APPENDIX 5. (continued 5)

Fifteen thousand separated workers, entirely supported from its funds; 40,000 unpaid local officers, who support themselves and give their spare time; 16,000 brass bandsmen (unpaid); 50,000 other musicians, composing thousands of hymns and hundreds of new tunes annually; 250,000 penitents profess salvation publicly in the course of a single year; 6,000 centers have been established, where an average of fourteen to twenty meetings are held weekly, half in open air, half in buildings; 84,000 meetings weekly; 10,000,000 weekly listeners; 520,000,000 listeners in a year. To the poor the gospel is being preached everywhere.

In 1880 the first Salvation Army officers landed in New York. The Salvation Army struck root in its new soil from the outset. The work has gone on steadily forward, and it is noted throughout the world for the wonderful spirit of humility and devotion among its workers, who came to be increasingly widely recognized. They made rapid strides in America. They founded homes for the homeless; work for the workless; establishments for labor bureaus and social-relief institutions; establishment of industrial homes; workingmen's hotels; working women's homes and hotels; the establishment of the beautiful Floral Home, Los Angeles; Benedict Hotel for Young Women, Boston, and a number of cheaper-class hotels for women in New York, Chicago, and Boston; these all supply a clean, comfortable bed, with good moral surroundings, kindly sympathy, and religious services. In New York and other large cities day nurseries have been opened in connection with some slum posts; here mothers bring their children to be cared for during the day, while they are out at work earning the wages upon which the family depend for existence. There are more than 100 rescue homes located in leading cities of the world, and more than 7,000 fallen women were taken care of during the last year.

Farm colonies have also been established, and fresh-air camps are organized for summer outings. In the summer ice is furnished to the needy of the tenements; in winter, coal.

Who can estimate the good done by this noble army? How their efforts help to cast gleams of sunshine into the desolate hearts and homes of the needy. In civilization, religious and sociological reforms the Salvation Army is doing a magnificent work.

Philippine Island exhibit.—The insular exhibit of the Philippine Islands at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was one of the great features of the fair and deserves especial mention, although it does not come under group 129.

No other one exhibit was so widely commented upon in the press and by the public as the insular exhibit. Everybody who went to the exposition visited the Philippine village and went away full of wonder and with new ideas regarding our island possessions and our governmental policy in regard to the Filipinos and the islands.

In the Philippine village or grounds there were erected a number of typical Philippine buildings. The native villages presented the life of the Negritos, Igorrotes, and other tribes. A number of buildings displayed the native woods, and some were devoted to commerce, agricultural products, and others to educational matters.

The educational exhibits attracted unusual attention. The main school building was constructed after a Manila cathedral. The main feature of the educational exhibit was a model school, taught by Mr. Hager and Miss Zamora of the Philippine Normal School. The Filipino pupils were objects of great interest and curiosity.

No doubt many visitors were interested in the Igorrotes or in some other one slight feature which left no deep impression of the actual condition of the islands. But everyone who went attentively through the Philippine village knows just what kind of people the Filipinos are, and learned much of their customs and their industries, and also acquired a fair knowledge of the resources of the islands and the many problems confronting our Government. The Philippine exhibit was one of the greatest features of the fair.

Humane Education Society.—The pamphlets issued by the Humane Education Society during the progress of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition are far-reaching as an important factor in true education, and can not but result in good. Children through their influence will be trained in habits of kindness to the dependent lower creatures, become gentler to each other, more amenable to authority, and better in their conduct. Through the efforts of this society Bands of Mercy have been organized in the various schools and churches throughout the country, and as a result children become more humane.

Pamphlets of instruction of methods of forming humane education societies were given out with other literature on humane treatment of animals which could not fail in arousing interest. A grand and noble work is being done throughout the world by the humane societies. Too much can not be said in praise of the work being accomplished by the little children as members of Bands of Mercy.

This is a report of a few important exhibits. It was impossible for me to give an accurate report of all the important exhibits viewed by jury group 129. There were several things I consider of vital importance to humanity exhibited under other groups; you will no doubt receive reports concerning them. One was the "Model Nursery," which no doubt appeals to all womankind. Another, the school exhibits in manual training, drawing, nature study, and kindergarten exhibits. Most of this work is developed through the training of the powers of the child by our great army of noble women teachers.

Group 135, Miss Margaret Wade, Washington, D.C., Juror.

Under the group heading "Provident institutions," the six classes into which it was divided represented: Savings banks, life insurance, accident insurance, sickness insurance, old age and invalidity insurance, fire, marine, and other insurance of property.

Miss Wade expressed a somewhat pessimistic view of the work of women in this special department, as she said "the part taken by women as shown by their exhibits showed no high degree of excellence, the only exhibit in group 135 being not up to the standard, and therefore, in her opinion, it would have been no advantage to women to have had their work exhibited separately."

This would be a somewhat difficult class, no doubt, for women to endeavor to make an exhibit, because, while thousands of them are employed in the offices of insurance companies and as solicitors, it is probably not a field in which they will assume the risks involved for many years to come.

Group 136, Miss Jane Addams, Hull House, Chicago, Ill, Juror.

Under the group heading "Housing of the working classes" the five classes into which it was divided represented: Building and sanitary regulations, erection of improved dwellings by employers, erection of improved dwellings by private efforts, erection of improved dwellings by public authorities, general efforts for betterment of housing conditions.

Miss Addams says in her report as group juror of the above:

From the nature of the exhibits in this department it is difficult to divide the work of women from that of men, for, although the erection of dwellings by public authorities, as in London, was naturally done through men who were members of the London County Council, and while the model dwellings erected by large employers, such as those built by Mr. Cadbury, at Port Sunlight, England, or by the Krupp Company, in Germany, were naturally carried through altogether by men, the earliest efforts for amelioration in housing conditions, and in many cases the initiatory measures for improved dwellings, have been undertaken by women.

The activities of Octavia Hill, in London, preceded by many years the governmental action, and there is no doubt that the creditable showing she was able to make on the financial as well as on the social and educational side had much to do with making the movement for better housing popular in London. The efforts of Fraulein Krupp in connection with the model housing at Essen are also well known, although, of course, this was not indicated in the Krupp exhibit.

Of the five grand prix which were given for general achievements disconnected with exhibits, only one was awarded to a woman, that to Miss Octavia Hill, although a silver medal was also awarded to Frau Rossbach, of Leipzig, Germany. Two gold medals were given to American enterprises in model housing which were carried on almost exclusively by women—one to the Boston Cooperative Society, which was founded and largely directed by Mrs. Alice Lincoln, and one to the Octavia Hill Association, of Philadelphia.

On the whole, the special work of women in connection with housing showed most satisfactory results in "rent collecting," which has become a dignified profession for many English ladies who conscientiously use it as a means of moral and educational uplift to those most in need of sustained and continuous help. Improvements in housing conditions are so closely connected with the rate of mortality among little children, with the chances for decency and right living among young girls, with the higher standards and opportunities for housewives, that it has naturally attracted the help of women from the beginning of the crowded tenement conditions which unhappily prevail in every modern city.

Group 139, Miss Mary E. Perry, St. Louis, Mo. Juror.

Under the group heading "Charities and correction" the seven classes into which it was divided represented: Destitute, neglected, and delinquent children; institutional care of destitute adults; care and relief of needy families in their homes; hospitals, dispensaries, and nursing; the insane, feeble-minded, and epileptic; treatment of criminals; identification of criminals; supervisory and educational movements.

Miss Perry reports:

Department O, Group 139.—(1) Class 784: Vacation Playground, Mrs. E.A. De Wolfe; Philadelphia Night College for Girls, Mrs. Wilson; Missouri Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. De Bolt; Illinois Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. Ameigh; Industrial School for Girls, Washington, D.C., Amy J. Rule. Class 785: Door of Hope, Mrs. Möise. Class 786: Committee on tuberculosis of the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, Miss Brandt. Class 787: Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, Miss Ross; anatomical and pathological exhibit, Mrs. Corrine B. Eckley. Class 788: Seguin School for Backward Children, Mrs. Seguin; Compton School for Nervous Children, Fanny A. Compton; Chicago Hospital School, Mary R. Campbell. Class 789: Police supplies and detective exhibit, Mrs. M.E. Holland. Class 790: Missouri State board of charities, Miss Mary E. Perry; New Hampshire State board of charities, Mrs. Lilian Streator; Massachusetts charity and correctional exhibit; Jewish Charitable and Educational Union, by committee of ladies; the Catholic University of America made an exhibit of all the Catholic institutions relating to charities and correction, which was collected and installed by the union, but put in charge of the "Queen's Daughters," Miss Mary Hoxsey.

(2) Class 784, 35 per cent; class 785, 30 per cent; class 786, 20 per cent; class 787, 40 per cent; class 788, 30 per cent; class 789, 15 per cent; class 790, 40 per cent; total, 30 per cent (average).

(3) Missouri State board of charities, Massachusetts exhibit in charities and correction, Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, committee on tuberculosis of the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York.

(4) It is a very noticeable fact that women are taking the place of men in charitable institutions. This fact, however, is more clearly demonstrated in the general educational exhibit. The exhibits relating to dispensaries and nurses were mostly prepared by women; in fact, they seem to have a monopoly on this particular line of work.

A part of the anatomical and pathological exhibit was in charge of Mrs. Eckley, anatomist, from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, Ill.

The number of women entering this field was shown to be steadily on the increase, and the exhibit relating to medical schools also showed a great increase in the number of students.

Nearly all of the reformatory schools for girls and prisons and reformatories for women are under the charge of women, and a great many of the State board of charities are practically under their control.

Women are taking the place of men in the distribution of charities in the larger cities, and Mrs. M.E. Holland, who installed the exhibit on police supplies, and who is also the editor of the Detective, was, at the same time, in charge of the Chicago police exhibit. This is one of the cases where a woman has entered the profession of detective.

(5) No foreign exhibits were installed by women, although about 15 per cent of the foreign exhibits were prepared by women.

(6) The most noticeable work given to women at the fair was along the lines demanding executive ability, as is required in organizing exhibits, where tact and business capacity were essential to success. (See answer 4.)

(7) Their work differed from the work at other expositions in the fact that scientific material was presented in an attractive and comprehensive way, so as to be easily understood and appreciated by the general visitor.

(8) Yes. Their work could easily be compared to that of men. It was of the same grade, and there seemed to be no question or suggestion of inferiority.

(9) Yes; the work of women was as well appreciated when placed by the side of that of men as when separately exhibited.

(10) The results would not have been better if separately exhibited. Exhibits must be scientifically classified in order to be appreciated by the general visitor. If the exhibits prepared by women had been separated, it would have left a great gap in the scientific arrangement required in a collective exhibit, as in group 139. The exhibits in this line prepared by women would not and could not have covered the subject completely.

(11) See answer to No. 7.

There were no manufacturers in group No. 139 except manufacturers of prison cells, and no women are employed in such factories.

Thirty per cent of the work of organizing, collecting, and installing exhibits in group 139 was performed by women, and about 40 per cent of the actual work was prepared under the direction of women, such as teachers in reformatory institutions, etc.

All women preparing and organizing exhibits in this group received awards. The exact proportion can not be determined until the jury make their final report.

Naturally, there were no inventions by women in this group, but the exhibits made, or nearly all of them, were improvements on such work at former expositions, and a great deal of originality was displayed presenting scientific material and installment of exhibits.

The artistic genius and method of displaying scientific material made this group very interesting to the general public, and the subjects could be comprehended with but little effort by the passing visitor. At former expositions such subjects received little attention and were of no interest except to scientific investigators.

This exhibit as a whole showed that women have taken possession of several lines of work such as teaching and nursing, and that men have been practically forced out of these occupations. It also showed that they are entering many new fields, such as the medical profession and even becoming detectives, which demonstrates the fact that they are not inferior to men, but are more specially adapted to certain lines of work.

Group 141, Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, Tex., Juror.

Owing to illness, Mrs. Turner served but two days on this jury, and was succeeded by Mrs. Condé Hamlin, who had been named by the board of lady managers as Mrs. Turner's alternate.

Under the group heading "Municipal government," the five classes into which it was divided represented: City organization. Protection of life and property. Public-service industries. Streets and sewers. Parks, baths, recreation, city beautification, etc.

Mrs. Hamlin became secretary of this jury, and reports as follows:

In the department in which I was a juror, namely, municipal government, a good deal of the work was inspired by women, and some of it prepared by women. Women's work in civic improvement is well to the front. The work in the vacation schools, which was shown, in playgrounds, for clean streets, for smoke abatement, for better disposition of garbage, has in many cities been largely inspired by women. In fact, I know of no department where the women of the leisure class are more actively interested and more efficient than in civic improvement work, and the results reached through the activities of the municipal leagues, through officials, have been most marked. The Twin City municipal exhibit I myself designed and largely prepared and administered, and was the resident member of the municipal commission.

The nature of the exhibits in this department were charts and photographs, literature on civic improvement work for and by children in playgrounds, school gardens, etc. Civic work of women's clubs. The civic improvement movement may be said to have had its inception and development since the Chicago Fair; hence the display at St. Louis showed a decided and marked advance over the work of a similar nature shown at Chicago, but, naturally, there were no exhibits from foreign women, municipal betterment work being new for both men and women, in the present understanding of the term. The work shown, of course, relating as it does to the social life of cities, would prove helpful to those interested in the advancement and success of women's work, but I saw no difference in appreciation shown in comparing the work of men and women, and the very nature of the work would not permit of its being separately exhibited, and it was not in all cases shown which had been performed or accomplished by women, which by men, although much of the work had been stimulated by women, but just how much they actually performed I can not say, and only two or three awards were given to women.

The board of lady managers was given recognition on each of the department juries, fifteen in number, namely, Education, Art, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Machinery, Electricity, Transportation Exhibits, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Mines and Metallurgy, Fish and Game, Anthropology, Social Economy, Physical Culture.

The department jurors report as follows:

Department A, Education, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Mrs. W.E. Fischel, St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 26 classes, the group headings being Elementary education, Secondary education, Higher education, Special education in fine arts, Special education in agriculture, Special education in commerce and industry, Education of defectives, and Special forms of education—text-books—School furniture, and School appliances.

Mrs. Fischel writes:

The queries relative to woman's work at the exposition were duly received. I have given very careful consideration to the request of the accompanying letter and have deferred my answer so as to deliberate most intelligently. Reading the questions over, I found myself unable to form any opinion of woman's work as woman's work. Indeed, I have held very strongly to the opinion that the one great thing accomplished for women in this Louisiana Purchase Exposition was the exhibition of work as work without distinction as to sex. In the jury room, when I served, no consideration of award was given to any sex characteristic, and not having viewed the exhibits with any idea of specializing this feature I find myself now at a loss to particularize and say there was such a per cent of woman's work.

Department B, Art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, Chief.

This department comprised 6 groups and 18 classes, the group headings being Paintings and drawings, Engravings and lithographs, Sculpture, Architecture, Loan collection, and Original objects of art workmanship.

The board was most unfortunate in not being able to obtain the services of the prominent artists named for this position, all being abroad at the time notice of their appointment was sent, and having engagements upon their return that rendered it impossible for them to reach St. Louis in time to serve.

Department C, Liberal Arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, Chief.

This department comprised 13 groups and 116 classes, the group headings being Typography—Various printing processes; Photography; Books and publications—Bookbinding; Maps and apparatus for geography, cosmography, topography; Instruments of precision; Philosophical apparatus, etc.—Coins and medals; Medicine and surgery; Musical instruments; Theatrical appliances and equipment; Chemical and pharmaceutical arts; Manufacture of paper; Civil and military engineering; Models, plans, and designs for public works; Architectural engineering.

Mrs. H.A. Langford, of Chicago, Ill., was appointed as juror in this department, but unfortunately did not receive notice in time to serve.

Department D, Manufactures, Milan H. Hulbert, Chief; Miss Thekla M. Bernays, of St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror.

This department comprised 24 groups and 231 classes, the group headings being Stationery; Cutlery; Silversmiths' and goldsmiths' ware; Jewelry; Clock and watch making; Productions in marble, bronze, cast iron and wrought iron; Brushes, fine leather articles, fancy articles, and basket work; Articles for traveling and for camping; India-rubber and gutta-percha industries; Toys; Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings and dwellings; Office and household furniture; Stained glass; Mortuary monuments and undertakers' furnishings; Hardware; Paper hanging; Carpets, tapestries, and fabrics for upholstery; Upholsterers' decorations; Ceramics; Plumbing and sanitary materials; Glass and crystal; Apparatus and processes for heating and ventilation; Apparatus and methods, not electrical, for lighting; Textiles; Equipment and processes used in the manufacture of textile fabrics; Equipment and processes used in bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing textiles in their various stages; Equipment and processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel; Threads and fabrics of cotton; Threads and fabrics of flax, hemp, etc.; Cordage; Yarns and fabrics of wool; Silk and fabrics of silk; Laces, embroidery, and trimmings; Industries producing wearing apparel for men, women, and children; Leather, boots and shoes, furs and skins, fur clothing; Various industries connected with clothing.

Miss Bernays reports as follows:

In order to arrive at an accurate idea of the value of women's work as compared with men's, it would have been necessary to study the St. Louis Exposition from the time of its opening to the close, with a view to collecting data and statistics on this question. Furthermore, to get definite results regarding the progress of women since the Columbian Exposition one would have had to have access to the researches and statistics of former expositions on this subject, if such there exist. I visited both the Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the Paris Exposition of 1900, but I have only impressions of the work by women as exhibited there. Nor can I furnish figures, percentages, or even accurate estimates of women's work at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The observations subjoined have value only in so far as the interest in women's work lies always in the under-current of my thought. Even under the terrific stress of the enormous amount of work pressed into the few short days of jury duty I was vividly impressed with the dignity of the work accomplished in arts and crafts by the women of Germany, where it was exhibited together with that of men. In the one instance where women secluded themselves it was shown with appalling force that the result was tawdry and inharmonious.

I was appointed by the board of lady managers to serve upon the department jury in the same classification of which I had served as group juror, for "Kunstgewerbe" (Arts and Crafts). Finding my group divided into four classes—Fixed inner decoration, Furniture, Stained glass, and Mortuary monuments—with numberless exhibits m various buildings all over the grounds, I elected to serve in the class for "Fixed inner decoration." I was aware that I had been appointed for Germany because of the great interest I had taken in the movement for harmony in household art inaugurated in Germany about ten years ago. This movement admits of no division into "fixed inner decoration" and "furniture," etc., but regards the arrangement and decoration of spaces with a view to the effect of the "ensemble." Following the lead of our distinguished chairman, Doctor Wuthesius, we adhered to this idea in spite of the barbarous separation ordered by the official instructions. Thus I was enabled to gain an insight into what women were accomplishing in industrial art, which would have been impossible had I permitted myself to look only upon "fixed inner decoration."

The exhibits made by our own country in household art were meager compared to those of several foreign countries, notably Germany and Austria. Nor was it possible to gain information from our exhibitors as full and as accurate as from some of the foreigners. Here again the Germans were to the front with a complete, reliable, and artistically finished catalogue, which they freely distributed among the jurors. Only the Japanese were as perfectly equipped in the matter of literature on their exhibits and as lavish of information to the jurors as the Germans.

I have no doubt that American women are as extensively employed in industrial art as the women of Europe, but, excepting in pottery, their forward stride was not made to appear pronounced at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Woman's work as a maker of laces was not so exhibited as to make it readily distinguishable from men's, although it must have entered largely into the exhibits made, which, however, as I have just said, did not adequately represent the United States, many of the best and most renowned eastern firms having chosen to absent themselves.

Nor were foreign women, always the Germans and Austrians excepted, frequent or prominent in the showing made. In the two countries mentioned women have been undoubtedly taken up as factors which hereafter are to count in the arts and crafts. We found German women in a perceptible number exhibiting side by side with men, holding their own fairly well in decorative painting, as designers of rooms, of carpets and wall coverings, workers in iron and other metals, while in tapestry, weaving embroidery, and lace work their advance is nothing short of astonishing.

Wherever in the Varied Industries Building, in the German House, in the Austrian Pavilion, and elsewhere the work of German women was incorporated into the general scheme of the decorations and furnishings, wherever women, together with men, designed and planned, or wherever they carried out the designs of men, harmony was the result. Women's work was found to blend perfectly with men's when both worked on a common plan to a common end. Of course women in German art, as elsewhere, are numerically immensely in the minority, nor do they as yet often attempt the grand, the monumental, the complex. But many of them are honest and efficient helpers, whose eyes and hands show excellent training. They are, besides, enthusiastic supporters and intelligent abettors of the new movement which aims to achieve homogeneousness in the arts of living.

Again and again in the German exhibits one was constrained to note that the female members of an artist's family were frequently represented by work of their own. One encountered Bruno and Fra Wille, joint designers of rooms, carpets, wall coverings; Professor Behrens's wife plans a variety of things from costumes to book covering. There are feminine Hubers, Spindlers, Laengers in the catalogue, showing that the Germans who have been so long reckoned as addicted to the cult of the "Hausfrau" only, are beginning to accord the woman artist due recognition.

It was all the more amazing to find that Germany, the very Germany who, by general verdict, had given the most complete exhibit of household art ever shown at any exposition, who, as I have just pointed out had brought forward its craftswomen in no contemptible role, should all unconsciously furnish the striking, the classical example of the folly of separating the sexes at an exposition. The "Verein Berliner Kunstlevinnen" made an exhibit of exclusively feminine work, which was as pointedly painful, as conspicuously lacking in force and originality, as confused as to arrangement as have been all the previous displays, where the accentuated feminine was relegated to separate little buildings or separate little corners in buildings. I saw more than one German artist hustle his American friends past that part of the Varied Industries Building, where abominations of his misguided countrywomen were on view. And more than one told me that it was a slander on what German women could do. This only goes to prove that the action of the authorities in charge of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition believed to be the fact: That the exhibition of woman's work, apart from men's, runs to the tawdry, the insignificant, and the unnecessary. Therefore, separation of the sexes in the display at expositions should not be tolerated.

Department E, Machinery, Mr. Thomas M. Moore, Chief; Miss Edith J. Griswold, New York City, Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 35 classes, the group headings being: Steam engines; Various motors; General machinery; Machine tools; Arsenal tools.

Miss Griswold says:

After considerable consideration I almost feel that the least said about women exhibitors in the Machinery Department at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition the better. The fact is, there were no women exhibitors. However, in this department the exhibitors were mostly old firms or very large manufacturers, and while women are undoubtedly making their way into mechanics they have not been in the field long enough to have reached a point where their work of a nature to form exposition exhibits can compete with man's work. The chief of the Machinery Department and one other member of the jury mentioned a Miss Gleason, who is connected with one of the firms that exhibited, and spoke of her ability in the mechanical line and her knowledge of mechanics in the highest of terms. Women are employed in various capacities in nearly every line of work that was exhibited in this department, and Miss Gleason probably stands as an example of the real but unostentatious work of many women who understand the intricacies of machinery fully as well as men with the same degree of training.

That women are making a place for themselves in this department of industry is shown by the Patent Office statistics. The first patents for inventions were granted to men in 1790, but no patent was issued to a woman until May 5, 1809, and the number of inventions granted to them in any one year did not exceed 6 until the year 1862, when 14 were issued. This number was lowered but once, and that was in 1865, when naturally women had responsibilities of a nature that precluded outside interests, but the direction of which is shown in the fact that two of the 13 applications in that year were—one for "Improved table for hospitals," the other for "Improvement in drinking cups for the sick." In 1863 an application was made for "Improvement in ambulances."

It is a significant fact that from the time General Spinner appointed the first woman to be employed under the Government in 1864, her advancement was shown in invention, as well as in all other phases of her existence. At the beginning of the year 1864, fifty-five years after the first patent had been granted to her, she had received but 103 patents. During the next fifteen years, 1,046 patents were granted; during the next ten, 1,428, and during the next five years (from 1889 to 1894), 1,309 patents were issued to women, the number in five years exceeding that granted during the first seventy years. It is to be regretted that the Patent Office records do not show a classification of her work during the past ten years, their list practically ceasing March 1, 1895.

The inventions cover a wide and ambitious range, and include, even among their earliest attempts, "Improved war vessel, the parts applying to other structures for defense;" "Improvement in locomotive wheels;" in "Engraving copper;" "Steam whistles;" "Mechanism for driving sewing machines;" "Improved material for packing journals and bearings;" "Improvement in the mode of preventing the heating of axles and journals;" in "Pyrotechnic night signals;" in "Paper-bag machines;" in "Railway car safety apparatus;" "Conveyors of smoke and cinders for locomotives;" "Sewing machines;" in "Alloys for hardening iron;" in "Alloys to resemble silver;" in "Devices for removing snow from railways;" "Car coupling;" "Attachment for unloading box cars;" "Railroad car," etc.

Department F, Electricity, Prof. W.E. Goldsboro, Chief, Miss Hope Fairfax Loughborough, Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 24 classes, the group headings being: Machines for generating and using electricity; Electrochemistry; Electric lighting; Telegraphy and telephony; Various applications of electricity.

Miss Loughborough's report is as follows:

The field of electricity has been so long and so peculiarly a man's field that it is not surprising to find that in the 5 groups and 24 classes which the Department of Electricity at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition comprised, only 2 exhibits were made by women, both of whom were Americans.

One of these exhibits was made by Mrs. Alexander Baumgard, of New York City, and showed an automatic advertising figure actuated by an electric motor. The figure was that of a woman standing before a rack on which were a number of signs. The figure stooped, picked up one of the signs, raised it, turned a quarter way around in order to display it to the best advantage, and replaced the sign. The next movement took up the next sign, and so on. The mechanism was actuated by an electric motor, which, by means of a series of cams and gears, caused it to go through the various movements. The value of the device was considered very small, as there are other more effective means of advertising of this kind, and no award was given Mrs. Baumgard.

The other exhibit by a woman was made by Mrs. Blodgett, and consisted of ornamental shades for electric lights, painted by hand. These shades were quite artistic in themselves, and were well installed, so the exhibit was awarded a bronze medal.

In neither of these exhibits was there any invention or process which was original.

In the electrical industry there is practically no machine or apparatus made without the assistance of women or girls, as they are employed in every electrical factory for insulating and winding coils, etc. In the manufacture of these the percentage of women's work is from 3 to 10 per cent. But aside from this purely mechanical work women have contributed little or nothing to the advancement of the application of electricity, either before the Chicago Exposition or during the past eleven years.

Department G, Transportation Exhibits, Mr. W.A. Smith, Chief; Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va., Department Juror.

Miss Weld is a graduate of the Boston School of Technology and now in the employ of the Newport News Shipbuilding Company.

This department comprised 6 groups and 33 classes, the group headings being: Carriages and wheelwrights' work; Automobiles and cycles; Saddlery and harness; Railways, yards, stations, freight houses, terminal facilities of all kinds; Material and equipment used in the mercantile marine; Material and equipment of naval services, naval warfare; Aerial navigation.

Miss Weld briefly reports:

As a department juror I saw the papers of every exhibitor, and there were no exhibits by women in this department in any of the 33 classes, but not coming in contact with any of the exhibitors I can give no exact information about the work done by women in the manufacture or construction of the exhibits.

Department H, Agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Richard P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo., Department Juror.

This department comprised 27 groups and 137 classes, the group headings being: Farm equipment—methods of improving lands; Agricultural implements and farm machinery; Fertilizers; Tobacco; Appliances and methods used in agricultural industries; Theory of agriculture—agricultural statistics; Vegetable food products—agricultural seeds; Animal food products; Equipment and methods employed in the preparation of foods; Farinaceous products and their derivatives; Bread and pastry; Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit; Sugar and confectionery—condiments and relishes; Waters; Wines and brandies; Sirups and liqueurs—distilled spirits commercial alcohol; Fermented beverages; Inedible agricultural products; Insects and their products—plant diseases; Live stock—horses and mules, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.; Swine; Dogs; Cats; Ferrets, etc.; Poultry and birds.

Mrs. Bland reports as a department juror in this department:

Our jury passed upon machinery for making drinks, refrigerators, refrigerating, Sunny Brook Distillery, ice-making plant, beer packers, and packages, etc., bottle washing and cleaning. Bake ovens, candy and chocolate machines also came within our jurisdiction. One special machine of French make was for making ice for families and on the farm; these were small machines and would make from 10 to 300 pounds, and were comparatively cheap and within the reach of many.

There was an interesting and unique exhibit from Germany showing canned stews and other edibles to be used in camp and on hunting and fishing trips. The can had an interlining of tin, and between the two walls of the can was unslacked lime; by making a hole in each end of the can and placing first one end and then the other in cold water for five minutes the stew was warmed and cooked.

Mrs. Bland conducts a large farm, and in a letter states that she was awarded a bronze medal at this exposition for her exhibit of timothy hay and Grimes golden apples.

Mrs. Bland also served on the jury of awards in the women's department of the Charleston Exposition, and it was her opinion that there is a great opening for women in house furnishings, designing wall paper, and photography.

Department J, Horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Ida L. Turner, Fort Worth, Tex., Department Juror.

This department comprised 7 groups and 31 classes, the group headings being: Appliances and methods of pomology, viticulture, floriculture, and arboriculture; Appliances and methods of viticulture; Pomology; Trees, shrubs, ornamental plants and flowers; Plants of the conservatory; Seeds and plants for garden and nurseries; Arboriculture and fruit culture.

Mrs. Turner says:

In reply to your questions in regard to the work of the women jurors at the St. Louis Exposition, will say that I arrived very late at the exposition, after the jury had about finished their duties in the Department of Horticulture, in which I was to serve. For this reason my duties were limited, and I had little opportunity to examine and give an intelligent estimate of the part taken by women in this department.

Department K, Forestry, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. J.M. Glenn, Baltimore, Md., Department Juror.

This department comprised 3 groups and 14 classes, under the group headings: Appliances and processes used in forestry; Products of the cultivation of forests and of forest industries; Appliances for gathering wild crops and products obtained.

No report.

Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mr. J.A. Homes, Chief; Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin, Atlanta, Ga., Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 43 classes, under the group headings: Working of mines, ore beds, and stone quarries; Minerals and stones, and their utilization; Mine models, maps, photographs; Metallurgy; Literature of mining, metallurgy, etc.

Mrs. Scrutchin reports as follows:

In all our fairy stories, dwarfs and elves live below the earth and deal with mines and their dark belongings; the fairies live above. So none of us are surprised to find few women in this line of exhibitors. My work as a member of the department jury confined me to one room, and to an inspection of lists submitted by the group jurors. So I really had no opportunity for specific examination of the various groups and classes, except where some doubt was expressed as to the validity of an award, when I made it a point to examine that subject with more or less care. Many women placed specimens of clay and ore in their State collections. Several Georgia women, I know, did this—some, though owning and operating mines, and active in submitting specimens, took shelter under the husband's name. This fact also came under my own observation.

Nearly all these exhibits were in group 116, class 682. One collection of clays and pottery produced in the interest of artistic handicraft came from the Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the higher education of girls, of New Orleans, La., and was in the same group, but class 690. Many like collections were seen in the Educational Building, but this is the only one given space in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy.

The Woman's Club of Pipestone, Minn., showed specimens of pipestone and jasper belonging to group 116, class 682. In the whole list I find only two foreigners—one from Toronto, Canada, and the other from Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, both such near neighbors to our own country as hardly to seem foreign. The one making exhibition from Mexico, Esther Lopez, is associated with a man, Hernano, brother or husband, I presume. Group 118 devoted to metallurgy, had only one woman exhibitor, Mrs. Abbie Krebs, San Francisco, Cal., who submitted redwood tanks for an award.

I do not recall any award made to a woman in the Department of Mines and Metallurgy. Many mercantile houses and large corporations were competitors, and, as I said before, many women sent their specimens to their respective State exhibits, and so increased the chances of the State to an award.

The fine Alaskan exhibition in the Alaska Building was collated, I understand, by a woman. I did not see it and did not learn the woman's name, though I made an effort to do so.

From my observation, I think the work of the women would have been better appreciated and the effect more pronounced had they been placed in a separate building. In this Department of Mines, for instance, every woman would have sent to the Woman's Building instead of to the State exhibit, and a greater number would have been on record as exhibitors.

The only two exhibitions, or expositions rather, at all approaching the one in St. Louis that I have attended were the Centennial at Philadelphia, in 1876, and the International Cotton Exposition at Atlanta, in 1895. At the first I do not recall any emphasis on what women had done, except in the lines in which she had always worked—art, needlework, and dairy products. In Atlanta, as at Chicago, there was a Woman's Building, and here were found her work in all lines, and many visitors enjoyed the exhibition.

The recognition of woman as evidenced by her appointment on the juries of the different departments, both group and department, was the most striking development of the recent great expositions.

The list submitted below contains the names of all women whose names appear in the official catalogue of exhibits in the Department of Mines and Metallurgy:

Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the Higher Education of Girls, of New Orleans, La. Clays and pottery produced in the interest of artistic handicraft. Group 116, class 690. Mrs. Abbie Krebs, San Francisco, Cal. Redwood tanks. Group 118, class 702. Mrs. George Rupp, Bessemer, Mich. Collection of iron ores, needle, grape, kidney, and blackberry ore. Group 116, class 682. Woman's Club, Pipestone, Minn. Pipestone and jasper. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. Helen M. Schneider, Eureka, Nev. Collection of minerals. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. George W. Pritchard, White Oaks, N. Mex., Lincoln County. Ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. D.D. Menges, Allentown, Pa. Iron ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. C. Robinson, Spokane, S. Dak. Arsenopyrite ore. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. Haliburton, Bridgewood, Bridgewood Company, Ontario, Canada. Minerals. Group 116, class 682. Esther y Hernano Lopez, Taxco, province of Guerrero, Mexico. Silver ores. Group 116, class 682.

Department M, Fish and Game, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. Mary Stuart Armstrong, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 19 classes, the group headings being: Hunting equipment; Products of hunting; Fishing; equipment and products; Products of fisheries; Fish culture.

No report.

Department N, Anthropology, Dr. W.J. McGee, Chief; Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass., Department Juror.

This department comprised 4 groups and 5 classes, under the group headings: Literature; Somatology; Ethnology; Ethnography.

Mrs. Nuttall reports, as group juror, this department.

(Report not on file.)

Department O, Social Economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror.

This department comprised 13 groups and 58 classes, the group headings being: Study and investigation of social and economic conditions; Economic resources and organization; State regulation of industry and labor; Organization of industrial workers; Methods of industrial remuneration; Cooperative institutions; Provident institutions; Housing of the working classes; The liquor question; General betterment movements; Charities and correction; Public health; Municipal improvement.

Miss Addams says in her report as department juror of the above:

The general advance in social betterment has been very marked in the eleven years intervening since the Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, and women have not only shared that advance, but have undoubtedly contributed more than their proportionate share, if tested by the proportionate value of their exhibits at Chicago and at St. Louis. This is also true if tested by the social economy exhibits made in Paris in 1900, where I was a juror in the department of social economy. No separate exhibit was there made of the work of women save that implied in the exhibition of women's philanthropic societies. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition their separate exhibits were not only larger, but more definite and coherent. The work of women was as much appreciated when placed by the side of men as if it had been installed by itself, and the results would have been no better if separately exhibited. Certainly nothing in the entire department at St. Louis was more successfully installed and attracted more favorable attention than the Twin City Museum, which occupied an entire building upon the Model street and was under the direction of Mrs. Condé Hamlin, of St. Paul, who had also planned it from the beginning and was made commissioner. It was certainly a notable achievement to have one such exhibit as that standing absolutely upon its merits and dealing with the civic and general social conditions as they are constantly developing in our large and growing cities. It had suggestions of activities along a dozen lines which make for amelioration of urban conditions as they bear hardest upon the people of the most crowded quarters. To quote from the report of another on this subject: "It is now a well-established fact that women most effectively supplement the best interests and the furthering of the highest aims of all government by their numberless charitable, reformatory, educational, and other beneficent institutions which she has had the courage and the ideality to establish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction of many forms of social injustice and neglect, and these institutions exert a strong and steady influence for good, an influence which tends to decrease vice, to make useful citizens of the helpless or depraved, to elevate the standard of morality, and to increase the sum of human happiness."

Department P, Physical Culture, J.E. Sullivan, Chief; Miss Clara Hellwig, Plainfield, N.J., Department Juror.

This department comprised 3 groups and 6 classes, the group headings being: Training of the child and adult-theory and practice; Games and sports for children and adults; Equipment for games and sports.

Unfortunately Miss Hellwig was abroad and did not receive notification in time to reach St. Louis for the jury work.

Superior Jury.

Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, Mo., was appointed to represent the board of lady managers on the superior jury, and in a general résumé of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Mrs. Moore says:

If the organization of a world's exposition begins years before its doors open, if public opinion changes in a decade, it may be well, before summing up the work of women at St. Louis, to look first at the record of achievement from Chicago in 1893 through Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, Paris, and Buffalo, all of which led gradually to the high plane upon which we now stand.

Segregation of the sexes was the limited understanding of most of those in charge of former expositions. Not for a moment would I imply by this statement that there was a desire to give the work of women a lower grade than that of men; rather was it the mistaken idea of drawing attention to it, as something better and apart. By this very means there was often a serious and hurtful comparison, since many women with undoubted ability would not thus place their exhibits. It implied that in the special group, where exhibit was made, woman's mind differed from that of man's to the extent that there was also a difference in the result.

We owe sincere thanks to the progressive men in charge of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, that they listened with intelligent appreciation to the plea from women for equal representation, wherever their work was found worthy.

There is no mistaking the dignified effect of this edict, and only the best in various lines gained admission to the exhibit palaces.

In most exhibits the larger proportion was presented by men; and in similar proportion the awards were assigned. There was, however, no distinction made as to sex; and the members of the various juries, including women, paid as careful attention to the one exhibit as to the other, without reference to name, often the only indication of sex.

There were some art, educational, and economic exhibits, placed entirely by women, showing marvelous adaptability to the limitations of environment, and also skill in artistic and practical setting. Looking closely at the work in the several departments, my opinion is that, while woman has not gained greatly in inventive or constructive arts, she has gained breadth in the applied arts and has grown immeasurably in freedom of execution. This has been obtained partly by the contact with man's work, extending through many centuries in advance, and partly by the very fact that she must now stand only on her own merits.

Women from foreign lands entered into competition in the departments of art, education, and liberal arts to a very slight extent, with some investigation in science, but in all a very small proportion. This was natural, on account of the great distance, and may be applied equally to the number of exhibitors from across the water, whether men or women.

American women were found in nearly every field open to competition, though it was the apparently proud statement of the director of Mines and Metallurgy that there were no women on his juries, which meant, of course, no exhibit. (NOTE.—Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin was evidently appointed after this statement.)

The congresses were open to women, who appeared on the same programmes with men, were paid the compliment of as large audiences, were listened to with interest, and their opinions in discussions answered with freedom. This occurred also in the various associations, where men and women work side by side.

In the work of the superior jury, where for the first time the right of membership was given to a representative of women, the application of deliberation and judgment was made to the work of men and women alike. Courtesy and the hand of fellowship were extended to all. Exhibits were not specially investigated, unless appeals from former jury awards were sent in. In such case most careful and detailed investigation was made by the special boards, to which were assigned certain departments. There was no distinction of sex mentioned in the jury room; and the time has evidently arrived when no less will be expected from women—no more from men—than the quality of work merits.