APPENDIX 5. (continued 4)

There was no display within the jurisdiction of group 7 which would seem to indicate any great advancement in the work of women since the Chicago Exposition, though the methods of instruction—many of them through the painstaking application of women—have undergone marked improvement. The work of women as shown by the exhibits in the education of defectives at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, was very creditable. There was nothing particularly helpful or suggestive in the school work being shown on equal terms of comparison with that of men, for in this field women have always kept well abreast of men, and their work has been appreciated equally with that of men.

Department B, art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, chief, comprised six groups and eighteen classes, the board of lady managers being represented in four of the groups.

GROUP 9. MISS MARY SOLARI, MEMPHIS, TENN., JUROR.

Under the group heading "Paintings and Drawings," the two classes into which it was divided represented. Paintings on canvas, wood, metal, enamel, porcelain, faïence, and on various preparations, by all direct methods, in oil, wax, tempera, and other media; mural paintings; fresco painting on walls; drawings and cartoons in water color, pastel, chalk, charcoal, pencil, and other media, on any material; miniatures on ivory.

Miss Solari reports as follows:

WOMEN IN THE WORLD OF ART AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

The first feeling of a woman who looks back to the history of art during the last ten years is one of pride, for she recognizes that the exhibit made by women in the Fine Art Department of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is the best, most complete, and important that has ever been made by women at any previous exposition; that it is superior to that made at the Chicago World's Fair in point of quality and character, and by competent judges said to be better than that made in Paris in 1900.

As regards the St. Louis Exposition, that influence is conspicuous which has brought about a development rather than new foundations or new schools. In seeking subjects for the "new thought" the "old masters" have not been lost sight of. "There is nothing new under the sun," and as the musician draws from the old masters his soul-inspiring theme, so the aspiring painter studies the canvases of the past ages for his correct guidance. And to the dispassionate observer these things prove much with regard to the actual work being done by women artists, and the new influences, if such they be, that have made themselves felt during the last decade. Should we regard a work of art as an independent entity, the result of what is called "a separate creative act" on the part of the artist, with no relation to its environment, we must perforce conclude prenatal conditions in the painter which we are loath to admit. Hence we have no reason to be ashamed of the old masters. Critics there are who know how to judge of a picture, and critics who constitutionally can not draw from a canvas a simple salient good feature; they have not the knowledge of the difference between bad and beautiful design and color, or the meaning of harmony.

If we may apply to art what Goethe said of poetry we find that among its votaries there are two kinds of self-half-informed people, "dilettanti," he calls them, "he who neglects the indispensable mechanical part, and he thinks he has done enough if he shows spirituality and feeling, and he who seeks to arrive at poetry merely by mechanism in which he can acquire an artisan's readiness, and is without soul and matter."

This exposition has no doubt been the means of discouraging a number of men and women from continuing in a profession for which they are not qualified by the possession of any rare gift. It is to be hoped, however, that the work accepted and shown at the St. Louis Exposition will prove that a class of women artists has been produced in the decade just past who have at least learned the grammar of their chosen art work—the value of simple lines and pure tones.

The work of the women was placed side by side with that of the men artists and where the pictures would show to the best advantage and harmonize with the surrounding ones.

In examining for awards the merit of the work was discussed and considered regardless of the name the canvas bore; but that this was the better plan for exhibiting women's work leaves room for doubt, because as a whole women's work could not be viewed, thereby leaving the exhibition incomprehensive to the average visitor who could not grasp the importance of woman's contribution to the world of art by the scattered pictures as arranged in the various galleries of the Art Building. I do not hesitate to say that women in general by their representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition derived little or no benefit by having their work placed side by side with that of men, chiefly because it was reduced to insignificance by the small proportion of works exhibited. Secondly, the visiting public was not attracted by the fact that women had a picture here and there hanging on some one of the walls in the Palace of Art.

Had their work been collected in one gallery the display would have been more comprehensive and better appreciated. But, nevertheless, this exposition has emphasized the fact that woman fills an important place in the field of art. She wields her brush deftly, conscientiously, and her canvases fit well side by side with those of her brother artists.

Women at the exposition excelled most in figure paintings in oils, and in this line of work have made greater progress since the Chicago Exposition than in any other branch of the fine arts. The execution is bold, free, and shows a greater familiarity with the subject portrayed, though they have reached a very high standard in watercolor landscapes and are notably strong in miniature painting. The innate refinement and delicate sense of detail and color which characterizes women are prominent for the features for the production of the high finish required in a miniature. Mural painting is beginning to attract women, and with their love for beautiful homes they must soon excel in this branch and bring decorative art to a fuller perfection.

One of the crowning glories of this exposition is that it has brought to the few American artists living at home the opportunity to study the salient characteristics of the schools of the various countries exhibiting at the St. Louis Exposition.

Twenty-four countries exhibited in the Fine Arts Department and contributed to Groups IX and X 5,468 pictures from nearly 1,500 professional artists, of which number not more than 300 were women (289) and fully half this number were represented by their work in the United States section. The number of awards bestowed in the United States section was 41 to women exhibitors against 239 to men. The total number given in the foreign sections, collectively, was 17 to women against 398 to men. No work executed prior to the Chicago Exposition was in competition for award.

EXHIBITS BY WOMEN IN THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF GROUPS IX AND X.

United States: Oil paintings, 64; water colors, 41; mural paintings, 6; miniatures, 42. Argentina: Oil painting (by Julia Wernicke), 1. Belgium: Oil paintings, 21; water colors, 6. Ceylon: Oil paintings, 2. Italy: Oil paintings, 9; water colors, 2. Nicaragua: Oil painting (Miss Andrea Garcia), 1. Portugal: Oil paintings, 4. Sweden: Oil paintings, 6. England: Oil paintings, 16; water colors, 13; drawings, 10. Austria: Oil paintings, 3. Canada: Oil paintings, 10; water colors, 2. Holland: Oil paintings, 21. Japan: Oil paintings, 5. Peru: Oil painting (Miss Amalia Franco), 1. Russia: Oil paintings, 15; water colors, 15. France: Oil paintings, 19; water colors, 17. The two last-named countries (France and England) did not exhibit in any department for awards.

List of honors conferred by the international jury of awards upon women artists exhibiting in the Department of Fine Arts of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:

United States section.—Group IX, gold medal: Cecelia Beaux, Lucia Fairchild Fuller, Laura C. Hills, Theodora W. Thayer. Silver medal: Adelaide Cole Chase, Louise Cox, Helen Emmet, Lidia F. Emmet, Rosina E. Sherwood, Janet Wheeler, Mary S. Green, Elizabeth Nourse, Violet Oakley, Sara C. Sears, Susan Watkins. Bronze medal: Ellen Witherald Ahrens, Martha S. Baker, Alice Beckington, Emma Lampert Cooper, Mary C. Dickson, Elinor Earle, Adele Herter, Emma Kipling Hess, Margaret Kendall, Anna E. Klumpke, Clara T. MacChesney, Rhoda Holmes Nicholls, Mabel Packard, Pauline Palmer, Lilla Cabot Perry, Alice T. Searle, Amanda Brewster Sewell, Mariana Sloan, Letta C. Smith, Mary Van der Veer, A.B. Wing, Louise Wood. Group X, silver medal: Charlotte Harding, Jessie Willcox Smith. Bronze medal: Maud Alice Cowles, Elizabeth Shippen Green.

Belgium.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: Louise De Hem, Henriette Calias, Marie De Bievre, Juliette Witsman.

Canada.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: Florence Carlyle. Bronze medal: Laura Muntz.

Germany.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal: Anna Maria Wirth.

Holland.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, gold medal: Therese Schwartze.

Japan.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: Madam Shoyen Uyemura. Bronze medal: Madam Giokushi Antomi.

Portugal.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: H.R.M. the Queen of Portugal.

Russia.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; Miss Eliza Backlund, Miss Emile Loudon.

Sweden.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; Esther Almquist, Fanny Brate, Anna Nordgren, Charlotte Wahtstrom.

Group 11, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York City, Juror.

Under the group heading "Sculpture," the four classes into which it was divided represented: Sculpture and bas-reliefs of figures and groups in marble, bronze, or other metal; terra cotta, plaster, wood, ivory, or other material; models in plaster and terra cotta; medals, engravings on gems, cameos, and intaglios; carvings in stone, wood, ivory, or other materials.

Mrs. Matthews reports as follows:

The recent Louisiana Purchase Exposition furnished further evidence of the importance of such gatherings of the world's artisans, and has left with us an illuminating impression of the effectiveness of the greater civilization which is the result of unification of national interest in the development of the useful and beautiful. This is probably the greatest good from such expositions, and they serve to cement the workers of the world in one grand mosaic of endeavor.

The field of application is large, and the progressive people are few. We are babes as yet in the ability to receive ideas, and with comparatively little capacity for the expression of them in tangible work, so that whatever tends to a common interest that speaks for progress, let it be exultant cause for practical thinkers to give their support to every such movement.

The wide identification women have accomplished in the fields of industrials and art during the past decade has made it necessary that the sex be taken into serious consideration in expositions, and that requisite encouragement and support be given women it is necessary that they should have adequate representation on committees and boards that are formed for administration. Service on such boards by women is invariably conscientious and efficient, and for this reason their services are valuable in all departments in which the work of women is involved, and it is certainly obvious that socially they are indispensable.

As a member of the committee on awards in sculpture at the recent exposition at St. Louis, I wish to say that in the sculptural exhibit 60 out of 350 pieces, or 17-1/2 per cent, were by women. Four of these pieces were by women of foreign birth and residing in foreign countries. Of this number there were a few portrait busts, and the remainder were ideal and symbolic works.

The first impression one received in viewing the work in this department was that there was a number of women sculptors in this country of more than ordinary ability, and this impression grew the more you examined their work with that of men. It is true that by far the greater number of pieces sent by women were small, but even they showed a capacity for conception, construction, technique, and individuality that will ere long make them fully the equals of men in this important branch of the arts. And there were large pieces there, too, that spoke of a daring that will soon develop into a confidence that promises well for future work, and this element was what the women sculptors of the country lacked more than any other.

The placing of their work alongside that of men will do much to increase confidence in their own powers; and while it would not be exact to say that the work of the two sexes was equal in merit, the difference was not great. For this reason I think the managers did an extremely wise thing in not segregating the work of the two sexes, and to have placed them side by side, so that the weak points could be discovered and remedied and the points of excellence improved. All were delighted to see the advancement women have made in sculptural art in the past few years, and this advancement is attested by the fact that they received 1 gold, 3 silver, and 16 bronze medals in this department alone.

The progress they have made in the past ten years has been most gratifying, and they are certainly progressing more rapidly along certain lines than men. The deficiencies and points of weakness brought out by this exhibition will soon be overcome, and as women have become convinced that natural endowment does not fit men for greater work than women, they will evolve grander themes than heretofore. And by firmness with which woman in art is already treading this upward path, she is convincing others that another road exists than that which their feet knew.

It is positive that the encouragement given to man on account of his physical prowess, by both men and women, has had a psychological effect in helping him to evolve ideas and to carry them out in tangible form. Women will be helped to a large extent only by women; they must not wait for that help that has been given man. They must do the work that comes to their consciousness, or that which is given them to do, without question or hesitation. There should not be any doubt or leaning on any seeming staff. Women are the originators, the creators of spiritual and material progress, and must not be fearful in expressing themselves. The female mind is more refined, more delicate, thus receiving truer perceptions than man's. The sensitiveness of the woman nature is of much advantage in any artistic endeavor.

The fine arts, music, poetry, painting, and sculpture, have been the educators of nations. Now that woman's thought is finding greater expression, their mental and moral influence on both sexes will be great; and as such expositions are world-wide educators, the beneficent influence of women as coworkers and practical idealists is above and beyond computation as a proper exposition attraction. It was a great surprise to the millions of people who saw the excellence of talent that was shown by the women artists, and the fact that women did it elevated the sentiment and appreciation of art. Indeed, without the work of women officially organized, and as individuals, it could not have reached, as it did, the height of success.

Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va., Juror.

Under the group heading "Architecture" the four classes into which it was divided represented: Drawings, models, and photographs of completed buildings. Designs and projects of buildings. (Designs other than of architectural or constructive engineering.) Drawings, models, and photographs of artistic architectural details. Mosaics; leaded and Mosaic glass.

It is unfortunate that in this department the extent in which women share in the kind of work represented in this group was not demonstrated. While there are not many women architects of buildings as yet, it is believed that the number is rapidly increasing, and within the past ten years it has been discovered that their aptitude for designing and working in leaded glass is of the highest, their artistic tendencies rendering them peculiarly adapted to this kind of work.

Miss Weld reports as follows:

In this department there were only two women exhibitors, both Americans. The English and French exhibits were not open for competition, but, so far as I could find out, there were no exhibits by women from either of these countries.

One of the American women exhibited as an architect some attractive plans and interior views for a farmhouse. The other, as a landscape architect, some photos of garden scenes.

This last exhibit was the more striking of the two, as it showed that in the last few years women had made inroad into another profession hitherto left to the men.

Miss Brown only finished her studies in landscape architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1903, where she was one of the first three women to take the course, a course only established within the last few years, so that there has not been much time in which to show what women can do in the profession. It is only a step from private gardens to public parks and grounds.

Until lately the laying out of the grounds has been left to the landscape gardener, after the house and other buildings have been completed by the architect. It is the idea of the landscape architect, as I understand it, to consider both elements in the original design, instead of leaving them to the different tastes of the architect and landscape gardener in the hope of having a more harmonious result.

Though both the exhibits mentioned above were appreciated in their classes, I can not help thinking that not enough attention was paid to the way they were presented, especially in the case of the garden scenes. Six little photos mounted in one frame did not show to the advantage or make the impression that the working drawings and one large photo of the result would have made.

As the work of men and women must stand side by side in the world, the proper way is to exhibit it on terms of equal comparison, as was done at St. Louis. If the work is better than the men's, so much the more glory; if not so good, it ought to arouse ambition.

It was a great disappointment to see such a small exhibit by women in this department, a department where such creditable work has been done by women in this country, and if there had been at all a just representation I am sure it would have been a great surprise to some of the foreign visitors. I hope the other departments were better represented.

Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, Ill., Juror.

Under the group heading, "Original objects of art workmanship," the eight classes into which it was divided represented: Art work in glass (other than that which is included in group 12); art work in earthenware, pottery, or porcelain; art work in metal (other than that included in group 11); art work in leather; art work in wood (other than that included in group 11); art work in textiles; artistic bookbinding; art work not covered by any other group.

It is to be regretted that Mrs. Field felt unable to make any report on this group, which so self-evidently must have contained much work done at least in part by women. It is well known that they have, within the past few years, entered the field of artistic bookbinding with the most gratifying success; that they excel in art work in textiles, and are proficient in art work in leather.

Department C. liberal arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, chief, comprised 13 groups and 116 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but three of the groups.

Group 16, Miss Frances B. Johnston, Washington, D.C., Juror.

Under the group heading "Photography," the two classes into which it was divided represented: (Equipment, processes, and products); materials, instruments, and apparatus of photography; equipment of photographic studios; negative and positive photography on glass, paper, wood, cloth, films, enamel, etc.; photogravure in intaglio and in relief; photocollography; stereoscopic prints; enlarged and micrographic photographs; color photography; direct, indirect, and photocolor printing; scientific and other applications of photography; artistic photography as applied to portraiture, landscapes, etc.

Miss Johnson says:

There were comparatively few women exhibitors whose work was passed upon by our group jury, but notwithstanding this fact, the work of the women ranked very high, and was fully recognized in the awards. In this regard I do not venture to base any report to you on my memory alone, and I have, so far, been unsuccessful in getting any official list of the awards made.

Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, Ill., Juror.

Under the group heading "Books and publications—Bookbinding," the seven classes into which it was divided represented equipment and products: Newspapers, reviews, and other periodicals; collections of books, forming special libraries; new books and new editions of old books; drawings, atlases, albums; musical publications; equipment, processes, and products of making stitched books and of bookbinding; specimens of bindings, stamping, embossing, gilding, etc.

No report.

That the work of women entered into the nature of the exhibit is shown by the fact that the Exposition Company granted the board representation upon it, and one has but to step into any large bindery to see scores of women busily engaged in the various departments, from folding the printed sheets to laying on the gold leaf. On newspapers the range of their work is from typesetting to editor in chief, and no library seems to exist at the present time without one or more women on its working staff.

Under the group heading "Maps and apparatus for geography, cosmography, topography," the four classes into which it was divided represented: Maps, charts, and atlases; geographical, geological, hydrographical, astronomical, etc.; physical maps of all kinds, topographical maps, flat or in relief; terrestrial and celestial globes, statistical works and tables; tables and nautical almanacs for the use of astronomers, surveyors, and seamen.

Mrs. Woolwine writes:

Having served as juror in group 18 of the Department of Liberal Arts at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it gives me great pleasure to make for you the best report I can on woman's work, my knowledge of most of which has been obtained from outside sources, as by neither registration nor cataloguing was there any differentiation between the work of man and woman.

There were two very large relief maps of New Orleans and the levee system of the Mississippi River, which were the work of Miss Jennie Wilde, of New Orleans, and, while they rank low in the final prize award, attracted a great deal of attention and admiration. Comparatively speaking, I think this work much more ambitious than that heretofore undertaken by a woman along this line, and should prove a stimulus to woman in a new field. I could not see that results would have been better if their work had been separately exhibited.

So far as I know, manufacturers were not then asked to state the percentage of woman's work which entered into their special exhibits; nor were they, as a rule, shown in such manner as to indicate in any way which part was performed by woman and which by man. The grand prize work, I am informed by the Rand, McNally Company, was nearly half performed by women; certainly 45 per cent of it. In this the skill and ingenuity displayed and the originality was not separable from that of her colaborers.

Group 18, which consisted of geographical work in general, was hardly a fair test of woman's skill, surveying and engineering having been considered out of her line. Therefore I consider the one exhibit by woman a step forward along a new line, a willingness to compass great things, an evidence of woman's ambition and desire to succeed, but with her past education and opportunities inadequate for equal competition.

If I may suggest, it will be greatly to our interest that women should have their work so catalogued that they may have credit for what labor they perform. No doubt much work is done in map making by women, but no mention of it is catalogued or credit for its excellence asked by them.

It seems to me that a committee to investigate these questions at the beginning of each great exposition, or at the time of the placing of the exhibits, would be of very great statistical value in determining the amount of labor and the degree of skill exercised by woman in these departments.

The art of embroidery has been supposed always to be one peculiarly belonging to women, but that the men at least occasionally invade the field of her occupations is shown by the fact that the large Japanese and Chinese maps exhibited in the Transportation Building were both done by men, and showed exquisite workmanship, particularly the embroidered one.

The letter Miss Wilde herself has written in regard to the work on her relief map of the levee system may be of interest, as this certainly represents a new field of labor for women. It counted one more gold medal in the awards.

All of the work on my relief maps was done by "woman," my sister assisting me greatly. On account of the limited time I had to finish the maps in, I was unable to finish them entirely myself, so had to employ assistants, but in each case it was the hand of woman. I received a gold medal for my work, or rather my work received a gold medal, it being an order from the State of Louisiana, and forming a part of their exhibit the medal had to become the property of the State.

Surveying and engineering I have never studied, except in the making of these maps, when every assistance in regard to data, etc., was given to me by the most noted State and city engineers, they coming from time to time to supervise the work, and laughingly saying, when I had completed the same, that they would have to give me a diploma for proficiency in the profession. Of course I had to read up and learn a great deal in regard to surveying and engineering in making the maps, as everything is done correctly to a scale.

Department D, manufactures, Mr. Milan H. Hulbert, chief, comprised 24 groups and 231 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but 7 groups.

This would seem to be one of the departments where women should have been accorded fuller recognition. Space does not permit an examination of the number of groups into which their work largely enters, but in the group of "clock and watch making," for instance, it would seem scarcely just not to grant them their full measure of praise for work well done. In one factory alone in Massachusetts, where more than 3,000 persons are employed, hundreds of them are women and girls, employed not only in assembling the parts, but attending various machines. Under the group "Toys," also "Dolls, playthings," it is self-evident women must have much to do with their manufacture and preparation for the market, and their inventions of toys and playthings for children would seem to preeminently entitle them to the place in this group which was denied them.

Group 37, Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis., Juror.

Under the heading "Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings and dwellings," the nine classes into which it was divided represented: Permanent decoration of public buildings and of dwellings. Plans, drawings, and models of permanent decoration. Carpentry; models of framework, roof work, vaults, domes, wooden partitions, etc. Ornamental joiner work; doors, windows, panels, inlaid floors, organ cases, choir stalls, etc. Permanent decorations in marble, stone, plaster, papier-maché, carton pierre, etc. Ornamental carvings and pyrographics. Ironwork and locksmiths' work applied to decoration; grill work and doors in cast or wrought iron; doors and balustrades in bronze, roof decoration in lead, copper, zinc, dormers, spires, finials, vanes; crest and ridge work. Decorative paintings on stone, wood, metal, canvas, or other surfaces. Signs of all varieties. Mosaic decorations in stone or marble for flooring; enameled mosaic for walls and vaulted surfaces. Various applications of ceramics to the permanent decoration of public buildings and dwellings.

As much time was consumed in endeavoring to communicate with the principal of this group, Mrs. Edgerton as alternate did not arrive in St. Louis until the work of the jury was far advanced, and therefore could make no report.

Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga., Juror.

Under the group heading "Ceramics," the 13 classes into which it was divided represented: (Raw materials, equipment, processes, and products.) Raw materials, particularly chemical products used in ceramic industrials. Equipment and methods used in the manufacture of earthenware; machines for turning, pressing, and molding earthenware; machines for making brick, roofing tile, drain tile, and pottery for building purposes; furnaces, kilns, muffles, and baking apparatus; appliances for preparing and grinding enamels. Various porcelains. Biscuit of porcelain and of earthenware. Earthenware of white or colored body, with transparent or tin glazes. Faience. Earthenware and terra cotta for agricultural purposes; paving tiles, enameled lava. Stoneware, plain and decorated. Tiles, plain, encaustic, and decorated; mosaics, bricks, paving bricks, pipes. Fireproof materials. Statuettes, groups and ornaments in terra cotta. Enamels applied to ceramics. Mosaics of clay or of enamel. Mural designs; borders for fireplaces and mantels.

No report.

Group 53 (later combined with Group 61), Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, Ill., Juror.

Under the group heading of "Equipment and processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel," the nine classes into which it was divided represented: Common implements used in needlework. Machines for cutting clothes, skins, and leathers. Machines for sewing, stitching, hemming, embroidering, etc. Machines for making buttonholes; for sewing gloves, leather, boots and shoes, etc.; plaiting straw for hats. Tailors' geese and flatirons. Busts and figures for trying on garments. Machines for preparing separate parts of boots and shoes (stamping, molding, etc.). Machines for lasting, pegging, screwing, nailing. Machines for making hats of straw, felt, etc.

Mrs. Bowes writes as follows:

AMALGAMATION OF GROUPS 53 AND 61.

Chairman, Daniel C. Nugent, St. Louis; honorary vice-president, Jean Mouilbeau, Paris, France; first vice-president, John Sheville Capper, Chicago; second vice-president, J.E. Wilson, Elmwood, Ill.; secretaries, Charles W. Farmer, New York City, and Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago (elected by the jury to fill the place of Secretary Charles Farmer, owing to his being called to New York City). Group 53: Chairman, J.E. Wilson, Elmwood, Ill.; vice-chairman, Charles E. Moore, Brockton, Mass.; secretary, Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago, Ill.; Mary G. Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa; Mathilda Ripberger, Dresden, Germany. Group 61: Chairman, John Sheville Capper, Chicago, Ill.; secretary, M. Blum, Paris, France; M. Mouilbeau, Paris, France; Eugene Leonard, Paris, France; Fred L. Rossback, Chicago, Ill.; W.E. McClelland, New York City; M. Magai, Japan; Nellie Saxton, Brazil; Celia Nelson, Philadelphia, Pa.; Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago, Ill.

Group 53.—Group 53 was composed of two men and two women jurors, viz, the chairman and vice-chairman, men; the secretary, the writer, an American, and a German woman.

Group 53 was composed of equipments, processes, etc. Class 326, common implements used in needlework. Class 327, machines for cutting clothes, skirts, and leathers. Class 328, machines for sewing, stitching, hemming, embroidering. Class 329, machines for making buttonholes; for sewing gloves, leather, boots and shoes, etc.; plaiting straw for hats. Class 330, tailors' geese and flatirons. Class 331, busts and figures for trying on garments. Class 332, machines for preparing separate parts of boots and shoes (stamping, molding, etc). Class 333, machines for lasting, pegging, screwing, nailing. Class 334, machines for making hats of straw, felt, etc.

In this group of nine classes there was no distinctive exhibits by women, but the outcome of their skillful labor on the wonderful machines was purely their own and well displayed.

The most practical exhibit of woman's work was the finished product of sewing machines in the United States and Great Britain sections.

The Singer sewing machine exhibit furnished the best display in the group. The work was very fine in detail, done by skilled artisans.

Among the work in the homely arts were shoes, corsets, underwear, and skillful darning. The manufacture of these useful articles proved interesting.

In the beauty arts was displayed embroideries and fancy monograms, a skilled workman demonstrating a machine that would produce twelve monograms at one time in elaborate embroidery; in fact, the machines seemed as human as the workers themselves; although they were not talkers, they were "Singers."

Among the notable exhibits in this group was the attractive display of paper patterns. The Butterick Pattern Company exhibited on life-size wax figures the evolution of dress during the past one hundred years, true to the fashions of each decade in style, color of dress, and bonnet.

The McCall Company's exhibit consisted of life-size wax figures attired in paper patterns, up to date in all the idiosyncracies demanded by fashion, an educational feature in this line of work.

As a work of art the large and handsome display of paper costumes has never been equaled. No such display of costumes, representing lace, velvet, linen, silk, cloth, etc., all made in paper, has ever been seen anywhere in the world prior to this exhibit; and this work of art was the handicraft of women.

In the Homer Young Company's sewing machine the demand and supply for women's comfort was again called out in the combined dressing table and sewing machine, a good invention for flats, the fad of the day, that was designed for convenience.

The electric flatirons were certainly an advance in the right direction.

A great time saver was the "Universal button fastener," "guaranteed not to come off."

In some departments of manufacture exhibits the percentage of woman's labor was said to be 10 per cent; the wax-figure department, 75 per cent; in operating sewing machines for the manufacture of wearing apparel, etc., the percentage is about 90. Operation of sewing machines and kindred industries have reached about as high a state of perfection as possible. The same holds good in regard to the Singer sewing machines of Great Britain. Their output is larger for machines for the manufacture of embroideries, lace, saddlery, leather, top-boots, sewings, and upholstery. A specialty of machine work was their fine hemstitching. Perhaps the attractiveness of the Singer sewing machine exhibits was owing largely to the fact that they were shown in motion.

Germany's sewing-machine product showed great skill in workmanship. Lintz & Eckardt, Berlin, displayed the output of eight styles of embroidery machines, ribbon plaiting, and a three-needle machine with band apparatus, which turned out wonderful work of bead and silk embroideries on silk and other fabrics.

The many dress cutting and ladies' tailoring systems, again the inventions of man, are perhaps among the most useful in women's work to-day in teaching dress cutting from a perfect system, and greatly assisting in the work of drafting garments from actual measurements. They are time savers, and are so constructed as to follow the changes in fashion, and women can, by their use, become expert workmen and display artistic skill. A great advancement has been made along this line of work during the past ten years, or since the last exposition; not only from a practical standpoint, but as an educational feature, especially in rural districts, for through their schools, conducted through correspondence, they have enabled women throughout the country to learn dressmaking and to keep in close touch with the styles of the world. The McDowell system, for manufacturing purposes, is superior, and under a skilled workman is most correct. The Edward Curran drafting machines are useful for the novice—good on account of their simplicity, being more portable on account of folding into a small compass. The same can be said of the Valentine system.

In this group there was no installation by foreign women.

In group 53 there was nothing unusual displayed that would lead one to think that women were more capable of executing more advanced work than they accomplished eleven years ago.

In the Louisiana Purchase Exposition woman's work was installed in such a manner and not being specified, one could not tell where their work began and where it left off. As to the appreciation of woman's work, it was taken as a whole and was judged as a work of mankind. Women's work and men's work of to-day would be hard to separate. Perhaps if women's work could be brought out more prominently it would be better for them. No work was displayed in such a manner as to enable one to distinguish between the two. In the manufacture of personal effects, the larger proportion was women's work. No woman received an award in group 53 to my knowledge.

As has been said before, the operation of machines is especially women's work. Women were not the inventors, but they displayed ingenuity and skill in the operation—application. Although they are not the original inventors, it is a well-known fact that many improvements are women's suggestions. Their working at the machines and the ingenuity and taste displayed in the choice of work was of marked value as an exposition attraction.

Group 61. Various industries connected with clothing (processes and products).—Class 383, hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, silk; caps, trimmings for hats. Class 384, artificial flowers for dressing the hair, for dress and for all other uses. Feathers, millinery, hair: coiffures, wigs, switches. Class 385, shirts and underclothing for men, women, and children. Class 386, hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and floss silk, etc.; knitted hosiery, cravats, and neckties. Class 387, corsets and corset fittings. Class 388, elastic goods, suspenders, garters, belts. Class 389, canes, whips, riding whips, sunshades, parasols, umbrellas. Class 390, buttons; buttons of china, metal, cloth, silk, mother-of-pearl or other shell, ivory, nut, horn, bone, papier-maché, etc. Class 391, buckles, eyelets, hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Class 392, fans and hand screens.

Owing to Mr. Farmer being called to his home, Mrs. Ella E. Lane Bowes, secretary of group 53, served as secretary of group 61 also. Group 61 was composed of 11 individuals, 7 men and 4 women, with an American for chairman and a Frenchman for secretary, and two vice-chairmen.

Group 61 contained 30 classes. Within this group there was no especial exhibit by women, although their work stood out in prominence.

The most striking display was the corset display of Birdsey & Sumers, of New York. The corsets were shown on wax half-size figures, the color scheme being carried out in detail to match the corset. The most prominent figure was one done in white satin and real lace with jewel clasps, etc. This display, from its artistic arrangement and elegant materials was in conformity with the French exhibits. With the exception of the jewels, it was purely of American production; and the arrangement and display of the exhibit was due to an American woman, an employee of the manufacturer.

Another notable display was that of Kops Brothers, of New York. They exhibited the "Nemo" corset and the "Smart Set," in an artistic manner. The arrangement of this display was also due to a woman.

Strouse-Adler & Co., New York City, showed a practical exhibit of what was termed by the exposition officials a "live exhibit," manufacturing garments from start to finish, and was an attractive display. These demonstrations were by women.

In the exhibit of the American Hosiery Company, New Britain, Conn., the goods were up to the high standard of the "Grand Prix."

The Lewis Knitting Company, Janesville, Wis., made an attractive display, and the writer was told at this exhibit that the garments were brought to a high state of perfection through the ingenuity of Mrs. Lewis.

The Wayne Knitting Mills, Fort Wayne, Ind., made a very beautiful display of fine knit goods, the work of women.

The Kleinert Rubber Company, New York City, made an artistic display of fancy things and were assisted in the arrangement of same by a woman. This exhibit should have special mention for having had everything in place and on time before opening day, which could not be said of many others. I was told that here also many of the improvements were the suggestions of women.

Many of the finest exhibits in this group were ladies' lingerie. There were many creditable exhibits of women's underwear, the work of their hands, and marvelous creations in bead embroidery, lace, and artificial flowers.

A most brilliant display was made by the Rosenthal-Sloan Millinery Company, consisting of artificial flowers manufactured by women. This artistic display was said to have been suggested and carried out in detail by a woman. A unique feature of this display was a map of the United States, each State being formed with its adopted flower, the States being outlined in golden rod, the proposed national flower.

The writer understood that in some of the underwear and hosiery mills women were superintendents of departments and employed in great numbers in other work, the proportion of women to men being between 80 and 90 per cent.

The J.B. Stetson Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., made a good practical display of hats, and in their line the finished product was equal to any in the world, and showed great progress since the Columbian Exposition, when the writer had the pleasure of judging their exhibit. The average of woman's work is about equal.

In this group the advancement in special industries has been in the processes of women's work in the knit goods and corsets, which show greatest improvement. The creditable work shown in the arrangement and display of exhibits by suggestions and carrying out of detail by women leads one to think that women are more remarkable along these lines of work and have accomplished much in the last eleven years, since the time of the Chicago Exposition, or at any time in the past.

Their work was more individualized in former expositions, while in the latter it was impossible to draw comparisons in the advancement or success of women's work, the work not being placed in such a way as to enable one to judge whether it was solely that of women or men. All work was exhibited as the work of mankind in general, and could not be classified under the head of either women's or men's work.

Where manufacturers were questioned relative to the percentage of women working in their establishments, they gladly answered the questions.

No woman received an award in this group.

Among the useful and distinctive inventions shown were the garter supporters, well known to be the invention of a woman.

The underwear in general, corsets, and accessories are more useful and more healthful from a physical standpoint, especially the corsets of to-day. This is an advancement.

There was more ingenuity displayed in the installation and taste in artistic arrangement of the exhibits, making them of greater value as exposition attractions; whereas in former expositions Philadelphia was experimental, the World's Columbian Exposition educational, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition exploitive.

There is no reason why women should not have a large representation, if not equal with men, in all expositions. While they may not be the real inventors of the machines, devices, etc., they many times are the suggestors. Being the spenders and buyers for the home and family makes them more competent as judges of merchandise of all kinds and quicker to note improvements.

In the work of the world, especially in anything pertaining to the home, educational matters, arts, and professions, women hold such a prominent place to-day, almost exclusively doing the work in the manufacture of articles and habiliments for creature comforts, that it is impossible to ignore them.

Summary of groups 53 and 61 (jury composed of 19 persons).—In previous world's fairs they were called judges, but at this one they were "jurors."

It would be well to dwell upon the vastness of the work accomplished by the petit jury within a brief period of time, for they were in constant work for twenty days, from morning till night, visiting the many exhibits. Upon examination, the value of the commodity or product was decided and the usefulness of the same and comparisons made with similar exhibits, consultation in jury meetings, where the many good points of the exhibits were presented and discussed, and a final decision was reached by vote of the jury as a whole.

The various machines were for the manufacture of women's habiliments, with the much-needed garment-drafting machine, which, if not invented by women, was at their suggestion and creation of the demand for supplies.

The up-to-date paper patterns, wax figures, papier-maché forms, milliners' findings, and sewing machines made the grand whole. The finished products were the marvelous creations of her hands, for, as truly said, man did invent these machines, but women work and bring forth the grand finale, therefore one is not complete without the other. In all things it takes the good work of men and women to complete the whole. And this applies to jury work as well.

From the writer's experience in expositions up to date she would approve the combination of the John Boyd Thatcher individual judge and diploma systems, together with the bronze, silver, gold, and "grand prix," which would be preferable from an educational standpoint and also to show to the world what the medal was given for. Also, the group or petit jury doing the work should combine with a larger jury, and perhaps a court of appeal, it being impossible for anyone in a higher court to know the why and the wherefore of the workers of the petit jury; and as far as the writer could learn it was the concensus of opinion of both exhibitors and jurors, as heretofore stated, that the opportunity to hold to the last was more preferable.

As an observer of the workings of world's fairs from the Centennial at Philadelphia, and also being closely allied with other great fairs, having visited same since that time and being a judge heretofore, will repeat the general remark of exhibitors and judges of former expositions. The consensus of opinion was that "no world's fair was complete without a jury composed of men and women, a just representation," working in unison and perfect accord with only one end in view—justice to all.

Group 61 (combined with 53, as above), Mrs. A.G. Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa, Juror.

Under the group heading, "Various industries connected with clothing," the ten classes into which it was divided represented (processes and products): Hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, silk; caps, trimmings for hats. Artificial flowers for dressing the hair, for dress, and for all other uses. Feathers. Millinery. Hair; coiffures, wigs, switches. Shirts and underclothing for men, women, and children. Hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and floss silk, etc.; knitted hosiery; cravats and neckties. Corsets and corset fittings. Elastic goods, suspenders, garters, belts. Canes, whips, riding whips, sunshades, parasols, umbrellas. Buttons, buttons of china, metal, cloth, silk, mother-of-pearl, or other shell, ivory, nut, horn, bone, papier-maché, etc. Buckles, eyelets, hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Fans and hand screens.

Mrs. Harrow reports as follows:

The work of group 53, of which I was a member, did not take us very extensively among the women exhibitors of the exposition, but in every instance where their work came under our observation or inspection they demonstrated their marked ability in the manner and taste shown in their display, and in some instances, where their competitors were men, they proved the fact that if their work was not superior, it was at least equal to that of the men.

In my opinion it is better for women's work to come in competition with that of men and not be separated.

All women in general, I feel sure, must have been greatly benefited by having a fair representation at the exposition, as it could not but help placing a higher standard upon all women's work, and that work in particular in which she excelled.

And as woman's work receives benefit, and also success by being placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, so likewise may man's work receive helpful suggestions and real advancement by being brought into competition with the work of women.

Group 58 (later combined with Group 59), Mrs. E.D. Wood, Indianapolis, Ind., Juror.

Under the group heading "Laces, embroidery, and trimmings," the seven classes into which it was divided represented: Lace made by hand, laces, blond or guipure, wrought on pillow or with the needle or crochet, made of flax, cotton, silk, wool, gold, silver, or other threads. Laces made by machinery; tulles, plain or embroidered; imitation lace, blond and guipure, in thread of every kind. Embroidery made by hand; embroidery by needle or crochet, with thread of every kind, on all kinds of grounds (fabric, net, tulle, skin, etc.), including needlework upon canvas, as well as embroidery appliqué or ornamented with gems, pearls, jet, spangles of metal or other material, feathers, shells, etc. Embroidery made by machinery, with the foundation preserved, or with the foundation cut or burned away. Trimmings; galloons, lace or braids, fringes, tassels, all kinds of appliqué and ornamental work, handmade or woven, for millinery or garments, ecclesiastical vestments, civil or military uniforms; for furniture, saddlery, carriages, etc.; threads and plates of metal, gold or silver, real or imitation, spangles, chenilles, and all other articles used for trimmings. Church embroidery; church ornaments and linen; altar cloths, banners, and other objects for religious ceremonies in fabrics ornamented with lace, embroideries and trimmings. Curtains, with lace, guipure, or embroidery, upon tulle or fabrics; blinds, screens, portieres, lambrequins, and other draperies, ornamented with lace, embroidery, and trimmings.

Mrs. Wood writes:

Our jury was a large one—about thirty members. They came from France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, China, Japan, Great Britain, Mexico, Porto Rico; the other members were Americans, and represented the different States. The work we were to do was what was known as "groups 58 and 59," and covered so much ground we found that in order to finish in the required time we would have to divide our jury, so that some were detailed to examine embroidery, others costumes, trimming, laces, etc. I was on the lace committee. Laces made by hand, wrought on pillows, by needle or crochet, silk, wool, gold, silver, or thread, machine-made laces, imitation, embroidered tulles, and lace curtains. It would be impossible to describe the beauties of the lovely laces, the time, patience, and labor given to them. We examined the exhibits in the Manufacturers' Building, Varied Industries, all foreign buildings. The work done by women in the Philippines, Porto Rico, Mexican and Alaskan exhibits was as fine in texture and as beautiful as imported laces. The work in every instance was as handsome as that shown at the Chicago World's Fair, but perhaps not on so large a scale.

I was a member of a committee of four appointed to adjust the losses on the handsome imported costumes and wraps in the French section that were damaged during a wind and rain storm that swept over the exposition grounds during the summer and damaged the building and the immense glass cases containing these valuable goods, the loss of which amounted to hundreds of dollars to the Exposition Company.

Group 59 (combined with Group 58 above), Mrs. William S. Major, Shelbyville, Ind., Juror.

Under the group heading "Industries producing wearing apparel for men, women, and children," the four classes into which it was divided represented: Clothing to measure for men and boys; ordinary costumes, suits for hunting and riding, leather breeches and similar articles; suits for gymnastic uses and games, military and civil uniforms, campaign clothing of special types, robes and costumes for magistrates, members of the bar, professors, ecclesiastics, etc., liveries, various costumes for children. Clothing, ready-made, for men and boys. Clothing to measure for women and girls; dresses, vests, jackets, cloaks (made by ladies' tailors, dressmakers, or cloak makers), riding habits, sporting suits. Clothing, ready-made, for women and girls. Patterns.

Mrs. Major reports as follows:

In group 58, Department of Manufactures, the proportional number of exhibits by women contained in these classes was small—I would think about 10 per cent. Groups 58 and 59 exhibited laces, embroideries, trimmings, decorations for gowns, costumes, and wraps, drawn work and Tenneriffe. Art needlework was the most striking exhibit by women in that department. Women showed great advancement in each industry, without question. Very few exhibits were installed by foreign women; the foreign costumes were largely from the man tailor. The needlework in the Visayan Village of the Philippine exhibit was of a very high order, but no provision was made to grant awards upon this—the Philippine exhibit—and Miss Anna Woolf, of St. Louis, and I called the attention of the authorities to the deserving character of the exhibit and made a plea for awards to be made by the higher jurors, and they promised to do so. I do not know whether it was done or not, however, but there was no woman's work in the whole Louisiana Purchase Exposition more deserving or of higher grade than the needlework in that village exhibit. Enough can not be said of these little workers. The present age is one of superiority, in which women not only show their ability, but each year they are granted more, and more widespread becomes their ability to grasp all vocations and fill them most creditably.

I am confident there was no question of the interest shown by men in woman's work; in fact, I think it attracted more visitors, and the results would not have been better if their work had been separately exhibited.

The work shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was on a much greater and higher plane than ever has been exhibited before. Where women exhibited they received a greater number of awards in proportion. Miss Mary Williamson was an original designer of artistic needlework, showing exceptional talent, and was awarded a grand prix for her designs.

I attended the Paris Exposition of 1878, also the Centennial at Philadelphia, 1876; spent much time at the Columbian World's Fair in Chicago, and possess a diploma and gold medal for my artistic needlework exhibited at the Columbian Exposition.

Miss Margaret Summers, of Louisville, Ky., was also a juror in the above-combined groups 58 and 59, and writes:

In group 59 the costumes made by men were about twice as many as those made by women, though the handsomest of the exhibits was the work of a woman, Caroline, of Chicago.

All the work done by women showed a great improvement over that exhibited at the Chicago Exposition, not only in the cut and design, but in the artistic finish and the care given to every detail.

The hand work was a special feature of all the garments for women in the lingerie, gowns, and manteaux.

The most intricate designs were executed in a manner betokening the true artist, and none but those educated in the art of combining colors and in designing could have obtained the results seen at St. Louis.

The tendency in all garments for women, however, was toward the ornate rather than the simple, and with but few exceptions every gown, every wrap, and all the lingerie was most elaborate. But the hand of the true artist was shown in these garments in that they were beautiful and in good taste in spite of their elaborateness.

It would have been advantageous if the women's work had been arranged separate from the men's, because they would have attracted more attention as a woman's exhibit per se and would therefore have called greater attention to the progress women have made in these lines. In other words, the separate exhibit would have served better for a comparative study of woman's advancement in the past ten years.

There was a greater variety of woman's work than was shown at the Chicago Exposition, and that in itself showed an advancement. The greater scope gave evidence of a broadening influence, and the women showed themselves proficient in all they undertook.

As compared with the work of men, I should say that the women's exhibit had every right to be placed side by side with the men's, just as was done.

In Group 58 was eventually placed the wonderful piece of embroidery of the "Sistine Madonna," the work of Miss Ripberger, of Berlin. The linen upon which the life-like figures were wrought was probably 6 by 8 feet in size, and in order to reproduce the colors the silk had been matched with the colors in the original painting. The reproduction of Raphael's wonderful work was a marvel of artistic ability and patience, and was exquisitely executed. It justly deserved the grand prix accorded it.

Department H, agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, comprised 27 groups and 137 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but five groups.

Group 78, Mrs. W.H. Felton, of Cartersville, Ga., Juror.

Under the heading of "Farm equipment—Methods of improving lands," the three classes into which it was divided represented: Specimens of various systems of farming. Plans and models of farm buildings; general arrangement; stables, sheepfolds, barns, pigsties, breeding grounds; special arrangements for breeding and fattening cattle; granaries and silos; furniture for stables, barns, kennels, etc. Material and appliances used in agricultural engineering, reclaiming of marshes, drainage, irrigation.

Mrs. Felton says, in a letter accompanying her report:

In accordance with your official request, I have prepared a short résumé of the work as juror in Group Jury No. 78. It was the central group—I mean, the leading group in the Department of Agriculture. There were no exhibits by women, because we passed upon matters so immense that it was the work of States and foreign governments, rather than of individuals, that was noted.

Mrs. Felton's report is as follows:

I was selected as a juror for Group Jury No. 78, and entered upon the duties assigned me on September 1, 1904.

Group Jury No. 78 organized, and after the chairman and vice-chairman were selected I was made secretary, which position I held until the minutes and report were handed in to the office of Hon. Fred. W. Taylor, chief of Department of Agriculture, on September 19.

As secretary, the work of the Group Jury No. 78 came immediately under my supervision, and I found the work exceedingly pleasant, and my colleagues (all the members were gentlemen except myself) were most agreeable, and we concluded our work without the least friction or antagonism to the close.

Group No. 78 was the first on the list in the general Department of Agriculture. It covered exhibits on main lines, other groups taking what I might term subdivisions.

We examined farm improvement as related to inventions and devices which were intended as fixtures to farm buildings. Group No. 79 was devoted to such exhibits as were movable.

To illustrate: No. 78 collected data and awarded prizes on barn gates, doors, hay carriers, silos, windmills, pumps, etc., while No. 79 was concerned with thrashers, plows, and the various implements which are not sold with farm buildings as necessary fixtures.

Having lived an active life on a Georgia plantation for fifty years, all these matters were of exceeding interest to the secretary, although a woman.

Our jury made an exhaustive examination of the exhibits of irrigation models, with various reports and statistics, that were carried to St. Louis. Germany made the finest exhibit as to number and completeness, and I feel sure there never has been such a far-reaching display of irrigation methods in the United States before. I was intimately connected with the Columbian Exposition, as a lady manager from Georgia and chairman of the woman's executive committee in the Cotton States and International Exposition, and I feel I speak advisedly when I tell you that nothing I have ever seen compares with the agricultural exhibits of the St. Louis Exposition, as uncovered to my view in performing the duties of a juror, especially in regard to the greatest problem of the twentieth century, namely, in regard to irrigation and its future possibilities for our various States and Territories. You will understand, of course, women had no part in the various governmental works where land has been reclaimed and converted into the finest farming lands known to this era, but in the results which followed such reclamation the farmer's wife and daughter has been seen and felt everywhere, although no percentage of women's work was noted in the exhibits examined by Group Jury No. 78.

Germany, Italy, Belgium, and France were prominent, and the States of Utah, Montana, California, and Louisiana gave most satisfactory evidences of advanced progress by irrigation in farming methods.

In the Belgian exhibit we were shown the beautiful and remarkable flax grown in the irrigated districts, the material from which the finest lace, known as the Brussels product, is constructed. If the investigation had been pursued to the limit, every benefit, or profit, or financial opportunity resulting from the improvement of farms, abroad or at home, touches somewhere the lives of our farm women in comfort and happiness.

Our jury passed upon the magnificent exhibit made by the State of Missouri in the Agricultural Palace—the finest State exhibit known to this continent—up to date in agriculture.

The construction of an elegant lay figure, made entirely of corn shucks and corn silks, representing a lady of style and fashion, was the handiwork of a woman and richly deserved the prize that was awarded.

Group No. 78 being confined to general lines, and covering the idea of farm improvement on an extended scale, grasping, as it were, the great and fundamental principles of modern agriculture, the work of the sexes was not indicated by the exhibitors. The percentage of each was not required by instructions given to Group Jury No. 78.

It gives me great pleasure to thank you and the board of lady managers for kind attentions, and the opportunity for pleasure and instruction in this group jury work, and to assure you that it was my constant aim and purpose to prove to my colleagues and to Chief Taylor that your trust and confidence had not been misplaced in assigning me to jury duty in so important a place.

Group 84, under the group heading "Vegetable food products—Agricultural seeds," was divided into eight classes, which represented: Cereals—wheat, rye, barley, maize, millet, and other cereals in sheaves or in grain. Legumes and their seeds—beans, peas, lentils, etc. Tuber and roots and their seeds—potatoes, beets, carrots, turnips, radishes, etc. Miscellaneous vegetables and their seeds—cabbages, peppers, artichokes, mushrooms, cresses, etc. Sugar-producing plants—beets, cane, sorghum, etc. Miscellaneous plants and their products—coffee, tea, cocoa, etc. Oil-producing plants and their products. Forage, growing, green, cured, or in silos; fodder for cattle; forage, grass, and field seeds.

Neither the principal nor alternate in this group were able to serve.

Group 89, Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss., Juror.

Under the group heading "Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit," the eight classes into which it was divided represented: Meat preserved by any process. Salted meats, canned meats. Meat and soup tablets. Meat extracts. Various pork products. Fish preserved by any process. Salt fish, fish in barrels, cod, herring, etc. Fish preserved in oil—tuny, sardines, anchovies. Canned lobsters, canned oysters, canned shrimps. Vegetables preserved by various processes. Fruits dried or prepared, prunes, figs, raisins, dates. Fruits preserved without sugar. Fruits, canned, in tins or in glass. Army and Navy commissary stores and equipment.

No report.

Group 88, Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr., Juror.

Under the group heading "Bread and pastry," the two classes into which it was divided represented: Breads with or without yeast, fancy breads, and breads in molds, compressed breads for travelers, military campaigns, etc. Ship biscuits. Yeasts. Baking powders. Pastry of various kinds peculiar to each country. Ginger bread and dry cakes for keeping.

Mrs. Pugh reports substantially as follows:

The nature of the exhibits in group 88 were angel food cake, pickles, bread, fruit cake, Purina Mills exhibit, the most striking exhibit being a California fruit cake, made by Mrs. Rose E. Bailey, which weighed 81 pounds. The exhibits showed advancement in the science of good cooking, all the exhibits being installed by American women, no foreign women that I can recall participating, and the display was more creditable than at the Chicago Exposition, in that the exhibitors showed more confidence in themselves and their work, more attention being given also to the purity and healthfulness of their food exhibits. Their work, as shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, would most certainly prove helpful or suggestive to those interested in the advancement and success of women's work by their exhibition of success already achieved, and the work of women, it is believed, was as well appreciated when placed by the side of that of men, and the results would not have been better had their work been separately exhibited. No manufacturers that I knew of, excepting the Purina Mills (Ralston) exhibition, were asked to state the percentage of woman's work that entered into the manufacture of their special exhibits, and only by one or two exhibits was it in a measure indicated in any way which part had been performed by woman, which by men; but, in my opinion, probably about one-tenth of the work was performed by women in this group. There were eight women exhibitors out of a total of sixty-three applications.

In the exhibits in this department daintier manipulation and more regard for purity of foods was shown than in the past, and in the construction of individual booths Mrs. Buchanan's pickles, Mrs. Gautz (Northwestern Yeast Company), and Mrs. Haffner's Swansdown flour deserve special mention. The exhibits of the women did not show special development of original inventions, but were mainly improvements and greater skill in handling the products, the greatest labor-saving machine being Werner's domestic machinery; but it is presumed this is the invention of man only, and that while women took no part in constructing that their installations were a credit to the most wonderful of all expositions and were a great attraction to visitors.

I am frank to say that as I look back upon our work there, the women who made the greatest effort to add to the attractiveness of the Agricultural Palace did not receive all the awards they deserved, namely, Mrs. Rose E. Bailey, to whom was awarded a grand prize for the ingenuity of her exhibit, never heard of the award; Mrs. Bertha E. Haffner, representing Swansdown flour, should have had a grand prize for her cakes, since a grand prize was awarded Mrs. Gautz for bread. This was the consensus of opinion of jurors in group 88.

The coffee exhibits employing women, and the flours—Pillsbury, Washburne, and Crosby, the banana flours, North Dakota flour exhibitors, Sanitas Nut Company, breakfast foods—were all in the charge of women, all of whom deserve special mention for their unfailing courtesies to sightseers.

It warms my heart yet just to think of the dear old Palace of Agriculture, and the many delightful hours spent there in our work. I desire to specially commend the kindness received by those in charge of the Brazilian Pavilion and Machin Brothers' French bakery.

Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead (now Mrs. C.M.F. Riley), Little Rock, Ark, Juror.

Under the group heading "Sugar and confectionery—Condiments and relishes," the eight classes into which it was divided represented: Sugar. Glucose. Confectionery. Chocolate. Brandied fruits, preserves, jellies. Coffee, tea, substitutes for coffee—mate, chicory and sweet acorns. Vinegar. Table salt. Spices and extracts; pepper, cinnamon, allspice, etc.; flavoring extracts. Mixed condiments and relishes; mustard, curries, sauces, etc.

Mrs. Riley reports as follows:

Department of Agriculture, group 90. In this group there were not as many women exhibitors as seemingly might have been expected, as women have always been the exponents of this domestic science, and have been called the "ministering angels" to man's needs; have feasted his eyes and fed his stomach from times immemorial with their sweetmeats. Eve, even, perhaps made Adam happy with sun-dried figs. Who knows?

All told, there were not over thirty women exhibitors, and the exhibits consisted of preserves, jellies, jams, marmalades, pickles, relishes, candied fruits, crystallized flowers—excellent in their quality and most beautifully put up and hygienically sealed. In this, the science of our grandmothers, much of their wisdom and practice clings to the art of producing and effecting the good result which were displayed before us; but if the exhibitors did have recourse to the old cookery books, the manner of showing the exhibits, the attractive booths, the managing ability, the business methods were the attributes of the women of to-day—the advancing, the farseeing business woman.

There were no foreigners in this class. The exhibitors of the guava jellies and foreign preserves were men. Man in all countries has been prone to reach out and gather in the best that women have had to give, and in this branch of trade has so enlarged and sometimes, may I add, adulterated the old recipes, and with his money and his army of employees has established great pickling and preserving plants designed to feed the world's masses.

In most cases the pureness, the sweetest, the old touch of "homemade" is gone, and only until the domestic woman, by dint of hard pressure, has been driven out into the world to gain her own livelihood, has this pure homemade article been put upon the market. "Pin-money" pickles are now a household word—made by a woman in Virginia, who started by making for her friends and neighbors, but whose industry has grown now to immense proportions.

In the exhibits by women at the St. Louis exposition two exhibits were worthy of unusual merit—one a fruit cake containing 41 varieties of preserved fruits, and weighing 81 pounds, made by Mrs. Rose A. Bailey, of California. Mrs. Bailey preserved these fruits in sugar only. Her collection of jellies, etc., received the warmest praise, and so much has been said that she is now contemplating the forwarding of a "Home-prepared fruit agency" to be handled by women only.

The other exhibit was the crystallized rose leaves and violets, by another California woman—so made that the sugar could be peeled off, leaving the rose leaf or violet intact and perfect in its coloring and form.

These were the odd and new exhibits. A long line of clear jellies and good pickles and toothsome relishes was most willingly judged and more willingly tasted. A most attractive exhibit of these were in the booth of Mrs. Nathalie Claibourne Buchanan, representing an old Virginia kitchen, its open fireplace with the fire logs in the background, the high mantel with its rows of preserves and pickles, and a dear old black "mammy" in kerchief and bandana as a most fitting setting to the scene.

No woman received the highest award, the grand prix, but some were given the gold medal.

In the exhibits of the large manufacturers there was no way to tell what part of the labor had been performed by women; but on the printed forms the proportion of women laborers was quite often given, but it is a known fact that two-thirds of the work of these large factories is done by women and girls.

This should be a wide avenue for women to enter the marts of life, but on the small scale it is so underpaid in proportion to the labor expended that but few are bold enough to enter.

Department J, horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, comprised 7 groups and 27 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but one group.

Group 107, Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort, Ky., Juror.

Under the group heading "Pomology," the six classes into which it was divided represented: Pomaceous and stone fruits—apples, pears, quinces, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, etc. Citrus fruits—oranges, lemons, limes, shaddocks, pomelos, etc. Tropical and subtropical fruits—pineapples, bananas, guavas, mangos, tamarinds, figs, olives, sepodillas, etc. Small fruits—strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, gooseberries, currants, etc. Nuts—almonds, chestnuts, filberts, pecans, hickorynuts, walnuts, etc. Casts and models of fruits in wax, plaster, etc.

Mrs. Day says, in substance, in her replies to the questions: That she can not give an approximate number of women who exhibited in this group, but that the nature of the exhibits shown were fruits—grapes, apples, etc.—and flowers, the most striking exhibits being by florists and fruit culturists, and that women have entered many more branches of this work in recent years; that she believes their work shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition would prove helpful and suggestive by reason of the great care taken in the exhibits. Mrs. Day does not think any difference was shown in appreciation of the exhibits of women when placed by the side of men, and hardly thinks the result would have been better had the work of women been separately exhibited. This seems to be almost the only department where exhibits were shown in such manner as to indicate whether they were the work of men or women, as all exhibits were marked distinctly with the name of the owner of fruit, farm, or florist, the exhibits of New Mexico and Oklahoma being each in charge of very intelligent women. Some of the finest fruit farms sending exhibits were owned by women, and women also made some of the best displays of fruits and, flowers.

Department N, anthropology, Prof. W J McGee, chief, comprised 4 groups and 5 classes, the board of lady managers being accorded representation upon each.

Group 126, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D.C., Juror.

Under the group heading "Somatology," the two classes into which it was divided represented: Physical characteristics of man; the comparative and special anatomy of races and peoples; specimens, casts, measurements, charts, and photographs representing typical and comparative characteristics. Anthropometry; measurements, charts, diagrams, etc., showing the methods and results of comparative studies on the physical structure of living races; instruments and appliances used in anthropometric investigations.

Miss Fletcher reports:

In the Department of Anthropology there were no distinctive exhibits by women that I can recall, for the work of women in that field was represented in the general student body of the science.

In archaeology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall's investigations in Mexico were represented in the publications of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University and the University of California. Miss Boyd's remarkable excavations at Gournia, Crete, were in connection with the Archaeological Institute of America, and the University of Pennsylvania. The contributions of these two and of Miss Breton, an English woman, who has made copies in color of the disappearing mural decorations in Central America, rank among the recent notable archaeological researches.

In somatology, the exhibit of Bryn Mawr College showed so marked a comprehension of the value of this line of study and its observations and the results in this branch of science, were so clearly and well presented as to receive a special award.

In ethnology, the work of women in this branch was included in the publications of scientific bodies and universities. In the collections exhibited the articles obtained by women were indiscriminately arranged with those gathered by men so as to make the exhibits of value and of interest.

In reply to the questions as to whether woman's work was as well appreciated when placed side by side with that of men, as when separately exhibited, I would say, that the trend of opinion at the present time is to judge of work by its character and quality rather than by the sex of the worker. Every woman student desires only such judgment to be passed on her work and is grateful that the day has come when she can be so dealt with.

Again, as to a comparison between the exhibits of woman's work at previous expositions and at the one held in St. Louis; as I have visited nearly all since that of the Centennial, I think that no one could fail to note the fairer estimate put on woman's work at the, recent exposition than was ever before granted. From the days of the childhood of the race to the present time it has always been impossible to draw a hard and fast line between the labors of men and those of women, their work has continually interchanged and overlapped. What has been woman's work in one age has become man's in another. The history of textile industries is a well known case in point. Such being the fact, it is in keeping with the truth of the past and the present time, not to attempt to exhibit separately that which has always been interwoven.

In anthropology the number of women students is small, but the work accomplished by these few has been creditable, and has received its due recognition.

The Indian school exhibit came under the Department of Anthropology, and several women received awards for special accomplishments.

Looking over the field of woman's work as presented at the St. Louis Exposition, one is convinced of the growth of a healthful recognition of her labors in the upbuilding of social life, both in the ideal and the practical, and can not fail to note the uses to which she is putting the widening opportunities for her higher education.

Group 127, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, of Tacoma, Wash., Juror.

Under the group heading "Ethnology" there was but one class, representing illustration of the growth of culture; the origin and development of arts and industries; ceremonies, religious rites, and games; social and domestic manners and customs; languages and origin of writing.

Mrs. Henderson says:

In the Department of Anthropology in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition there were but few individual exhibits, those being principally in the section of history. Women have always been the chief heralds of family and conservators of family records and relics. The Daughters of the Revolution have stimulated research, restoration, and preservation along historical lines. For the first time in exposition management a department of history had its own commissioner and that commissioner was a woman. Miss Hayward justified this decidedly new step by her services. I think I am right in asserting that she was the first woman commissioner on the board of any international exposition.[A] The section of history was part of the Department of Anthropology.

[Footnote A: Mrs. Potter Palmer and Mrs. Daniel Manning were appointed by President McKinley to serve as commissioners at the Paris Exposition, 1900.]

New, too, was representation on the jury of anthropology of workers in Indian affairs, as represented in the model Indian school, containing, as it did, so large a proportion of women's work in exhibits from different tribes and sections of the country, and of the suggested work of the white woman teachers. Of these latter was the juror, Miss Peters, of the domestic science department. Advancement along these lines since the Columbian Exposition is undoubted, except in the matter of such Indian arts as basketry and rug making. If there be any reason for the existence of a raffia basket in hideous aniline hues it doth not yet appear. I think this bastard has usurped the place of the Indians' beautiful art of long descent, and it is distressing. White teachers who presume to instruct the Indians in basket making, or who substitute hairpin lace and the like, have much to answer for.

I noted no particular advance in anthropology among women since the Columbian Exposition, when I served upon the same jury in the same distinguished company—Mrs. Zelia Nuttall and Miss Alice Fletcher. In other more tangible departments, so to speak, and at other expositions, I have noted a steady advance in woman's work and in the spread of her domain. The time has long past when it should be segregated, as kindergarten efforts are from regular school work.

I recall no anthropological exhibit by foreign women at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In fact, American women undoubtedly lead in such study, investigation, exploration, and publication. In their own country the opportunity is great, especially in ethnology, because of the thousands of barbarous people among us and savages upon our borders. Tribes still in the stone age are our actual contemporaries. Women, quick to grasp, able to ingratiate themselves, are peculiarly fitted to gather the folklore of the Indians, their songs and myths and ceremonials—weird, rich, beautiful as those of the ancient Greeks. Miss Fletcher, who at St. Louis served upon the section of psychometry, has done much for both ethnology and the coming school of American music in rescuing and preserving the Indian songs.

What has been accomplished in archaeology by women was best exhibited in the attainments, translations, and publications of another member of the jury of anthropology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, as well known in Europe as in this country. Woman's acknowledged intuition, patience, and enthusiasm are factors of great value in the problem of reducing to one common denominator the life and works of bygone man from his archeological remains.

It seems to me of great importance to emphasize the work of women at such expositions. What woman has done, woman can do, is an invaluable suggestion borne in upon many minds of latent possibilities which, developed, might greatly benefit humanity. The most important exhibits at any great exposition are never seen, only felt.

Miss Cora Peters, Department of the Interior, United States Indian Service, Chilocco, Okla., as mentioned by Mrs. Henderson, also served in this Department, and briefly says:

I have not been able to give very definite replies as I had so little time to investigate the work. I served on the section of Indian education, and the work of the women was usually better than that of the men, and in every case they were more persistent in their efforts. It seems to me that there are more opportunities open to women along educational lines, especially that of domestic economy. The extent of women's influence in the home will never be known, so I am very glad that at present there is a great interest taken in that subject.

Miss Peters further says that the nature of the exhibits was historical, such as those by the Daughters of the American Revolution of Indian relics, and the exhibit in the Alaska Building, the latter being the most striking exhibit in the department. The women had more displays than men, and some of their work was very creditable, and in some cases was as well appreciated when placed by the side of that of men; that in one case it might have been more beneficial in result had it been separately exhibited, but as a whole I think women were given due consideration. The proportion of the work performed by women was not as large in proportion as that performed by the men, but in the Indian section of which I was a juror I think the awards were about evenly divided. The greater part of the exhibits consisted of collections of relics, and the exhibits by women showed great skill and ingenuity, and in nearly every case the installation of exhibits was considered very good, as was the taste displayed. Some of them were better than those by men.

Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass., Juror.

Under the group heading "Ethnography," the one class represented races and peoples from earliest man to the present time; tribal and racial exhibits, showing by means of specimens, groups, and photographs, the stages of culture reached by different peoples of various times and under special conditions of environment. Families, groups, and tribes of living peoples.

Mrs. Nuttall's report in the sections of archæology, ethnology, and history is as follows:

Exhibits of original work by women in these three sections were conspicuous by their absence. At the same time the names of several women figure in the catalogue as collaborators in the installment of archæological collections. Mrs. Quibbell and Miss Cox gave valuable assistance in arranging the Egyptian exhibit from the Museum at Cairo.

Miss Mary Louise Dalton not only helped to install the archæological and historical specimens belonging to the Missouri Historical Society, but was also instituted as the custodian of these exhibits.

It is impossible to overrate the value of the services rendered to the exposition by the special commissioner for history, Miss Florence Hayward, who not only secured the special exhibit of the Queen's jubilee presents, but also the exhibits of the Louisiana State Historical Society, the historical exhibit of the city of New Orleans, and several interesting private collections.

The highest award was given to Miss Hayward, and bronze medals were assigned to Miss Dalton and to Miss Valentine Smith, the secretary of the Chicago Historical Society, who installed its loan exhibition, and likewise lent some documents belonging to her private collection.

Two women only figured as exhibitors of single ethnological and archæological objects, but merely as their possessors.

The foregoing facts establish that of the three sections under consideration (ethnology, archæology, and history) it was in the section of history that women distinguished themselves most at the St. Louis exposition. It may perhaps be said that the activity of women in bringing together and classifying historical material was a feature of the exposition, and marks an encouraging stage in the history of women's work in the United States.

Department O, social economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, chief, comprised 13 groups and 58 classes, the board of lady managers receiving representation in 5 groups.

Group 129, Miss Caroline Griesheimer, Washington, D.C., Juror.

Under the group heading "Study and investigation of social and economic conditions," the five classes into which it was divided represented Official bureaus and offices. Private bureaus, museums, boards of trade, etc. Economic and social reform associations, congresses. Economic serials, reviews, and other publications. Scholastic instruction in economics and social economy.

Miss Greisheimer says:

Studies and investigations of exhibits, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, social economy group 129. The exhibits, by means of reports and statistics, of leading States and countries showing the commercial and industrial conditions of the State or country, in regard to exports and imports, wages, occupations, hours of daily labor, health statistics, educational facilities, means provided for industrial betterment of employees, and photographs and graphic charts illustrative of the above, no doubt attracted the attention of thousands of visitors at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and will result in much good. Important subjects are thus brought to the front and many employers and capitalists are benefited by the experience of others, and so go away and work out some plan for the betterment of the conditions of their employees. It opens the way for the capitalist to meet his workmen in the adoption of measures for harmonizing the interests of capital and labor and binding together in mutual interest and good will the men whose work enriches the State and the employer who directs their labor and converts its products into wages.

The many photographs exhibited illustrating the line of betterment evolution and industrial commercial pursuits and development bring facts relating to these subjects before the public and lead captains of industry and the employer to investigate betterment institutions and profit by the experience of others. They also furnish an idea of the large industries, progress, and natural resources of the country. Thus the photographs of the coffee plantations of Brazil thoroughly illustrated the coffee industry and gave an idea of this great industry, its commercial value, its growth and development. The exhibits of New Jersey by means of photographs of industrial betterment institutions and industrial conditions furnished plenty of matter for studies and investigations to students of social economics.

Representatives of large industries, through the medium of international expositions, study the means of improving the productions of their factories, either by the use of better raw material, securing it cheaper by importing it direct from the producing centers, or by the improvement of their processes by using modern machinery, and by the study of the social betterment conditions of the employees of other large industrial enterprises.

Many of the foreign governmental publications, reports, photographs, statistics, and graphic charts exhibited showed the degree of advancement reached in some parts of the country with relation to these particular subjects, and the splendid condition and resources of the State or country. Many of these exhibits were beautifully illustrated, giving information of the social and economic conditions, as well as the history, geography, physical resources, etc., of the State or country. The exhibits of France, Belgium, Germany, and Great Britain were elaborate and systematically arranged, and furnished a fund of information in social economic studies and investigations by their most eminent economists.

The exhibits of the American Institute of Social Service deserves especial mention. We learn from them how we can aid in humanizing and elevating the spirit, methods, and conditions of modern life.

This institute had on exhibition about 2,000 photographs in 10 wing-frame cabinets, which visualize and interpret all forms of social and industrial betterment, arranged as follows: (1) The American Institute of Social Service. (2) Civic betterment. (3) Improved housing. (4, 5, and 6) Industrial betterment. (7) European social studies. (8) Salvation Army and denominational work. (9) Young Men's and Young Women's Christian associations. (10) Institutional churches. After the exposition these cabinets will be put on permanent exhibition at the headquarters of the institution in New York.

These photos make a deep and lasting impression upon the mind of the observer of the great work being done in all forms of social and industrial betterment. It is an efficient way of showing the needs of the times created by the new conditions in the industrial world, and is a means of bringing together the best thinkers of the age to devise feasible plans for the betterment of mankind, and the solving of problems of social conditions and industrial betterment. They also show what is being done by the American Institute of Social Service.

The American Institute of Social Service is a clearing house for exchange of facts, experiences and ideas on social and industrial betterment. It is both a laboratory for investigation and a distributor of the knowledge gained. It is practically an international university for the study and promotion of social and industrial progress. Its work is done on a large and thorough plan, and benefits multitudes.

The fundamental principle and purpose of the institute is to make the experience of all available for the instruction of each. This principle is applicable alike to individuals, corporations, churches, societies, cities, States, and nations.

The institute places human experience on file. It welcomes inquiries from anyone. The answers aim to be complete, or, if necessary, to refer the writer to the most direct and trustworthy sources.

It furnishes expert advice for solving local problems to employers of every kind, to workingmen, to municipal officers, to teachers and ministers, to writers, students, and others.

Through its many foreign collaborators, the institute receives reports, and is in close touch with social movements abroad.

The institute also arranges for addresses and lectures, with or without lantern slides, on many important subjects, such as: The Child Problem, History of Labor, Food, Tenements and Improved Housing, Industrial Betterment, Substitutes for the Saloon, The Newer Charity, Municipal Problems, Institutional Churches, Public Baths and Wash Houses, The Better New York.

Its publications are: Social Service, an illustrated monthly magazine; The Better New York, monographs, and leaflets.

It has a specialized and growing library, with many foreign books and pamphlets, 3,000 lantern slides, and 4,000 photographs, showing social and industrial conditions throughout the world.

Results.—Plans for new factories have been modified for comfort and health. Result: Better workers and better work.

Facilities for warm lunches, baths, and recreation at noon have been provided. Result: Hold of the saloon weakened.

Social secretaries have been appointed in factories and department stores. Result: Employees and employers in harmony.

Ministers, lecturers, and writers have been aided in presenting moral questions with force and persuasiveness. Result: Public conscience aroused.

The attention of societies and clubs has been turned to vital civic questions. Result: Energies given practical value.

Many private individuals have been encouraged to undertake local efforts of great value from which they reluctantly shrank for lack of knowledge and experience. Result: Individuals and communities have been both beautified.

Theodore Roosevelt said: "This institute is fitted to render a great and peculiar service, not merely to the country but to all countries. The possibilities of usefulness for the institute are well nigh boundless. It will hasten the progress of civilization and the uplifting of humanity."

The exhibits of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum of the World's Commerce and American Industries by means of 88 graphically illustrated charts also deserve mention. These charts illustrate the progress and present conditions of the commerce of the world, of the manufacturing industries of the United States, and of the British and American shipping industries.

This graphic method shows more clearly than statistics alone would do what proportion of the world's trade belongs to each of the principal nations, and the relative importance, from a manufacturing standpoint, of the leading cities of the United States.

The Philadelphia Museum was organized in 1884 by ordinance of the city councils, and is governed by a board of trustees. The board maintains the Commercial Museum and a Commercial Library, and is accumulating material for a group of city museums devoted to public education, ethnology, economics, economic botany, and general science.

The Commercial Museum comprises collections illustrating the production and commerce of all nations. A bureau of information collates all available data regarding the subject of foreign trade, and distributes, upon application, reports tending to the extension of American trade abroad.

The Commercial Library is free to the public and contains books bearing particularly on the subjects of international trade, productions, transportation, banking, economics, and municipal affairs. It also contains more important books, pamphlets, periodicals, and foreign reports of recent date relating to foreign trade and commerce than any other commercial library in the world.

This valuable collection of trade literature includes statistical reports of all foreign governments issuing such documents, and foreign governments' gazettes, reports of board of trade bodies, regulations of customs tariffs, yearbooks descriptive of many foreign countries, colonies, and settlements, the consular reports from all countries, special work regarding trade, commerce, agriculture, mining, and general conditions in foreign countries. It also has periodicals, city directories, and trade directories from all countries.

The museums are maintained by an annual appropriation from the city of Philadelphia, and the bureau of information by contributions from business firms and individuals desiring special service.

The Commercial Museum has accomplished much along the educational lines. The growing feeling that an increased export trade is necessary to the prosperity of the country is forcing upon schools and colleges the necessity of courses in commercial geography and commerce.

The Commercial Museum, with its wealth of products collected from every part of the world, is in the position to supply the necessary demand for the material on which such schools must depend. It has distributed over 225 collections of such products, with photographs arranged for the study of commercial geography, and so is intended to eventually include within its scope schools, colleges, and universities.

Salvation Army.—It is impossible to describe in a few words the great work and the good being accomplished by the Salvation Army. Many photographs were exhibited illustrating the work being done by this noble army.

On Christmas, 1878, in London, this army of Christian workers was christened "The Salvation Army," consisting then of about 20 workers and about as many posts, with a few hundred members, and some 3,000 souls seeking salvation during the year. To-day there are scattered through 47 countries and colonies as follows: