usually straight to excurvate, but may be incurvate or recurvate (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954). The distal end is acute. The stem is usually contracted, with straight or excurvate side edges and a rounded to pointed basal edge.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad random flaking. The blade edges are retouched by the removal of deep short flakes. The stem may be retouched.

COMMENTS: The type was named after points found in Texas and was formerly called Gary Contracting Stem. The illustrated specimen is from Cambron Site 76 in Limestone County, Alabama. There is considerable variation within the Gary type, and further study may lead to classification into separate types (Bell, 1958, quoting Baerreis, Freeman and Wright, 1958). Several Gary points were recovered from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Most of the examples were in the upper half of Zone A, which would indicate a late Archaic to Woodland association. Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) and Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) also produced Gary points from both Woodland and Archaic strata. Jenkins (1975) has demonstrated Gary as the dominant projectile point type for Middle Woodland in the Central Tombigbee area (Miller I and II).

GREENBRIER, Kneberg (Lewis and Kneberg, 1960): A-42

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Greenbrier is a medium to large point with expanded auricles and shallow ground side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures in length, 63 mm.; in shoulder width, 25 mm.; in stem width, 25 mm.; in stem length, 12 mm.; in thickness, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. Shoulders are tapered and may be weakly barbed. The blade is usually parallel, with fine serrations, and may be beveled on each side of both faces. The distal end is acute. The hafting area displays broad side notches, created as the shoulder tapers in to the expanded stem. Notches on the illustrated example are 4 mm. deep and 14 mm. wide. Side edges of the hafting area are usually heavily ground. The base is incurvate, thinned and lightly ground.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is broad and thin. The short flaking which was used to bevel the blade edges and create fine serrations may occasionally appear on the shoulder edges of the hafting area. The notches were formed by the removal of one or more fairly large flakes, followed by secondary flaking. Most Alabama examples were made of Ft. Payne chert or other good material.

COMMENTS: The type was briefly described by Lewis and Kneberg (1960), who point out that several examples were illustrated from the Nuckolls Site (Lewis and Kneberg, 1958). Good examples illustrated in that paper are Figs. 24-30, 37, and 48-49. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 53, Limestone County, Alabama. Its general appearance is somewhat similar to that of the Pine Tree point and it often appears on the same sites. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example was recovered from Level 11 of R-4 trench, one from Zone C, one from Level 1, Zone D, and two from Level 2, Zone D. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) one example was recovered from the center of Stratum II (Archaic). One example was recovered from upper Zone C (Archaic) at Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). This evidence indicates a shellmound Archaic association at Flint River, early Archaic at Flint Creek and early Archaic to transitional Paleo-Indian at Stanfield-Worley. A suggested age is from 5000 years ago to about 9000 years ago.

GREENEVILLE, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1957): A-43

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized trianguloid point with parallel to excurvate basal edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Kneberg (1957) lists the range as 1.5 inches to 2.5 inches. The nine plesiotypes, including the illustrated example (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957), from Cambron Site 284 (Camp Creek Site) are: length—maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 29 mm.; average, 33 mm.: width—maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 20 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: width at base—maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 19 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate or straight above the hafting area. The distal end is acute. The hafting area usually has parallel sides but may taper slightly towards the blade. Of the nine measured examples, seven have a basal concavity 1.0 mm. deep and two examples have a straight basal edge. The basal edge is usually thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by random flaking. Most examples show some secondary flaking along the blade edges. This flaking ranges from narrow to broad, but usually fairly deep flake scars are exhibited. Points that have secondary flaking may not be flaked on all blade edges. Basal thinning appears, accomplished by broad flaking along the basal edge which is often followed by some secondary flaking. Of the nine measured examples, seven are made of black to gray local flint, one is quartzite and one chalcedony.

COMMENTS: The type was named (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957) after the Camp Creek Site (Cambron Site 284), which is near Greeneville, Tennessee. While the illustrated example is from the plough level of this site, examples were recovered from all levels. A radiocarbon date of 2050 ±250 B. P. was secured at this site. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) Level 1 produced five examples; Levels 2 and 3, two each; Levels 4, 5 and 8, one each. All were from Zone A. Four examples, one from Level 1, two from Level 2, and one from Level 5 were recovered at University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Alabama. Three examples were recovered from upper Stratum I (Woodland) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) 19 examples were recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland) and three from Zone C (upper Archaic). This Woodland point is scattered along the western edge of the Appalachians from Greeneville, Tennessee, to South Alabama as well as in the Tennessee River Valley and other areas.

GUILFORD, Coe (Coe, 1952): A-44

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, lanceolate point with incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) gives the range of the length from about 60 mm. to 135 mm. Measurements listed by Coe (1959) range as follows: length—maximum, 120 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 90 mm.: width—maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 30 mm. The illustrated plesiotype measures 84 mm. long, 24 mm. in width, 11 mm. wide at the base, 12 mm. thick, 1 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex and thick but may approach median ridged. The blade is usually excurvate but may be nearly straight. The distal end may be acute or apiculate. The hafting area is contracted with short, rounded auricles, incurvate base and some basal thinning. Side edges of the hafting area are usually lightly ground. The hafting area may be defined by a break in the contour of the side edges or may be described as extending to somewhere near the widest part of the blade.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are usually shaped by well controlled, random flaking. Coe (1952) describes some flaking as being transverse-oblique. Careful secondary flaking in the form of short, often deep, flaking appears along the side edges. The basal concavity is formed by the removal of broad flakes. A variety of local materials including quartz, quartzite, porphyritic rhyolite, andesite and varieties of argillite or novaculite were used (Coe, 1959).

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Guilford focus of the Carolina Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Cambron 326, Buncombe County, North Carolina. The type was described by Bell (1960). At the Doerschuk Site Coe (1959) recovered Guilford points above Morrow Mountain and below Halifax types. He suggests a date of around 6000 years ago in the Carolina Piedmont area. He gives the distribution as widespread throughout the Piedmont of North Carolina but points out that they "do not have a distribution much north of Virginia or south of Piedmont, Georgia." Examples appear on several sites in western North Carolina. Examples were illustrated by Miller (1962) from Sites 44Mc66 and 44Mc75, Mecklenburg County, Virginia (Plate 39 W and X, Plate 40 N, Plate 44 P, T and V, Plate 45B). An early Archaic association prior to 5000 years ago is suggested. Recent evidence from Randolph County indicates that the Archaic Guilford complex may extend into the Alabama Piedmont (O'Hear and Knight, 1975).

GUILFORD ROUNDED BASE, Cambron (This Paper): A-44-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized lanceolate point with a rounded base.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten plesiotypes from Cambron 326 (Harwood 98), Buncombe County, North Carolina ranged in measurement as follows: length—maximum, 72 mm.; minimum, 53 mm.; average, 61 mm.: width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 23 mm.: thickness—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 10 mm. The length from base to widest point of blade ranges from 21 mm. to 35 mm. and averages 28 mm. The illustrated example measures about 63 mm. long, 23 mm. wide, 14 mm. thick and 25 mm. from base to widest point of blade. Coe (1959) illustrated an example 30 mm. long.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate with widest point less than halfway from the base to the distal end. This point of maximum width may mark the termination of the hafting area. Some examples are beveled on one side of each face. Side edges of the hafting area are tapered. The basal edge is rounded. Basal edges may be lightly ground.

FLAKING: The measured examples (all made of quartzite) are shaped by well controlled random flaking. Secondary flaking of a deeper shorter nature appears on all edges. This flaking may have been accomplished by a percussion.

COMMENTS: The type was named after examples illustrated by Coe (1959) along with Guilford points (Bell, 1960). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 326, Buncombe County, North Carolina. At the Doerschuk Site, Coe (1959) recovered examples with Guilford points above Morrow Mt. and below Halifax types. He suggests a date of around 6000 years ago in the Carolina Piedmont area. He gives the distribution as Carolina Piedmont and not much north of Virginia or south of Piedmont, Georgia. Examples appear on several sites in western North Carolina. Miller (1962) illustrated examples from Roanoke River drainage area in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, as follows: Site 44Mc75 (Plate 29, Fig. F, Plate 45, Fig. L); Site 44Mc66 (Plate 40, Figs. G, H, M; Plate 41, Figs. I, J); Site 44Mc73 (Plate 42, Fig. D); Bluestone Creek drainage area (Plate 48, Figs. 1, 2a). The similarity of the type to Lerma Rounded Base points may be an indication that they are coeval. An early Archaic association prior to 5000 years ago is suggested.

GUNTERSVILLE, Cambron (This Paper): A-59

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized, lanceolate point with straight base and excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, including the illustrated example, ranged in measurements as follows: length—maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.; average, 35 mm.: width at base—maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 14 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 5 mm. The blade width of four examples ranged from a maximum of 21 mm. to a minimum of 13 mm. and averaged 16 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. The blade is excurvate. The widest point may be at the base or somewhat below the midsection. The distal end is acute. Side edges of the hafting area may be parallel or slightly contracted. (It is difficult to define the extent of the hafting area on examples with contracted side edges.) The basal edge is straight and thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random, flaking appears on the faces with fine secondary flaking along the blade edges and sides of the hafting area. Fairly long, often broad, flakes were removed in order to thin the basal edge. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named after sites in Guntersville Basin of the Tennessee River where many examples are found. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 12, Limestone County, Alabama. Six examples in association with Madison points, a stone disc and other artifacts were taken from Burial 6, Site Lu 92, Lauderdale County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942). Examples illustrated along with Madison and Ft. Ancient points, were described as Dallas component triangular points by Lewis and Kneberg (1946). Both Guntersville Lanceolate and Madison points were illustrated and described by Kneberg (1956) as Late Mississippi Triangular. She states, "In eastern Tennessee it is equally numerous in the Mouse Creek and Dallas Cultures, and occurs in smaller numbers in historic Cherokee sites" (1956). The type was classified as Type W in the Guntersville Basin where it appeared in association with trade goods in several historic burials. A burial at Lewis Bluff in Wheeler Basin of Tennessee River (Cambron and Waters, 1959a) yielded examples in association with Madison points, complicated-stamped sherds and plain, shell-tempered ware, an elbow-clay pipe and other artifacts. Two examples were recovered from the middle section of Stratum I and upper half of Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). Guntersville Lanceolate appears to be associated with late Mississippian and historic cultures in the Tennessee Valley. Kneberg (1956) suggests a probable date of 1300 A. D. to 1800 A. D.

HALIFAX, Coe (Coe, 1959): A-112

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Halifax is a small to medium-sized, side-notched point usually made of vein quartz or, occasionally, quartzite.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists a range of length from 56 mm. to 29 mm. with an average length of 44 mm. and a range of width from 25 mm. to 17 mm. with an average width of 20 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 30 mm.; shoulder width, 21 mm.; stem width, 18 mm.; stem length, 9 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; depth of notch, 3 mm.; width of notch, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. The blade is usually straight but may be excurvate. The distal end is acute. The stem is expanded with straight or incurvate side edges and straight or excurvate basal edge. The stem base edge and side notches of the hafting area are usually ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, often deep, random flaking. Some examples show good secondary flaking along the blade edges. The notches were worked out by the removal of several flakes. Some points are asymmetrical due to variation in depth and location of notches. According to Coe (1959) "The typical specimen was relatively thick and worked from a core. These cores, however, frequently originated as thick spalls struck from quartz or quartzite boulders common to this area of the Roanoke River."

COMMENTS: The type was named after Halifax County, North Carolina, where examples were recovered from the Gaston Site on the Roanoke River. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 94, Buncombe County, North Carolina. A radiocarbon date of 5440 ±300 B. P. was secured for the type at the Gaston Site, where it appeared above Guilford and below Savannah River points. Coe (1959) suggests "a relationship to Lamoka points of the New York area." This, in turn, indicates that the type is ancestral to Lamoka points, similar to Swan Lake points, of Alabama and Tennessee Valley area. In Alabama Swan Lake is associated with the Woodland culture. Halifax points are found on several sites in Buncombe County, North Carolina. Miller (1962) illustrated examples (Plate 42, Figs. J, K, M and U) from Site 44Mc73, which is described as a pre-pottery site. Swan Lake points from Site 44Ha7 (Plate 52, Figs. F, N, T, V and DD) are described by Miller (1962) as "typical Woodland types." Thus both Halifax and Swan Lake points appear in the John H. Kerr Basin of the Roanoke River, Virginia and North Carolina. A type resembling Halifax has been isolated in Randolph County in an Archaic context (O'Hear and Knight, 1975).

HAMILTON, Lewis (Lewis, 1955): A-45

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Hamilton is a small, triangular point with incurvate blade and incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) lists the length range as 22 mm. to 45 mm.; the length mode, 40 mm. The illustrated plesiotype measures 37 mm. long, 18 mm. wide at base, 4 mm. thick, 3 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade ranges in shape from near straight to deeply incurvate but is usually slightly incurvate. Fine serrations along the blade edges are rare. The distal end is acute. The base is usually incurvate but may be straight and is always thinned.

FLAKING: According to Kneberg (1956) "Exceptionally fine pressure chipping characterizes this type." The faces are worked by broad, shallow flaking with fine retouch along the blade edges. The basal edge is thinned by the removal of broad shallow flakes and is rarely retouched except near the junction of the basal edge with the side edges.

COMMENTS: "The Hamilton Incurvate point and Hamilton culture are named from Hamilton County, Tennessee, where they were first identified." (Kneberg, 1956). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. According to Kneberg (1956) the Hamilton is "a late Woodland type associated with the Hamilton culture. This is the culture characterized by dome-shaped burial mounds in eastern Tennessee. It is also found in middle Tennessee with the Decatur and Harmon's Creek Woodland cultures." An example was recovered from Level 1 at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). At University of Alabama Site Ms 201, Marshall County, Alabama, two examples were recovered from Level 1 and one from Level 5. At the Flint River Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) one example was recovered from each zone: Zones A and A-B (both Woodland), Zone C, and Zone D (Archaic). This evidence indicates a Woodland or possibly late Archaic association at Flint River. Examples are found on Woodland and Mississippian sites in North Alabama. Kneberg (1956) suggests a probable age of about 500 A. D. to 1000 A. D. Bell (1960) suggests a date of about 300 A. D. to 800 A. D.

HAMILTON STEMMED, Cambron (This Paper): A-108

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, expanded-stem point with an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Lewis and Kneberg (1946), Plate 65, illustrate two examples of Hamilton Stemmed points. These two are 72 mm. and 76 mm. long respectively. The illustrated example measures 75 mm. long, 30 mm. in shoulder width, 18 mm. in stem width, 12 mm. in stem length, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered, forming short sharp barbs. The blade is excurvate. The rather sharply-acute distal end gives the blade edge a near-recurvate appearance. The stem is expanded with straight side edges; the stem base, thinned and either straight or slightly excurvate.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow-to-deep random flaking. One or all blade edges may be secondarily flaked by the removal of fine, shallow flakes or rather crude deep flakes. The corner notches are formed by strong, broad flaking (usually by removal of one flake from each side of each notch). Stem edges may be retouched, with fine flaking having been employed to thin the base of the stem.

COMMENTS: The type is named after Hamilton County, Tennessee where the Hamilton culture was first recognized. The illustrated plesiotype is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama, which has produced several examples of Hamilton points. It is a late Woodland type associated with the Hamilton culture. Kneberg states (1956), "This is the culture characterized by dome-shaped burial mounds in eastern Tennessee. It is also found in middle Tennessee with the Decatur and Harmon's Creek Woodland cultures." Local examples have been classified as Hamilton corner notched. An example was illustrated by Rowe (1947) as a rare Hamilton culture type from eastern Tennessee.

HARDAWAY, Coe (Coe, 1959): A-46

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized, side notched point with concave base.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the measurements of examples from the North Carolina Piedmont as follows: length—maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 35 mm.: width—maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 25 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm. The length of samples in the Tennessee Valley ranges from a maximum of 50 mm. to a minimum of 29 mm. The average measurements of 28 examples from 16 sites follow: length, 40 mm.; width, 21 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. (Soday and Cambron, n. d.). The illustrated example measures 38 mm. long, 23 mm. wide at the distal end of hafting area, 26 mm. wide at base, 6 mm. thick, 21 mm. wide across hafting constriction, 4 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is usually straight but may be excurvate. Blade edges may be serrated. The distal end is usually acute. The hafting area is auriculate with expanded-rounded auricles. Coe (1959) describes the average side notch as about 4 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide. This results in a short hafting constriction. The basal edge is incurvate and thinned. Both side and basal edges of the hafting area are usually ground.

FLAKING: The face is shaped by broad well controlled flaking. A weak median ridge created by broad, shallow secondary flaking is often seen near the distal end of the blade face. The basal edge of the hafting area is thinned by the removal of broad flakes. Most edges of both the hafting area and the blade are finely retouched.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Hardaway Site in Stanley County, North Carolina and has been referred to in the Tennessee Valley as Corner Notched Dalton. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76, Limestone County, Alabama. Examples were recovered in Zone IV at the Hardaway Site in association with Dalton, Quad, and Hardaway blade types (Coe, 1959). At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) most examples were recovered from Zone D in association with Dalton, Big Sandy I and other early types. A radiocarbon date of 9640 ±450 B. P. was secured. A transitional Paleo-Indian association is suggested.

HARPETH RIVER, Crabtree (Cambron, 1970): A-130

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Harpeth River point is a medium to large side notched point with flattened blade, beveled on both sides of each face and displays shallow serrations.

MEASUREMENTS: Seventeen cotypes from sites in Cheatham and Dickson Counties, Tennessee, along the Harpeth River and one example from near McMinnville, Tennessee, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 90 mm.; minimum, 53 mm.; average, 67 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 26 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 23 mm.: width at base—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 25 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.: hafting area length—maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 16 mm.: width of hafting area in notches—maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 21 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Shoulders are tapered. The blade may be excurvate or straight with fine serrations and is beveled on each side of both faces. The distal end is usually acute but may be acuminate. The hafting area displays broad, shallow side notches and is well defined by a sharp change in the contour of the edge of the point at the junction of the blade and is auriculated with expanded-rounded auricles. Side edges of the hafting area are incurvate and ground. The basal edge is straight, usually ground, and is thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. Blade edges are steeply beveled on each side of both faces by the removal of deep, short, narrow flakes which resulted in fine serrations along the blade edges. The shallow notches that form the hafting area are steeply flaked. This usually leaves expanded shoulder barbs.

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites along the Harpeth River in Cheatham and Dickson Counties, Tennessee, where 60% of the 50 odd examples were recovered from one site which had also produced Big Sandy, Dalton, Greenbrier, P-8 Corner Notched, Pine Tree, Cumberland, LeCroy, and Copena points. These points are in the collection of Wayne Crabtree, Pegram, Tennessee. In general outline the Harpeth River points may somewhat resemble Dalton, Russell Cave, Greenbrier or Pine Tree points. One example has strong basal thinning on one face and what appears to be a flute struck from a prepared striking platform on the other face. One example has been recovered from Overton County and one from Humphreys County, Tennessee. One site along the Harpeth River from which 5 examples were recovered produced Big Sandy, Pine Tree, Turkey Tail and Cotaco points. The associations of Harpeth River points with other Early Archaic and Transitional Paleo points, as well as their hafting area and flaking characteristics, indicate a placement of the type in very Early Archaic or late Transitional Paleo cultural association. Forty-eight cotypes of Rockport variety of Harpeth River are described along with eighteen illustrations in the Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (Adair and Sims, 1970).

JACKS REEF CORNER NOTCHED, Ritchie (Ritchie, 1961): A-21

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, corner notched point with a thin, flattened, excurvate (or often parallel-angular) blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine examples, including the illustrated example from Limestone County, Alabama, provided traits and the following measurements: length—maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 42 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: thickness—maximum, 5 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm. Ritchie (1961) gives the following approximate measurements: length—maximum, 57 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 47 mm.: approximate average width—38 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm. (most examples are under 5 mm.). Alabama examples tend to be longer than New York examples. Corner notches average about 7 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened, rarely, plano-convex. The shoulders are tapered with sharp thin barbs. The blade may be excurvate or parallel-angular. The distal end ranges from narrow to broad-acute. The hafting area is corner notched. The base of the expanded stem is usually straight; rarely, incurvate. It is thinned and may be lightly ground. These features are similar to those of New York points.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are formed by broad, shallow, random flaking. Retouching was done by carefully controlled, broad, shallow secondary flaking followed by fine retouching along the blade edges. Broad flakes were struck off to form the notches, which were then finely retouched. This point is usually made of local materials.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Jacks Reef Site in Onondaga County, New York. Ritchie previously referred to the type as "broad corner notched" or corner notched with angular edges. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 116, Limestone County, Alabama. A radiocarbon date of 1056 ±250 B. P. was obtained for samples from the White Site, Norwich, New York (Ritchie, 1961). It is considered to be late middle Woodland and early late Woodland in New York. It is an important type in central New York and occurs in Ohio (Ritchie, 1961). An example from Site Ct 27 was illustrated (Plate 294, No. 1) by Webb and DeJarnette (1942) as Type 47. For several years, the type has been referred to in the Tennessee Valley where it is found on late Woodland sites, as "Corner Notched Woodland". One example was recovered from Level 3, Zone A at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), six from Zone A (Woodland) at Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) and one example each from Levels 1 and 2 at Ms 201, Rockhouse Shelter, in Marshall County, Alabama. Examples from P-12 Pit at Russell Cave in Jackson County, Alabama, were dated by radiocarbon method at 1500 ±175 B. P. (John W. Griffin, personal communication).

JACKS REEF PENTAGONAL, Ritchie (Ritchie, 1961): A-60a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a thin, small to medium-sized pentagonal point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following traits and measurements: length—maximum, 61 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 42 mm.: width—maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 20 mm.: width at base—maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm.: length of hafting area—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 20 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is straight; the distal end, acute. The hafting area consists of one-half to one-third (usually about two-fifths) of the length of the point. It is contracted, with straight side edges. The basal edge may be straight or incurvate 1 or 2 mm. and is thinned. There is usually a sharp break between the blade and the hafting area.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. Fine retouch was used to finish all edges. The basal edge is treated in the same manner as the blade and hafting area edges. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the late Point Peninsula Jacks Reef Site in Onondaga County, New York. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. Alabama examples are narrower and longer than New York examples as described by Ritchie (1961). The type has been classified locally as "Mississippi Pentagonal". The type was dated at the White Site near Norwich, Chenango County, New York, at 1057 ±250 B. P. (Ritchie, 1961). Ritchie also mentioned a thicker, cruder middle Archaic variant. The type is coeval with Jacks Reef Corner Notched at Point Peninsula and Owasco sites in New York. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), two examples were recovered from Level 1 and one from Level 3. This indicates a late Woodland association at this site. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 1, two from Level 2 and one each from Levels 4 and 5. This occurrence indicates a Woodland association. Associations in surface collections indicate a late Woodland association. The larger, broader examples may be derived from Copena Triangular points, but all examples were made in a manner similar to the way in which Madison points were made. This indicates a transitional placement between Copena and Mississippian. The type is probably around 1000 years in age or older in Alabama.

JEFF, Soday and Cambron (This Paper): A-47

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Jeff is a medium-sized, broad, auriculate point with straight basal edge and expanded auricles.

MEASUREMENTS: The range in length of examples from the Tennessee Valley is from 69 mm. to 28 mm.; the average measurements of 10 examples from 10 sites are as follows: length, 47 mm.; width at base, 25 mm.; thickness, 7 mm. (Soday and Cambron, n. d.). The illustrated example measures 49 mm. long, 25 mm. wide at upper end of hafting area, 30 mm. wide at base, 7 mm. thick, 2 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is excurvate and may be slightly beveled on one side of each face and/or serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is auriculate (expanded-rounded). The basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate and may be beveled or thinned. Side and basal edges of the hafting area are usually ground.

FLAKING: The flattened blade is produced by removal of broad, thin flakes. Secondary flaking along the blade edges is shorter and deeper and may result in weak serrations. Short flakes were removed along the side and basal edges of the hafting area. In some cases the angle of the flaking along the basal edge produced a short bevel.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Jeff area of Madison County, Alabama, where several examples were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76, Limestone County, Alabama. Examples are always found in association with uniface tools and other early point types and are not found on shellmound Archaic middens. This evidence and field observations suggest a transitional Paleo association.

JUDE, Madison-Huntsville Chapter of Alabama Archaeological Society (Madison-Huntsville Chapter of Alabama Archaeological Society, 1961): A-48

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Jude is a small, straight-stemmed point with a short blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight cotypes from the type site area and one example from Colbert County, Alabama provided the traits and the following measurements: length—maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 19 mm.; average, 24 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem width—maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 5 mm. The illustrated example measures 25 mm. in length, 19 mm. in shoulder width, 15 mm. in stem width, 11 mm. in stem length and 5 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex; rarely, plano-convex. Shoulders are usually horizontal; rarely, tapered or inversely tapered. Blade edges are nearly always straight; rarely, excurvate. The distal end is usually acute. The stem is straight or, rarely, slightly expanded. Stem width exceeds the stem length. Side edges of the stem are straight. The thinned basal edge is usually slightly incurvate but may be straight. All stem edges are usually lightly ground.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flakes shape the blade and stem and are followed along all edges by similar but somewhat shorter secondary flaking. All measured examples were made of local material and except for one made of smoky quartz, all were patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Jude Hollow in Madison County, Alabama, where examples were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Brosemer Site 6 in Jude Hollow. Examples from surface collections have produced a range of cultural material including Paleo-Indian and Transitional Paleo-Indian, as well as Archaic and Woodland. The most frequent associations indicate early Archaic or Transitional Paleo-Indian, as do patination and basal grinding. On at least one site in Colbert County, Alabama, later Archaic and Woodland artifacts are absent (Holland, personal communication). Several examples were recovered from the Cave Springs Site (Moebes, 1974) in association with and below Big Sandy and Dalton points. This association indicates a Transitional Paleo-Indian association at this site. The type seems to be somewhat similar to Elam points of Texas (Suhm and Jelks, 1962).

KAYS, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-49

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Kays point is a medium to large, straight-stemmed point with excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven plesiotypes from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County, Alabama, provided traits and the following measurements: length—maximum, 88 mm.; minimum, 56 mm.; average, 63 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem width—maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length—maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.: thickness—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 9 mm. The illustrated example measures 59 mm. in length, 30 mm. in shoulder width, 17 mm. in stem width, 14 mm. in stem length, and 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered, but may be horizontal and may be rounded on some examples. The blade is excurvate, but may be nearly straight. The distal end is acute to sharply acute. The stem is straight and is slightly wider than it is long, with a straight basal edge that may be very slightly incurvate or excurvate. The edges of the stem are thinned and may be ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, shallow to deep flaking. While a few examples appear to have been shaped by collateral flaking, random flaking is usually employed. Short, regular, secondary flaking was used to finish the blade and hafting area edges. All examples of the measured group are patinated and are made of local materials.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Kays Landing Site in Henry County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County, Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 8, 9 and 10 in Zone A. This indicates an Archaic association. Three examples were recovered from Stratum II (Archaic) at the Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) 12 of the 18 examples recovered were from Zone C (upper Archaic), two from Zone C-D, two from Zone D (lower shellmound Archaic) and one each from Zones A and B (Woodland). This is a strong indication of late Archaic association at this site. Kneberg (1956) suggests a middle Archaic to late Archaic association and a date of about 3000 B. C. to A. D. Ritchie (1961) notes the marked similarity of Kays points to Genesee points of New York. The latter have radiocarbon dates of 4941 ±260 B. P. to 3684 ±250 B. P. Genesee points average 3 to 3½ inches in length and range to 6 inches or longer, considerably larger than Kays points. A middle to late Archaic association is indicated by available evidence, including surface associations.

KIRK CORNER NOTCHED, Coe (Coe, 1959): A-50

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium- to large-sized, corner notched point with blade edges that are usually serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the following measurements for the type: range of length—40 mm. to 100 mm., average length, 60 mm.; range of width—20 mm. to 45 mm., average width, 30 mm.; range of thickness—6 mm. to 12 mm., average thickness, 8 mm. The measurements of 15 plesiotypes from Cambron Sites 19 and 20 in Morgan County, Alabama, range as follows: length—69 mm. to 39 mm., average, 51 mm.: shoulder width—39 mm. to 29 mm., average, 34 mm.: stem width—29 mm. to 23 mm., average, 25 mm.: stem length—12 mm. to 9 mm., average, 11 mm.: thickness—10 mm. to 5 mm., average, 7 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 59 mm.; shoulder width, 36 mm.; stem width, 25 mm.; stem length, 11 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. Shoulders are strongly barbed. The blade is usually excurvate but may be straight or recurvate. Blade edges are usually serrated and beveled on both sides of each face. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is corner notched. The notches average about 11 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide. Side edges of the expanded stem are straight and the stem base edge either straight, slightly incurvate or, rarely, excurvate. On Alabama examples, the stem base is thinned and usually ground, but basal grinding is rarely found on examples from the North Carolina Piedmont (Coe, personal communication).

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. The edges are shaped by fine, regular, secondary flaking, which often resulted in serrations and beveled blade edges. The notches were formed by the removal of long, broad flakes, one from each side on each face. The edges of the notches were often retouched. Broad, shallow flakes were removed to thin the basal edge, which was then finely retouched. Local materials were used in the manufacture of these points.

COMMENTS: The type is named after examples excavated in the North Carolina Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19, Morgan County, Alabama. Coe (1959) estimates the age as about 8000 years ago at the type sites. Seven examples were recovered from Archaic Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 2, 6 and 9 in Zone A. One example was recovered from Level 6 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201, Marshall County, Alabama. Practically all examples from surface collections are from early Archaic sites. Evidence suggests an early Archaic association, with ground base examples being earliest.

KIRK SERRATED, Coe (Coe, 1959): A-51

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, straight-stemmed point with deep serrations.

MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of North Carolina Piedmont examples range as follows: length—maximum, 120 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 70 mm.: width—maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 30 mm.: thickness—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. Eleven plesiotypes from three sites in Morgan and Limestone counties, Alabama, near the Tennessee River provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 78 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 56 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 36 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 10 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 61 mm.; shoulder width, 26 mm.; stem width, 15 mm.; stem length, 11 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be plano-convex. Shoulders are usually horizontal but may be inversely tapered. Shoulders or barbs may be expanded. Most blades display one excurvate and one recurvate or, rarely, straight edge. Some examples have two excurvate blade edges. Least common are blades with two recurvate edges. Blade edges are always serrated. Serration is usually deeper and broader near the hafting area and becomes finer and more regular nearer the distal end, which is usually acute. The stem has straight side edges and an incurvate or straight basal edge. The base is thinned and, rarely, beveled.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking followed by deep, short flaking which forms the serrations along the blade edges. The stem is retouched by short, shallow flaking.

COMMENTS: The type was named after examples from sites in the North Carolina Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 32 (Stone Pipe), Limestone County, Alabama. Coe (1959) suggests a date of between 5000 B. C. and 6000 B. C., slightly later than Kirk Corner Notched. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example was recovered from Level 5, one from Level 6, four from Level 9 in Zone A; one from Level 1 of Zone B. This indicates an early Archaic association. One example each was recovered from Levels 1, 7 and 9 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. This is also an indication of an early Archaic association. Nine examples were scattered through Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). One example was recovered from the eight-foot level, which was the lowest level at the Little Bear Creek Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b). Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) produced one example from Zone C (upper Archaic) and one from Zone D (lower Archaic). This evidence indicates an early to middle Archaic association on some sites.

KNIGHT ISLAND, Hulse (This Paper): A-21-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, thin, side notched point.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten cotypes, nine from North Alabama and one from Washington County, Alabama, provided traits and the following measurements: length—maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 40 mm.; average, 49 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 9 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 5 mm. The illustrated example measures 55 mm. long, 18 mm. wide at shoulders, 15 mm. wide across stem, 16 mm. in stem length, and 11 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened; rarely, plano-convex. The shoulders are usually straight on narrow-notched examples and inversely tapered on the broader-notched examples. The blade is usually excurvate, but may be parallel angular. Blade edges of the Washington County example are finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is side notched about 3 or 4 mm. from the base. The notches average about 3 mm. deep and vary from 8 mm. to 3 mm. wide (average width, 5 mm.). The basal edge is straight except on the Washington County example, where it is slightly incurvate. The basal edge is usually thinned, and may be lightly ground.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking and retouched by fine, secondary flaking. The notches, formed by the removal of broad flakes, are usually finely retouched.

COMMENTS: The type was named for Knight Island in the Wheeler Reservoir of the Tennessee River where examples were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 17, Limestone County, Alabama. The type may be related to "Upper Valley Side Notched," briefly described by Kneberg (1956). Ritchie's illustrations of Jacks Reef Corner Notched (1961, page 79, Figure 8 and possibly Figure 7) appear to be of the Knight Island type. Both types are usually found on late Woodland sites in North Alabama. One example was recovered from Hn 1, Hardin County, Tennessee (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942), below the three-foot level, which produced Mississippian point types. It is possible that the radiocarbon date of 1056 ±250 B. P. obtained for Jacks Reef Corner Notched at the White Site, Norwich, New York, (Ritchie, 1961) applies to Knight Island. A larger variant is also recognized from Alabama. Reed points (Bell, 1958) are similar to Knight Island except that Reed blade edges are usually straight.

LECROY, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-52

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, bifurcated-stemmed point which is usually serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes (including the illustrated example) from sites in Morgan and Limestone counties, Alabama, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.; average, 44 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem width—maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem length—maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex; rarely, plano-convex or hexagonal. Shoulders are expanded on serrated examples and may be horizontal or tapered. The blade is nearly always straight; rarely, incurvate. Blade edges are usually deeply serrated and occasionally beveled on both edges of each face. The distal end is acute. The hafting area consists of a stem that is usually expanded (rarely, straight) and always deeply bifurcated. The auricles are expanded-rounded and are usually ground along the edges.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and stem is usually broad, shallow and random, but removal of broad flakes to form serrations along the blade edges sometimes resulted in flaking of a collateral nature on the blade faces. Single, broader serrations may be formed by removal of more than one flake. Broad, deep flakes were removed to notch the stem below the shoulders and on the basal edge. Some retouch was carried out in these notches.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the LeCroy Site on the Tennessee River in Hamilton County, Tennessee, and was described by Bell (1960). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 83, Limestone County, Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example was recovered from Zone C, Block 2, along with transitional Paleo and early Archaic points. One example was recovered from the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, in Level 10. This indicates early Archaic or transitional Paleo. Four examples were recovered from Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961), mostly from lower levels. Examples from surface collections are usually from pre-shellmound sites in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River. An early Archaic association is suggested, and a date of sometime before 5000 years ago is indicated.

LEDBETTER, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-53

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a large, stemmed point with asymmetrical blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated plesiotype provided the following measurements: length, 71 mm.; shoulder width, 36 mm.; stem width, 16 mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 10 mm. The type "... varies in length from 3 to 7 inches and is usually thick (½" to ¾")." (Kneberg, 1956.)

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually asymmetrical, with one being wider than the other. Shoulders may be tapered or straight. "The distinctive feature of the blade is its asymmetry. The side edges are usually recurvate, but the recurvature is reversed on the two side edges." (Kneberg, 1956.) The distal end is acute. The stem may be straight or slightly expanded. The basal edge is usually straight; rarely, excurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. Secondary flaking ranges in extent from regular flaking along the sides to the faces with fine retouch along the blade edges, to practically non-existent secondary flaking on some examples. Local materials were generally used.

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Ledbetter Site in Benton County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 48 in Lincoln County, Tennessee. One example was recovered from Level 4 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. This indicates a late Archaic or early Woodland association. At the Eva Site (Lewis and Lewis, 1961) most examples appear to have originated late in the Archaic period. Examples were recovered from the Big Sandy component and Stratum II (top) of the Three Mile component. Examples are found on Archaic sites in North Alabama. Kneberg (1956) suggests a date of from about 2000 B. C. to early centuries A. D.

LERMA POINTED BASE, Termed "Lerma" by MacNeish (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-54

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, lanceolate point with a pointed base.

MEASUREMENTS: Twenty points from 15 sites in the Tennessee Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) provided the following measurements; length—maximum, 104 mm.; minimum, 48 mm.; average, 74 mm.: width—average, 23 mm.: thickness—average, 10 mm. The illustrated example is 110 mm. long, 28 mm. wide, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section may be plano-convex or biconvex. The widest part of the point is usually about one-third of the length of the point from the base. From its widest part to the distal end, the blade is excurvate or sometimes nearly straight. The distal end is acute. The base is pointed and may be broad or acute.

FLAKING: The presence of many hinge fractures on blade faces indicates much of the flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area may be the result of the baton method of percussion flaking. Some secondary flaking appears along the edges. The plane striking area on the basal edge indicates manufacture from a blade. Many examples in the Tennessee Valley are made of Ft. Payne chert.

COMMENTS: The type site is the Canyon Diablo Site of Tamaulipas, Mexico (Mahan, 1955). An example was found with a mammoth near Mexico City. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 32E, Limestone County, Alabama. Examples are usually found on the same sites as Lerma Rounded Base, but may be somewhat earlier as is the case with the Mexican examples although not with Rounded Base Texas examples. At the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a) an example reworked to a drill was recovered from Stratum III in association with Big Sandy I, Dalton, Crawford Creek, and other points. An early Archaic to transitional Paleo association is suggested.

LERMA ROUNDED BASE, Termed "Lerma" by MacNeish (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-55

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large sized, lanceolate point with rounded base.

MEASUREMENTS: Some measurements of 52 examples from 27 sites in the Tennessee Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) follow: length—maximum, 99 mm.; minimum, 51 mm.; average, 80 mm.: width—average, 28 mm.: thickness—average, 9 mm. The illustrated example is 90 mm. long, 30 mm. wide, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be somewhat flattened or plano-convex. The blade is usually excurvate but may be nearly straight beyond the hafting area. Some examples may be beveled on one side of each face beyond the hafting area. The distal end is acute. The hafting area may be rounded or broad-pointed. The basal edge is thinned, except for the striking platform of the basic blade, on many examples. This leaves a plane area on part of the basal edge.

FLAKING: A combination of broad shallow flakes and short hinged flakes were used on many examples to shape the blade and hafting area. Secondary flaking is usually present along the edges. The plane striking area on the basal edge indicates manufacture from a blade. Local materials are usually employed. Many North Alabama examples are made of Ft. Payne chert.

COMMENTS: The point was named Lerma Rounded Base by Cambron to distinguish it from Lerma Pointed Base. The type is a variant of the Lerma point as defined by MacNeish (E. C. Mahan, 1955). The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 37E in Limestone County, Alabama. Examples from Texas are illustrated by Suhm and Jelks (1962) with an estimated age of 2000 B. C. to 1000 A. D. Others from Texas were described as Archaic and illustrated by Bell (1958). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example was recovered from Level 1 of Zone D, which is an indication of pre-Archaic or early Archaic association at this site. The presence of one example each from Levels 8 and 9 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, indicates an early Archaic association. Three examples were found in Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961), indicating an early to middle Archaic association. Evaluation of this evidence and observations indicate a possible existence of from transitional Paleo to middle Archaic times.

LIMESTONE, Cambron (This Paper): A-105

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, incurvate-based point with tapered shoulders.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten cotypes from Cambron Site 12, Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 52 mm.; minimum, 38 mm.; average, 48 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 51 mm.; shoulder width, 29 mm.; stem width, 20 mm.; stem length, 14 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered or, rarely, horizontal and are occasionally rounded. The blade is straight and the distal end acute. The stem may be straight or slightly expanded with straight or incurvate side edges. The basal edge is always incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. Secondary flaking along the blade edge ranges from crude to fine. Several examples show fine retouch on only one side of each blade edge, but this does not appear to be an attempt to bevel the blade edges. Large deep flakes were often removed from the basal corners of the original blade in order to shape the stem. These "notches" were then usually retouched as a final measure. After having been thinned, the basal edge was often finely retouched. Bangor flint appears to have been the most frequently used material in manufacture of these points.

COMMENTS: The type was named after examples taken from a shell mound on the Tennessee River in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from the type site, primarily an Archaic shellmound site, Cambron Site 12 in Limestone County, Alabama. Surface collections from sites in this area indicate a late Archaic and/or Woodland association. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, two examples were recovered from Level 4 and one from Level 7. This is an indication of late Archaic or early Woodland association at this site.

LITTLE BEAR CREEK, DeJarnette (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-56

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large sized, long-stemmed point with slightly excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes from Little Bear Creek, Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b), provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 90 mm.; minimum, 64 mm.; average, 75 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average, 24 mm.: stem width—maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 18 mm.: thickness—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 80 mm.; shoulder width, 30 mm.; stem width, 15 mm.; stem length, 16 mm.; thickness, 11 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are horizontal or tapered. Blade edges are excurvate or, rarely, straight. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is stemmed. The stem may be straight or contracted with straight side edges. Stem edges are usually ground. The stem base edge is straight and may be unfinished.

FLAKING: Deep flake scars and hinge fractures indicate that random percussion flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Some secondary flaking may also be the result of percussion flaking. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Little Bear Creek Site Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) where it was the most important type. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 17 (Apple Orchard) in Limestone County, Alabama. Of the 65 recovered examples from the Little Bear Creek Site, 58 were from the upper three feet of the eight-foot midden with about one-half of these in the upper foot. This indicates an introduction of the type in late Archaic times and a climax in late Woodland. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) three examples were recovered from Level 1, seven from Level 2, three from Level 3 and one each from Levels 4, 5 and 7. This indicates a strong late Woodland association at this site with a possible introduction somewhat earlier. Stratum I (Woodland) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) produced two examples, one in the center third and one from the upper fifth of the stratum. At Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) three examples were recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland) and six examples from Zones C and D (Archaic). This evidence seems to indicate an introduction in the shellmound Archaic period of North Alabama and a climax in late Woodland times, with a suggested date of 4000 years ago to about 1500 years ago.

LOST LAKE, Cambron and Hulse (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-27

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, corner-notched point beveled on one edge of each blade face and is rhomboid in cross-section.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of 11 cotypes (including the illustrated example, from which feature data were taken) range as follows: length—maximum, 81 mm.; minimum, 49 mm.; average, 63 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 48 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 40 mm.: stem width—maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem length—maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FLAKING: The flaking used on the faces is broad, shallow and random leaving the faces flat. The regular retouch flaking used to bevel the blade was removed from one side of each face and often left serrations; much of this flaking appears to be percussion. One deep, broad flake was removed on each face to form the terminal end of the notches. Apparently small flakes were removed for about one-third the length of the finished notch before the large flakes were struck off. Some retouching was used to finish the notches. Shallow, relatively broad, flakes were removed in thinning the base.

FORM: The cross-section is rhomboid. As a result of deep, narrow, corner notches, the barbs are usually simple, long and may be rounded or acute; rarely, expanded. The blade is usually straight; rarely, excurvate or recurvate. The blade edges may or may not be serrated but are always beveled on one edge of each face. The distal end is usually acute but may approach broad. The hafting area is usually diagonally corner notched; rarely, diagonally basal notched. The notches, as measured along the stern side edge, are usually deep and narrow. The sides of the expanded stem are straight or incurvate. The stem base is thinned and may be incurvate, straight or excurvate. It is usually ground except on some straight-based examples.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Lost Lake area in Limestone County, Alabama, where many examples are found. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 14a, Limestone County, Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) an example from Level 6, Zone A, and one from Level 9, Zone A, were recovered. Examples from North Alabama are from pre-shellmound sites, and are usually patinated. This indicates an early Archaic association prior to 5000 years ago.

MADISON, Scully (Scully, 1951): A-60

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thin, triangular point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example from Cambron Site 27 in Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 33 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 26 mm.: width at base—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 16 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Blade edges are straight, rarely slightly excurvate. The distal end is acute. There is no way to distinguish the hafting area from the blade. Some part of the basal portion of the blade was used as a hafting area. The basal edge may be straight—or incurvate one or two millimeters—and is thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade. Fine secondary flaking was used to thin and shape the side and basal edges. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: According to Ritchie (1961) this type was described by Scully as the Mississippi Triangular point and was later changed by him to the Madison point (Scully, 1951). Scully gives the association as "Middle Mississippi" and the distribution as "Middle and Upper Mississippi sites in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri".

Kneberg (1956) refers to a similar point as "Late Mississippi Triangular." She suggests a date of 1300-1800 A. D. The length range, as given by Scully, and measurements of 100 points from a single prehistoric Iroquois site in western New York (Ritchie, 1961) compare favorably with Alabama measurements. The type is associated with the middle Mississippi culture in Alabama and has been referred to locally as Mississippi Triangular. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), of eleven levels in Zone A, Levels 1 and 2 produced 167 of the 234 examples recovered. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, 44 of the 52 examples from 13 levels came from Levels 1 and 2. Of the 86 examples recovered from Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) at the Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) most examples were in the uppermost levels. Of 11 examples from Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) 9 were in Zone A (uppermost zone). The middle Mississippi culture, with which the points are associated in Alabama, is considered prehistoric Creek. Jenkins (1975) has confirmed a pre-Mississippian (Miller III) provenience for this type on the Central Tombigbee River. The Madison point type was also found on transitional Late Woodland-Early Mississippian sites (West Jefferson Phase) within the Warrior drainage (Jenkins and Nielsen, 1974).

MAPLES, Cambron (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-57

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a large, thin, broad stemmed point with an excurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Seventeen cotypes from the Tennessee River Valley (with the exception of length, where only 6 examples were used since the distal ends of the other 11 examples are missing) provided the following measurements and features: length—maximum, 119 mm.; minimum, 61 mm.; average, 93 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 72 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 52 mm.: stem width—maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 36 mm.: stem length—maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 14 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 104 mm.; shoulder width, 60 mm.; stem width, 35 mm.; stem length, 12 mm.; thickness, 14 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. Blade edges are usually excurvate but may be straight. The distal end is usually acute. The stem is short and usually contracted-rounded with excurvate side edges. The basal edge is excurvate or straight, usually thinned, and may be ground.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow to deep, flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. A minimum of secondary flaking was used on some examples, sometimes on only one edge of a face. Other examples show a considerable amount of retouching along the blade edges. A minimum of secondary flaking was used on the basal edge and sides of the stem. Local materials were utilized, especially Ft. Payne chert.

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites along Elk River near Maples Bridge in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19, Morgan County, Alabama. An example from the Eva Site in Benton County, Tennessee is illustrated in Plate 4-a, Page 32 (Lewis and Lewis, 1961) and is described as late Archaic. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) an example was recovered from Level 9 of Zone A. This indicates an Archaic association. Seven examples from the 3-foot level and one from the 5-foot level at Little Bear Creek Site Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) place the association as late Archaic at this site. At Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) one example was recovered from Zone A (Woodland) and one from Zone C-D (Archaic). An example was recovered from Archaic Level 7 at the University of Alabama Site 1 Ru 28 in Russell County, Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River. Evidence indicates a middle to late Archaic association with a probable date of about 4000 years ago or slightly earlier.

McINTIRE, Hulse (This Paper): A-106

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The McIntire point is a medium sized, expanded stem point with straight base and excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and features: length—maximum, 68 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 57 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 39 mm.; minimum, 31 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem length—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually horizontal, but may be tapered or inversely tapered with short barbs. Blade edges are usually excurvate. Some examples may have one straight blade edge. The distal end is acute. The hafting area consists of an expanded stem with incurvate side edges. The basal edge is straight, rarely slightly incurvate, and thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was employed to shape the blade and stem with short, sometimes deep, retouch along the blade edges. Broad deep flakes were removed by indirect percussion to form the stem. All stem edges were then retouched. Local materials were used and remnants of patinated rind remain on the base of most examples. This indicates manufacture from nodular materials, mostly Bangor flint in the area of the type site.

COMMENTS: The point is named for sites near McIntire ditch on the north bank of the Tennessee River near Decatur in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 28, one of the shellmound type sites in Limestone County, Alabama. In North Alabama this type is associated with Archaic shellmounds along the Tennessee River. Most expanded stem examples illustrated as Type 7 by Webb and DeJarnette (1942) from Pickwick Basin are probable McIntire points, especially Numbers 1, 3 and 5 in the bottom row of top half of Plate 93. At least one example is included in Type L (Webb and Wilder, 1951) from Guntersville Basin shellmounds, and a few probable examples are illustrated from Wheeler Basin (Webb, 1939). The type may be coeval with Limestone Stemmed points. Associations in surface collections indicate a middle to late Archaic placement. Before recognition of the type some examples may have been classified as Provisional Type 2, expanded stem.

McKEAN, Wheeler (Wheeler, 1952): A-103

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized lanceolate point with thinned, incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine examples from eastern Wyoming, illustrated by Bell (1958) after Wheeler (1952) provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 61 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 51 mm.: width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: width at base—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 12 mm.: depth of basal concavity—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 2 mm.; average, 4 mm. Measurements of four points including the illustrated example, are: length—maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 52 mm.; average, 55 mm.: width—maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 24 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.: width at base—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: basal concavity—maximum, 3 mm.; minimum, 2 mm.; average, 2 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be flattened. Blade edges are usually excurvate, but may be straight or recurvate. The distal end is acute. The auriculate hafting area is usually contracted rounded, but may be parallel rounded or expanded rounded. The basal edge is incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is usually random but may be collateral. The side edges are usually retouched and the basal edge is well thinned. Some examples from Idaho (Neisler Collection) exhibit transverse oblique flaking. Alabama examples are made of local materials.

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples from sites in Keyhole Reservoir in northeastern Wyoming (Wheeler, 1952). The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 55 in Limestone County, Alabama. About 15 examples in the collection of W. E. Neisler, from the Snake River between Kamima and American Falls, Idaho, were observed and considered in describing this type (Neisler, personal communication). The Idaho points more or less parallel the Wheeler points in outline, but all examples are heavily thinned on the basal edge. One Wheeler point was observed in the collection but was made of flint and was on a site separate from the sites that produced McKean points. Most of the sites consist of "blow-outs" that cover an area of from one to ten acres. Bell (1958) lists radiocarbon dates from two areas, one from lower levels at Signal Butte, Nebraska (Wheeler, 1952) of 3500 to 4000 years ago. Other dates for sites in Angostura Basin, South Dakota, are 3630 ±350 and 4230 ±350 B. P. At Danger Cave near Wendover, Utah, examples listed by Jennings (1957) as Type W6 were found in Levels II, III, IV and V (uppermost) where radiocarbon dates of from 9789 ±630 to 1930 ±240 B. P. were secured. More examples were from Level V. As some examples of W8 (Wheeler points?) were recovered from the same levels (some A6s may be Wheeler points), this suggests that McKean points are derived from Wheeler points.

MONTGOMERY, Cambron (This paper): A-121

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Montgomery is a small broad, rounded base point with an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen cotypes from Montgomery and Escambia counties, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 43 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 37 mm.: width—maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 16 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate. The distal end is acute. The base is rounded and thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by shallow, random, percussion flaking with some retouch along the edges, especially near the distal end.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Montgomery, County, Alabama, where many points of this type, including the illustrated example, were recovered. The type is associated with sand and clay-grit tempered pottery in Montgomery and Escambia counties, indicating a Woodland association in this area.

MORROW MOUNTAIN, Coe (Coe, 1959): A-61

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, rounded stem point with excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven plesiotypes from Limestone County, Alabama, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 68 mm.; minimum, 36 mm.; average, 50 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.: thickness—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are narrow, usually horizontal but may be inversely tapered and occasionally expanded. Blade edges are usually excurvate but are recurvate on examples with expanded shoulders, and about half the examples have serrated blade edges. The distal end may be acute or mucronate, rarely broad. The hafting area is composed of a rounded, rarely pointed, stem that is occasionally ground along the edges.

FLAKING: Rather narrow, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Some fine retouch was used to complete the shape of all edges. Short, fairly deep flakes were removed to form serrations along the blade edges of serrated examples. These serrations may appear the full length of the blade near the basal end or near the distal end. A variety of local flints and cherts were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites near Morrow Mountain in the Piedmont of North Carolina where many examples, designated by Coe (1959) as Morrow Mountain I, were recovered. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type had been illustrated as Rounded Stem Gypsum Cave points by Cambron (1958a) and designated Three Mile by Kneberg (personal communication). Morrow Mountain was adopted at the suggestion of James B. Griffin (personal communication). Coe (1959) places the type later than Stanley and earlier than Guilford points in the Piedmont of North Carolina, where he suggests a date of about 4500 B. C. He also lists dates in Nevada of Gypsum Cave points between 6000 and 8000 B. C. Examples were found associated with two burials at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) along with Morrow Mountain Rounded Base and other early Archaic points and artifacts. Other examples recovered from this site as well as from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) and Little Bear Creek (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) suggest an early Archaic association, as do surface collections in the Tennessee River Valley.

MORROW MOUNTAIN ROUNDED BASE, Cambron (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-61-b

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, rounded base point with an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten plesiotypes from Limestone County, Alabama, and Lincoln County, Tennessee, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 45 mm.: width—maximum, 41 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 30 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. Larger examples are known from North Alabama, especially from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).

FORM: The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. Blade edges are excurvate and rarely serrated. The distal end is usually acute but may be mucronate. The hafting area is rounded and thinned, but rarely ground.

FLAKING: Variable, random flaking was used to shape the faces. Some examples were finely retouched along the blade and hafting area edges, while others were not retouched at all. In general the flaking is cruder than that of Morrow Mountain or Morrow Mountain Straight Base. Local flints and cherts were used to make the points.

COMMENTS: The type was named because of similarities and associations with Morrow Mountain points (Coe, 1959) from sites near Morrow Mountain in the North Carolina Piedmont area. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type was listed as Gypsum Cave by Cambron (1958a). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), four examples were associated with Burial No. 11 and two examples were found in association with Burial No. 8 along with Morrow Mountain points and other early Archaic points and tools—including a drill made from a Morrow Mountain Rounded Base point. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 1. In the Tennessee Valley of North Alabama the type is found on early Archaic sites. This type is similar to Gypsum Cave points, dated in Nevada at between 6000 and 8000 B. C. (Coe, 1959). An early Archaic association in Alabama is suggested.

MORROW MOUNTAIN STRAIGHT BASE, Cambron (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-61-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized point with contracted stem and straight base.