A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES (continued 2)

CLAWDD (Cym.-Cel.),

a dyke or embankment; e.g. Clawdd-Offa (Offa’s Dyke).

CLEFF (A.S.), cleof and clyf, KLIPPE (Ger. and Scand.),

a steep bank or rock, cognate with the Lat. clivus (a slope); Clive, Cleave, Clee (the cliff); Clifton (the town on the cliff); Clifdon (cliff hill); Clifford (the ford near the cliff); Hatcliffe and Hockcliffe (high cliff); Cleveland (rocky land), in Yorkshire; Cleves (the town on the slope), Rhenish Prussia; Radcliffe (red cliff); Silberklippen (at the silver cliff); Horncliff (corner cliff); Undercliff (between the cliff and the sea), in Isle of Wight; Clitheroe (the cliff near the water), in Lancashire; Lillies-leaf, in Roxburghshire, a corrupt. of Lille’s-cliva (the cliff of Lilly or Lille).

CLERE (Anglo-Norman),

a royal or episcopal residence, sometimes a manor; e.g. King’s-clere, Co. Hants, so called because the Saxon kings had a palace there; Burg-clere (where the bishops of Winchester resided), High-clere.

CLUAN, CLOON (Gadhelic),

a fertile piece of land, surrounded by a bog on one side and water on the other, hence a meadow; e.g. Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, Clones (the meadow pastures). These fertile pastures, as well as small islands, were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland and Scotland as places of retirement, and became eventually the sites of monasteries and abbeys, although at first the names of these meadows, in many instances, had no connection with a religious institution—thus Clones, Co. Monaghan, was Cluain-Eois (the meadow of Eos, probably a Pagan chief), before it became a Christian settlement; Clonard, in Meath, where the celebrated St. Finian had his school, in the sixth century, was Cluain-Eraird (Erard’s meadow). In some instances Clonard may mean the high meadow; Clonmel (the meadow of honey); Clonfert (of the grave); Clontarf and Clontarbh (the bull’s pasture); Clonbeg and Cloneen (little meadow); Clonkeen (beautiful meadow); Cluainte and Cloonty (the meadows); Cloonta-killen (the meadows of the wood)—v. Joyce’s Irish Names of Places.

CNOC (Gadhelic), KNWC (Cym.-Cel.),

a knoll, hill, or mound; e.g. Knock, a hill in Banff; Knockbrack (the spotted knoll); Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the white, black, and gray hill); Carnock (cairn hill); Knockea, Irish Cnoc-Aedha (Hugh’s hill); Knocklayd, Co. Antrim, i.e. Cnoc-leithid (broad hill); Knockan, Knockeen (little hill); Knockmoyle (bald hill); Knocknagaul (the hill of the strangers); Knockrath (of the fort); Knockshanbally (of the old town); Knocktaggart (of the priest); Knockatober (of the well); Knockalough (of the lake); Knockanure (of the yew); Knockaderry (of the oak-wood); Knockane (little hill), Co. Kerry; Knockandow (little black hill), Elgin; Knockreagh, Knockroe, Knockgorm (the gray, red, blue hill); Knockacullion (the hill of the holly); Knockranny (ferny hill); Knockagh (the hilly place); Knockfirinne (the hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick, which serves as a weather-glass to the people of the neighbouring plains; Ballynock (the town of the hill); Baldernock (the dwelling at the Druid’s hill), Co. Stirling; Knwc-y Dinas (the hill of the fortress), in Cardigan.

COCH (Cym.-Cel.),

red

COED (Cym.-Cel.), COID, this word was variously written Coit, Coat, or Cuitgoed. In Cornwall it is found in Penquite (the head of the wood); Pencoed, with the same meaning, in Wales; Argoed (upon the wood), in Wales; Goedmore (great wood), in Wales; Coed-llai (short wood); Glascoed (green wood), in Wales; Caldecot, corrupt. from Cil-y-coed (the woody retreat), in Wales; Coedglasen, corrupt. from Coed-gleision (green trees).]

a wood; e.g. Coed-Arthur (Arthur’s wood); Coedcymmer (the wood of the confluence); Catmoss and Chatmoss (the wood moss); Coitmore (great wood); Selwood, anc. Coitmaur (great wood); Catlow (wood hill); Cotswold (wood hill), the Saxon wold having been added to the Cel. coed. The forms of this word in Brittany are Koat or Koad—hence Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux, etc.; Llwyd-goed (gray wood), in Wales.

COGN (Cel.),

the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue of land enclosed between two watercourses; e.g. Cognat, Cougny, Cognac, Le Coigné, Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in various parts of France—v. Cocheris’s Noms de Lieu, Paris.

COILL (Gadhelic),

a wood—in topography it takes the forms of kel, kil, kelly, killy, and kyle; e.g. Kellymore, and sometimes Kilmore (the great wood); Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellyburn, and Keltie (the woody stream); Callander, Coille-an-dar (the oak-wood); Cuilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods); Kilton (the town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland: Kilbowie (yellow wood); Kildarroch (the oak-wood); Kilcraig (the wood of the rock); Kildinny (of the fire)—v. TEINE; Killiegowan (of the smith); Kilgour (of the goats); Eden-keille (the face of the wood); Kylebrach (the spotted wood); Kylenasagart (the priest’s wood); Kailzie (the woody), a parish in Peebles; but Kyle, in Ayrshire, is not from this root, but was named after a mythic Cymric king; Loughill, in Co. Limerick, corrupt. from Leamhchoill (the elm-wood); Barnacullia (the top of the wood), near Dublin; Culleen and Coiltean (little wood); Kildare, anc. Coill-an-chlair (the wood of the plain).

COIRE, or CUIRE (Gadhelic),

a ravine, a hollow, a whirlpool; e.g. Corrie-dow (the dark ravine); Corrie-garth (the field at the ravine); Corrimony (the hill, monadh, at the ravine); Corrielea (the gray ravine); Corrie (the hollow), in Dumfriesshire; Corriebeg (the little hollow); Corryvrechan whirlpool (Brecan’s cauldron); Corgarf (the rough hollow, garbh); Corralin (the whirlpool of the cataract)—v. LIN; Corriebuie (yellow ravine); Corryuriskin (of the wild spirit); but Cor, in Ireland, generally signifies a round hill, as in Corbeagh (birch hill); Corglass (green hill); Corkeeran (rowan-tree hill); Corog and Correen (little hill); while Cora, or Coradh, signifies a weir across a river, as in Kincora (the head of the weir); Kirriemuir, in Forfar, corrupt. from Corriemor (the great hollow); Loch Venachoir, in Perthshire, is the fair hollow or valley—v. FIN, p. 80.

COL, COLN (Lat. colonia),

a colony; e.g. Lincoln, anc. Lindum-colonia (the colony at Lindum, the hill fort on the pool, linne); Colne (the colony), in Lancashire; Cologne, Lat. Colonia-Agrippina (the colony), Ger. Köln. The city was founded by the Ubii 37 B.C., and was at first called Ubiorum-oppidum, but a colony being planted there in 50 A.D. by Agrippina, the wife of the Emperor Claudius, it received her name.

COMAR, CUMAR (Gadhelic), CYMMER, KEMBER (Cym.-Cel.),

a confluence, often found as Cumber or Comber; e.g. Comber, Co. Down; Cefn-coed-y-cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where two branches of the R. Taff meet; Cumbernauld, in Dumbarton, Gael. Comar-n-uilt (the meeting of streams, alt). Cumnock, in Ayrshire, may have the same meaning, from Cumar and oich (water), as the streams Lugar and Glasnock meet near the village; Comrie, in Perthshire, at the confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, and Lednock; Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-lé, or Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany. The words Condate and Condé, in French topography, seem to be cognate with this Celtic root, as in Condé, in Normandy (at the meeting of two streams); Condé, in Belgium (at the confluence of the Scheldt and Hawe); Condate-Rhedorum (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic tribe), now Rennes, in Brittany; Coucy, anc. Condiceacum (at the confluence of the Lette and Oise); Congleton, Co. Chester, was formerly Condate.

COMBE (A.S.), CWM, KOMB (Cym.-Cel.), CUM (Gadhelic),

a hollow valley between hills, a dingle; e.g. Colcombe (the valley of the R. Coly); Cwmneath (of the Neath); Compton (the town in the hollow); Gatcombe (the passage through the valley, gat); Combs, the hollows in the Mendip hills; Wycombe (the valley of the Wye); Winchcombe (the corner valley); Wivelscombe and Addiscombe, probably connected with a personal name; Ilfracombe (Elfric’s dingle); Cwmrydol and Cwmdyli, in Wales (the hollow of the Rivers Rydol and Dyli); Cwm-eigian (the productive ridge); Cwmgilla (the hazel-wood valley); Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley of two waters), near the conf. of the Rivers Wye and Elain in Wales; Cwm-gloyn (the valley of the brook Gloyn); Cwmdu (dark valley); Cwm-Barre (the valley of the R. Barre), in Wales; Combe St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for the saint; Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from the proprietors; Cwm-du (black dingle); Cwm-bychan (little dingle), in Wales; Corscombe (the dingle in the bog). In Ireland: Coomnahorna (the valley of the barley); Lackenacoombe (the hillside of the hollow); Lake Como, in Italy (in the hollow).

CONFLUENTES (Lat.),

a flowing together, hence the meeting of waters; e.g. Coblentz, for Confluentes (at the conf. of the Moselle and Rhine); Conflans (at the conf. of the Seine and Oise); Confluent, a hamlet situated at the conf. of the Creuse and Gartempe.

COP (Welsh),

a summit; e.g. Cop-yr-Leni (the illuminated hill), so called from the bonfires formerly kindled on the top.

CORCAGH, or CURRAGH (Irish), CORS (Welsh), CAR (Gael.), KER (Scand.),

a marsh; e.g. Corse (the marsh); Corston, Corsby, Corsenside (the dwelling or settlement on the marsh); Corscombe (marsh dingle), in England. In Ireland: Cork, anc. Corcach-mor-Mumham (the great marsh of Munster); Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh); Curragh-more (great marsh); Currabaha (the marsh of birches). Perhaps Careby and Carton, in Lincoln, part of the Danish district, may be marsh dwelling.

CORNU (Lat.), KERNE, CERYN (Cym.-Cel.), CEARN (Gael.),

a horn, a corner—in topography, applied to headlands; e.g. Corneto (the place on the corner), in Italy; Corné, Cornay, Corneuil, etc., in France, from this root, or perhaps from Cornus (the cornel cherry-tree); Cornwall, Cel. Cernyu, Lat. Cornubiæ, A.S. Cornwallia (the promontory or corner peopled by the Weales, Welsh, or foreigners); Cornuailles, in Brittany, with the same meaning—its Celtic name was Pen-Kernaw (the head of the corner).

COTE (A.S.), COITE (Gael.), CWT (Welsh), KOTHE (Ger.),

a hut; e.g. Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham (the village of huts); Chatham, A.S. Coteham, with the same meaning; Bramcote (the hut among broom); Fencotes (the huts in the fen or marsh; Prescot (priest’s hut); Sculcoates, in Yorkshire, probably from the personal Scandinavian name Skule; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts occupied by the makers of salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great extent at that place); Kothendorf (the village of huts); Hinter-kothen (behind the huts), in Germany.

COTE, COTTA (Sansc.),

a fortress; e.g. Chicacotta (little fortress); Gazacotta (the elephant’s fortress); Jagarcote (bamboo fort); Islamcot (the fort of the true faith, i.e. of Mahomet); Noa-cote (new fort); Devicotta (God’s fortress); Palamcotta (the camp fort).

CÔTE (Fr.), COSTA (Span. and Port.),

a side or coast; e.g. Côte d’Or (the golden coast), a department of France, so called from its fertility; Côtes-du-Nord (the Northern coasts), a department of France; Costa-Rica (rich coast), a state of Central America.

COURT (Nor. Fr.), CWRT (Cym.-Cel.), CORTE (It., Span., and Port.),

a place enclosed, the place occupied by a sovereign, a lordly mansion; from the Lat. cohors, also cors-cortis (an enclosed yard), cognate with the Grk. hortos. The Romans called the castles built by Roman settlers in the provinces cortes or cortem, thence court became a common affix to the names of mansions in England and France—thus Hampton Court and Hunton Court, in England; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court, Honnecourt (the mansion of Leo, Albinius, and Honulf); Aubercourt (of Albert); Mirecourt, Lat. Mercurii-curtis, where altars were wont to be dedicated to Mercury. From the diminutives of this word arose Cortiles, Cortina, Corticella, Courcelles, etc. The words court, cour, and corte were also used as equivalent to the Lat. curia (the place of assembly for the provincial councils)—thus Corte, in Corsica, where the courts of justice were held; but Corsica itself derived its name from the Phœnician chorsi (a woody place). The Cortes, in Spain, evidently equivalent to the Lat. curia, gives its name to several towns in that country; Coire, the capital of the Grisons, in Switzerland, comes from the anc. Curia Rhætiorum (the place where the provincial councils of the Rhætians were held); Corbridge, in Northumberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman curia, and perhaps Currie, in East Lothian.

CRAIG, CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), CRAIG (Cym.-Cel.),

a rock; e.g. Craigie, Creich, Crathie, Gael. Creagach (rocky), parishes in Scotland; Carrick and Carrig, in Ireland (either the rocks or rocky ground); Carrick-on-Suir (the rock of the R. Suir)—v. p. 42; Craigengower (the goat’s rock); Craigendarroch (the rock of the oak-wood); Craigdou (black rock); Craigdearg (red rock); Craigmore (great rock); Craig-Phadric (St. Patrick’s rock), in Inverness-shire; Craignish (the rock of the island), the extremity of which is Ardcraignish; Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. Nethan), supposed to be the archetype of Tullietudlem; Craigentinny (the little rock of the fire)—v. TEINE; Criggan (the little rock). In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadarn (the rock of Howel and Cadarn); Criccaeth (the narrow hill); Crick, in Derbyshire; Creach, in Somerset; Critch-hill, Dorset.

CREEK (A.S.), CRECCA, KREEK (Teut.), CRIQUE (Fr.),

a small bay; e.g. Cricklade, anc. Creccagelade (the bay of the stream); Crayford (the ford of the creek); Crique-bœuf, Crique-by, Crique-tot, Crique-villa (the dwelling on the creek); Criquiers (the creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a small stream, as Saltcreek, etc.

CROES, CROG (Cym.-Cel.), CROIS, CROCH (Gadhelic), CROD (A.S.), KRYS (Scand.), KREUTZ (Ger.), CROIX (Fr.),

a cross, cognate with the Lat. crux; e.g. Crosby (the dwelling near the cross); Crossmichael (the cross of St. Michael’s Church); Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the blessed cross), in Glamorgan; Crossthwaite (the forest-clearing at the cross); Croxton (cross town); Crewe and Crewkerne (the place at the cross); Croes-bychan (little cross); Kruzstrait (the road at the cross), in Belgium; Crosscanonby, Crosslee, Crosshill, places in different parts of Scotland, probably named from the vicinity of some cross; but Crossgates, Co. Fife, so called from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other. It was usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the Spaniards and Portuguese in America, to mark the place where any providential event had occurred, or where they founded a church or city, by erecting a cross—as in St. Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true cross), in South America. In Ireland: Crosserlough (the cross on the lake); Crossmolina (O’Mulleeny’s cross); Aghacross (the fort at the cross); Crossard (high cross); Crossreagh (gray cross); Crossmaglen, Irish Cros-mag-Fhloinn (the cross of Flann’s son); Crossau, Crossoge, and Crusheen (little cross); Oswestry, in Shropshire, anc. Croes-Oswalt (the cross on which Oswald, King of Northumberland, was executed by Penda of Mercia). Its Welsh name was Maeshir (long field), by the Saxons rendered Meserfield; Marcross (the cross on the sea-shore), in Glamorgan; Pen-y-groes, Maen-y-groes, Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the stone of the cross, the ford of the crosses), in Wales; Glencorse, near Edinburgh, for Glencross, so named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Corstorphine, in Mid-Lothian, corrupt. from Crostorphin, which might mean the cross of the beautiful hill, torr fioum, or the cross of a person called Torphin. In the reign of James I. the church of Corstorphine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, four prebendaries, and two singing boys. Croich in Gaelic means a gallows—thus Knockacrochy (gallows hill); Raheenacrochy (the little fort of the gallows), in Ireland.

CROAGH (Gael.),

a hill of a round form—from cruach (a haystack); e.g. Croghan, Crohane (the little round hill); Ballycroghan (the town of the little hill), in Ireland; Bencruachan (the stack-shaped hill), in Argyleshire.

CROFT (A.S.),

an enclosed field; e.g. Crofton (the town on the croft); Thornycroft (thorny field).

CROM, CRUM (Gadhelic), CRWM (Cym.-Cel.), KRUMM (Ger.), CRUMB (A.S.),

crooked; e.g. Cromdale (the winding valley), in Inverness-shire; Croome, in Worcester; Cromlin, Crimlin (the winding glen, ghlinn), in Ireland; Krumbach (the winding brook); Krumau and Krumenau (the winding water or valley); Ancrum, a village in Roxburghshire, situated at the bend of the R. Alne at its confluence with the Teviot.

CRUG (Welsh),

a hillock; e.g. Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock, hywel); Crug-y-swllt (the hillock of the treasure), in Wales; Crickadarn, corrupt. from Crug-eadarn (the strong crag), in Wales.

CUL, CUIL} (Gadhelic) (the corner),}

e.g. Coull, Cults, parishes in Scotland; Culter, i.e. Cul-tir (at the back of the land), in Lanarkshire; Culcairn (of the cairn); Culmony (at the back of the hill or moss, monadh); Culloden for Cul-oiter (at the back of the ridge); Culnakyle (at the back of the wood); Cultulach (of the hill); Culblair (the backlying field); Culross (behind the headland), in Scotland. In Ireland: Coolboy (yellow corner); Coolderry (at the back or corner of the oak-wood); Cooleen, Cooleeny (little corner); Coleraine, in Londonderry, as well as Coolraine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish Cuil-rathain (the corner of ferns); Coolgreany (sunny corner); Coolnasmear (the corner of the blackberries).

CUND (Hindostanee),

a country; e.g. Bundelcund, Rohilcund (the countries of the Bundelas and Rohillas).

D

DAGH, TAGH (Turc.),

a mountain; e.g. Daghestan (the mountainous district); Baba-dagh (father or chief mountain); Kara-dagh (black mountain); Kezel-dagh (red mountain); Belur-tagh (the snow-capped mountain); Aktagh (white mountain); Mustagh (ice mountain); Beshtau (the five mountains); Tak-Rustan (the mountain of Rustan); Tchazr-dagh (tent mountain); Ala-dagh (beautiful mountain); Bingol-tagh (the mountain of 1000 wells); Agri-dagh (steep mountain); Takht-i-Suliman (Solomon’s mountain).

DAIL (Gadhelic), DOL (Cym.-Cel.), DAHL (Scand.), THAL (Ger.), DOL (Sclav.),

a valley, sometimes a field, English dale or dell, and often joined to the name of the river which flows through the district; e.g. Clydesdale, Teviotdale, Nithsdale, Liddesdale, Dovedale, Arundel, Dryfesdale, corrupt. to Drysdale (the valley of the Clyde, Teviot, Nith, Liddel, Dove, Arun, Dryfe); Rochdale, on the Roch, an affluent of the Trivell; Dalmellington (the town in the valley of the mill). It is to be noted that in places named by the Teut. and Scand. races, this root-word, as well as others, is placed after the adjective or defining word; while by the Celtic races it is placed first. Thus, in Scandinavia, and in localities of Great Britain where the Danes and Norsemen had settlements, we have—Romsdalen and Vaerdal, the valleys of the Raumer and Vaer, in Norway; Langenthal, on the R. Langent, in Switzerland; Rydal (rye valley), Westmoreland; Laugdalr (the valley of warm springs), Iceland. In districts again peopled by the Saxons, Avondale, Annandale (the valleys of the Avon and Annan). This is the general rule, although there are exceptions—Rosenthal (the valley of roses); Inn-thal (of the R. Inn); Freudenthal (of joy); Fromenthal (wheat valley); Grunthal (green valley). In Gaelic, Irish, and Welsh names, on the contrary, dal precedes the defining word; e.g. Dalry and Dalrigh (king’s level field); Dalbeth and Dalbeathie (the field of birches); Dalginross (the field at the head of the promontory or wood); Dalness and Dallas (the field of the cascade, cas); Dalserf (of St. Serf); Dailly, in Ayrshire, anc. Dalmaolkeran (the field of the servant, maol, of St. Kiaran); Dalrymple (the valley of the rumbling pool, ruaemleagh); Dalgarnock (of the rough hillock); Dalhousie (the field at the corner of the water, i.e. of the Esk); Dalwhinnie (the field of the meeting, coinneach); Dalziel (beautiful field, geal); Dalguise (of the fir-trees, giuthas); Dalnaspittal (the field of the spideal, i.e. the house of entertainment); Dalnacheaich (of the stone); Dalnacraoibhe (of the tree); Dalbowie (yellow field). Dollar, in Clackmannan, may be from this root, although there is a tradition that it took its name from a castle in the parish called Castle-Gloom, Gael. doillair (dark); Deal or Dole (the valley in Kent); Dol and Dole, in Brittany, with the same meaning; Doldrewin (the valley of the Druidical circles in Wales); Dolquan (the owl’s meadow); Dolau-Cothi (the meadows of the River Cothi); Dolgelly (the grove of hazels); Dalkeith (the narrow valley, caeth); Codale (cow field); Grisdale (swine field); Gasdale (goosefield); Balderdale, Silverdale, Uldale, Ennerdale, Ransdale (from the personal names, Balder, Sölvar, Ulf, Einer, Hrani); Brachendale (the valley of ferns); Berrydale, in Caithness, corrupt. from Old Norse, Berudalr (the valley of the productive wood); Dalecarlia, called by the Swedes Dahlena (the valleys); Dieppedal (deep valley); Stendal (stony valley); Oundle, in Northampton, corrupt. from Avondle; Kendal or Kirkby-Kendal (the church town in the valley of the R. Ken); Dolgelly (the valley of the grove), in Wales; Dolsk or Dolzig (the town in the valley), in Posen; Dolzen, in Bohemia; Bartondale (the dale of the enclosure for the gathered crops), in Yorkshire; Dalarossie, in Inverness, corrupt. from Dalfergussie, Fergus’dale; Dalriada, in Ulster, named from a king of the Milesian race, named Cairbe-Raida, who settled there. His descendants gradually emigrated to Albin, which from them was afterwards called Scotland; and that part of Argyleshire where they landed they also named Dalriada. The three brothers, Fergus, Sorn, and Anghus, came to Argyleshire in 503 A.D. Toul and Toulouse, situated in valleys, probably were named from the same root-word; Toulouse was anciently called Civitas-Tolosatium (the city of the valley dwellers, dol-saetas).

DAL, or GEDEL (A.S.), DEEL (Dutch), THEIL (Ger.), DAL (Irish),

a part, a district; e.g. Kalthusertheil (the district of the cold houses); Kerckdorfertheil (the district of the village church); Baradeel (the barren district), in Germany and Holland. This word, rather than dail, may be the root of Dalriada; see above.

DALEJ (Sclav.),

far; e.g. Daliz, Dalchow, Dalichow (the distant place).

DAMM (Teut.),

an embankment, a dyke; e.g. Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Saardam, properly Zaandam (the embankment on the Rivers Rotte, Amstel, and Zaan); Schiedam, on the R. Schie; Leerdam (the embankment on the field, lar); Veendam (on the marsh, veen); Damm (the embankment), a town in Prussia; Neudamm (the new dyke); Dammducht (the embankment of the trench).

DAN,

in topography, signifies belonging to the Danes; e.g. Danelagh (that portion of England which the Danes held after their treaty with Alfred); Danby, Danesbury (the Danes’ dwellings); Danesbanks, Danesgraves, Danesford, in Salop, where the Danes are believed to have wintered in 896; Danshalt, in Fife, where they are said to have halted after their defeat at Falkland; Danthorpe, Denton (Danes’ town); Denshanger (Danes’ hill or declivity); Dantzic (the Danish fort, built by a Danish colony in the reign of Waldemar II.); Tennstedt, in Saxony, corrupt. from Dannenstedi (the Danes’ station); Cruden, in Aberdeenshire, anc. Cruor-Danorum (the slaughter of the Danes on the site of the last battle between the Celts and the Danes, which took place in the parish 1012). The Danish king fell in this battle, and was buried in the churchyard of Cruden. For centuries the Erroll family received an annual pension from the Danish Government for taking care of the grave at Cruden, but after the grave had been desecrated this pension was discontinued.

DAR, DERA, DEIR (Ar.), DEH (Pers.),

a dwelling, camp, or district; e.g. Dar-el-hajar (the rocky district), in Egypt; Darfur (the district of the Foor or Foorians, or the deer country), in Central Africa; Dera-Fati-Khan, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, Dera-Ismail-Khan (i.e. the camps of these three chiefs, in the Derajat, or camp district); Deir (the monk’s dwelling), in Syria; Diarbekr (the dwellings or tents of Bekr); Dehi-Dervishan (the villages of the dervishes); Deh-haji (the pilgrims’ village); Dekkergan (the village of wolves); Deir-Antonius (St. Anthony’s monastery), in Egypt; Buyukdereh (Turc. the great district on the Bosphorus).

DAR, DERO, DERYN (Cym.-Cel.), DAIR (Gadhelic),

an oak, cognate with the Lat. drus, and Sansc. dru, doire, or daire, Gadhelic, an oak-wood, Anglicised derry, darach, or dara, the gen. of dair; e.g. Daragh (a place abounding in oaks); Adare, i.e. Athdara (the ford of the oak); Derry, now Londonderry, was originally Daire-Calgaigh (the oak-wood of Galgacus, Latinised form of Calgaigh). In 546, when St. Columba erected his monastery there, it became Derry-Columkille (the oak-wood of Columba’s Church); in the reign of James I., by a charter granted to the London merchants, it obtained its present name; Derry-fad (the long oak-wood); Derry-na-hinch (of the island, innis); Dairbhre or Darrery (the oak forest), the Irish name for the Island of Valentia; Derry-allen (beautiful wood); Derrybane and Derrybawn (white oak-wood); Derrylane (broad oak-wood); Durrow, Irish Dairmagh, and Latinised Robereticampus (the plain of the oaks); New and Old Deer (the oak-wood), in Aberdeenshire, was a monastery erected in early times by St. Columba, and given by him to St. Drostan. The old monastery was situated near a wooded hill, still called Aikie-Brae (oak hill), and a fair was held annually in the neighbourhood, called Mercatus querceti (the oak market)—v. Book of Deer, p. 48; Craigendarroch (the crag of the oak-wood); Darnock, or Darnick (the oak hillock), in Roxburghshire; Dryburgh, corrupt. from Darach-bruach (the bank of oaks); Dori, the name of a round hill covered with oak-trees, in Wales; Darowen (Owen’s oak-wood), in Wales.

DEICH, DYK (Teut.),

a dyke or entrenchment. These dykes were vast earthen ramparts constructed by the Anglo-Saxons to serve as boundaries between hostile tribes; e.g. Hoorndyk (the dyke at the corner); Grondick (green dyke); Wansdyke (Woden’s dyke); Grimsdyke and Offa’s dyke (named after the chiefs Grim and Offa); Houndsditch (the dog’s dyke); Ditton, Dixton (towns enclosed by a dyke); Zaadik, in Holland, (the dyke) on the R. Zaad. Cartsdike, a village in Renfrewshire separated from Greenock by the burn Cart. Besides Grimesdyke (the name for the wall of Antoninus, from the R. Forth to the Clyde), there is a Grimsditch in Cheshire.

DELF (Teut.),

a canal, from delfan (to dig); e.g. Delft, a town in Holland, intersected by canals; Delfshaven (the canal harbour); Delfbrüke (canal bridge).

DEN, DEAN (Saxon),

a deep, wooded valley. This word is traced by Leo and others to the Celtic dion (protection, shelter); e.g. Dibden (deep hollow); Hazeldean (the valley of hazels); Bowden or Bothanden (St. Bothan’s valley), in Roxburghshire; Tenterden, anc. Theinwarden (the guarded valley of the thane or nobleman), in Kent; Howden (the haugr or mound (in the valley), in Yorkshire; Howdon, with the same meaning, in Northumberland; Otterden (the otter’s valley); Stagsden (of the stag); Micheldean (great valley); Rottingdean (the valley of Hrotan, a chief); Croxden (the valley of the cross).

DEOR (A.S.), DYR (Scand.), THIER (Ger.),

a wild animal—English, a deer; e.g. Deerhurst (deer’s thicket); Durham, in Gloucester (the dwelling of wild animals). For Durham on the Wear, v. HOLM. Tierbach, Tierhage (the brook and the enclosure of wild animals).

DESERT, or DISERT,

a term borrowed from the Lat. desertum, and applied by the Celts to the names of sequestered places chosen by the monks for devotion and retirement; Dyserth, in North Wales, and Dyzard, in Cornwall; e.g. Dysart, in Fife, formerly connected with the monastery of Culross, or Kirkcaldy—near Dysart is the cave of St. Serf; Dysertmore (the great desert), in Co. Kilkenny; Desertmartin in Londonderry, Desertserges in Cork (the retreats of St. Martin and St. Sergius). In Ireland the word is often corrupted to Ester or Isert—as in Isertkelly (Kelly’s retreat); Isertkeeran (St. Ciaran’s retreat).

DEUTSCH (Ger.),

from thiod, the people, a prefix used in Germany to distinguish any district or place from a foreign settlement of the same name. In Sclavonic districts it is opposed to the word Katholic, in connection with the form of religion practised by their inhabitants—as in Deutsch-hanmer (the Protestant village, opposed to Katholic-hanmer, belonging to the Catholic or Greek Church). In other cases it is opposed to Walsch (foreign—v. WALSCH), as in Deutsch-steinach and Walsh-steinach (the German and foreign towns on the Steinach, or stony water). The Romans employed the word Germania for Deutsch, which Professor Leo traces to a Celtic root gair-mean (one who cries out or shouts); e.g. Deutschen, in the Tyrol; Deutz, in Rhenish Prussia; Deutschendorf, in Hungary; Deutschenhausen, in Moravia, i.e. the dwellings of the Germans. The earliest name by which the Germans designated themselves seems to have been Tungri (the speakers). It was not till the seventeenth century that the word Dutch was restricted to the Low Germans. The French name for Germany is modernised from the Alemanni (a mixed race, and probably means other men, or foreigners).

DIEP, TIEF (Teut.), DWFN (Cym.-Cel.),

deep; e.g. Deeping, Dibden, Dibdale (deep valley); Deptford (deep ford); Market-deeping (the market-town in the low meadow); Devonshire, Cel. Dwfnient (the deep valleys); Diepholz (deep wood); Dieppe, Scand. Duipa (the deep water), the name of the river upon which it was built; Abraham’s diep (Abraham’s hollow), in Holland; Diepenbeck (deep brook); Tiefenthal and Tiefengrund (deep valley); Teupitz (the deep water), a town in Prussia on a lake of this name; Defynock (a deep valley), in Wales.

DINAS, or DIN (Cym.-Cel.),

a fortified height, a city, cognate with the Gadhelic dun; e.g. Dinmore (the great fort), in Hereford; Dynevor, anc. Dinas-fawr (great fortress), in Carmarthen; Denbigh, Welsh Din-bach (little fort); Ruthin, in Co. Denbigh, corrupt. from Rhudd-din (red castle); Dinas Bran, a mountain and castle in Wales named after an ancient king named Bran-Dinas-Powys, corrupt. from Denes Powys, a mansion built by the Prince of Powys in honour of the lady whom he had married, whose name was Denis; Hawarden, i.e. fixed on a hill, den, in Flint; its ancient name was Penarth-Halawig (the headland above the salt marsh); Dinefwr (the fenced hill), an ancient castle in the vale of the R. Tywy; Tenby (Dane’s dwelling)—v. DAN; Welsh Denbych-y-Pysod, i.e. of the fishes—to distinguish from its namesake in North Wales; Tintern, corrupt. from Din-Teyrn (the king’s mount), in Wales; Dinan in France; Dinant in Belgium (the fortress on the water); Digne, anc. Dinia-Bodionticarium (the fort of the Bodiontici), in France; London, anc. Londinum (the fort on the marsh—lon, or perhaps on the grove—llwyn). Din sometimes takes the form of tin, as in Tintagel (St. Degla’s fort), in Cornwall; Tintern (the fort, din, of the prince, Welsh teyrn), in Monmouth.

DINKEL (Ger.),

a kind of grain; e.g. Dinkelburg, Dinkelstadt, Dinkellage, Dinklar, Dinkelsbuhl (the town, place, field, site, hill, where this grain abounded).

DIOT, or theod (Teut.),

the people; e.g. Thetford, corrupt. from Theotford (the people’s ford); Detmold, corrupt. from Theot-malli (the people’s place of meeting); Diotweg (the people’s highway); Dettweiller (the town of the Diet, or people’s meeting); Ditmarsh, anc. Thiedmarsi (the people’s marsh); Dettingen (belonging to the people)—v. ING.

DIVA, or DWIPA (Sansc.),

an island; e.g. the Maldives (i.e. the 1000 islands); the Laccadives (the 10,000 islands); Java or Yava-dwipa (the island of rice, jawa, or of nutmegs, jayah); Socotra or Dwipa-Sukadara (the island of bliss); Ceylon or Sanhala-Dwipa (the island of lions), but called by the natives Lanka (the resplendent), and by the Arabs Seren-dib (silk island); Dondrahead, corrupt. from Dewandere (the end of the island), in Ceylon.

DLAUHY, DLUGY (Sclav.),

long, Germanised dolge; e.g. Dlugenmost (long bridge); Dolgenbrodt (long ford); Dolgensee (long lake); Dolgen, Dolgow, Dolgenow (long place).

DOBRO, DOBRA (Sclav.),

good; e.g. Great and Little Döbern, Dobra, Dobrau, Dobrawitz, Dobretzee, Dobrezin (good place); Dobberstroh (good pasture); Dobberbus (good village); Dobrutscha (good land), part of Bulgaria; Dobergast (good inn).

DODD (Scand.),

a hill with a round top; e.g. Dodd-Fell (the round rock), in Cumberland; Dodmaen (the round stone), in Cornwall, popularly called Dead Man’s Point.

DOM (Ger.),

a cathedral, and, in French topography, a house, from the Lat. domus; e.g. Dom, in Westphalia; Domfront (the dwelling of Front, a hermit); Dompierre (Peter’s house or church); Domblain (of St. Blaine); Domleger (of St. Leger); Dongermain (of St. Germanus), in France; but the word domhnach, in Ireland (i.e. a church), has another derivation. This word, Anglicised donagh, signifies Sunday as well as church, from the Lat. Dominica (the Lord’s day); and all the churches with this prefix to their names were originally founded by St. Patrick, and the foundations were laid on Sunday; e.g. Donaghmore (great church); Donaghedy, in Tyrone (St. Caidoc’s church); Donaghanie, i.e. Domnach-an-eich (the church of the steed); Donaghmoyne (of the plain); Donaghcloney (of the meadow); Donaghcumper (of the confluence); Donnybrook (St. Broc’s church).

DONK, DUNK, DONG (Old Ger.),

a mound surrounded by a marsh; e.g. Dong-weir (the mound of the weir); Dunkhof (the enclosure at the mound); Dongen (the dwelling at the mound); Hasedonk (the mound of the brushwood).

DORF, DORP, DRUP (Teut.),

a village or small town, originally applied to any small assembly of people; e.g. Altendorf, Oldendorf (old town); Sommerstorf (summer town); Baiarsdorf (the town of the Boii, or Bavarians); Gastdorf (the town of the inn, or for guests); Dusseldorf, Meldorf, Ohrdruff, Vilsendorf (towns of the Rivers Dussel, Miele, Ohr, and Vils); Jagersdorf (huntsman’s village); Nussdorf (nut village); Mattersdorf and Matschdorf, Ritzendorf, Ottersdorf (the towns of Matthew, Richard, and Otho); Lindorf (the village at the linden-tree); Sandrup (sandy village); Dorfheim, Dorpam (village home).

DORN (Ger.), DOORN (Dutch), THYRN (A.S.), DRAENEN (Cym.-Cel.), DRAEIGHEN (Gadhelic),

the thorn; e.g. Dornburg, Dornheim or Dornum, Dornburen, Thornton (thorn dwelling); Doorn, the name of several places in the Dutch colony, South Africa; Dornberg and Doornhoek (thorn hill); Dornach (full of thorns); but Dornoch, in Sutherlandshire, is not from this root; it is said to be derived from the Gael. dorneich, in allusion to a certain Danish leader having been slain at the place by a blow from a horse’s hoof. Thornhill, Thornbury, village names in England and Scotland; Thorney (thorn island); Thorne, a town in Yorkshire; Yr Ddreinog, Welsh (the thorny place), a hamlet in Anglesey; but Thorn, a town in Prussia—Polish Torun—is probably derived from a cognate word for torres, a tower. In Ireland: Dreen, Drinan, Dreenagh, Drinney (places producing the black thorn).

DRECHT (Old Ger.),

for trift, meadow pasture; e.g. Moordrecht, Zwyndrecht, Papendrecht, Ossendrecht (the moor, swine, oxen pasture, and the priest’s meadow); Dort or Dordrecht (the pasture on the water), situated in an island formed by the Maas; Maestricht, Latinised into Trajectus-ad-Moesum (the pasture or ford on the Maas or Meuse); Utrecht, Latinised Trajectus-ad-Rhenum (the ford or pasture on the Rhine), or Ultra-trajectum (beyond the ford).

DRIESCH (Ger.),

fallow ground; e.g. Driesch and Dresche, in Oldenburg; Driesfelt (fallow field); Bockendriesch (the fallow ground at the beech-trees).

DROICHEAD (Gadhelic),

a bridge; e.g. Drogheda, anc. Droichead-atha (the bridge at the ford); Ballydrehid (bridge town); Knockadreet (the hill of the bridge); Drumadrehid (the ridge at the bridge); Kildrought (the church at the bridge), in Ireland; Ceann-Drochaid (bridge end), the Gaelic name for the Castleton of Braemar.

DROOG, or DURGA (Sansc.),

a hill fort; e.g. Savendroog (golden fort); Viziadroog (the fort of victory); Chitteldroog (spotted fort); Calliendroog (flourishing fort); Sindeedroog (the fort of the sun).

DROWO, or DRZEWO (Sclav.), DRU (Sansc.), TRIU (Goth.), a tree,

wood, or a forest; e.g. Drebkau, Drewitsch, Drewitz, Drohobicz (the woody place); Drewiz, Drehnow, Drehna, with the same meaning; Misdroi (in the midst of woods).

DRUIM, DROM (Gadhelic),

a ridge, from droma, the back-bone of an animal, cognate with the Lat. dorsum; e.g. Drumard (high ridge); Dromeen, Drumeen, Drymen (little ridge); Dromore (great ridge); Dromagh and Drumagh (full of ridges); Dromineer, Co. Tipperary, and Drumminer in Aberdeenshire (the ridge of the confluence, inbhir); Aughrim, Irish Each-dhruim (the horses’ ridge); Leitrim, i.e. Liath-dhruim (gray ridge); Dromanure (the ridge of the yew-tree); Drumderg (red ridge); Drumlane (broad ridge); Drumcliff, i.e. Druim-chluibh (the ridge of the baskets); Drummond, common in Ireland and Scotland, corrupt. from drumen (little ridge). In Scotland there are Drumoak (the ridge of St. Mozola, a virgin)—in Aberdeenshire it was originally Dalmaile (the valley of Mozola); Meldrum-Old (bald ridge), in Aberdeenshire; Drem (the ridge in East Lothian); Drumalbin, Lat. Dorsum-Britanniae (the back-bone or ridge of Scotland); Drummelzier, formerly Dunmeller (the fort of Meldredus, who, according to tradition, slew Merlin, whose grave is shown in the parish); Drumblate (the warm ridge, or the flowery ridge); Drumcliff, Co. Sligo, i.e. Druimcliabh (the ridge of the baskets).

DRWS (Welsh),

a door or pass; e.g. Drws-y-coed (the pass of the wood); Drws-y-nant (of the valley); Drws-Ardudwy (of the black water).

DU (Cym.-Cel.), DUBH (Gadhelic),

black; e.g. Ddulas, a river in Wales; Douglas, in Scotland (the black stream); Dubyn (the black lake).

DUB (Sclav.),

the oak; e.g. Dubicza, Dubrau, Düben, Dubrow (the place of oak-trees); Teupliz, corrupt. from Dublize, with the same meaning; Dobojze, Germanised into Daubendorf (oak village); Dubrawice (oak village); Dubrawka (oak wood), Germanised Eichenwäldchen, a colony from Dubrow. In Poland this word takes the form of Dombrowo Dombroka.

DUN (Gadhelic),

a stronghold, a hill fort, cognate with the Welsh din. As an adjective, dun or don means strong, as in Dunluce, i.e. dun-lios (strong fort); Duncladh (strong dyke). As a verb, it signifies what is closed or shut in, dunadh, with the same meaning as the Teut. tun, as in Corra-dhunta (the closed weir). Its full signification, therefore, is a strong enclosed place, and the name was accordingly applied in old times to forts surrounded by several circumvallations, the remains of which are still found in Ireland and Scotland. Many such places are called simply doon or down; e.g. Doune Castle, in Perthshire; Down-Patrick, named from an entrenched dun near the cathedral; Down and the Downs, King’s Co. and West Meath; Dooneen and Downing (little fort); Dundalk, i.e. Dun-Dealgan (Delga’s fort); Dundonald (the fort of Domhnall); Dungannon (Geanan’s fort); Dungarvan (Garvan’s fort); Dunleary (Laeghaire’s fort), now Kingston; Dunhill and Dunally, for Dun-aille (the fort on the cliff); Downamona (of the bog); Shandon (old fort); Doonard (high fort); and many others in Ireland. In Scotland: Dumbarton (the hill fort of the Britons or Cumbrians); Dumfries (the fort among shrubs, preas, or of the Feresians, Caer Pheris)—v. Dr. Skene’s Book of Wales; Dunbar (the fort on the summit, or of Barr, a chief); Dunblane (of St. Blane); Dundee, Lat. Tao-dunum, probably for Dun-Tatha (the fort on the Tay); Dunedin, or Edinburgh (Edwin’s fort), so named by a prince of Northumberland in 628—its earlier names were Dunmonadh (the fort of the hill), or in Welsh Dinas-Agned (the city of the painted people), and the Castrum-Alatum of Ptolemy. The Pictish maidens of the royal race were kept in Edinburgh Castle, hence it was also called Castrum-Puellarum; Dunottar (the fort on the reef, oiter); Dunfermline (the fort of the alder-tree pool, or of the winding pool); Dundrennan (the fort of the thorn bushes); Dunlop (the fortified hill at the angle of the stream, lub); Dunkeld, anc. Duncalden (the fort of hazels); Dunbeath (of the birches); Dunrobin (Robert’s fortress), founded by Robert, Earl of Sutherland; Dunure (of the yew-trees); Dunnichen, i.e. Dunn-Nechtan (of Nechtan, a Pictish king); Dunsyre (the prophet’s hill or fort); Donegall, Irish Dungall (i.e. the fort of the strangers, the Danes); Lexdon, in Essex, Lat. Legionis-dunum (the fort of the legion); Leyden, in Holland, Lat. Lugdunum-Batavorum (the fortress of the Batavians, in the hollow, lug); Lyons, anc. Lugdunum (the fort in the hollow); Maldon, in Essex, anc. Camelodunum (the fort of the Celtic war-god Camal); Melun, anc. Melodunum (bald fort, maol), in France; Nevers, Lat. Noviodunum (new fort), in France; Thuin, in Belgium, and Thun, in Switzerland (dun, the hill fort); Yverdun, anc. Ebrodunum (the fort on the water, bior); Kempten, in Germany, anc. Campodunum (the fort in the field); Issoudun (the fort on the water, uisge); Emden (the fort on the R. Ems); Dijon, anc. Dibisdunum (the fort on two waters), at the conf. of the Ouche and Suzon; Mehun, Meudon, and Meuny, in France (the fort on the plain), Lat. Magdunum; Verdun, anc. Verodunum (the fort on the water, bior), on the R. Meuse, in France; Verden, in Hanover, on the R. Aller, with the same meaning; Autun, corrupt. from Augustodunum (the fortress of Augustus); Wimbledon, in Surrey, anc. Wibbandun (from an ancient proprietor, Wibba); Sion, in Switzerland, Ger. Sitten, corrupt. from its ancient Celtic name Suidh-dunum (the seat of the hill fort). From Daingeann (a fortress) are derived such names as Dangen and Dingen, in Ireland; also Dingle, in its earlier form Daingean-ui-Chuis (the fort of O’Cush or Hussey); it received its present name in the reign of Elizabeth; Ballendine and Ballendaggan (the town of the fort); Dangan was also the ancient name of Philipstown.

DUNE, or DOWN (A.S.), DUN (Cel.),

a grassy hill or mound; e.g. the Downs, in the south of England; the Dunes, in Flanders; Halidon Hill (the holy hill); Dunham, Dunwick, and Dutton, originally Dunton (hill town); Croydon (chalk hill); Dunkirk, in Flanders (the church on the dunes); Snowdon (snowy hill), in Wales; its Welsh name is Creigiawr (the eagle’s rock), eryr (an eagle); Dunse, a town in Berwickshire, now Duns, near a hill of the same name; the Eildon Hills, in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from Moeldun (the bald hill); Eddertoun, in Ross-shire (between the hills or dunes).

DUR, or DOBHR (Gadhelic), DWFR, or DWR (Cym.-Cel.), DOUR (Breton),

water; e.g. Dour, Douro, Dore, Duir, THUR, Doro, Adour, Durance, Duron (river names); Glasdur (green water); Calder, anc. Caldover (woody water); Derwent (bright or clear water); Lauder (the gray water); Ledder and Leader (the broad water); Dorking, Co. Surrey, anc. Durchinges, or more correctly, Durvicingas (dwellers by the water—wician, to dwell); Briare, on the Loire, anc. Briva-durum (the town on the brink of the water, probably Dover, from this root); Dorchester (the fortress of the Durotriges—dwellers by the water), trigo, Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), called by Leland Hydropolis; Rother (the red river); Cawdor, anc. Kaledor (woody water).

DÜRRE (Ger.), DROOG (Dutch),

dry, sterile; e.g. Dürrenstein (the barren rock); Dürrental (the barren valley); Dürrwald (the dry or sterile wood); Droogberg (the barren hill); Drupach (dry brook).

DWOR (Sclav.), THUR (Ger.), DORUS (Cel.), DWAR (Sansc.),

a door or opening, an open court; e.g. Dvoretz (the town at the opening), in Russia; Dwarka (the court or gate), Hindostan; Hurdwar (the court of Hurry or Siva), called also Gangadwara (the opening of the Ganges), in Hindostan; Issoire, anc. Issiodorum (the town at door or meeting of the waters, uisge), a town in France at the conf. of the Allier and Couze; Durrisdeer, Gael. Dorus-darach (at the opening of the oak-wood), in Dumfriesshire; Lindores, in Fife, anc. Lindoruis (at the outlet of the waters), on a lake of the same name which communicates by a small stream with the Tay.

DYFFRYN (Welsh),

a river valley; e.g. Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn-Gwy, in the valleys of the R. Clwyd and Gwy, in Wales; Dyffryn-golych (the vale of worship), in Glamorgan.

E

EA (A.S.), EY, AY, EGE or EG OE, O, or A (Scand.), OOG (Dutch),

an island; from ea, a, aa, running water; ea or ey enter into the composition of many A.S. names of places which are now joined to the mainland or to rich pastures by the river-side, as in Eton, Eaton, Eyam, Eyworth, Eywick (dwellings by the water); Eyemouth, Moulsy, on the R. Mole; Bermondsey, now included in the Metropolis; Eamont, anc. Eamot (the meeting of waters); Fladda and Fladday (flat island); Winchelsea (either the corner, A.S. wincel, of the water, or the island of Wincheling, son of the Saxon king Cissa, who founded it); Swansea (Sweyn’s town, on the water), at the mouth of the Tawey; Anglesea (the island of the Angles or English), so named by the Danes—its Welsh name was Ynys-Fonn or Mona; Portsea (the island of the haven); Battersea (St. Peter’s isle), because belonging to St. Peter’s Abbey, Westminster; Chelsea (ship island, or the island of the sandbank)—v. p. 46, CEOL, CEOSEL; Ely (eel island); Jersey (Cæsar’s isle); Olney (holly meadow); Odensee (Woden’s island or town on the water); Whalsey (whale island, hval); Rona (St. Ronan’s isle); Mageroe (scraggy island); Nordereys and Sudereys—from this word Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor and Man takes his title—(the north and south isles), names given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the Orkneys under their rule; Oesel (seal island); Oransay (the island of St. Oran); Pabba and Papa (priest’s isle). The Papae or Christian anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scotland to Orkney and Shetland, and traces of them were found in Iceland on its discovery by the Norsemen, hence probably such names as Pappa and Crimea (the island of the Cymri or Cimmerians); Morea (the mulberry-shaped island); Shapinsay (the isle of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking); Faröe (the sheep islands—faar, Scand.); Faroe, also in Sweden; but Farr, a parish in the north of Scotland, is from faire, Gael. a watch or sentinel, from a chain of watch-towers which existed there in former times; Staffa (the island of the staves or columns, Scand. stav); Athelney (the island of the nobles); Bressay, Norse Bardie’s ay (giant’s island); Bardsey (the bard’s island), the last retreat of the Welsh bards; Femoe (cattle island); Fetlar, anc. Fedor’s-oe (Theodore’s island); Romney (marsh island), Gael. Rumach; Sheppey, A.S. Sceapige (sheep island); Langeoog (long island); Oeland (water land); Torsay (the island with conical hills, torr); Chertsey, A.S. Ceortes-ige (Ceorot’s island); Lingley (heathery island), ling, Norse (heather); Muchelney (large island); Putney, A.S. Puttanige (Putta’s isle); Thorney (thorny island), but its more ancient name was Ankerige, from an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island.

EADAR, EDAR (Cel.), between, ENTRE (Fr., Span., and Port.), INTER (Lat.),

e.g. Eddertoun, Co. Ross (between hills)—v. DUNE; Eddra-chillis, i.e. Eadar da Chaolas (between two firths), Co. Sutherland; Killederdaowen, in Galway, i.e. Coill-eder-da-abhainn (the wood between two rivers); and Killadrown, King’s County, with the same meaning; Cloonederowen, Galway (the meadow between two rivers); Ballydarown (the townland between two rivers). In France: Entre-deux-mers (between two seas); Entrevaux (between valleys); Entre-rios (between streams), in Spain; Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between these rivers), in Portugal; Interlacken (between lakes), in Switzerland.

EAGLAIS (Gadhelic), EGLWYS (Cym.-Cel.), ILIZ (Armoric), EGYHAZ (Hung.),

a church. These and synonymous words in the Romance languages are derived from Lat. ecclesia, and that from the Grk. ὲκκλησια (an assembly); e.g. Eccles, a parish and suburb of Manchester, also the name of two parishes in Berwickshire; Eccleshall, in Staffordshire, so called because the bishops of Lichfield formerly had a palace there; Eccleshill (church hill), in Yorkshire; Eccleston (church town), in Lancashire; Ecclesmachan (the church of St. Machan), in Linlithgow; Eaglesham (the hamlet at the church), Co. Renfrew; Ecclescraig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St. Gregory or Grig), in Kincardine; Eglishcormick (St. Cormac’s church), Dumfries; Ecclescyrus (of St. Cyrus), in Fife; Lesmahago, Co. Lanark, corrupt. from Ecclesia-Machuti (the church of St. Machute, who is said to have settled there in the sixth century); Carluke, in Lanarkshire, corrupt. from Eccles-maol-Luke (the church of the servant of St. Luke); Terregles, anc. Traver-eglys (church lands), Gael. treabhair (houses), in Kirkcudbright. In Wales: Eglwys Fair (St. Mary’s church); Hen-eglwys (old church); Aglish and Eglish (the church), the names of parishes in Ireland; Aglishcloghone (the church of the stepping-stones); Iglesuela (little church), in Spain; Fèhér eghaz (white church), in Hungary. In France: Eglise-aux-bois (the church in the woods); Eglise neuve (new church); Eglisolles, Eliçaberry, and Eliçaberria (the church in the plain). Such names as Aylesford, Aylsworth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from eglwys or ecclesia, corrupted.

EAS, ESS, ESSIE (Gadhelic),

a waterfall; e.g. the R. Ness and Loch Ness (i.e. the river and lake of the Fall of Foyers); Essnambroc (the waterfall of the badger); Essmore (the great waterfall); Doonass (i.e. Irish Dun easa (the fort of the cataract), on the Shannon; Caherass, in Limerick, with the same meaning; Pollanass (the pool of the waterfall); Fetteresso, in Kincardine (the uncultivated land, fiadhair, near the waterfall); Edessa, in Turkey, seems to derive its name from the same root, as its Sclavonic name is Vodena, with the same meaning; Edessa, in Mesopotamia, is on the R. Daisan; Portessie (the port of the waterfall), Banff.

EBEN (Ger.),

a plain; e.g. Ebenried and Ebenrinth (the cleared plain); Ebnit (on the plain); Breite-Ebnit (broad plain); Holzeben (woody plain).

ECKE, or EGG (Teut. and Scand.), VIG (Gadhelic),

a nook or corner; e.g. Schönegg (beautiful nook); Eckdorf (corner village); Eggberg (corner hill); Reinecke (the Rhine corner); Randecke (the corner of the point, rand); Vilseek (at the corner of the R. Vils); Wendecken (the corner of the Wends or Sclaves); Edgcott (the corner hut); Wantage, Co. Berks (Wanta’s corner), on the edge of a stream; Stevenage, Co. Herts (Stephen’s corner); Gourock (the goal’s corner); Landeck, in the Tyrol (at the meeting or corner of three roads); Nigg, Gael. N-uig (at the corner), a parish in Co. Kincardine, and also in Ross and Cromarty; Haideck (heath corner), in Bavaria.

EGER (Hung.),

the alder-tree; e.g. the R. Eger with the town of the same name.

EILEAN (Gadhelic), EALAND (A.S.), EYLANDT (Dutch), INSEL (Ger.),

an island, cognate with the Lat. insula. The Gaelic word is generally applied to smaller islands than innis; e.g. Eilean-sgiathach or Skye (the winged island); Eilean-dunan (the isle of the small fort); Eilean-na-goibhre (of the goats); Eilean-na-monach (of the monks); Eilean-na-Clearach (of the clergy); Eilean-na-naoimbh (of the saints), often applied to Ireland; Eilean-nam-Muchad or Muck (the island of pigs), in the Hebrides; Flannan, in the Hebrides, i.e. Eilean-an-Flannan (of St. Flannan); Groote Eylandt (great island), off the coast of Australia; Rhode Island, in the United States, Dutch (red island), or, according to another interpretation, so named from its fancied resemblance in form to the island of Rhodes.

EISEN (Ger.),

iron; e.g. Eisenstadt (iron town); Eisenach, in Germany (on a river impregnated with iron); Eisenberg (iron hill fort), in Germany; Eisenburg (iron town), Hung. Vasvar, in Hungary; Eisenirz (iron ore), on the Erzberg Mountains; Eisenschmidt (iron forge), in Prussia.

ELF (Goth.), ELV,

a river; e.g. Alf, Alb, Elbe, Elben, river names; Laagenelv (the river in the hollow); Dol-elf (valley river); Elbing, a town on a river of the same name.

ENAGH, or ÆNAGH (Irish),

an assembly of people, such as were held in old times by the Irish at the burial mounds, and in modern times applied to a cattle fair; e.g. Nenagh, in Tipperary, anc. ’n-Ænach-Urmhumhan (the assembly meeting-place of Ormund), the definite article n having been added to the name—this place is still celebrated for its great fairs; Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, Ballynenagh (the town of the fair); Ardanlanig (the height of the fair); Monaster-an-enagh (the monastery at the place of meeting). But this word is not to be confounded with eanach (a watery place or marsh), found under such forms as enagh and annagh, especially in Ulster. Thus Annabella, near Mallow, is in Irish Eanachbile (the marsh of the old tree); Annaghaskin (the marsh of the eels).

ENDE (Teut.),

the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the west end of the canal opening into the ocean); Ostend, in Essex (at the east end of the land); Oberende (upper end); Süderende (the south corner); Endfelden (the corner of the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained.

ENGE (Teut.),

narrow; e.g. Engberg (narrow hill); Engbrück (narrow bridge); Engkuizen (the narrow houses).

ERBE (Ger.),

an inheritance or property; e.g. Erbstellen (the place of the inheritance, or the inherited property); Erbhof (the inherited mansion-house); Sechserben (the property or inheritance of the Saxons).

ERDE (Teut.),

cultivated land; e.g. Rotherde (red land); Schwarzenerde (black land).

ERLE (Ger.),

the alder-tree; e.g. Erla and Erlabeka (alder-tree stream); Erlangen (the dwelling near alder-trees); Erlau, a town in Hungary, on the Erlau (alder-tree river).

ERMAK (Turc.),

a river; e.g. Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil-Ermak (green river).

ESCHE (Old Ger.),

a common or sowed field; e.g. Summeresche, Winteresche (the field sown in summer and winter); Brachesche (the field broken up for tillage); Kaiseresche (the emperor’s common). For this word as an affix, v. p. 5; as a prefix it signifies the ash-tree, as in the Aschaff or ash-tree river; Aschaffenberg (the fortress on the Aschaff); Eschach (ash-tree stream); Escheweiller (ash-tree town); Eschau (ash-tree meadow).

ESGAIR (Welsh),

a long ridge; e.g. Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-yn-eira (the snow ridge).

ESKI (Turc.),

old; e.g. Eski-djuma (old ditch).

ESPE, or ASPE (Ger.),

the poplar-tree; e.g. Aspach (a place abounding in poplars, or the poplar-tree stream); Espenfield (the field of poplars); Aspenstadt (the station of poplars)—v. AESP, p. 5.

ESTERO (Span.),

a marsh or salt creek; e.g. Estero-Santiago (St. James’s marsh); Los-Esteros (the salt creeks), in South America.

ETAN, TANA (Basque),

a district, with the same meaning as the Cel. tan, Latinised tania; e.g. Aquitania (the district of the waters); Mauritania (of the Moors); Lusitania (the ancient name of Portugal). This root-word enters into the name of Britain, according to Taylor—v. Words and Places.

EUDAN, or AODANN (Gadhelic),

the forehead—in topography, the front or brow of a hill; e.g. Edenderry (the hill-brow of the oak-wood); Edenkelly (the front of the wood); Ednashanlaght (the hill-brow of the old sepulchre); Edenmore (the great hill-brow); Edina (one of the ancient names of Edinburgh).

EVES (A.S.),

a margin; e.g. Evedon (on the brink of the hill); Evesbatch (the brink of the brook); Evesham (the dwelling on the bank of the River Avon, in Worcester, or the dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards made Bishop of Worcester).

F

FAGUS (Lat.),

a beech-tree; Fagetum, a place planted with beeches; e.g. La Fage, Le Faget, Fayet, Les Faus, Faumont, in France.

FAHR, FUHR (Teut. and Scand.),

a way or passage—from fahren, to go; e.g. Fahrenhorst (the passage at the wood); Fahrenbach, Fahrwasser (the passage over the water); Fahrwangen (the field at the ferry); Rheinfahr (the passage over the Rhine); Langefahr (long ferry); Niederfahr (lower ferry); Vere or Campvere, in Holland (the ferry leading to Kampen); Ferryby (the town of the Ferry), in Yorkshire; Broughty-Ferry, in Fife (the ferry near a brough or castle, the ruins of which still remain); Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing-place on the rock, opposite Broughty-Ferry); Queensferry, West Lothian, named from Queen Margaret; Connal-Ferry (the ferry of the raging flood), confhath-tuil, in Argyleshire; Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry).

FALU, or FALVA (Hung.),

a village; e.g. Uj-falu (new village); Olah-falu (the village of the Wallachians or Wallochs, a name which the Germans applied to the Sclaves); Hanus-falva (John’s village); Ebes-falva (Elizabeth’s village), Ger. Elizabeth-stadt; Szombat-falva (the village at which the Saturday market was held); Balars-falva (the village of Blaise); Bud-falva (the village of Buda).

FANUM (Lat.),

a temple; e.g. Fano, in Italy, anc. Fanum-Fortunæ (the temple of fortune), built here by the Romans to commemorate the defeat of Asdrubal on the Metaurus; Famars, anc. Fanum-Martis (the temple of Mars); Fanjeaux, anc. Fanum-Jovis (of Jove); St. Dié, anc. Fanum-Deodati (the temple of Deodatus, Bishop of Nevers); St. Dezier, anc. Fanum-Desiderii (the temple of St. Desiderius); Florent-le-Vieul, anc. Fanum-Florentii (of St. Florentius); St. Flour, Fanum-Flori (of St. Florus).

FARR (Norse),

a sheep. This word seems to have given names to several places in the north of Scotland, as affording good pasture for sheep; e.g. Farr, a parish in Sutherlandshire); Farra, Faray, islands in the Hebrides and Orkneys; Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire.

FEARN (Gadhelic), FAUR, or VAUR (great)—v. MAUR,

the alder-tree; e.g. Fernagh, Farnagh, and Ferney (a place abounding in alder-trees), in Ireland; Glenfarne (alder-tree valley); Ferns, Co. Wexford, anc. Fearna (the place of alders); Gortnavern (the field of alders); Farney, Co. Monaghan, corrupt. from Fearn-mhagh (alder-tree plain); Altanfearn (the little stream of alders); Sronfearn (the point of alders)—v. p. 178; Fearns (the alder-trees), in Ross-shire; Fearn, also in Forfar; Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva, probably with same meaning as Ferney in Ireland.

FEHER (Hung.),

white; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. Stulweissenburg (the throne of the white fortress).

FEKETE (Hung.),

black; e.g. Fekete-halam (black hill).

FEL (Hung.),

upper, in opposition to al, lower; e.g. Felsovaros (upper town); Alvaros (lower town).

FELD, or VELD (Teut.),

a plain or field; lit. a place where trees had been felled; e.g. Feldham (field dwelling); Feldberg (field fortress); Bassevelde, in Belgium (low plain); Gurkfeld (cucumber field); Leckfeld, Rhinfeld (the plain of the Rivers Leck and Rhine); Great Driffield, in Yorkshire (dry field); Huddersfield, in Doomsday Oderesfeld, from a personal name; Macclesfield (the field of St. Michael’s church); Sheffield, on the R. Sheaf; Mansfield, on the R. Mann; Lichfield, Co. Stafford (the field of corpses), A.S. Licenfelt, where, according to tradition, a great slaughter of the Christians took place in the reign of Diocletian; Wakefield (the field by the wayside, waeg); Spitalfields, (i.e. the fields near the hospital or place of entertainment), Lat. hospitalium. There is a watering-place near Berwick called Spital, also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital; Smithfield, in London, is a corruption of Smethfield (smooth field); Beaconsfield, Berks, so called from having been built on a height on which beacon fires were formerly lighted); Coilsfield, in Ayrshire (the field of Coilus or King Coil). There is a large mound near it said to mark the site of his grave.

FELL, FIALL, or FJELD (Scand.), FEL, FELSEN (Ger.),

a high mountain or mountain range; e.g. Dovrefeld (the gloomy mountains); Donnersfeld (the mountain range of thunder or of Thor); Snafel, Iceland, and Sneefell, in the Isle of Man (snow mountain); Blaefell (blue mountain); Drachenfells (the dragon’s rock); Weissenfels (the white rock); Rothenfels (red rock); Scawfell (the mountain of the scaw or promontory); Hartfell (of harts); Hestfell (of the steed); Lindenfels (of the linden-tree); Lichtenfels (the mountain of light), a Moravian settlement in Greenland; Fitful Head, corrupt. from fitfioll (the hill with the promontory running into the sea), Old Norse fit—in Shetland; Falaise, in France, a promontory, derived from the Ger. fell; Fellentin (the fort, dun, on the rock), in France; Souter-fell, Cumberland; Saudfjeld, Norway; Saudafell, in Iceland (sheep hill), from Old Norse sauder, a sheep; perhaps Soutra Hill, in Mid-Lothian, may come from the same word; Criffel (the craggy rock), Dumfries; Felza, Felsbach (rocky stream), in France; Felsberg (rock fortress), in Germany; Goat-fell, in Arran, Gael. Gaoth-ceann (the windy point), to which the Norsemen added their fell.

FENN (Ger.), VEN, or VEEN (Dutch), FEN (A.S.),

a marsh; e.g. the Fenns or marshy lands; Fen-ditton (the enclosed town on the marsh); Fenny-Stratford (the ford on the Roman road, strat, in the marshy land); Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the town or enclosed place on the marsh); Venloo, in Belgium (the place in the marsh); Veenhof, Veenhusen (dwellings in the marsh); Houtveen (woody marsh); Diepenveen (deep marsh); Zutphen, in Holland (the south marsh); Ravenna, in Italy, called Pludosa (the marshy). It was originally built in a lagoon, on stakes, like Venice; Venice, named from the Veneti, probably marsh dwellers; Vannes, in France, and La Vendée, may be from the same word, although others derive the names from venna (a fisherman), others from gwent, Cel. (the fair plain); Finland (the land of marshes). The natives call themselves Suomilius, from suoma (a marsh). Fang in German and Dutch names, and faing in French names, are sometimes used instead of fenn—as in Zeefang (lake marsh); Aalfang (eel marsh); Habechtsfang (hawk’s marsh); Faing-du-buisson, Dom-faing, etc., in the valleys of the Vosges.

FERN, or FARN (Teut.),

the fern; e.g. Ferndorf, Farndon, Farnham, Farnborough (dwellings among ferns); Farnhurst (fern thicket); Ferndale (fern valley); Farringdon (fern hill); Fernruit (a place cleared of ferns).

FERT, FERTA (Gadhelic),

a grave or trench; e.g. Farta, Ferta, and Fartha (i.e. the graves); Fertagh and Fartagh (the place of graves); Moyarta, in Clare, Irish Magh-fherta (the field of the graves); Fortingall, in Perthshire, is supposed to have derived its name from this word, Feart-na-gall (the grave of the strangers), having been the scene of many bloody battles.

LA FERTE,

contracted from the French La fermeté, from the Lat. firmitas (strength), applied in topography to a stronghold; e.g. La Ferté Bernardi (Bernard’s stronghold); Ferté-freshal, from Firmitas Fraxinelli (the stronghold of little ash-trees); La Ferté, in Nièvre and in Jura, etc.

FESTE (Ger.), VESTING (Dutch), FAESTUNG (Scand.),

a fortress; e.g. Altefeste (high fortress); Franzenfeste (the fortress of the Franks); Festenburg (the town of the fortress); Ivanich-festung (John’s fortress), in Croatia.

FEUCHT (Ger.), VOICHTIG (Dutch),

moist, marshy; e.g. Feuchtwang (the marshy field), in Bavaria, formerly called Hudropolis, in Greek, with the same meaning; Feucht (the damp place), also in Bavaria; Viecht-gross and Viecht-klein (the great and little damp place), in Bavaria.

LES FÈVES (Fr.),

beans, Lat. faba, from which come such places in France as La Favière, Favières, Faverage, Favray, Faverelles, etc.

FICHTE (Ger.),

the pine-tree; e.g. Schoenfichten (the beautiful pine-trees); Finsterfechten (the dark pine-trees); Fichthorst (pine-wood); Feichheim (a dwelling among pines). In topography, however, it is difficult to distinguish this word from feucht (damp).

FIN, FIONN (Gadhelic),

fair, white, Welsh gwynn; e.g. Findrum (white ridge); Fionn-uisge (the clear water). The Phœnix Park, in Dublin, was so called from a beautiful spring well on the grounds; Findlater (the fair slope, leiter); Fingart (fair field); Finnow, Finnan, and Finglass (fair stream); Finglen (fair glen); Knockfin (fair hill); Loch Fyne (clear or beautiful lake); Fintray, in Aberdeenshire; Fintry, in Stirling (fair strand, traigh); Ventry, Co. Kerry, i.e. Fionn-traigh (fair strand); Finnow (the fair stream).

FIORD, or FJORD (Scand.),

a creek or inlet formed by an arm of the sea, Anglicised ford, or in Scotland firth; e.g. Selfiord (herring creek); Laxfiord (salmon creek); Hvalfiord (whale creek); Lymefiord (muddy creek); Skagafiord (the inlet of the promontory, skagi); Halsfiord (the bay of the neck or hals, i.e. the narrow passage); Waterford, named by the Danes Vadre-fiord (the fordable part of the bay)—the Irish name of the town was Port-lairge (the port of the thigh), from its form; Wexford (the western creek or inlet), also named by the Danes Flekkefiord (the flat inlet)—its Irish name was Inverslanie (at the mouth of the Slaney); Strangford Lough (i.e. the loch of the strong fiord); Carlingford, in Irish Caerlinn, the fiord having been added by the Danes; Vaeringefiord, in Norway (the inlet of the Varangians or Warings); Breidafiord (broad inlet), in Ireland; Haverford, probably from Scand. havre (oats).

FLECKE (Teut. and Scand.),

a spot or level place, hence a hamlet; e.g. Flegg, East and West, in Norfolk; Fleckney (the flat island); Fletton (flat town); Pfaffenfleck (the priest’s hamlet); Amtsfleck (the amptman’s hamlet); Schœnfleck (beautiful hamlet); Marktflecten (the market village); Fladda, Flatholme, Fleckeroe (flat island); Fladstrand (flat strand).

FLEOT, FLIEZ (Teut.), VLIET (Dutch),

a flush of water, a channel or arm of the sea on which vessels may float; e.g. Fleet (a river name), in Kirkcudbright; Fleet Loch; Swinefleet (Sweyn’s channel); Saltfleetby (the dwelling on the salt water channel); Shalfleet (shallow channel); Depenfleth (deep channel); Adlingfleet (the channel of the Atheling or noble); Ebbfleet, a place which was a port in the twelfth century, but is now half a mile from the shore; Purfleet, Co. Essex, anc. Pourteflete (the channel of the port); Fleetwood (the wood on the channel of the R. Wyre); Mühlfloss (mill channel); Flushing, in Holland, corrupt. from Vliessengen (the town on the channel of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind of channel takes the form of fleur, e.g. Barfleur (the summit or projection on the channel); Harfleur or Havrefleur (the harbour on the channel); Biervliet (the fruitful plain on the channel). Flad as a prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be flooded, as Fladbury, Fledborough. The Lat. flumen (a flowing stream) is akin to these words, along with its derivations in the Romance languages: thus Fiume (on the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the R. Fiumara; Fiumicina, a small seaport at the north mouth of the Tiber; Fiume-freddo (the cold stream), in Italy and Sicily; Flims, in Switzerland, Lat. Ad-flumina (at the streams); Fiume-della Fine, near Leghorn, is a corrupt. of its ancient name, Ad-Fines (the river at the boundary).

FÖLD (Hung.),

land; e.g. Földvar (land fortress); Alfold (low land); Felföld (high land); Szekel-föld (the land of the Szeklers); Havasel-föld (the land beyond the mountains), which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia.

FONS (Lat.), FONTE (It. and Port.), FONT, FONTAINE (Fr.), FUENTE, and HONTANA (Span.), FUARAN and UARAN (Gadhelic), FFYNNON (Cym.-Cel.),

a fountain, a well; e.g. Fontainebleau, corrupt. from Fontaine-de-belle-eau (the spring of beautiful water); Fontenoy (the place of the fountain); Fontenay (the place of the fountain); Les Fontaines, Fontanas (the fountains); Fontenelles (the little fountains); Fontevrault, Lat. Fons-Ebraldi (the well of St. Evrault); Fuente (the fountain), the name of several towns in Spain; Fuencaliente (the warm fountain); Fuensagrada (holy well); Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree); Fuente-alamo (of the poplar); Fontarabia, Span. Fuentarrabia, corrupt. from the Lat. Fons-rapidans (the swift-flowing spring); Fuenfrido (cold fountain); Fossano, in Italy, Lat. Fons-sanus (the healing fountain); Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hontangas (the place of springs), in Spain; Hontomin (the fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain; Pinos-fuente (pine-tree fountain), in Granada; Saint-fontaine, in Belgium, corrupt. from Terra-de-centum fontanis (the land of the hundred springs); Spa, in Belgium, corrupt. from Espa (the fountain)—its Latin name was Fons-Tungrorum (the well of the Tungri); Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name from a spa of mineral water in the market-place. The Celtic uaran or fuaran takes the form of oran in Ireland: thus Oranmore (the great fountain near a holy well); Knock-an-oran (the hill of the well); Ballynoran (the town of the well); Tinoran, corrupt. from Tigh-an-uarain (the dwelling at the well); Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, took its name from a spring, fuaran, at Foveran Castle; Ffynon-Bed (St. Peter’s well), in Wales.

FORD (A.S.), FURT, or FURTH (Ger.), VOORD (Dutch),

a shallow passage over a river; e.g. Bradford (the broad ford), in Yorkshire, on the R. Aire; Bedford, Bedican ford (the protected ford), on the Ouse; Brentford, on the R. Brenta; Chelmsford, on the Chelmer; Camelford, on the Camel; Charford (the ford of Ceredic); Aylesford (of Ægle); Hacford and Hackfurth (of Haco); Guildford (of the guilds or trading associations); Hungerford, corrupt. from Ingle ford (corner ford); Oxford, Welsh Rhyd-ychen (ford for oxen); Ochsenfurt, in Bavaria, and probably the Bosphorus, with the same meaning; Hertford (the hart’s ford); Hereford (the ford of the army), or more probably a mistranslation of its Celtic name, Caer-ffawydd (the town of the beech-trees); Horsford, Illford, and Knutsford (the fords of Horsa, Ella, and Canute). Canute had crossed this ford before gaining a great battle; Watford (the ford on Watling Street); Milford, the translation of Rhyd-y-milwr (the ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows into the haven; Haverford West—v. HAVN—the Welsh name is Hwlfford (the sailing way, fford), so called because the tide comes up to the town; Tiverton, anc. Twyford (the town on the two fords); Stamford, A.S. Stanford (stony ford), on the Welland; Stoney Stratford (the stony ford on the Roman road); Stafford, anc. Statford (the ford at the station, or a ford crossed by staffs or stilts); Crayford, on the R. Cray; but Crawford, in Lanarkshire, is corrupt. from Caerford (castle ford); Wallingford, anc. Gual-hen, Latinised Gallena (the old fort at the ford); Thetford, anc. Theodford (the people’s ford), on the R. Thet; Dartford, on the R. Darent; Bideford, in Devonshire (by the ford); Furth and Pforten (the fords), in Prussia; Erfurt, in Saxony, anc. Erpisford (the ford of Erpe); Hohenfurth (the high ford), Bohemia; Frankfort, on the Maine and on the Oder (the ford of the Franks); Quernfurt and Velvorde (the fords of the Rivers Quern and Wolowe); Steenvoord (stony ford); Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of the R. Aller).

FORS, FOSS (Scand.),

a waterfall; e.g. High-force, Low-force, on the R. Tees; Skogar-foss (the waterfall on the promontory), in Ireland; Wilberforce, in Yorkshire (the cascade of Wilbera); Sodorfors (the south cascade), in Sweden; Foston (the town of the waterfall).

FORST, VORST (Teut.),

a wood; e.g. Forst-lohn (the path through the wood); Forst-bach (forest brook); Eichenforst (oak forest); Forstheim (forest dwelling).

FORT,

a stronghold; from the Lat. fortis, strong—akin to the Irish Longphorth (a fortress), and the French La Ferté, abridged from fermeté—v. p. 79; e.g. Rochefort (the rock fortress); Fort Augustus, named after the Duke of Cumberland; Fort-George (after George II.); Fort-William, anc. Inverlochy (at the mouth of the lake), and surnamed after William III.; Fortrose (the fortress on the promontory); Fort-Louis, in Upper Rhine, founded and named by Louis XIV.; Charles-Fort, in Canada, named after Charles I. In Ireland the town of Longford is called in the annals Longphorth O’Farrell (the fortress of the O’Farrells). This Irish word is sometimes corrupted, as in Lonart for Longphorth, and in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the ford of the fortress).

FORUM (Lat.),

a market-place or place of assembly; e.g. Forli, anc. Forum-Livii (the forum of Livius), in Italy; Feurs, in France, anc. Forum-Segusianorum (the forum of the Segusiani); Forlimpopoli (the forum of the people); Ferrara, anc. Forum-Alieni (the market-place of the foreigner); Fornova (new forum); Fossombrone, anc. Forum-Sempronii (of Sempronius); Fréjus and Friuli, anc. Forum-Julii (of Julius); Frontignan, anc. Forum-Domitii (of Domitius), also called Frontiniacum (on the edge of the water); Voorburg, in Holland, anc. Forum-Hadriani (the market-place of Hadrian); Klagenfurt, anc. Claudii-Forum (the forum of Claudius); Fordongianus, in Sardinia, anc. Forum-Trajani (the forum of Trajan); Forcassi, anc. Forum-Cassii (of Cassius); Fiora, anc. Forum-Aurelii (of Aurelius); Appii-Forum (of Appius); Marazion, in Cornwall, or Marketjeu, Latinised by the Romans into Forum-Jovis (the forum of Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from its vicinity to the sacred shrine of St. Michael.

FOSSE,

a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the Lat. fodio, to dig; e.g. Fosseway (the road near the trench); Foston (the town with the trench or moat); Fosse, in Belgium; Fos, at the mouths of the Rhone, anc. Fossæ Marianæ Portus (the port of the trench or canal of Marius).

FRANK (Ger.),

free, but in topography meaning belonging to the Franks; e.g. Franconia (the district of the Franks); France, abridged from Frankreich (the kingdom of the Franks or freemen); Frankenthal (the valley of the Franks); Frankenberg and Frankenfels (the hill and rock of the Franks); Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings of the Franks); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Frankenmarkt (the market of the Franks); Ville-franche and Ville-franche sur Saone (free town), in France; Villa-franca (free town), several in Italy; Villa-franca (free town), in Spain.

FREI, or FREY (Ger.),

a privileged place, as also freiheit (freedom); e.g. Freyburg and Fribourg (the privileged city); Schloss-freiheit and Berg-freiheit (the privileged castle); Oude-Vrijheid (the old privileged place), in Holland; Freystadt, in Hungary, Grk. Eleutheropolis (free city).

FRÊNE (Fr.), FRASSINO (It.), FRESNO (Span.), FREIXO (Port.),

the ash-tree; e.g. Les Frênes, Les Fresnes (the ash-trees); Frenois, Frenoit, Frenai, Frenay, Fresney (the place abounding in ash-trees), in France; Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. Po).

FREUDE (Ger.),

joy; e.g. Freudenthal (the valley of joy); Freudenstadt (the town of joy).

FRIDE,

a hedge, from the Old Ger. word vride—akin to the Gael. fridh, and the Welsh fridd (a wood); e.g. Burgfried (the hedge of the fortress); Friedberg, anc. Vriduperg (a fortress surrounded by a hedge); but Friedland, in East Prussia, Grk. Irenopyrgos (the tower of peace), is from friede, Ger. peace. The prefix fried is also sometimes a contraction for Frederick—thus Friedburg may mean Frederick’s town.

FRITH, or FIRTH,

the navigable estuary of a river, akin to fiord and the Lat. fretum, a channel; e.g. the Firths of Forth, Tay, and Clyde; the Solway Firth. This word Solway has had various derivations assigned to it: one derivation is from the Selgovæ, a tribe; Ferguson suggests the Old Norse word sulla, Eng. sully, from its turbid waters, particularly as it was called in Leland’s Itinera Sulway. I would suggest the A.S. sol (mire), as this channel is a miry slough at low tide, and can be crossed on foot; Pentland Firth, corrupt. from Petland Fiord (the bay between the land of the Picts and the Orkneys).

FROU, FRAU (Ger.),

lord and lady; e.g. Froustalla (the lord or nobleman’s stall); Frousthorp (the nobleman’s farm); Fraubrunnen (our lady’s well); Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Fraustadt (our lady’s town); Frauenkirchen (our lady’s church); Frauenfeld (our lady’s field).

FUL (A.S.),

dirty; e.g. Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream); Fulneck or Fullanig (dirty water); Fulham or Fullenham (either the dwelling on the miry place or, according to another derivation, from fügel, a bird).

FÜRED (Hung.),

a bath or watering-place; e.g. Tisza-Füred (the watering-place on the R. Theis or Tisza); Balaton-Füred, on Lake Balaton.

FURST (Ger.),

a prince or the first in rank; e.g. Furstenau, Furstenberg, Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder, Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, field, wood, island, church, of the prince); but Furstberg means the chief or highest hill.

G

GABEL (Teut.), GABHAL, or GOUL (Gadhelic),

a fork, applied to river forks; e.g. Gabelbach (the forked stream); Gabelhof (the court or dwelling at the forked stream), in Germany. In Ireland: Goul, Gowel, and Gowl (the fork); Gola (forks); Addergoul, Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish Eadar-dha-ghabhal (the place between two river-prongs); Goule, in Yorkshire (on the fork of two streams).

GADEN (Ger.),

a cottage; e.g. Holzgaden (wood cottage); Steingaden (rock cottage).

GADR (Phœn.), KARTHA, KIRJATH (Heb.),

an enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from kir, a wall; e.g. Gades or Cadiz, anc. Gadr, in Spain; Carthage, anc. Kartha-hadtha (the new city, in opposition to Utica, the old); Carthagena (New Carthage); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba, afterwards Hebron); Kirjath-sepher (of the book); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-Baal (Baal’s town); Kirjath-Sannah (of palms); Keriathaim (the double town); Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab); Cordova, in Spain, Phœn. Kartha-Baal (which may mean the city of Baal).

GAMA (Tamul),

a village; e.g. Alut-gama (new village), in Ceylon.

GANG (Ger.),

a narrow passage, either on land or by water; e.g. Birkengang (the birch-tree pass); Strassgang (a narrow street); Gangbach (the passage across the brook); Ganghofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on the R. Roth, in Bavaria.

GANGA, or GUNGA (Sansc.),

a river; e.g. Borra Ganga or the Ganges (the great river); Kishenganga (the black river); Neelganga (the blue river); Naraingunga (the river of Naranyana or Vishnu); Ramgunga (Ram’s river).

GARBH (Gadhelic), GARW (Cym.-Cel.),

rough; e.g. Rivers Gara, Garry, Garwe, Garwy, Owengarve, Garonne, Garvault, Yair, Yarrow (rough stream); Garracloon (rough meadow); Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point of the rough headland), in Bute; Garioch (the rough district), in Aberdeenshire.

GARENNE,

a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low Lat. warenna, and that from the High Ger. waran (to take precautions), had at first the sense of a protected or guarded place, and more lately of a wood to which was attached the exclusive right of the chase; e.g. La Garenne, Garenne, Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various departments of France.

GARIEF (South Africa),

a river; e.g. Ky-garief (yellow river); Nu-garief (black river).

GARRDH (Gadhelic), GARDD (Cym.-Cel.),

a garden; e.g. Garryowen (Owen’s garden); Gairyard (high garden); Ballingarry (the town of the garden); Garrane and Garrawn (the shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery).

GARTH (Welsh),

a hill; e.g. Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in Brecknockshire; Brecknock, named after Brychan, its king, who came from Ireland in the sixth century. Its ancient name was Garth-Madryn (the fox’s hill).

GARTH, GART (Teut. and Scand.), GARRAD (Gadhelic), GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.),

an enclosed place, either for plants or cattle, then a farm. It is sometimes found in the form of gort in Ireland and Scotland; e.g. Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town); Applegarth (the apple enclosure or farm); Hogarth (an enclosure for hay); Weingarten (an enclosure for vines, or a vineyard); Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an enclosure for horses); Nornigard (the sibyl’s dwelling, norn, a prophetess); Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher’s farm), in Wales; Noostigard (the farm at the naust or ship station); in Shetland; Smiorgard (butter farm); Prestgard (the priest’s farm); Yardley (the enclosed meadow); Yardborough (the enclosed town); Gartan (little field); Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt. from Goirtean (little farm); Gartbane and Gortban (fair field); Gartfarran (the farm at the fountain, fuaran); Gartbreck (spotted field); Gortnagclock (the field of the stones); Gortreagh (gray field); Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree); Oulart, in Ireland, corrupt. from Abhalghort (apple-field or orchard); Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in Shetland; Olligard (the farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland; Girthon, corrupt. from Girthavon (the enclosure on the river), in Kirkcudbright). On the other hand, Garda or Warda in French names signified originally a fortified or protected place, from an old Teutonic word warta; hence Gardere, Gardière, La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc.

GAT (Scand.), GAEAT (A.S.), GHAT (Sansc.),

an opening or passage; e.g. the Cattegat (the cat’s throat or passage); Margate (the sea-gate or passage), anc. Meregate, there having been formerly a mere or lake here which had its influx into the sea; Ramsgate (the passage of Ruim, the ancient name of Thanet); Reigate, contraction from Ridgegate (the passage through the ridge); Yetholm (the valley at the passage or border between England and Scotland, yet, Scot. a gate); Harrowgate, probably the passage of the army, A.S. here, as it is situated near one of the great Roman roads; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road crossings); Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain King Lud, according to popular tradition, but is an instance of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word hlid (a door), hence Geathlid (a postern gate)—v. BOSWORTH. In India the word ghat is applied to a pass between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain ranges); Sheergotta (the lion’s pass), between Calcutta and Benares; and Geragaut (the horse’s pass), or to a passage across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is Kalikuti (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly; also Calicut, on the Malabar coast.

GAU, GOVIA (Ger.),

a district; e.g. Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau (south, west, and north district); Aargau, Rheingau, Thurgau (the districts watered by the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and Thur); Schöengau (beautiful district); Wonnegau (the district of delight); Hainault, Ger. Hennegau (the district of the R. Haine, and ault, the stream); Pinzgau (the district of rushes, binse), in Tyrol; Oehringen or Oringowe (the district of the R. Ohr).

GEBEL, or DJEBEL (Ar.),

a mountain; e.g. Gebel-Kattarin, in Sinai (St. Catharine’s mountain), where, according to tradition, the body of St. Catharine was transported from Alexandria; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of Moses), in Horeb; Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia; Jebel-Khal (black mount), in Africa; Gibraltar, Ar. Gebel-al-Tarik (the mountain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, A.D. 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white mountain), supposed to be so called because covered with snow during a great part of the year; Gebel-Oomar (the mountain of Omar); Gibel-el-Faro (the mountain with the lighthouse), near Malaga; Djebel-es-Sheikh (the mount of the sheik or shah, i.e. of the king), the Arabian name for Mount Hermon—v. INDEX.

GEESTE (Ger.),

barren land; e.g. Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren land); Geestefeld (barren field); Holzengeist (the barren land in the wood); Nordergast, Middelgast (the northern and middle barren land).

GEISE (Ger.),

a goat; e.g. Geisa and Geisbach (the goat’s stream); Geismar (rich in goats); Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisenheim (the goat’s dwelling); Geisberg (goat’s hill).

GEMENDE (Ger.),

a common; e.g. Gmeind (the common); Petersgemeinde (Peter’s common); Gemeindmühle (the mill on the common).

GEMUND (Ger.),

a river-mouth or a confluence; e.g. Neckargemund (at the mouth of the R. Neckar); Saaregemund (at the conf. of the R. Saare and the Belise); Gmünd, in Wurtemberg (at the conf. of the two streams); Gemund and Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this word takes the form of monde, as in Roermonde and Dendermonde (at the mouths of the Roer and Dender); Emden, in Hanover, is a corrupt. of Emsmünder (at the conf. of the Ems and a small stream).

GEN,

an abbreviated form of magen or megen, the Teutonic form for the Cel. magh (a field)—qu. v.; e.g. Remagen or Rhemmaghen (the field on the Rhine); Nimeguen, for Novio-magus (the new field); Schleusingen (the field or plain of the R. Schleuse); Munchingen (the field of the monks); Beverungen, on the R. Bever; Meiningen (the great field or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara.

GEN, GENAU (Cel.),

a mouth or opening; e.g. Llanfihangel-genaur’-glyn (the church of the angel at the mouth of the glen), in Wales; Genappe and Gennep (the mouth of the water, abh); Geneva (either the opening or mouth of the water, or the head, ceann, of the water, where the Rhone proceeds from the lake); Genoa, probably with the same meaning; Ghent or Gend, at the conf. of the Scheldt and Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the rivers, although, according to tradition, it acquired its name from a tribe of Vandals, the Gandani, and was called in the ninth century Gandavum-vicum, from the name of its inhabitants.

GENT,

in French topography, beautiful; e.g. Gentilly, anc. Gentiliacum (the place of beautiful waters), on the Bièvre—v. OEUIL; Nogent (beautiful meadow).

GERICHT (Ger.),

a court of justice; e.g. Gerichtsbergen (the hill of the court of justice); Gerichtstetten (the station of the court of justice).

GHAR (Ar.),

a cave; e.g. Garbo (the cave), in Malta; Trafalgar, i.e. Taraf-al-gar (the promontory of the cave).

GHAR, GHUR, or GORE (Sansc.), NAGAR, a city,

a fort; e.g. Ahmednaghar (the fort of Ahmed); Ramghur (of Ram); Kishenagur (of Krishna); Furracknagur (of Furrack); Moradnagur (of Morad); Jehanagur (of Jehan); Allighur (of Allah or of God); Bisnaghur (triumphant fort); Futtegur (fort of victory); Deoghur (God’s fort); Neelgur (blue fort); Seringagur (the fort of abundance); Chandernagore (the fort of the moon); Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali); Bissengur (the fort of Vishnu); Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar).

GHARI, or GHERRY (Sansc.),

a mountain; e.g. Ghaur, a mountainous district in Affghanistan; Boughir (the woody mountain); Kistnagherry (Krishna’s mountain); Rutnagiri (the mountain of rubies); Chandgherry (of the moon); Shevagherry (of Siva); Neilgherries (the blue mountains); Dhawalageri (the white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas.

GILL, GJA (Scand.),

a ravine; e.g. Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill, Thorsgill, etc. (ravines in the Lake District named after Norse leaders); Hrafngia (the ravens’ ravine, or of Hrafan, a Norse leader); Almanna-gja (Allman’s ravine), in Iceland. The Hebrew gäe (a ravine) answers in meaning to this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children of Hinnom), corrupt. to Gehenna. This word, in the form of goe, is applied to a small bay, i.e. a ravine which admits the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland.

GLAISE (Gadhelic),

a small stream; e.g. Glasaboy (the yellow stream); Tullyglush (hill stream); Glasheena (abounding in small streams); Douglas, i.e. Dubhglaise (the black stream), frequent in Ireland and Scotland; Douglas, in the Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas; also the name of a parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful little stream), in Co. Cork; Ardglashin (the height of the rivulet), in Cavan.

GLAN (Cym.-Cel.),

a shore, a brink, a side; e.g. Glan-yr-afon, Welsh (the river side).

GLAS (Cel.),

gray, blue, or green; e.g. Glasalt (gray stream); Glascloon (green meadow); Glasdrummond (green ridge); Glaslough (green lake); Glasmullagh (green summit), in Ireland; Glass, a parish in Scotland. In Wales: Glascoed (greenwood); Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said by James, the author of Welsh Names of Places, to be a corrupt. of Glas-coed.

GLEANN (Gadhelic), GLYN and GLANN (Cym.-Cel.), GLEN (A.S.),

a small valley, often named from the river which flows through it; e.g. Glen-fender, Glen-finnan, Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk, Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond, Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-devon (valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender, Finnan, Tilt, Shee, Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon, Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, Cona, Devon). In Ireland: Glennagross (the valley of the crosses); Glenmullion (of the mill); Glendine and Glandine and Glendowan, Irish Gleann-doimhin (the deep valley)—sometimes it takes the form of glan or glyn, as in Glin on the Shannon, and Glynn in Antrim; Glennan, Glenann, Glentane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When this word occurs at the end of names in Ireland the g is sometimes suppressed; e.g. Leiglin, in Carlow, anc. Leith-ghlionn (half glen); Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the winding glen); Glencross or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Glenelg (the valley of hunting or of the roe); Glengarnock (of the rough hillock); Glencroe (of the sheepfold); Glenmore or Glenmore-nan-Albin (the great glen of Scotland which divides the Highlands into two nearly equal parts); Glenmoreston (the valley of the great cascade, i.e. of Foyers); Glenbeg (little valley); Glenburnie (of the little stream); Glenmuick (the boars’ valley); Glenure (of the yew); Glenfinlas (of the clear stream); Glengariff (rough glen); Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, is in Irish Gleann-da-locha (the glen of the two lakes); Glennamaddy (of the dogs, madadh); Glinties (the glens), Co. Donegal; Forglen, a parish in Banffshire (the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (of the R. Nedd.)

GLEIZ (Old Ger.),

shining; e.g. Glisbach (shining brook); Gleisberg (shining hill); Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dwelling).

GLINA (Sclav.),

clay; e.g. Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke, Glinow (names of places near clay pits); Glina (the clayey stream).

GLOG (Sclav.),

the white thorn; e.g. Glogau, Gross, and Upper Glogau, in Silesia (places abounding in white thorn); Glognitz, with the same meaning.

GNADE (Ger.),

grace; e.g. Gnadenhütten (the tabernacles of grace), a Moravian settlement on the Ohio; Gnadenthal (the valley of grace), in Africa; Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the city and field of grace).

GOBHA (Gadhelic),

a blacksmith—in topography Gow or Gowan; e.g. Ardgowan (the blacksmith’s height); Balgowan, Balnagowan, Balgownie, Balgonie, in Scotland, and Ballygow, Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagown, in Ireland (the dwelling of the blacksmith); Athgoe (the blacksmith’s ford). In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and the ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god, Goban, hence the frequent use of the word in their topography.

GOLA, or GALA (Sclav.),

a wood; e.g. Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen (the woody place); Galinchen (the little Gahlen, i.e. a colony from that town); Kallinichen, i.e. the colony from Gallun (the woody place); Gollnow, in Pomerania, from this root; but Gollnitz, near Finsterwalde, is corrupt. from Jelenze (stag town), from jelen.

GOLB, GULB (Sclav.),

the dove; e.g. Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin, Golembecks, Golembki (dove town); Gollombken, in Prussia, Ger. Taubendorf (dove town).

GORA (Sclav.), Ὁρος (Grk.),

a mountain or hill; e.g. Goritz, Ger. Goïs (the town on the hill), in Hungary, in a province of the same name; Gorlitz (behind the hill), called also Sgoretz; Gorigk, Ger. Bergheide (hilly heath); Gorgast (hill inn), gosta corrupt. into gast; Podgorze, Podgorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word sometimes takes the form of hora, as in Zahora, in Turkey (behind the hill); Czernahora (the black hill).

GORT (Gadhelic),

a field, cognate with the Lat. hortus and Span. huerta, and the Teut. garth—v. p. 87; e.g. Huerta-del-rey (the king’s orchard), in Spain.

GRAB (Sclav.),

the red beech; e.g. Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig, Grabow (the place of red beeches); Grabin, Ger. Finsterwalde (the place of red beeches or the dark wood).

GRABEN (Ger.), GRAB, GRAEF (A.S.),

a grave or trench, from graben, grafan (to dig); e.g. Mühlgraben (the mill trench or dam); Vloedgraben (the trench for the flood); Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence); Grafton and Graffham (the moated town); Gravesend (the town at the end of the moat); Bischofsgraef (the bishop’s trench). In Ireland the prefix graf is applied to lands that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a grafan—hence such names as Graffan, Graffin, Graffee, Graffy.

GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.),

a count or earl; e.g. Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, wood-clearing, and rock of the count); Grafenworth and Grafenhain (the count’s enclosure or farm); Grafenthal (the count’s valley); Grafenbrück (the count’s bridge); Grafenmühle (the count’s mill); Gravelines, in Flanders, anc. Graveninghem (the count’s domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count’s town); Grobinow (count’s town), Germanised into Kroppstadt.

GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.),

a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. granaria, cognate with the Gadhelic grainnseach, Low Lat. grangia; e.g. Grange, a parish and village in Banffshire; Les Granges (the granaries); La Neuve Grange (the new farm), in France; La Granja, in Spain; Grangegeeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain).

GRENZE (Ger.), GRAN (Sclav.),

the boundary or corner; e.g. Grenzhausen (the dwellings on the boundary); Banai-Militar Granze (the border territory under the government of a military officer called The Ban); Gransee (the corner lake); Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in Hungary; Gran, a town in Hungary, in a province of the same name through which the R. Gran flows.

GRIAN (Gadhelic),

the sun; e.g. Greenock, either from grianach (sunny) or the knoll, cnoc (of the sun); Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), translated by the Irish Latin-writers solarium; but as it occurs in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another name for a royal palace; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, is a sort of translation of its ancient name Baile-an-ghrianain (the town of the palace); Greenan-Ely (the palace of the circular stone fortress, aileach); Tullagreen (the hill of the sun); Monagreany (sunny bog).

GRIES (Ger.),

sand or gravel; e.g. Griesbach (sandy brook); Griesau, Griesthal (sandy valley); Grieshaim (sandy dwelling); Grieswang (sandy field); Griesberg (sand hill); Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). Gressius and Gresum in bas Lat. have the same meaning, and have given names to such places in France as Les Grès, Grèses, Les Gresillons, La Gressée, La Grezille, etc.

GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), HRAD (Turc.),

a fortified town; e.g. Belgrade and Belgorod (white fortress); Ekateringrad and Elizabethgrad (the fortified town of the Empress Catharine and Elizabeth); Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or Emperor); Novgorod (new fortress); Paulograd and Ivanograd (the fortress of Paul or Ivan, i.e. John); Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), in Poland and Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the same meaning, in Bohemia.

GRODEN (Frisian),

land reclaimed from the sea; e.g. Moorgroden, Ostergroden, Salzgroden, places in Holland.

GRÖN, GROEN, GRUN (Teut. and Scand.),

green; e.g. Groenloo, Gronau (the green meadow); Grunavoe (green bay); Grunataing (green promontory); Grunaster (green dwelling), in Shetland; Greenland, translated from Terra-verde, the name given to the country by Cortoreal in 1500, but it had been discovered by an Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the red), in the ninth century, and named by him Hvitsaerk (white shirt), probably because covered with snow; Greenwich, A.S. Grenavie, Lat. viridus-vicus (green town).

GRUND (Ger.),

a valley; e.g. Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys of the Rivers Amsel and Ity); Riesengrund (the giant’s valley); Laucha-grund (the valley of the R. Laucha), in Thuringia.

GUADA,

the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Arabic wädy (the dried-up bed of a river); e.g. Guadalaviar, i.e. Ar. Wadi-l-abyadh (the white river); Guadalete (the small river); Guadalimar (red river); Guadarama (sandy river); Guadalertin (the muddy river); Guadaloupe (the river of the bay, upl); Guadiana (the river of joy), called by the Greeks Chrysus (the golden); Guadalquivir, i.e. Wad-al-kebir (the great river); Guaalcazar (of the palace); Guadalhorra (of the cave, ghar); Guadalbanar (of the battlefield); Guadaira (of the mills).

GUÉ (Fr.),

a ford, perhaps from the Celtic gwy, water; e.g. Gué-du-Loire (the ford of the Loire); Gué-de-l’Isle (of the island); Le Gué-aux-biches (of the hinds); Boné, formerly Bonum-vadum, Lat. (the good ford), in France; Bungay, in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt. from Bon-gué (good ford).

GUISA (Old Ger.),

to gush, found in river names; e.g. Buachgieso (the bending stream); Goldgieso (golden stream); Wisgoz (the white stream).

GUNGE (Sansc.),

a market-town; e.g. Saibgunge (the market-town of the Englishmen); Futtegunge (the town of victory); Sultangunge (of the Sultan); Shevagunge (of Siva); Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier).

GUT, GOED (Ger.),

a property; e.g. Schlossgut (the property of the castle); Wüstegut (the property in the waste land); but this word, used as a prefix, denotes good, as in Guttenberg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good hill, well, and fortress).

GWEN (Cym.-Cel.),

fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic fionn; e.g. Gwenap (the fair slope); Gwendur and Derwent (the fair water); Berwyn (the fair boundary); Corwen (the fair choir); Ventnor (the fair shore); Guinty or Guindy (the fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. Gwent, Latinised Venta, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany: thus Winchester was formerly Caer-gwent (the fortress of the fair plain), Latinised Venta-Belgorum (the plain of the Belgians). There was a gwent also in Norfolk, Latinised Venta-Icenorum (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the derivation of Vannes and La Vendée, in Normandy, if not from the Veneti—v. FEN.

GWENT (Welsh),

a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name now confined to nearly all Monmouthshire, but which anciently comprehended also parts of the counties of Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where Caer-went or the Venta-Silurum of the Romans was the capital; Corwen (the blessed choir or church); Yr Eglwys-Wen (the blessed choir or church); Wenvoe, in Glamorgan, corrupt. from Gwenvai (the happy land).

GWERN (Cym.-Cel.),

the alder-tree, also a swamp; e.g. Coed-gwern (alder-tree wood).

GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.),

water; e.g. the Rivers Wye, the Elwy (gliding water); Llugwy (clear water); Mynewy (small water); Leveny (smooth water); Garway (rough water); Conway (the chief or head water, cyn); Gwydir, i.e. Gwy-tir (water land), the ancient name of Glastonbury; Gwynedd (water glen), an ancient region in North Wales.

GWYRDD (Welsh),

green, verdant; e.g. Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter green).

H

HAAR (Teut.),

an eminence; e.g. Haarlem (the eminence on the clayey soil, leem).

HAFEN, HAVN (Teut. and Scand.), HOFEN, HAMM, HAVRE (Fr.),

a harbour, from haff (the ocean); e.g. Frische-haff (freshwater haven); Kurische-haff (the harbour of the Cures, a tribe); Ludwig’s-hafen (the harbour of Louis); Charles’s-haven, Frederick’s-haven (named after their founders); Delfshaven (the canal harbour); Vilshaven (the harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils); Thorshaven (the harbour of Thor); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Hamburg (the town of the harbour), formerly Hochburi (high town); Soderhamm (the south harbour); Osterhafen (east harbour); Ryehaven, in Sussex (the harbour on the bank, rive); Milford-haven (the harbour of Milford), the modern name of the Cel. Aber-du-gledian (the confluence of the two swords), a word applied to streams by the ancient Britons; Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named from its white cliffs; Stonehaven (the harbour of the rock), in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters the harbour; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, in allusion to the new harbour made in 1713—its former name was Meeching; Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction from the old harbour at Leith.

HAG, HAGEN (Teut. and Scand.), HAIGH, HAY, HAIN,

an enclosure, literally a place surrounded by a hedge, cognate with the Celtic cae; e.g. Hagen, in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, and Hawes (the enclosures), in France, Belgium, and England; Hagenbach (the hedged-in brook); Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well); Hagueneau (the enclosed meadow), a town in Germany; Fotheringay (probably originally an enclosure for fodder or fother); The Hague, Ger. Gravenhage (the duke’s enclosure, originally a hunting-seat of the Princes of Orange); Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure); Jacob’s-hagen (James’s enclosure), in Pomerania; Urishay (the enclosure of Uris), in Hereford; Haigh and Haywood (the enclosed wood), in Lancashire.

HAGO, HEGY (Hung.),

a hill; e.g. Kiraly-hago (the king’s hill); Szarhegy (the emperor’s hill).

HAI (Chinese),

the sea; e.g. Hoanghai (the yellow sea); Nankai (the southern sea).

HAIDE, or HEIDE (Teut.),

a heath or wild wood; e.g. Falkenheid (the falcon’s wood); Birchenheide (the birch-wood); Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath); Hatfield, Hadleigh, Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy field or meadow); Hadlow (heath hill); Haidecke (heath corner); Heydecapelle (the chapel on the heath), in Holland.

HAIN (Ger.),

a grove or thicket; e.g. Wildenhain (the wild beasts’ thicket); Wilhelmshain (William’s grove or thicket); Langenhain (long thicket); Grossenhain (the thick grove).

HALDE (Ger.),

a declivity, cognate with hald, Scand. (a rock); e.g. Leimhalde (clayey declivity); Frederick’s-hald, in Norway, so named by Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was simply Halden (on the declivity).

HALL, or ALH (Teut.), HEAL (A.S.),

a stone house, a palace; e.g. Eccleshall (church house), in Staffordshire, where the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace; Coggeshall, in Essex (Gwgan’s mansion); Kenninghall (the king’s palace), in Norfolk, at one time the residence of the princes of East Anglia.

HALL and HALLE,

in German topography, is a general name for a place where salt is manufactured. The word has its root in the Cym.-Cel. halen (salt), cognate with the Gadhelic salen and the Teut. salz, probably from the Grk. hals (the sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found in connection with Salz; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt mines in the Tyrol; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, on the R. Saale; Reichenhall (rich salt-work), in Bavaria; Hallein, celebrated for its salt-works and baths, on the Salza; Hallstadt, also noted for its salt-works; Hall, in Wurtemberg, near salt springs; Halton, in Cheshire, probably takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neighbourhood; Penardhalawig (the headland of the salt marsh) was the ancient name of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire; Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in Galatia and Sicily.

HAM, HEIM (Teut. and Scand.), HJEM, HEIM,

a home or family residence, literally a place of shelter, from heimen, Ger. (to cover), hama, A.S. (a covering), cognate with the Grk. heima; e.g. Hampstead and Hampton (the home place); Okehampton (the dwelling on the R. Oke), in Devonshire; Oakham (oak dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used to grow in its vicinity; Buckingham (the home of the Buccingus or dwellers among beech-trees); Birmingham, probably a patronymic from the Boerings; Addlingham and Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or nobles); Horsham (Horsa’s dwelling); Clapham (Clapa’s home); Epsom, anc. Thermæ-Ebbesham (the warm springs of Ebba, a Saxon queen); Flitcham (Felex’s home); Blenheim, Ger. Blindheim (dull home), in Bavaria; Nottingham, A.S. Snotengaham (the dwelling near caves); Shoreham (the dwelling on the coast); Waltham (the dwelling near a wood); Framlingham (the dwelling of the strangers), from the A.S.; Grantham (Granta’s dwelling); Ightham (the parish with eight villages), in Kent; Wrexham, anc. Writtlesham (the town of wreaths), A.S. wreoth; Ingelheim (the dwelling of the Angli); Ingersheim (of Ingra); Oppenheim (of Uppo); Rodelheim (of Rodolph); Southampton (the south dwelling, in distinction from Northampton); Twickenham (the dwelling between the streams, where the Thames seems to be divided into two streams); Rotherham, anc. Cel. Yr odre (the boundary), Lat. Ad-fines (on the boundary); Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth century); Godmanham, in Yorkshire (the holy man’s dwelling), the site of an idol temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name of a river, thus—Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham (i.e. towns or villages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben, Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne); Cheltenham, on the Chelt; Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter for oxen); Hameln, on the R. Hamel, in Hanover; Drontheim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling); Kaiserheim (the emperor’s dwelling); Heidelsheim (the dwelling of Haidulf), in Bavaria; Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the field of battle, Old Ger. hilti (a battle); Mannheim (the dwelling of men), as contrasted with Asheim or Asgarth (the dwelling of the gods), in Baden; Hildersham, in Yorkshire, anc. Hildericsham (the dwelling of Childeric). Ham is often contracted into om, um, en, or am, etc.—as in Dokum (the town of the port or dock), in Holland; Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt. from Nigel’s home; Angeln (the dwelling of the Angli); Oppeln, in Silesia (the dwelling of Oppo); Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from Adderham (the dwelling on the R. Adder); Ednam, on the Eden, in Roxburghshire; Hitchen, on the Hiz or Hitche, in Herts; Fulham, anc. Fullenham (the home of birds), A.S. fugil; Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburghshire. In Flanders ham or heim often takes the forms of eim, em, etc., as in Killim (the dwelling of Kilian); Ledringhem (of Ledro); Hem (of Hugnes); Pitgain (of the well); Wolsen, for Wolfsheim; Bohemia (the home of the Boii); Dahlen (valley dwelling); Wolsen (Wolfa’s dwelling).