SUBJECT INDEX
Reading edition
Notes: Phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun, or of a noun and a noun, are entered in their alphabetical place according to the first word. For example, “electrostatic storage tube” is under e, and “punch card” is under p.
A field, 99
A tape, 82-3
abacus, 17-9, 133, 220
abax (Greek), 18
absolute value, 101, 222
accumulator, 115-6
accumulator decade, 118
accuracy, 67, 89
acetylcholine, 3
add output, 120
addend, 223
adder, 77
adder mechanism, 77-8
adding, 24-5, 27, 37, 55, 100, 119, 139
addition circuit, 37
Aiken Mark I Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6;
see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator, 176-8, 249
Aiken Mark III Electronic Calculator, 177
air resistance coefficient, 80-2
algebra of logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248
algebraic equations, machines for solving, 244
all-or-none response, 3
alphabet, 14
alphabetic coding, 13, 54
alphabetic punching, 46
alphabetic writing, 13
amplify, 73
analogous, 65
analogue, 65
analogue machines (machines that handle information expressed as measurements), 65;
MIT Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
references, 239-45
analytical engine, 90
analyzer, 68, 241-4;
see also differential analyzer
and, 146-8
and/or, 149
angle-indicator, 74-5
animal thinking, 4, 8, 188
annuities, 88
antecedent, 158
antilogarithm, 139, 226
antitangent, 139, 226
approximation, 220;
see also rapid approximation
aptitude testing, 190
argument (in a mathematical table or function), 96, 103-4, 122, 136, 224
arithmetical operations, 55-6, 173
armor with a motor, 180, 195
array, 173, 227
Atomic Energy Commission, 203, 208
attitudes, 205
augend, 223
aut (Latin), 149
automatic address-book, 181
automatic carriage, 53
“Automatic Computing Machinery”
(section in Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation), 177
automatic control: house-furnace, 189;
lawn-mower, 188;
tractor-plow, 188;
weather, 189
automatic cook, 181
automatic factory, 189
automatic library, 9, 181
automatic machinery, 182
automatic pilot, 189
automatic recognizer, 186-7
automatic sequence-controlled calculator, 90;
see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
automatic stenographer, 185
automatic switching circuits, 248
automatic translator, 182
automatic typist, 182, 184
axon, 3
B field, 99
B tape, 82-3
Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1, 113-5, 127-8, 132, 142
base e, 226
base 10, 226
beam of electrons, 172
behavior, 4, 7-8, 29
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 4-5, 128-43, 247-8
Bell Telephone Laboratories’ general-purpose relay computer, 128-43, 247-8;
cost, 142;
reliability, 141;
speed, 142
Bessel functions, 111, 226
Binac, 179
binary coding, 11, 13
binary digit, 14
binary numbers, 14, 216-9
biophysics, 230
biquinary numbers, 133, 219-20
blocks of arguments, 137
Boolean algebra, 152, 248;
see also mathematical logic
both, 149
bowwow theory, 12
brain evolution, 229
brain with a motor, 180, 195
BTL frames, 138-9
bus, 32, 119
button, 91, 94
C field, 99
C tape, 82-3
calcis (Latin), 18
calculating punch, 47, 51-2, 235
calculator frames, 138
calculator programmed by punch cards, 236
cam, 94-5
cam contact, 91, 94-5
capacitance, 117
capacitor, 117
capacity: counter, 59;
selecting, 59
carbon dioxide, 190
card channel, 47, 52
card column, 48
card feed, 48, 91
card punch, 91, 97
card reader, 116, 118
card sorter, 96
card stacker, 48
card station, 47
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 113
carry impulse, 118
cell nucleus, 2-3
census, 43, 53
channel, 47, 52, 170
characteristic of a logarithm, 107
check counter, 105
check-marks, 151
checking, 105, 110, 179, 227
chess game, 117
chestnut blight, 201
chortle, 12
class selector, 59
clearing, 100
codes, 29, 54, 96, 99
coding, 30, 130, 252-3
coding line, 99
column (in a punch card), 45
connective, 148, 158-9
connective grouping, 159
collating, 51, 173
collator, 47, 51, 235
collator counting device, 51, 235
combining information, 15
combining operations, 173
Common, 59-60
comparer, 57-8
comparing, 50, 57-8
complement, 55;
see also nines complement, ones complement, tens complement
Complex Computer, 129-30
complex numbers, 128-9
computer, 6, 27
Computer 1 and Computer 2, 132, 138
conflicts between statements, 149-50
consequent, 158
constant, 224
constant ratio, 77
constant register, 96, 99
constant switch, 99
Constant Transmitter, 116, 118
consulting a table, 103, 122
convergent, 221
Converter, 115
context, 144
continuous annuities, 88
continuous contingent insurances, 88
continuously running gear, 93
control, 6, 28, 90-1
control brushes, 51-2
control frames, 138-9
Control Instrument Company, 43
control over robot machines, 196-208
control tape, 28
controversy, 197
cosine, 75, 85, 139, 226
cost of mechanical brains, 87, 109, 126, 142, 165, 168
counter, 52, 74, 93-4
counter position, 93
counter wheel, 93, 118
counting, 55
coupling (numbers), 106
cube, 105, 224
Current (input of comparer), 57
cycle, 29, 45
Cycling Unit, 115-6
Cypriote, 13
Dartmouth College, 131
decade, 118
decimal digit, 11, 14
decimal position, 118
deciphering, 184, 188
decoding, 184, 188
definite integral, 111, 225
delay lines, 17, 20, 171-2
dendrite, 3
denial, 147
dependent variable, 81, 224
derivative, 68-71, 225
design of mechanical brains, 167-79, 251
desk calculating machines, 4, 11, 17, 19
detail cards, 50
dial switch, 92, 95-6
dial telephone, 17, 19, 128
differences, 110, 227
differential, 68, 70, 78
differential analyzer, 68, 72-88, 239-41
Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
accuracy, 86;
cost, 87;
reliability, 87;
speed, 87
differential equation, 68-9, 71, 111, 141, 225-6
differential function, 70
differential gear assembly, 78
digit, 11, 14
Digit Pickup, 60
digit selector, 60
digit tray, 119
digit trunk lines, 119
digit trunks, 119
digital machines
(machines that handle information expressed as digits or letters):
Bell Laboratories’ general-purpose relay calculator, 128-43;
Eniac, 113-27;
Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 89-112;
punch-card calculating machinery, 42-64;
references, 232-9, 245-55
directions, 24
disc, 78-80
discrimination, 140
discriminator, 140-1
distance, 68-9
distinguishing A and H, 184
dividend, 103, 223
Divider-Square-Rooter, 115-7
dividing, 55-6, 98, 102, 121, 140
divisor counter, 102
doorpost, 65-6
doubling, 76-7, 100
doubling mechanism, 76-7
drafting rules, 149
drag coefficient, 80
drive, 86
Dry Ice, 190
echo, 171
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 179, 250
economic relations, 194
Edsac, 249
“educated” machine, 101
Edvac, 177, 249
Egyptian, 12
either, 149
electric charge, 172
electric remote-control accounting, 250
electric typewriter, 91, 97, 236
electromagnet, 168
Electronic Binary Automatic Computer, 179
electronic calculating punch, 236
Electronic Control Company, 250
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (Eniac), 113-27, 246-7;
see also Eniac
electronic tubes, 17, 20-1, 178-9;
Cathode, 21;
Grid, 21;
Plate, 21
electrostatic storage tube, 17, 20, 172
11 position, 45
11 punch, 58
else, 146-7
end-around-carry, 95, 217, 223
engine, 90
Eniac, 113-27, 246-7;
cost, 126;
panels, 115;
reliability, 126;
speed, 125;
unbalance, 124
“enough alike,” 184
Equal (output of sequencer), 61-2
equation, 68, 225
equivalent, 14
erase key, 134
Etruscan, 188
explanation, 209-13
explicit equation, 86
exponential, 85, 106, 225-6
extraction, 222
falsity, 147
farad, 117
fingers, 16, 18
fire-control instrument, 17, 19, 67, 131
5 impulse, 56
flights, 70
flip-flop, 119
following logically, 145
form feeding device, 236
formal logic, 152
formula, 68, 70, 224
Frankenstein’s monster, 198
function, 68, 70, 81, 103, 116, 118, 224
function table, 80-1, 116, 118
gang punching, 50
gearbox, 77-8
General Electric A.C. Network Analyzer, 243
General Electric Company, 243
geographic code, 54
giant brain, 1, 5-8
globe, 65-6
graph, 81
great circle, 69
greater-than, 25-7, 37, 222
greater-than circuit, 37
Greek letters, 120
guided missile, 197, 206
gun, 69
hail storm, 190
hand perforator, 132, 134
handling information, 10-18
harmonic analyzers, 241-2
harmonic synthesizers, 241-2
Harvard Computation Laboratory, 89, 176-7, 245, 249
Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator (Mark I), 10, 89-112, 245-6;
cost, 109;
efficiency, 111;
reliability, 110;
speed, 109
Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator (Mark III), 177
Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator (Mark II), 176-8, 249
Harvard University, 1, 4, 8, 89, 176-7, 245, 249
hatred, 206
hoppers, 51
hub, 46, 98
human brain, 2-4, 16, 229
humidity, 63
IBM (International Business Machines), 43-64, 89-90, 177, 233-9, 249-50
IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6;
see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
IBM card-programmed calculator, 236
IBM pluggable sequence relay calculator, 236
IBM punch-card machinery, 43-64, 233-9
IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator, 177-9, 249
ideographic writing, 12
if, 146-7
if ... then, 149
ignorance, 205
illness, 191-2
imitative scheme, 12
in-code, 99
in-field, 99
independent variable, 81, 224
infinity, 86, 133, 212, 225
information, 10
initial conditions, 83, 225
Initiating Unit, 115-6
input, 6, 90-1
input devices, 175, 251-2
input register, 27
instantaneous rate of change, 70-1
Institute of Advanced Study, 124
instructions, 28, 83, 97, 178-9
insurance company, 42
insurance policies, 42
insurance values, 88
integral, 68, 71-2, 225
integral sign, 85, 225
integrating, 71-2, 78
integrator, 78-80
integrator mechanism, 78-9
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), 43;
see IBM
International Hydrographic Bureau, 242
International Phonetic Alphabet, 13
interpolating, 131, 221
interposing, 102
interpreter, 47, 49, 235
interpreting, 49
interval, 68, 70
intuitive thinking, 8
inverse, 71
judgments, 191
Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66, 248;
cost, 165;
reliability, 166;
speed, 166
key punch, 47-8, 96, 235
keyboard, 48
knots, 17
language of logic, 56-62, 105, 140;
see also mathematical logic
languages, 10-21, 231
latch relay, 40-1
left-hand components, 56, 121, 215
library, 9, 181
Library of Congress, 15
lie detector, 192
line of coding, 99
linear, 224-5
linear interpolation, 221
linear simultaneous equations, 141, 225
lobe, 94-5
logarithm, 67, 85, 106-8, 139, 225
Logarithm-In-Out counter, 107
logic, 144;
see also mathematical logic
logical choice, 4;
see also mathematical logic
logical connective, 148, 222
logical operations, 56-62, 173
logical pattern, 145-6
logical truth, 144-56, 166
Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66;
see Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator
loopholes, 149
Low Primary (output of sequencer), 61-2
Low Secondary (output of sequencer), 61-2
Lower Brushes, 52
loxodrome, 69-70
machine call number, 99
machine cycle, 56
machine language, 29, 99, 175, 191
machines as a language for thinking, 19-20;
references, 231-2
machines involving voice and speech, 185-6, 254
magnetic surfaces, 17, 20, 168-70, 179
magnetic tape, 169-70, 179
magnetic wire, 168
magnetized spot, 168-70
main connective, 160
many-wire cable, 50
Mark I (Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator), 10, 89-112, 245-6;
see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
Mark II (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator), 176-8, 249
Mark III (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator), 177
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1, 20, 65, 72-88, 153
Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
accuracy, 86;
cost, 87;
reliability, 87;
speed, 87
master card, 50
Master Programmer, 115-6
matching, 173
mathematical biophysics, 230
mathematical logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248
matrices, 173, 227
matrix, 173, 227
meanings, 209, 231
measurements, 65-6, 68
mechanical brain, 1, 5-8, 20;
crucial devices for, 20
mechanical brains under construction, 176-9
memory, 27, 90-1
mentality, 24, 27
mercury tank, 171, 179
merging, 173
metal fingers, 135
mica, 172
microphone, 185
mimeograph stencil, 16
Minoan, 188
miscellaneous field, 99
mistake, 134
Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 7, 113-27, 177, 249
multiplicand, 223
multiplicand counter, 101
multiplication schemes, 214-6
multiplier, 115-6
multiplier counter, 101
multiply-divide unit, 103
multiplying, 55-6, 101, 121, 140
multiplying punch, 47, 52, 235
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 128, 132
Naval Proving Ground, 177
negation, 24-5, 27, 34-6
negation circuit, 36
negative, 147
negative digit, 215
neon bulb, 119
nerve, 2-4
nerve cell, 2, 3, 16
nerve fiber, 2, 3
nerve networks, 230
nervous system, 188
network analyzers, 242-4
neurosis, 191
nine-pulses, 120-1
nines complement, 95, 121, 223
No X, 59
Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 179
not, 146-8
numeric coding, 13, 54
numerical X position, 45
numerical Y position, 45
occupation code, 54
octal notation, 179, 219
ohm, 117
Ojibwa, 12
ones complement, 217
only, 146-7
operation code, 103
operations with numbers, 24-7
or, 146-9
organization of digital machines, 251
out-code, 99
out-field, 99
output, 6, 90-1, 251-2
output devices, 176, 251-2
output register, 27
paper channel, 52
partial differential equations, 87
partial products, 115, 214
Pearl Assurance Company, 88
pebbles, 17-8
pen with a motor, 180, 195
permanent table frames, 138-9
personal income tax, 141
phonetic writing, 13
phonograph, 15-6
phonographic writing, 13
phototube, 81-2, 183-4
physical equipment for handling information, 11, 15-21, 91
physical problems, 69-72
physical quantities, 67-9
pictographic writing, 12
plugboard, 46, 98
plug-in units, 117-8
point of view, 207
pooh-pooh theory, 12
position (in a punch card), 45
position frames, 138-9
power, 43, 65, 133, 216, 224
prejudice, 205
Previous (input of comparer), 57
Primary (input of sequencer), 61-2
Primary Brushes, 51, 62
Primary Feed, 51, 61
Primary Sequence Brushes, 51
printer, 137
printer frames, 138
problem frames, 138
problem position, 132, 135
problem tape, 134
processor, 132, 134, 175
product, 70, 102, 223
product counter, 102
production scheduling, 193
program, 122, 173, 252-3
program-control switch, 123
program pulse, 122
program-pulse input terminal, 123
program register, 38
program tape, 28-9
program trays, 119
program trunk lines, 119
programming method of von Neumann, 124
pronoun, 223
psychological testing, 190
psychological trainer, 191-2
pulses, 120, 171
punch card, 17, 44-5, 95, 97
punch-card column, 45
punch-card machinery, 17, 20, 42-64, 232-9;
cost, 63;
reliability, 63-4;
speed, 62-3
punch feed, 51-2
punched paper tape, 17, 23, 82, 95
punching channel, 50
punching dies, 48, 51-2
pyramid circuit, 39
quantity of information, 11, 14-15
quartz, 171
quotient, 98, 103
R.U.R., 199
radar, 183
railroad line, 6, 119
rapid approximation, 106-8, 220-1
rate of change, 68, 70-1
ratio, 77, 83
Raytheon Computer, 250
reading, 57
reading brushes, 51-2
reading channel, 50
reading of punch cards, 44
reasoning, 144
rebus-writing, 13
reciprocal, 85, 224
recognizing, 8, 182-5
recorder, 132, 137
rectifier, 32
referent, 12
register, 27
reject, 49
relay, 17, 20-1, 23, 92, 129, 133, 178;
Common, 21;
Ground, 21;
Normally Closed, 21;
Normally Open, 21;
Pickup, 21
release key, 48
reliability, 63-4, 110, 126, 128, 141-2, 166, 168, 174
Remington-Rand, 43
reperforator, 137
rephrasing, 163-4
reproducer, 47, 49-50, 235
reproducing, 49
reset code, 100
resetting, 100
resistance, 80, 117
resistance coefficient, 80
resistor, 117
right-hand components, 56, 121, 215
robot machine, 197, 198-208, 255
robot salesman, 201
robota (Czech), 199
Roman numerals, 212;
ancient style, 219
room, 70
Rossum’s Universal Robots, 199
rounding off, 55-6
routine, 8, 167, 173
routine frames, 138-9
routine tape, 28, 134
rules, 191, 224
satisfy, 225
scale factor, 74, 86
schemes for expressing meanings, 11-15
screen, 172
screw, 78
Secondary (input of sequencer), 61-2
Secondary Brushes, 51, 62
Secondary Feed, 61
Select-Receiving-Register circuit, 39
selecting, 26, 58, 104
selection, 26-7, 38, 222
selection circuit, 38
selection counter, 104
selector, 58-60
sensing digits, 108
separation sign, 129
sequence-control tape, 98
sequence-control-tape code, 98
sequence-controlled, 89
sequence-tape feed, 98
sequencer, 61
sequencing, 61
shifting, 217
short-cut multiplication, 215-6
Simon, 22-40
simultaneous, 225
simultaneous equations, 85, 225
sine, 75, 85, 106, 139, 226
sink (of a circuit), 154
slab, 18
slide rule, 65, 67
smoothness, 110, 227
social control, types, 203
sorter, 47-9
sorting, 57, 173
soundtracks, 16, 18
source (of a circuit), 154
space key, 48
speedometer, 68
spelling rules, 185
spoken English, 11
square, 224
square matrix, 227
square root, 116-7, 173, 220, 224
Start Key, 98
statements, 26, 144-51
static electricity, 63
storage, 6
storage counter, 93
storage devices, 252
storage register, 28, 93
storing information, 15
storing register frames, 138
storing registers, 139
string, 65-6
stylus, 16
subroutine, 106
Subsidiary Sequence Mechanism, 90, 106
subtract output, 120
subtracting, 55, 100, 119, 139, 223
subtracting by adding, 223
summary punch, 50, 116, 119
summary-punching, 50
switch open and current flowing, 154
switchboard, 76
switches in parallel, 154
switches in series, 154
switching circuits, 155
syllable-writing, 13
syllables, 211
syllogism, 146, 152
symbolic logic, 221-3, 248;
see also mathematical logic
symbolic writing, 12
synapse, 3
System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting, 250
systems for handling information, 10
table tape, 134
tables (of values), 103, 136, 224
tabular value, 136, 224
tabulator, 47, 52, 119, 235
tallies, 17
tangent, 105, 226
tank (armored), 180, 195
tank (mercury tank), 171, 179
tape-controlled carriage, 236
tape feed, 91, 178-9
tape punch, 91, 97-8, 137
tape reels, 170
tape transmitter, 135, 137
telegraph line, 6, 119
telephone central station, 138
teletype, 17
teletype transmitter, 133, 135
teletypewriter, 130, 137
ten-position relay, 91-3
ten-position switch, 91-2
ten-pulses, 120-1
tens complement, 224
test scoring machine, 236
then, 146-7
thermostat, 187
thinking, 1-5, 10, 97
timed electrical currents, 44
timing contact, 94
tolerances, 67, 105
torque, 73, 86
torque amplifier, 73
trajectories, 69, 114, 141
transfer circuit, 33
transferring, 31, 34, 100, 119, 167
translating, 57
transmitter, 74
triggering control, 183, 186-7
trigonometric tables, 226
trigonometric tangent, 105, 226
truth, 144
truth table, 147, 155, 222
truth value, 26, 58, 105, 147, 222
tuning, 183
turning force, 72
12 position, 45
two-position relay, 21, 91-2;
see also relay
two-position switch, 91-2
typewriter, 16, 18
typewriter carriage, 53
unattended operation, 174
understanding, 212-3, 231
unemployment, 201-2
Unequal (output of comparer), 57
unit of information, 11, 14-5, 169
United Nations, 203, 208
United States Army Ordnance Department, 113-4
Univac, 250
University of Pennsylvania, 7, 113
unknowns, 141
Upper Brushes, 52
value tape code, 96
value tape feed, 95-6
variables, 84, 223
vel (Latin), 149
verifier, 47-8, 235
vibration, 69
Vocoder, 255
Voder, 254
voltage, 74
Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, 239
weather control, 189, 255
weather forecasting, 189, 255
wheel (of a counter), 78
white elephant, 73, 114
winch, 73
words for explaining, 209-12
X, 59
X distributor, 59
X Pickup, 59
X punch, 45, 58
X selector, 59
zero, 133, 212
zh (sound), 13, 185
Zuse Computer, 250
Footnotes: