HISTORY OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND INDIVIDUALS.

I. ALGONKINS.

Early in the seventeenth century, the Algonkins were the largest family of North American Indians within the present limits of the United States, extending from Newfoundland to the Mississippi, and from the waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg. Northeast and northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Athabascas; the Dakotas bounded them on the west, and the Mobilian tribes, Catawbas, Natchez, &c., on the south. Within this region also dwelt the Iroquois and many detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins were nomadic, shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting upon which they depended required. There has been some difficulty in properly locating the tribe from which the family has taken its name, but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa River, in Canada, where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. The only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of the Two Mountains.

Of the large number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct, others so reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost, while nearly all of the rest have been removed far from their original hunting-grounds. The Lenni Lenape, from the Delaware, are now leading a civilized life far out on the great plains west of the Missouri, and with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once powerful Pottawatamies, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. Of the many nations forming this great family, we have a very full representation in the following catalogue, about equally divided between the wild hunters and the civilized agriculturists.

1. CHEYENNES.

"This nation has received a variety of names from travellers and the neighboring tribes, as Shyennes, Shiennes, Cheyennes, Chayennes, Sharas, Shawhays, Sharshas, and by the different bands of Dakotas, Shaí-en-a or Shai-é-la. With the Blackfeet, they are the most western branch of the great Algonkin family. When first known, they were living on the Chayenne or Cayenne River, a branch of the Red River of the North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sioux, and about the close of the last century still farther west across the Missouri, where they were found by those enterprising travelers Lewis and Clark in 1803. On their map attached to their report they locate them near the eastern face of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great Sheyenne River, and state their number at 1,500 souls." Their first treaty with the United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton River. They were then at peace with the Dakotas, but warring against the Pawnees and others. Were then estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250.

During the time of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819 and 1820, a small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves from the rest of their nation on the Missouri, and to have associated themselves with the Arapahoes who wandered about the tributaries of the Platte and Arkansas, while those who remained affiliated with the Ogalallas, these two divisions remaining separated until the present time. Steps are now being taken, however, to bring them together on a new reservation in the Indian Territory.

Up to 1862, they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when outbreaks occurred, and then for three or four years a costly and bloody war was carried on against them, a notable feature of which was the Sand Creek or Chivington massacre, November 29, 1864. "Since that time there has been constant trouble. * * * In '67, General Hancock burned the village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and another war began, in which General Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Black Kettle and 37 others." The northern bands have been generally at peace with the whites, resisting many overtures to join their southern brethren.

List of illustrations.

118, 120. Hah-ket-home-mah. Little Robe. (Front.) Southern Cheyenne.

119, 121. Hah-ket-home-mah. Little Robe. (Profile.)Southern Cheyenne.

109. Hah-ket-home-mah. Little Robe. Southern Cheyenne.

110. Min-nin-ne-wah. Whirlwind.Southern Cheyenne.

111. Whoak-poo-no-bats. White Shield. Southern Cheyenne.

112. Wo-po-ham. White Horse.Southern Cheyenne.

113. Bah-ta-che. Medicine Man.Southern Cheyenne.

114. Pawnee.Southern Cheyenne.

115. Ed. Guerrier. Interpreter.Southern Cheyenne.

26. Lame White Man.Northern Cheyenne.

Wild Hog.Northern Cheyenne.

27. Bald Bear.Northern Cheyenne.

Cut Foot.Northern Cheyenne.

28. Dull Knife.Northern Cheyenne.

Little Wolf.Northern Cheyenne.

29. Crazy Head.Northern Cheyenne.

Spotted Wolf.Northern Cheyenne.

30, 31. Stone Calf and Wife.Southern Cheyenne.

116. Whirlwind and Pawnee.Southern Cheyenne.

117. Little Robe and White Horse.Southern Cheyenne.

122. High Toe.

123-4.Groups at Agency.

2. CHIPPEWAS.

Migrating from the East late in the sixteenth or early in the seventeenth century, the Chippewas, or Ojibwas, settled first about the Falls of Saint Mary, from which point they pushed still farther westward, and eventually compelled the Dakotas to relinquish their ancient hunting-grounds about the headwaters of the Mississippi and of the Red River of the North. Were first known to the French, about 1640, who called them Sauteux, from the place of their residence about Sault Ste. Marie, a name still applied to them by the Canadian French. They were then living in scattered bands on the banks of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, and at war with the Foxes, Iroquois, and Dakotas, becoming thereby much reduced in numbers. Were firm allies of the French in all of their operations against the English, and took a prominent part in Pontiac's uprising. During the revolutionary war they were hostile to the colonists, but made a treaty of peace with them at its close. They again sided with the English in the war of 1812, but joined in a general pacification with a number of other tribes in 1816. Like other tribes, they gradually ceded their lands to the Government, receiving in return annuities and goods, until in 1851 all but a few bands, retaining but moderate reservations, had removed west of the Mississippi.

"The Chippewas, now numbering 19,606, formerly ranged over Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and with common interests, and acknowledging more or less the leadership of one controlling mind, formed a homogeneous and powerful nation; a formidable foe to the Sioux, with whom they waged incessant warfare, which was checked only by the removal of the Minnesota Sioux to Dakota after the outbreak of 1863."

The collecting of the Chippewas upon thirteen reservations, scattered over the above-named States, under five different agencies, has so modified the esprit du corps of the tribe that, though speaking the same language and holding the same traditions and customs, the bands located in different sections of the country have few interests and no property in common, and little influence or intercourse with each other. The agency has taken the place of the nation, and is in turn developing the individual man, who, owning house, stock, and farm, has learned to look solely to his own exertions for support. No tribe by unswerving loyalty deserves more of the Government, or is making, under favorable conditions, more gratifying progress; 9,850 of the tribe live in houses, 9,345 are engaged in agriculture and other civilized occupations; and 13,202 wear citizen's dress. Fifty-seven per cent. of their subsistence is obtained by their own labor, mainly in farming; for the rest, they depend on game and fish, especially the latter, of which they readily obtain large quantities.

The Chippewas are extensively intermarried with the Ottawas, and are thrifty and worthy citizens of the United States, as are also those of Saginaw, and of Keewenaw Bay in Michigan. The Bad River, Red Cliff, Red Lake, and Mississippi bands are likewise making rapid progress in civilization. Of those which have made but little or no progress are the Leech Lake, White Earth, Mille Lac, and other scattered bands in remote and inaccessible regions of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the older chiefs resolutely opposing any attempt on the part of the younger men to begin a civilized life.

List of Illustrations.

1001. Es-en-ce. Little Shell. Pembina.

Head chief of the Pembinas, residing at Turtle Mountain, in Dakota. His father and grandfather were chiefs of the same band before him. Took an active part against the Sioux in the Minnesota massacres in 1863. Visited Washington in 1874, at the head of a delegation in behalf of their bands, to protest against being removed from their old homes about Turtle Mountain.

1002. Mis-to-ya-be. Little Bull.Pembina.

Head brave of the Pembinas, and resides at Pembina. Is a man of considerable influence, his word being law with his band. Has good common sense and fine executive ability. Was removed by the Government to White Earth reservation, but refuses to live there, and has gone back to his old home. Has fought the Sioux frequently, and has been quite successful in stealing horses from them. Has two wives. Does no farming.

1003. Ka-ees-pa. Something Blown Up by the Wind.Pembina.

A half-breed, but lives and dresses like an Indian. His father was made a chief of the Pembinas by the English and Americans, and upon his death succeeded him. Is a very successful hunter, and is looked upon as a representative man of the tribe.

1004. Ke-woe-sais-we-ro. The Man Who Knows How to Hunt.Pembina.

A half-breed and third brave of the band. Always joined the Chippewas in fighting the Sioux—the Pembinas fighting on horseback—and counts four scalps. Is a trader. Is thought very much of by his tribe, and has a reputation for moral worth and straightforward dealing.

851. Large Group of the proceeding four numbers.

1068. Shay-wi-zick. Sour Spittle.Red Lake.

A brave of the Red Lake band of Chippewas and younger brother of the head chief. His wife and children were killed by the Sioux, and he fought them frequently in return, killing two. Was a good speaker and farmed a good deal. Died last winter, aged about 70.

80, 1069. Qui-wi-zhen-shish. Bad Boy.Red Lake.

Foremost brave of the Red Lake band. His father was chief, which office is now held by his older brother. Was ranked as one of the bravest of the Chippewas in their battles with the Sioux, and took many scalps. Was a fine speaker and a man of much influence. Farmed very successfully and raised considerable corn, and was also a good hunter. Had two wives. Died in 1872.

1070. Qui-wi-zens. The Boy.Red Lake.

A brave and a leading warrior in the battles of his tribe with the Sioux. A good speaker, hunter, and farmer, although the farming is done almost entirely by his wife and children, as is the case with all these Indians. Is now dead.

1071. Auguste.Pembina.

A brave of the Pembinas, formerly residing near the British line, but now removed, with his band, to the White Earth reservation. Has the reputation of being a miserable, worthless Indian, unwilling to work, and adhering with great tenacity to the heathenish customs of his tribe. Was baptized in his infancy by the Roman Catholics, but has renounced his Christianity. Has had his skull broken three times in quarrels with his own people, and has been twice wounded in fights with the Sioux.

1072. Moozomo. Moose's Dung.Red Lake.

A petty chief of the Red Lake band. Died some years ago at a very old age. Was a great hunter, and farmed considerably also. Was much respected by the Red Lake bands, and especially so by the whites.

1073. Me-jaw-key-osh. Something in the Air Gradually Falling to the Earth.Red Lake.

A brave but recently made a chief of the Red Lake Chippewas, and is ranked as the very bravest of all his tribe. Had always been accustomed to fight the Sioux, but after the massacre of 1862-'63 re-organized and led a small party of from six to ten of his bravest men against them every summer for some time, killing with his own hand fifteen of their enemies and bringing home their scalps. Was a crafty warrior and knew well how to slay his foe without losing his own life. He still lives, farming and hunting for a living, and is a man of great influence in his band.

1074. Essiniwub Ogwissun. The Son of Essiniwub.Red Lake.

A quiet, peaceable young man, never on the war-path, peace having been declared with the Sioux before he came of age.

1075. Maiadjiaush. Something Beginning to Sail Off.Red Lake.

A brave residing at Red Lake. His father was a chief and his younger brother the present head chief of the Red Lake band. Ten years ago had the reputation of being a bad man, and has the same suspicion still hanging about him; is ill-natured, cross-grained, and always striking and quarrelling with his fellow-Indians.

1076. Naboniqueaush. A Yellow-haired One Sailing Along.Red Lake.

1077. Tibishko-biness. Like a Bird.Red Lake.

A petty chief and brother of Bad Boy. Has often fought the Sioux as a leading brave. Hunts for a living, while his family cultivates corn and potatoes. Is a good speaker and much respected by the Red Lakes.

78, 79. Po-go-nay-ge-shick. Hole in the Day.

81. Ah-ah-shaw-we-ke-shick. Crossing Sky.Rabbit Lake.

82. Nah-gun-a-gow-bow. Standing Forward.Rabbit Lake.

83. Kish-ka-na-cut. Stump.Mille Lac.

84. Mis-ko-pe-nen-sha. Red Bird.Lake Winnipeg.

85. Naw-yaw-nab. The Foremost Sitter.Wisconsin.

86. Now-we-ge-shick. Noon Day.

3. DELAWARES.

When first discovered by the whites, the Delawares were living on the banks of the Delaware, in detached bands under separate sachems, and called themselves Renappi—a collective term for men—or, as it is now written, Lenno Lenape. In 1616 the Dutch began trading with them, maintaining friendly relations most of the time, and buying so much of their land that they had to move inland for game and furs. Penn and his followers, succeeding, kept up the trade and bought large tracts of land, but the Indians claimed to have been defrauded and showed a reluctance to move. They then numbered about 6,000. With the assistance of the Indians of the Six Nations the authorities compelled the Delawares to retire. At the beginning of the Revolution there were none east of the Alleghanies. By treaty in 1789 lands were reserved to them between the Miami and Cuyahoga, and on the Muskingum. In 1818 the Delawares ceded all their lands to the Government and removed to White River, Missouri, to the number of 1,800, leaving a small number in Ohio. Another change followed eleven years after, when 1,000 settled by treaty on the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the rest going south to Red River.

During the late civil war they furnished 170 soldiers out of an able-bodied male population of 201.

In 1866 sold their land to the railroad which ran across it, and buying land of the Cherokees, settled where the main body now resides, small bands being scattered about among the Wichitas and Kiowas.

In 1866, by a special treaty, they received and divided the funds held for their benefit, took lands in severalty, and ceased to be regarded as a tribe. They have given up their Indian ways and live in comfortable houses. Many of them are efficient farmers and good citizens. They are becoming so incorporated with other tribes that there has been no late enumeration made of them as a whole. During the late war they numbered 1,085.

List of illustrations.

181-2. Black Beaver.

Is a full-blood Delaware. Has travelled very extensively through the mountains, serving at one time as a captain in the United States Army. Has a large farm under cultivation, and lives in a very comfortable manner, having good, substantial frontier buildings. He commenced life as a wild Indian trapper, until, becoming familiar with almost all of the unexplored region of the West, and being a remarkably truthful and reliable man, he was much sought after as a guide, and accompanied several expeditions in that capacity. His life has been one of bold adventure, fraught with many interesting incidents, which, if properly written out, would form an interesting and entertaining volume.

—Batty.

186. Great Bear.

4. MENOMONEES.

Were known to the French as early as 1640, and were then living on the Menomonee River, emptying into Green Bay, Wisconsin. Their name is that of the wild rice upon which they largely depend for their subsistence. This is one of the few tribes in the United States who have never been removed from their old home, and are still residing on the same spot where they were first known. Served with the French against the Foxes in 1712, and against the English up to 1763, participating in Braddock's defeat, battles of Fort William Henry and the Plains of Abraham. Were allies of the English during the Revolution, and also in the second war with Great Britain. In 1831 commenced ceding their lands to the Government for money payments, until they were finally located in 1854 in their present reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin, consisting of 231,680 acres of very poor land. They are declining rapidly in numbers. In 1822 were estimated at 3,900; the present count makes them 1,522. Are now living in a civilized way, with a large proportion of their children attending school regularly. Their main dependence is upon the lumber trade, cutting during the last winter over 5,000,000 feet of logs, netting them $4 per 1,000.

List of illustrations.

852. Moses Ladd.

An intelligent and influential man in the tribe, a grandson of Corrow and nephew of Shu-na-ma-shu-na-ne, noted chiefs of the Menomonees. In 1876 Mr. Ladd was sent as a delegate from his tribe to Washington to settle various complications before the Departments and Congress. Was born at Green Bay, Wis., in 1828. Is of mixed blood.

5. MIAMIES.

In 1658 were found on Green Bay, Wisconsin, and in 1670 near the head of Fox River, and were then said to number 8,000 warriors, living in mat houses within a palisade. Their early history is full of their many engagements with Iroquois, Sioux, and the French, in all of which they lost heavily. Sided with the English in the revolutionary war, continuing hostile to the United States until 1815. They then numbered 3,000, but their wars had left them in a badly demoralized condition, leading to broils among themselves, in which nearly 500 perished in eighteen years. In 1835 a portion, numbering 384, were removed from Indiana to the south side of the Kansas River. By 1838 the Miamies remaining in Indiana, then numbering 1,100, sold the rest of their lands; and in 1846 500 of them removed to Kansas, where in twenty-two years they were reduced to 92. In 1873 their lands were sold, when most of the tribe confederated with the Peorias, a few remaining in Kansas as citizens. Are now very much scattered, with no agency of their own, and number, as near as can be ascertained, less than 100. The subjects of the following photographs are of mixed blood:

List of illustrations.

419. Lum-ki-kom.

420. Thos. Miller.

421. Joe Dick.

422-4. Roubideaux.

425. Thos. Richardwell.

426. Roubideaux and Richardwell.

6. OTTAWAS.

When first discovered by the early French explorers were residing on the northwest shore of the peninsula of Michigan. After the defeat of the Hurons in 1649, they fled before the Iroquois to beyond the Mississippi, but were soon compelled to retrace their steps by the Dakotas, and finally settled at Mackinaw, where they joined the French in many of their operations and in their contest for Canada. At its close, Pontiac, head chief of the Detroit Ottawas, organized a great conspiracy for the destruction of the English, which was only partially successful. During the Revolution were with the English. At its close a long series of treaties followed, until, in 1833, those in Michigan ceded their lands and removed south of the Missouri River. In 1836 those in Ohio sold their lands and removed to the Indian Territory and prospered, becoming citizens of the United States in 1867. In 1870 made another move to a new reservation of 25,000 acres near the Shawnees, where they are now living, reduced to 140. A large number of Ottawas are now living on the shore of Lake Superior, so intermarried and confederated with the Chippewas that there is no attempt at any distinction between them, the two combined numbering over 6,000. In Canada there are about 1,000 more, all self-supporting.

List of illustrations.

504. Sucker.

505. Che-po-qua. Lightning.

English name, Henry Clay. Full-blood Ottawa. Uneducated, but of considerable executive ability. Is a councilman and an energetic, unselfish worker for the advancement of the tribe. Was born in 1830, and this photograph taken in 1868.

506. Partee. John Wilson.

Chief of the tribe from 1867 to 1869, dying before the expiration of his term of office, aged about 60 years. Was but little versed in English, but was well educated in his own language. Was noted for amiability and hospitality, and made one of the very best of chiefs.

507. Sha-pon-da. Passing Through. (James Wind.)

Succeeded John Wilson as chief for two years. Is a half-blood. Is well educated in native language, and an ordained minister in the Baptist church. Died in 1875.

1040. Joseph King.

Successor of James Wind as chief of the Ottawas. Is well educated in both native and English languages. Age, 50 years.

1041. L. S. Dagnet.

Born as a Peoria, but was expelled from the tribe, and the Ottawas adopted him as one of their own.

1039. Frank King.

Also an adopted member of the tribe, being originally a Chippewa. Has been a counsellor, and also judge of the council.

7. POTTAWATOMIES.

Early in 1600 were occupying the lower peninsula of Michigan in scattered bands, whence they were finally driven westward by the Iroquois, and settled about Green Bay. The French acquired much influence over them, whom they joined in their wars with the Iroquois. Joined Pontiac in his uprising in 1763. Hostile to colonists during the Revolution, but made a peace in 1795, joining the English again, however, in 1812. New treaties followed by which their lands were almost entirely conveyed away, until in 1838 a reserve was allotted them on the Missouri, to which 800 were removed. The whole tribe then numbered about 4,000, some bands of which had made considerable progress in civilization, while a part, called the Pottawatomies of the Prairie, were roving and pagan. Those in Kansas made rapid progress in civilization. In 1867, 1,400 out of 2,180 elected to become citizens and take their lands in severalty; the others held to their tribal organization, but disintegration set in and many became wanderers, some even going to Mexico. It is difficult at the present time to estimate their whole number, owing to their scattered condition. There are only 450 in the Indian Territory, under the care of the Indian Bureau, and in Michigan 60. The others are citizens or roaming in Mexico. Of this once numerous and powerful nation we have but a single illustration, viz:

List of illustrations.

522. Mzhik-ki-an. Thunder Coming Down to the Ground.

8. SACS AND FOXES.

The Sacs, Sauks, or Saukies, as it has been variously written—a word meaning white clay—and the Foxes, or Outagamies, or more properly the Musquakkink, (Red Clay), are now as one tribe. They were first discovered settled about Green Bay, Wis., but their possessions extended westward, so that the larger part was beyond the Mississippi. They partly subdued and admitted into their alliance the Iowas, a Dakota tribe. By 1804 they had ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, and settled on the Des Moines River, moving subsequently to the Osage, and most of these finally to the Indian Territory. In 1822 the united bands numbered 8,000, but are now reduced to a little more than 1,000, of whom 341 are still in Iowa, 430 in the Indian Territory, 98 in Nebraska, and about 200 in Kansas. The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi in the Indian Territory have a reservation of 483,840 acres. Unsuccessful attempts have been made lately to induce those in Kansas to join them. Those in Iowa are living on a section of land purchased by themselves. The Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri have 4,863 acres of land in Nebraska, but it is proposed to remove them soon to the Indian Territory.

List of illustrations.

677. Keokuk. Watchful Fox.

A chief of the Kiscoquah band of Sacs or Sauks, and head chief of the combined Sacs and Foxes.

"The entire absence of records by which the chronology of events might be ascertained, renders it impossible to trace, in the order of their date, the steps by which this remarkable man rose to the chief place of his nation, and acquired a commanding and permanent influence over his people.

"Keokuk is in all respects a magnificent savage. Bold, enterprising, and impulsive, he is also politic, and possesses an intimate knowledge of human nature, and a tact which enables him to bring the resources of his mind into prompt operation. His talents as a military chief and civil ruler are evident from the discipline which exists among his people."

—McKinney.

678, 681-2, 705. Keokuk, Jr.

Son of the preceding, and succeeded him in the chieftainship.

679, 684. Charles Keokuk.

Grandson of Keokuk, sr.

683. Keokuk, Jr., and Charles Keokuk.

685-6. Mo-less.

687-8. Sac-a-pe.

689. Mo-less and Sac-a-pe.

692. Qua-qua-ouf-pe-ka, or Dead Indian.

693. The Sea.

694. Big Bear.

695-9. Mo-ko-ho-ko.

700. Mano-to-wa.

400. Wah-com-mo.

401. Ne-quaw-ho-ko. Grey Eyes.

396, 691, 701. Wah-pah-nah-ka-na Kah. Bear Eating Acorns Up a Tree, or Geo. Gomez.

A Mexican by birth, and interpreter for the Sacs and Foxes since 1858. Was sold to the Comanches when thirteen years of age, but ran away and joined the Kickapoos. Was captured again by the Comanches while he was out with the Kickapoos hunting, but was allowed to escape and rejoin his Indian friends. Drove Government teams for a while between Forts Leavenworth and Kearney. In 1852 joined the Sacs and Foxes, and participated in some of their battles on the plains.

He has been married into the following tribes: Caddoes, Kickapoos, Pawnees, Seminoles, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Winnebagoes, Iowas, and Sacs and Foxes of Missouri; and speaks the languages of the Creeks, Caddo, Comanche, Pottawatomie, Kick-a-poo, Sac and Fox, Pawnee, Iowa, and Winnebago, besides English and Spanish.

708. Sac Chief.

709. Group of Sac and Fox chiefs.

805. Group of Fox chiefs.

806. Commissioner Bogy reading treaty.

710. Commissioner and delegation of chiefs.

706-7. Groups of delegations.

9. SHAWNEE.

The Shawnees or Shawanoes are an erratic tribe of Algonkin stock, supposed to have been one primarily with the Kickapoos. Were first discovered in Wisconsin, but moved eastwardly, and, coming in contact with the Iroquois south of Lake Erie, were driven to the banks of the Cumberland. Some passed thence into South Carolina and Florida, and, by the early part of the eighteenth century, had spread into Pennsylvania and New York. At the close of the Spanish and English war those in Florida emigrated and joined the northern bands, and, again coming into contact with the Iroquois, were driven westward into Ohio. Joined in Pontiac's uprising in 1763, and rallied under the English flag during the Revolution. In 1795 the main body of the tribe were on the Scioto, but some had already crossed the Mississippi and others south. Those in Missouri ceded their lands to the Government in 1825, and those in Ohio in 1831, for new homes in the Indian Territory. In 1854 the main body in the Indian Territory disbanded their tribal organization and divided their lands in severalty.

The Eastern Shawnees are those who emigrated direct from Ohio to the Indian Territory, where they now are. They number 97, and are successful agriculturists.

The Absentee Shawnees are those who, thirty-five years since, seceded from the main portion of the tribe in Kansas and located in the northern part of the Indian Territory, where they have received no aid from Government, but are now in a highly prosperous condition. They number 563 at the present time.

List of illustrations.

711. Wa-wa-si-si-mo.

712. F. A. Rogers.

713. Charles Tucker.

716. Bertram.

10. PEQUOD.

Of the five principal nations of New England in 1674, the Pequods or Mohegans, the two being considered as one, were tribes of considerable influence and strength of numbers, claiming authority over all the Indians of the Connecticut Valley. Jonathan Edwards states that the language of the Stockbridge or Muhhekanew (Mohegan) was spoken throughout New England. Nearly every tribe had a different dialect, but the language was radically the same. Elliot's translation of the Bible is in a particular dialect of this language. The Stockbridges, so named from the place of their residence, was originally a part of the Housatonic tribe of Massachusetts, to whom the legislature of that State granted a section of land in 1736. They were subsequently removed to New Stockbridge and Brotherton, in Western New York, many other tribes of New England and also of New York joining them. They had good lands and fine farms, and were rapidly becoming worthy of citizenship, when, in 1857, they were removed to a reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin, on which, their agent reported, no white man could obtain a comfortable livelihood by farming. They have been divided for some time into two bands, known as the "citizen" and "Indian" factions, the former having lived off from the reservation for the past twelve years. In 1875, 134 of the "citizens" received their per capita share of the tribal property, and became private citizens of the United States. The tribe has 118 members remaining.

1050. Na-un-naup-tauk. Jacob Jacobs.Stockbridge.

A delegate from the Stockbridge Indians to Washington in 1875, and again in 1876. Born in Wisconsin in 1834. Belongs to the "citizen" band, and participated in the late division of the tribal property and separation from the tribe.

1049. Waun-naun-con. J. C. W. Adams.Stockbridge.

Born on the Seneca reservation in New York in 1843, and removed to Wisconsin in 1853. Received a collegiate education at the Lawrence University. In 1876 represented the Stockbridges and Munsees as a delegate in Washington.

1065. Lyman P. Fowler.Brotherton.

A member of the Brotherton branch of the Pequod Nation. Born in Oneida County, New York, in 1823, but emigrated with some of the Stockbridges to Wisconsin in 1836. Chosen as a delegate to Washington on behalf of the Stockbridges and Munsees.

II. ATHABASCAS.

A family of North American Indians, comprising two large divisions, one living in the British Possessions, between Hudson's Bay and the Pacific, and the other along the southern boundary of the United States, in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, with some smaller bands along the western coast, north of Oregon.

The name of the family is derived from Lake Athabasca, a Cree word, meaning "cords of hay." They are supposed by many to be of Tartar descent, and their language has been found to be somewhat analogous to that of Thibet. Their traditions point to an emigration from the West, over a series of islands, and amid much snow and ice. The southern branch includes the nomadic Apaches, the industrious Navajos, and a small remnant of Lipans in Texas, numbering, in all, over 20,000.

1. APACHES.

One of the most numerous branches of Athabascan stock are the Apaches, a fierce, nomadic nation, roaming over the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona, and Sonora and Chihuahua. Always a scourge and a terror to settlers, they have held in check for many years the civilization of the country covered by their depredations. In 1831 Gregg wrote of them: "They are the most extensive and powerful, and yet the most vagrant, of all the savage nations that inhabit the interior of Northern Mexico. They are supposed to number 15,000 souls, although they are subdivided into various petty bands and are scattered over an immense tract of country. They never construct houses, but live in the ordinary wigwam or tent of skins and blankets. They manufacture nothing, cultivate nothing. They seldom resort to the chase, as their country is destitute of game, but seem to depend entirely upon pillage for the support of their immense population, at least 2,000 of which are warriors."

Steadily resisting all attempts at conversion by the missionaries, they gathered about them many of the disaffected tribes and made frequent descents upon missions and towns, ravaging, destroying, and completely depopulating many of them. Since the annexation of their territory to the United States they have caused much trouble, and an almost constant warfare has been kept up against them until quite recently. Successful military campaigns broke up their predatory habits, and since then the efforts which have been made to gather them upon reservations, where they could be cared for until capable of self-sustenance, are proving entirely successful. At the present time more than half the whole nation are on the San Carlos reservation in Arizona, where they have nearly 4,000 square miles, or over 2,500,000 acres, situated upon both sides of the Rio Gila, between the one hundred and ninth and one hundred and eleventh meridians, 400 acres of which are now under cultivation by Indian labor entirely, producing 10,000 bushels of potatoes, 2,000 bushels of corn, and large quantities of other vegetables. They draw their entire subsistence from the Government, but only in return for labor performed, and under this law are doing much good in the way of making and repairing irrigating-ditches, clearing and fencing land, &c. Are now occupying 223 comfortable houses, built for them. "When it is considered that only 2,000 of these Indians have been on the reservation two years, most of whom were participants in the outbreaks of last year (1874); that the 1,400 Ponto, Yuma, and Mohave Apaches from Verde arrived in March last; and that the 1,800 Coyoteros from White Mountain agency arrived July last, after harvest, the above figures will be found a most striking exhibit of the results of the application of a firm control and common-sense treatment for one year."

Besides the San Carlos reservation in Arizona, there are two others in New Mexico, upon which are gathered most of the rest of the Apaches, with the exception of about 650 in the Indian Territory.

The Mescalero reservation, midway between the Rio Grande and the Pecos, contains some 570,000 acres, upon which are the Mescaleros and some other smaller bands, to the number of about 1,100. But little has been done in the way of civilizing them, and they depend almost entirely upon the Government for their subsistence.

The Jicarilla reservation, intended for the sub-tribe of that name, is of about the same dimensions as that of the Mescaleros, and lies between the San Juan River and the northern boundary-line of New Mexico. The Jicarillas, who number about 1,000, have not as yet been placed upon this reserve, but roam at will over the surrounding country, spending much of their time with the southern Utes, with whom they have intermarried to a considerable extent. They draw a portion of their subsistence from the Government and depend upon their own resources for the rest.

The Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875 subdivides and enumerates the Apaches as follows:

Apaches proper 463

Aribaipais 389

Coyoteros1,784

Chiricahuas 475

Essa-queta 180

Gila 800

Jicarilla 950

Mescalero1,100

Miembre 800

Mohave 588

Mogollon 400

Pinal 435

Tonto 661

Yuma 376

Miembre, Mogollon, and Coyoteros classed together 490

———

Total9,891

List of illustrations.

853. Eskiminzin.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 8 inches; circumference of head, 22-1/4 inches; circumference of chest, 37 inches; age, 38 years. Head chief of San Carlos reservation and of the Pinal Apaches. His family was among those slain at the Camp Grant massacre in 1871. Is now taking the lead in living a civilized life, having taken up a farm on the San Carlos River.

854. Eskiminzin and wife.Pinal.

855. Cassadora. A hunter.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 8-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 40 inches. Petty chief; was one of the most lawless and intractable of the tribe. Took part in the assault on a wagon-train in the Cañon Dolores in 1872.

856. Cassadora and wife.Pinal.

857. Eskinilay.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 2 inches; circumference of head, 22 inches; circumference of chest, 35 inches. A captain of the reservation police.

858. Eskinilay and wife.Pinal.

860. Chiquito.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 3/4 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 36 inches. A petty chief.

861. Chiquito and wife.Pinal.

862. Saygully.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 7-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 22-1/4 inches; circumference of chest, 36 inches.

863. Eskayelah.Coyotero.

Height, 5 feet 11 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 36-1/2 inches. An hereditary head chief of the Coyotero Apaches.

864. Skellegunney.Coyotero.

Height, 5 feet 8-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 22-1/2 inches; circumference of chest, 36-1/2 inches. Is looked upon as being a hard case, and has the reputation of being a great horse-stealer.

865. Cullah.Chiricahua.

Height, 5 feet 6-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 22 inches; circumference of chest, 35-1/2 inches.

866. Hautushnehay.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 9 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 36-1/2 inches. One of the reservation policemen appointed by the agent.

867. Napashgingush.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 6-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 21-1/2 inches; circumference of chest, 34-1/2 inches.

868. Cushshashado.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 3-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 22 inches; circumference of chest, 33 inches. A clerk in the trader's store on the San Carlos reservation; speaks English fluently.

869. Pinal.Coyotero.

Height, 5 feet 3-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 21-3/4 inches; circumference of chest, 37 inches. A sub-chief.

870. Passalah.Pinal.

Height, 5 feet 11-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 37-1/2 inches. A reservation policeman.

871. Marijildo Grijalva.

Interpreter. A native of Sonora, Mexico. Was captured when quite young by the Coyotero Apaches, and held by them in captivity until looked upon as one of the tribe.

1. Eskel-ta-sala. (Front.)Coyotero.

2. Eskel-ta-sala. (Side.)Coyotero.

3. Santo. (Front.)Coyotero.

4. Santo. (Side.)Coyotero.

5. Ta-ho. Equestrian. (Front.)Essa-queta.

6. Ta-ho. Equestrian. (Side.)Essa-queta.

A sub-chief of his band. Age, about 50 years; height, 5 feet, 11 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; chest, 45 inches.

7. Gray Eagle. (Front.)Essa-queta.

8. Gray Eagle. (Side.)Essa-queta.

9. Capitan. (Front.)Essa-queta.

10. Capitan. (Side.)Essa-queta.

Age, about 56 years; height, 5 feet 8 inches; circumference of head, 24 inches; chest, 37 inches.

11. Pacer. (Front.)Essa-queta.

12. Pacer. (Side.)Essa-queta.

Was the acknowledged leader of the Apaches in the Indian Territory, and at the same time friendly to the whites. He and his squaw are now both dead.

13. Pacer's Squaw. (Front.)Essa-queta.

14. Pacer's Squaw. (Side.)Essa-queta.

451. Kle-zheh. Jicarilla.

449. Guachinito. One who Dresses in Indian Clothes.Jicarilla.

753, 442. Guerito. The Man with Yellow Hair.Jicarilla.

A young chief of the Jicarilla Apaches, and a son of old Guero, their principal chief. This tribe is intermarried with the Utes, and has always been on friendly terms with them. Young Guerito was sent to Washington in 1873, joining the Ute delegation, for the purpose of effecting some treaty whereby these Apaches might have set apart for them a piece of land of their own to cultivate, as now they roam on Ute land and have no home they can call their own. He is a relative of Ouray, the great chief of the Utes, and through the latter's influence some such arrangement was effected. Guerito is a quiet and peaceable young man, a representative of his tribe, who prefer farming, and shrink from all wars against either Indians or white men.

444. Son of Guerito.Jicarilla.

443, 5, 6, 8. Young Braves.Jicarilla.

447. Pah-yeh, or Hosea Martin.Jicarilla.

18. Son of Vicenti.Jicarilla.

125. Pedro Scradilicto. (Front.)Coyotero.

126. Pedro Scradilicto. (Side.)Coyotero.

127. Es-cha-pa. The One-eyed. (Front.)Coyotero.

652. Es-cha-pa. The One-eyed. (Side.)Coyotero.

414. José Pocati. (Front.)Yuma.

415. José Pocati. (Side.)Yuma.

749. Charlie Arriwawa. (Front.)Mohave.

750. Charlie Arriwawa. (Side.)Mohave.

872-3. Groups comprising all the above included within the Nos. 853-871.

2. NAVAJOS.

A very numerous band of the Apache Nation inhabiting the mountains and plateaus of Arizona and New Mexico, between the San Juan and Little Colorado Rivers, ever since our first knowledge of them. The Spaniards early recognized their relation to the Apaches, although they differ totally from them in their industrious habits, being by far the most civilized of any tribe of Athabascan descent. They have evidently been quick to take advantage of their contact with the semi-civilized Pueblos and Moquis, and from them have acquired many useful arts—chiefly in learning to spin and weave. Their blankets, woven in looms, are of great excellence, and frequently bring from $25 to $100. They cultivate the soil extensively, raising large quantities of corn, squashes, melons, &c. Colonel Baker, in 1859, estimated their farms at 20,000 acres, evidently too large an estimate, as their agent's report for 1875 places the cultivated lands at only 6,000 acres. Their principal wealth, however, is in horses, sheep, and goats, having acquired them at an early day and fostered their growth, so that they now count their horses by the thousand, and their sheep by hundreds of thousands. Notwithstanding the excellence of their manufactures, their houses are rude affairs, called by the Spaniards jackals, and by themselves hogans—small conical huts of poles, covered with branches, and in winter with earth. Like the Apaches, they have made incessant war on the Mexicans, who have made many unsuccessful attempts to subjugate them. The expeditions against them on the part of the United States by Doniphan in 1846, Wilkes in 1847, Newby in 1848, and Washington in 1849, were practically failures. Colonel Sumner established Fort Defiance in 1851, but was forced to retreat, and all other attempts to subdue them were defeated until the winter campaign in 1863, when Colonel Carson compelled them to remove to the Bosque Redondo, on the Pecos River, where 7,000 were held prisoners by the Government for several years. In 1868 a treaty was made with them under which they were removed to Fort Wingate, and the following year back to their old home around Fort Defiance and the cañon De Chelly, where a reservation of 5,200 square miles was assigned them. The latest count puts their number at 11,768—3,000 of whom are said to come directly under the civilizing influences of the agency. Schools are not well established yet, but few of their children attending, and then very irregularly. Although they produce largely, yet they are dependent upon the Government for two-thirds of their subsistence. They dress well, chiefly in materials of their own make, and covering the whole body.

List of illustrations.

1027. Manulito.

The great war-chief of the Navajos. Has been engaged in many combats, and his breast shows the scars of a number of wounds received in battle; was in command of the Indians during their siege of Fort Defiance.

1028. Juanita.

The favorite one of five wives of Manulito, the chief.

1029. Manulito Segundo.

Son of Manulito and Juanita.

1030. Cayatanita.

A brother of Manulito's, and captain of a band of warriors.

1031. Barbas Huero. Light Beard.

Chief councillor of the tribe, and an earnest advocate of a settled peace policy.

1032. Cabra Negra.

A captain, and a sub-chief.

1033. Narbona Primero.

A sub-chief, noted as being a consistent total abstinence advocate, and who exerts himself to save his tribe from the curse of intemperance.

1034. Carnero Mucho. A captain of a band.

1035.

{

Granada Mucho. A captain of a band. Tiene-su-se. Third war-chief. Mariana. Second war-chief.

1038. Juanita and Gov. Arny. Showing Navajo blanket and weaving implements.

1036. Group of the preceding, members of a delegation to Washington in 1874.

786. Barban Cito. Little Beard.

452-5. Miscellaneous men and boys.

III. DAKOTAS.

A large family of North American Indians, embracing the Assinaboins or Stone Sioux, the Dakotas proper, or, as they are called by the Algonkins, Nadowesioux, from which is derived the word Sioux; Omahas, Otoes, Osages, Poncas, Iowas, Kansas, Missourias, Minatarees, and Crows. Until quite recently they occupied the larger portion of the country bounded on the east by the great lakes, on the north by the British Possessions, on the west by the Rocky Mountains, and on the south by the Platte River. According to their traditions they came eastward from the Pacific, and encountered the Algonkins about the headwaters of the Mississippi, where the mass of them were held in check. One of the tribes of this great family, called by the Chippewas Winnebagook (men from the fetid or salt water), pushed through their enemies and secured a foothold on the shores of Lake Michigan. The Quapaws, called by their Algonkin foes the Alkansas or Arkansas, settled on the Ohio, but were ultimately driven down the river by the Illinois to the region now bearing their name. A few of the tribes retain very nearly their original hunting-grounds; the principal migrations of those who have moved having been southwestwardly, from the headwaters of the Mississippi to the Missouri.

In 1875 the Indians of this family residing within the limits of the United States numbered nearly 68,000, with about 1,000 more within the British Possessions. If the estimates of early explorers are to be relied upon, they must have lost heavily in population within the last one hundred years—intestine wars, the aggressions of the whites, and the vices of civilization reducing many once powerful tribes to demoralized remnants that are fast fading out of our knowledge by absorption into the ranks of more powerful neighbors. The majority of the tribes of this family are settled on reservations under the direct care and support of the Government, and are fairly on the road to a civilized future. The exceptions are some of the wild bands of the Sioux, the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, and the Crows. At the present writing most of the first-named are at war with the United States forces, while the two latter are friendly.

1. CROWS.

The Crows, or, as they call themselves, Absaroka, meaning something or anything that flies, when first known occupied the Lower Yellowstone and the valleys of the Big Horn and Tongue Rivers, but roamed over much of the surrounding country, carrying their incursions even to the plains of Snake River and to the valley of the Green. Were originally one with the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, but separated from them, and were afterward driven from their territory by the Ogalallas and Cheyennes, settling finally about the head of the Yellowstone, dispossessing in their turn the Blackfeet and Flatheads. Are divided into three bands, with a dialect peculiar to each, viz: the Kikatsa or Crows proper, the Ahnahaways, and the Allakaweah, numbering in all, as estimated in 1820, 3,250 souls. Obtaining horses at an early day, they became great marauders. Irving writes of them in "Astoria:" "They are in fact notorious marauders and horse-stealers, crossing and recrossing the mountains (the Big Horn), robbing on one side and conveying their spoils to the other." Hence, we are told, is derived their name, given them on account of their unsettled and predatory habits, winging their flight, like the crows, from one side of the mountains to the other, and making free booty of everything that lies in their way. In 1851, joined in a treaty with the United States giving a right of way for roads to be built through their country. In 1868 a treaty was made, and an attempt made to place all the Crows on one reservation, but without success until 1875. They have been much exposed to incursions from some parties of Sioux at their new agency on the Rosebud as well as at their former one on the Yellowstone. "The Indians, full of war and revenge, have no thought to bestow upon farming or other peaceful employment, especially as the best farming lands of the reservation are most exposed to these hostile incursions. Six families, however, have been induced to tend small farms, and have succeeded well. A mile and a half of ditch, sufficient to irrigate several hundred acres, has been dug, and it is hoped that another season will see at least a beginning made toward the civilization of these 4,000 wild but always loyal Crows."

List of illustrations.

940. Kam-ne-but-se. Blackfoot and squaw.

946. Kam-ne-but-se. Blackfoot.

The principal chief of the Mountain Crows; a splendid specimen of manhood, standing 6 feet 2 inches in height and of very heavy frame; owes his position to his bravery and success in fighting the Sioux, their inveterate enemies. He also ranks high as an orator and councillor in the nation. The first picture, in which he is represented in an elaborate dress of buckskin, was made while on a visit, with a delegation of his tribe, to Washington, in 1873; the other represents him as he appears at his home on the Yellowstone, or in his natural every-day garb.

941. Che-ve-te-pu-ma-ta. Iron Bull and squaw.

One of the principal chiefs of the Mountain Crows.

942. Se-ta-pit-se. Bear Wolf and squaw.

943. Perits-har-sts. Old Crow and squaw.

944.

{

Kam-ne-but-se. Blackfoot. Eche-has-ka. Long Horse. Te-shu-nzt. White Calf.

945.

{

Mo-mukh-pi-tche. Ella-causs-se. Thin Belly. Pish-ki-ha-di-ri-ky-ish. The One that Leads the Old Dog.

859. Group of Crow delegation to Washington in 1872, including Agent Pease and the interpreters.

947. In-tee-us. He Shows His Face.

948. Mit-choo-ash. Old Onion.

949. Group of chiefs and headmen.

950. Group of squaws.

The last four pictures were made at the old agency of the Crows, on the Yellowstone, near Shields River, in 1871. The following were also made at the same place and time, and represent the old mission buildings (lately destroyed by fire), in which the agent had his headquarters; their tents and manner of living, and their mode of burial.

953. The Mission, or agency buildings.

952. Village scene, showing new adobe houses built for the Indians.

951. Inside view of a skin lodge.

954. Mode of burial.

2. DAKOTAS, OR SIOUX.

The word Dakota means united, confederated, or many in one, and designates the tribe from which the family takes its name. They seldom or never willingly acknowledge the title Sioux, first given them by the French, and now by all whites. There are many theories as to the origin of this latter name, the most acceptable of which is that it is a corruption of the word Nadouessioux—a general Chippewa designation for enemies—which was gradually applied by missionaries and traders, through an imperfect understanding of the language, to the tribes thus designated. Governor Ramsey, of Minnesota, thought that the word "originated upon the Upper Missouri, among the early French traders, hunters, and trappers, they deriving it, in all probability, from the name of a sub-band of the Ti-t́-wan (Teton), Dakotas, called Sioune, who hunted over the plains of that river, and with whom, consequently, they came most frequently in contact.

"In Lewis and Clark's travels in 1803, they are called the Teton Saone, and their villages are located on the Missouri, near Cannonball River.

"At least we find the term Sioux first used in the early maps to designate a large tribe, with various subdivisions, upon the Upper Missouri only."

Dakota traditions go back but a comparatively short time, and are vague and obscure in regard to their origin and early residence, which place it, however, in the Northwest, above the great lakes. In their progress eastward they early possessed themselves of the country about the headwaters of the Mississippi and the Red River of the North, where they remained as late as 1868, when they were in part dispossessed by the Chippewas, who were eventually the cause of their removal to the Missouri.

Up to 1860, the Dakotas were divided into two principal divisions, those east of the Missouri, who were known as the Minnesota or Mississippi Dakotas, composed of four bands, viz: The Ḿdewakantons, or those of the Village of the Spirit Lake; the Wa-pe-kutes, or Leaf-Shooters; the Wahpetons, or Village in the Leaves; and the Sissetons, or those of the Village of the Marsh. Most of these have been long in contact with the whites, and, having disposed of the greater portion of their lands to the Government, have abandoned most of their old habits, and devote themselves to farming. Others of them, however, are restless and devoted to old prejudices, and cause much trouble to the settlers. The massacre of the whites in 1862 was inaugurated by the Ḿdewakantons, the Wahpetons and Sissetons afterwards joining them.

Along the Missouri, but living mostly on its eastern side, were the Shauktonwans (Yanktons), or the People of Village at the End, inhabiting originally the Sioux, Desmoines, and Jacques Rivers, and living now principally about the mouth of the Vermillion.

The Yanktonais, a diminutive of the preceding name, and meaning the lesser or the little people of the End Village. Lewis and Clark described them as the Yanktons of the Plains, or Big Devils, who were on the heads of the Sioux, Jacques, and Red Rivers. Their present range is on the Missouri, above the Yanktons. From one branch of this band the Assiniboines are said to have sprung.

Pabóksa, or Cutheads, a branch of the Yanktons, and ranging above them.

The I-san-teis, or Santees, another sub-band of the Yanktons, living originally in Minnesota and Iowa, but since lately on the Missouri, near the Yanktons.

West of the Missouri, occupying the greater portion of Dakota, Wyoming, and portions of Montana and Nebraska, the general name of Tetons, or Tetonwans ("Village of the Prairie") has been given to the seven principal bands of the Dakotas inhabiting that region. Lewis and Clark placed them on their map in only two principal divisions, viz: as the "Tetans of the Burnt Woods" (Brulés), and the "Tetans Saone," from which some suppose the word Sioux has been derived for the whole Dakota nation. The seven subdivisions as now recognized are the—

1. Siha-sa-pas or Blackfeet, on the Missouri in the neighborhood of the Cannonball River.

2. The Si-chan-koo or Burnt Thighs, (Brulés,) ranging on the Niobrara and White Rivers, from the Platte to the Cheyenne.

3. Oncpapas, or "those who camp by themselves," who roam over the country between the Cheyenne and Yellowstone Rivers.

4. Minnekonjous, "those who plant by the water," south of the Black Hills.

5. Itá-zip-cho, or Sans Arcs, "without bows," affiliating with the Oncpapas and Blackfeet, and ranging over much the same country.

6. Ogalallas, occupy the country between Fort Laramie and the Platte, although they are now confined to a reservation in the northwestern corner of Nebraska. Have the reputation of being the most friendly disposed toward the whites of all the Titonwans. Red Cloud, so well known as an Indian diplomat, is chief of this band.

7. O-he-nom-pas, or Two Kettles. Live principally about Fort Pierre; against whom it is said very few complaints have ever been made, they having always observed faithfully the stipulations of their treaties with the United States.

In the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875, there are twenty-one sub-bands of Dakotas enumerated, numbering, in the aggregate, 53,044. Of these, there are fourteen represented by portraits of their leading men, viz:

Blackfeet, numbering at the present time about1,750

Brulés, numbering at the present time about8,420

Cut Heads, numbering at the present time about 200

Mdewakanton, numbering at the present time about ——

Ogalallas, numbering at the present time about9,136

Oncpapas2,100

Sans Arc1,778

Santee 800

Sisseton 903

Santee and Sisseton at Fort Peck1,000

Two Kettles2,261

Wahpeton1,300

Yanktons2,500

Yanktonais, Upper and Lower8,129

"The Sioux are included under twelve agencies, nine in Dakota, two in Montana, and one in Nebraska, at all of which, except at Fort Belknap, a beginning in Indian farming has been made in spite of all discouragements by reason of unsuitable location and the demoralizing influence of 'the hostiles.'"

The Ogalallas at Red Cloud agency, who have almost entirely abandoned the chase on account of scarcity of game, depend almost entirely upon the Government for their support. Their small beginnings in cultivating the soil came to naught through the grasshoppers. The Brulés at Spotted Tail agency have a thriving school with 75 pupils, and cultivated some lands. At the Upper Missouri agencies but little has been done beyond feeding the Indians who report to them for that purpose, their attempts at farming resulting in failures on account of the grasshopper pest. The Yanktons, Santees, Sissetons, Wahpetons, and other Sioux on the Lower Missouri and in Eastern Dakota have made more substantial progress in civilization, many of them having permanently discarded their Indian habits and dress, and live in houses, and are nearly self-supporting. The Santees in Nebraska especially have entirely renounced their old form of life; have churches and sabbath-schools, which are regularly attended. They have a monthly paper, printed in their native language, with an edition of 1,200 copies.

List of illustrations.

252. Pe-jí. Grass. (Front.)Blackfeet.

253. Pe-jí. Grass. (Profile.)Blackfeet.

254. Pe-jí. Grass. (Full-length.)Blackfeet.

255. Kan-gí-i-yó-tan-ka. Sitting Crow. (Front.)Blackfeet.

256. Kan-gí-i-yó-tan-ka. Sitting Crow. (Profile.)Blackfeet.

257. Má-ya-wa-na-pe-ya. Iron Scare. (Front.)Blackfeet.

258. Má-ya-wa-na-pe-ya. Iron Scare. (Profile.)Blackfeet.

259. Wí-ya-ka-sha. Red Plume. (Copy.)Blackfeet.

920. Ma-gá-sha-pa. Goose. (Copy.)Blackfeet.

With the exception of the last two numbers the above represent a portion of a delegation of prominent Sioux chiefs and warriors who visited Washington in 1872. The portraits were made in Washington, and represent them in their best attire.

336. Cin-te-gi-le-ska. Spotted Tail. (Front.)Brulé.

337. Cin-te-gi-le-ska. Spotted Tail. (Profile.)Brulé.

Spotted Tail has long been the chief of the Brulé Sioux, and since his conversion from an intense hostility to an unswerving friendship for the white people has by them been looked upon and considered as the great chief of all the Sioux. The honors of this position are equally divided between Red Cloud and Spotted Tail; each is chief of his band only, the Indians themselves not recognizing any one man as chief of the whole nation; but their great executive abilities, oratorical powers, and popularity with both whites and Indians, have been the means of putting them forward as the champions of their people.

In his younger days Spotted Tail was a daring and audacious chief, murdering and massacreing wherever he went. In 1854, he and his band attacked a coach, murdered all the passengers, and perpetrated horrible enormities on the dead. He was eventually captured, and imprisoned for about six mouths in the guardhouse at Fort Leavenworth, during which time his feelings underwent a great change. Instead of a determined foe of the pale-faces, he became their earnest friend and coadjutor in the work of pacification. It has been well said of him that "he is worth more to the Government than a dozen major-generals, with their armies to back them."

The following extract from a speech by Spotted Tail, before a board of Indian Commissioners at Fort Laramie in 1867, will be read with interest as showing his ability as an orator: "My father and friends, your Great Father has sent you here to learn what was going on. You have come. Your Great Father has sent you to listen. Will you listen well, or only listen to half that is good and to half that is bad, and not take the whole to our Great Father? He has sent you here to hear and talk. We know you have not come with presents, but you may have a little money in your pockets that you could give them. They are poor and need help. These men here, and the old men, women, and children, have not had much to eat since they have been here, and if you could give them something it would make my heart glad. Yesterday my friends hit me a good deal; but it does not matter. I have spoken."

Spotted Tail is of a large, commanding figure, and his face generally wears a pleasant, smiling expression. It is a difficult matter to arrive at the exact age of any Indian, and in this case it is uncertain, but is probably about 45 years. He has been to Washington four times, each time as a delegate representing the Sioux nation.

338. Spotted Tail and squaw.Brulé.

339. Squaw of Spotted Tail. (Front.)Brulé.

340. Squaw of Spotted Tail. (Profile.)Brulé.

341. I-api-otah. Gassy. (Front.)Brulé.

342. I-api-otah. Gassy. (Profile.)Brulé.

343. I-té-san-yan. Whitewash his Face. (Front.)Brulé.

344. I-té-san-yan. Whitewash his Face. (Profile.)Brulé.

345. Che-tań-tá-kpí. Charge on the Hawk. (Front.)Brulé.

346. Che-tań-tá-kpí. Charge on the Hawk. (Profile.)Brulé.

347. Nom-pa-aṕa. Two Strikes. (Front.)Brulé.

348. Nom-pa-aṕa. Two Strikes. (Profile.)Brulé.

349. Squaw of Two Strikes. (Front.)Brulé.

350. Squaw of Two Strikes. (Profile.)Brulé.

351. Kan-gí-shá-pa. Black Crow. (Front.)Brulé.

352. Kan Gí-shá-pa. Black Crow. (Profile.)Brulé.

353. He-gma-wa-ku-wa. One who Runs the Tiger. (Front.)Brulé.

354. He-gma-wa-ku-wa. One who Runs the Tiger. (Profile.)Brulé.

355. Wanmblé-shda. Bald Eagle. (Front.)Brulé.

356. Wanmblé-shda. Bald Eagle. (Profile.)Brulé.

357. Che-chá-lu. Thigh. (Front.)Brulé.

358. Che-chá-lu. Thigh. (Profile.)Brulé.

359. Squaw of Thigh. (Front.)Brulé.

360. Squaw of Thigh. (Profile.)Brulé.

361. Ta-tań-ka-shá-pa. Black Bull. (Front.)Brulé.

362. Ta-tań-ka-shá-pa. Black Bull. (Profile.)Brulé.

363. Cho-ní-cha-wa-ní-cha. No Flesh. (Front.)Brulé.

364. Cho-ní-cha-wa-ní-cha. No Flesh. (Profile.)Brulé.

365. Má-za-pon-kiś-ka. Iron Shell. (Front.)Brulé.

366. Má-za-pon-kiś-ka. Iron Shell. (Profile.)Brulé.

367. Má-za-pon-kiś-ka. Iron Shell. (Full length.)Brulé.

368. Ma-tó-shí-cha. Wicked Bear. (Front.)Brulé.

369. Ma-tó-shí-cha. Wicked Bear. (Profile.)Brulé.

370. Pá-hui-zi-zi. Yellow Hairs. (Front.)Brulé.

371. Pá-hui-zi-zi. Yellow Hairs. (Profile.)Brulé.

372. I-shtá-ska. White Eyes. (Front.)Brulé.

373. I-shtá-ska. White Eyes. (Profile.)Brulé.

374. Ma-tó-dusa. Swift Bear. (Front.)Brulé.

375. Ma-tó-dusa. Swift Bear. (Profile.)Brulé.

376. Wa-kiń-yan-ska. White Thunder. (Front.)Brulé.

377. Wa-kiń-yan-ska. White Thunder. (Profile.)Brulé.

378. Má-zu-o-yá-te. Iron Nation. (Front.) Brulé.

379. Má-zu-o-yá-te. Iron Nation. (Profile.) Brulé.

380. Má-zu-o-yá-te. Iron Nation. (Full length.)Brulé.

All of the above, under the famous chief Spotted Tail, were members of a delegation who visited Washington in 1872, and were photographed while there.

282. Ma-tó-wa-kań. Medicine Bear. (Front.)Cut Head.

283. Ma-tó-wa-kań. Medicine Bear. (Profile.)Cut Head.

284. Ma-tó-ko-kí-pa. Afraid of the Bear. (Front.)Cut Head.

285. Ma-tó-ko-kí-pa. Afraid of the Bear. (Profile.)Cut Head.

286. Ma-tó-pó-zhe. Bear's Nose. (Front.)Cut Head.

287. Ma-tó-pó-zhe. Bear's Nose. (Profile.)Cut Head.

288. Chan-té-ha. Skin of the Heart. (Front.) Cut Head.

289. Chan-té-ha. Skin of the Heart. (Profile.)Cut Head.

290. Pí-pi-sha. Red Lodge. (Front.)Cut Head.

291. Pí-pi-sha. Red Lodge. (Profile.)Cut Head.

292. Wi-cha-wanmblé. Man Who packs the Eagle. (Front.)Cut Head.

293. Wi-cha-wanmblé. Man Who packs the Eagle. (Profile.)Cut Head.

294. Squaw of the Man who packs the Eagle. (Front.)Cut Head.

295. Squaw of the Man who packs the Eagle. (Profile.)Cut Head.

197-8. Che-tań-wa-ku-te-a-má-ni. The Hawk that hunts Walking.Mdewakanton.

Generally known as Little Crow. Leader of the hostile bands in the Sioux massacre of the whites in Minnesota in 1862. He had not only visited Washington, and was supposed to be friendly to the whites, but had promised to have his hair cut and become civilized; and at the time of the massacre the Government was engaged in building him a house. Upon the defeat of the Indians, Little Crow escaped into the British Territory, where he was killed the following year.

199. Medicine Bottle. Son of Little Crow.Mdewakanton.

200. Sha-kpe. Six.Mdewakanton.

The massacre spoken of in connection with No. 197 was inaugurated by Sha-kpe and his band; some of his young men killed some white men while intoxicated, and then, through fear of retaliation, resolved upon an uprising and the extermination of all the whites at the agency. Sha-kpe's band was re-enforced by the principal warriors from the Mdewakanton and Wahpeton bands, Little Crow taking the leadership. Before they were subdued, 644 men, women, and children were massacred, and 93 soldiers killed in battle.

296. Ma-hpí-ya-lú-ta. Red Cloud. (Front.)Ogalalla.

297. Ma-hpí-ya-lú-ta. Red Cloud. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

Red Cloud, who with Spotted Tail stands pre-eminently forward as the exponents of the peace-policy, is the great chief of the Ogalalla Sioux, and generally recognized by the military and civil authorities as the head chief of all the Sioux. Before he buried the tomahawk, Red Cloud was undoubtedly the most celebrated warrior of all the Indians now living on the American continent. He had over 10,000 people in his camps, and could put in the field 3,000 warriors. When he marched against the settlements he always went in force. He takes his name from the number of his warriors, and their red blankets and paints; it was said that his soldiers covered the hills like a red cloud.

He is now about 45 years of age, six feet in height, and straight as an arrow; his face, which is of a dark red, is indicative of indomitable courage and firmness, and his full, piercing eyes seem to take in at a glance the character of friend or foe.

Red Cloud has probably participated in more conventions, treaties, and large assemblies of his own and the white people, in which the greatest interests were involved, than any other living Indian. "A man of brains, a good ruler, an eloquent speaker, an able general, and a fair diplomat, the friendship of Red Cloud is of more importance than that of all the other chiefs combined." While Spotted Tail has a lively vein of humor in his character, and loves to indulge in a little joke, Red Cloud is all dignity and seriousness.

The following, clipped from the report of the proceedings of the Board of Indian Commissioners at Fort Laramie, in 1870, is indicative of his earnest and impressive manner:

"Red Cloud then arose, and walking toward the outside group, raised his hands toward the skies, and then touched the ground. Then all the Indians rose to their feet, as with uplifted hands Red Cloud uttered the following prayer:

"THE PRAYER OF RED CLOUD.

"'O Great Spirit, I pray you to look at us. We are your children, and you placed us first in this land. We pray you to look down on us, so nothing but the truth will be spoken in this council. We don't ask for anything but what is right and just. When you made your red children, O Great Spirit, you made them to have mercy upon them. Now, we are before you to-day, praying you to look down on us, and take pity on your poor red children. We pray you to have nothing but the truth spoken here. We hope these things will be settled up right. You are the Protector of the people who use the bow and arrow, as well as of the people who wear hats and garments, and I hope we don't pray in vain. We are poor and ignorant. Our forefathers told us we would not be in misery if we asked you for assistance. O Great Spirit, look down on your children and take pity on them.'"

298. Red Cloud and Mr. Blackmore.Ogalalla.

299. Shuń-ka-lú-ta. Red Dog. (Front.)Ogalalla.

300. Shuń-ka-lú-ta. Red Dog. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

301. Shun-tó-ke-cha-ish-na-na. Lone Wolf. (Front.)Ogalalla.

302. Shun-tó-ke-cha-ish-na-na. Lone Wolf. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

303. Wa-hú-wa-pa. Ear of Corn. (Squaw of Lone Wolf. Front.)Ogalalla.

304. Wa-hú-wa-pa. Ear of Corn. (Squaw of Lone Wolf. Profile.)Ogalalla.

305. Si-há-tań-ka. Big Foot. (Front.)Ogalalla.

306. Si-há-tań-ka. Big Foot. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

307. Ché-tan-ska. White Hawk. (Front.)Ogalalla.

308. Ché-tan-ska. White Hawk. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

309. Wanmb́le-ko-kí-pa. Afraid of the Eagle. (Front.)Ogalalla.

310. Wanmb́le-ko-kí-pa. Afraid of the Eagle. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

311. Shuń-ka-wa-kan-to. Blue Horse. (Front.)Ogalalla.

312. Shuń-ka-wa-kan-to. Blue Horse. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

313. Wa-cha-pa. Stabber. (Front.)Ogalalla.

314. Wa-cha-pa. Stabber. (Profile.) Ogalalla.

315. I-té-shá-pa. Dirty Face. (Front.)Ogalalla.

316. I-té-shá-pa. Dirty Face. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

317. Ta-tań-ka-was-té. Good Buffalo. (Front.)Ogalalla.

318. Ta-tań-ka-was-té. Good Buffalo. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

319. He-há-ka-tá-ma-ka. Poor Elk. (Front.)Ogalalla.

320. He-há-ka-tá-ma-ka. Poor Elk. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

321. He-há-ka-nóm-pa. Two Elks. (Front.)Ogalalla.

322. He-há-ka-nóm-pa. Two Elks. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

323. Shun-tó-ke-cha-ish-han-ska. High Wolf. (Front.)Ogalalla.

324. Shun-tó-ke-cha-ish-han-ska. High Wolf. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

325. Shuń-ka-a-má-na. Coyote. (Front.)Ogalalla.

326. Shuń-ka-a-má-na. Coyote. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

327. Chau-té-su-tá. Hard Heart. (Front.)Ogalalla.

328. Chau-té-su-tá. Hard Heart. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

329. Ta-tań-ka-huń-ke-sni. Slow Bull. (Front.)Ogalalla.

330. Ta-tań-ka-huń-ke-sni. Slow Bull. (Profile.)Ogalalla.

331. He-há-ka-he-wań-zhi. One Horned Elk. (Copy.)Ogalalla.

332. Chu-tú-hu-tań-ka. Big Rib. (Copy.)Ogalalla.

333. Wanmblé-ki-chi-zu-pi. War Eagle. (Copy.)Ogalalla.

334. Ta-shuń-ka-ko-ki-pa. Old Man Afraid of his Horses and his Chiefs.Ogalalla.

874. Cha-sa-tonga. Little Big Man.Ogalalla.

875. Ta-shuń-ka-ko-kí-pa. Young Man Afraid of his Horses.Ogalalla.

876. Washi-ta-tonga. American Horse.Ogalalla.

877. Ta-oop-che-ka. Little Wound.Ogalalla.

878. Shunka-la-lo-ka. He Dog.Ogalalla.

879. Mató-zi. Yellow Bear.Ogalalla.

880. Mató-yu-mni. Three Bears.Ogalalla.

881. Ma-wa-ka-yu-na. Sword.Ogalalla.

882. Wm. Garnet, Interpreter.

883. Group of the preceding eight numbers.

260. Ma-tó-chu-tú-hu. Bear's Rib. (Front.)Oncpapa.

261. Ma-tó-chu-tú-hu. Bear's Rib. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

262. Ta-tó-ka-iń-yan-ka. Running Antelope. (Front.)Oncpapa.

263. Ta-tó-ka-iń-yan-ka. Running Antelope. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

264. He-má-za. Iron Horn. (Front.) Oncpapa.

265. He-má-za. Iron Horn. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

266. Wa-kú-ta-a-má-ni. Walking Shooter. (Front.) Oncpapa.

267. Wa-kú-ta-a-má-ni. Walking Shooter. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

268. Wa-kiń-yan-chí-tan. Thunder Hawk. (Front.)Oncpapa.

269. Wa-kiń-yan-chí-tan. Thunder Hawk. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

797. Wi-chá-i-we. Bloody Mouth. (Front.) Oncpapa.

798. Wi-chá-i-we. Bloody Mouth. (Profile.) Oncpapa.

799. Wa-kan-ta-i-shni. Lost Medicine. (Front.) Oncpapa.

800. Wa-kan-ta-i-shni. Lost Medicine. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

801. He-shá-pa. Black Horn. (Front.)Oncpapa.

802. He-shá-pa. Black Horn. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

803. Ṕsa. Bull Rushes. (Front.)Oncpapa.

804. Ṕsa. Bull Rushes. (Profile.)Oncpapa.

194-6. Che-tan-zhi. Yellow Hawk. Sans Arc.

201-2. Wa-kú-ta. The Shooter. Santee.

203, 209. Wá-pa-ha-sha. Red Ensign.Santee.

204. Wa-kań-hdi-shá-pa. Black Lightning.Santee.

205. Ó-wan-cha-dú-ta. Scarlet all Over. Santee.

206. Chó-tan-ka-shká-ta. Flute-Player. Santee.

207. A-kí-chi-ta-na-zin. Standing Soldier.Santee.

208. Wan-ḿdi-ta-pá-a-má-ni. Walks following the Eagle.Santee.

210. Tá-shun-ka-wa-kań-wi-cha. His Man Horse.Santee.

211. Ma-hṕi-ya-i-hua-n. Coming among the Clouds. Santee.

212. Zi-tká-da-to. Bluebird. Santee.

213. Ma-hpí-ya-ná-zin. Standing Cloud. Santee.

214. Han-yá-ta-dú-tu. Scarlet Night.Santee.

215. Hu-sha-sha. Red Legs.Santee.

249. Pe-hui-uza-tan-ka. Great Scalper. Santee.

250. Ta-tańka-ná-zin. Standing Buffalo. Santee.

381. Wa-kań-da. Medicine. Santee.

248. Young Brave.Santee.

251. Old Betts. (Squaw.) Santee.

216. Seraphine Renville. (Interpreter.)Santee.

382-4. Groups with Rev. Mr. Hinman.Santee.

192. He-pté-ché-chi-ka-la. Little Short Horn.Sisseton.

187-190. Ma-wá-tań-na-hań-ska. Long Mandan.Two Kettle.

191. Suk-tań-ka-ge-le-ska. Spotted Horse. Two Kettle.

193. Au-pé-tó-ke-cha. Other Day.Wahpeton.

217-239. Pa-dá-ni-a-pá-a-pá. Struck by the Ree. Yankton.

218, 219. Psi-cha-wa-kin-yan. Jumping Thunder.Yankton.

220, 906-7. Si-há-hań-ska. Long Foot. Yankton.

222-4. Pte-wa-kań. Medicine Cow. Yankton.

221. Ma-gá-ska. White Swan. Yankton.

225-8. Wa-hú-ke-zi-noḿ-pa. Two Lance. Yankton.

725. Light Foot. Yankton.

229. Wí-ya-ka-no-ge. Feather in the Ear. Yankton.

230-1. Zin-tká-chi-stin. Little Bird. Yankton.

232-3. Wan-ḿdi-shá-pa. Black Eagle. Yankton.

234. Ma-tó-i-wan-ká. Bear Lying Down. Yankton.

235. Ta-tan-ka-iń-yan-ka. Running Bull.Yankton.

236. He-há-ka-a-má-na. Walking Elk.Yankton.

237. He-há-ka-a-ná-zin. Standing Elk. Yankton.

238. Ma-tó-sa-bi-cha. Smutty Bear. Yankton.

240-1. Smutty Bear and Struck by the Ree. Yankton.

890. Zin-tka-shá-pa-máza. Iron Black Bird. Yankton.

891. Chon-noḿ-pa-kin-yan. Flying Pipe. Yankton.

892. Wa-kin-yan-chin-stin. Little Thunder. Yankton.

893. Ta-tań-ka-wa-kań. Sacred Bull. Yankton.

894. Zin-tká-kin-yan. Flying Bird. Yankton.

896. To-kí-ya-kte. He Kills First. Yankton.

897. Na-gí-wa-kań. Sacred Ghost. Yankton.

898-9. Ma-tó-ho-tań-ka. Bear with Big Voice.Yankton.

900. Iń-yan-was-té. Pretty Rock. Yankton.

901. Tó-ka-ya-yú-za. One who Catches the Enemy.Yankton.

902. Ku-wás-chin-a-nia-ni. One who Walks Home.Yankton.

903. Ma-tó-i-wan-ká-a-má-ni. Bear that Walks Lying Down. Yankton.

904-5. Ma-tó-wa-yu-mni. The Bear that Turns Around.Yankton.

908. Ta-tań-ka-wá-kan. Medicine Bull. Yankton.

276. Ta-tań-ka-wa-ná-gi. Bull's Ghost. (Front.)Lower Yanktonais.

277. Ta-tań-ka-wa-ná-gi. Bull's Ghost. (Profile.) Lower Yanktonais.

278. Ma-tó-wi-tko-tko. Foolish Bear. (Front.) Lower Yanktonais.

279. Ma-tó-wi-tko-tko. Foolish Bear. (Profile.) Lower Yanktonais.

280. Ma-tó-noḿ-pa. Two Bears. (Front.) Lower Yanktonais.

281. Ma-tó-noḿ-pa. Two Bears. (Profile.) Lower Yanktonais.

270. Na-zu-la-tań-ka. Big Head. (Front.) Upper Yanktonais.

271. Na-zu-la-tań-ka. Big Head. (Profile.) Upper Yanktonais.

272. Í-sta-shá-pa. Black Eye. (Front.) Upper Yanktonais.

273. Í-sta-shá-pa. Black Eye. (Profile.) Upper Yanktonais.

274. I-chá-san-tań-ka. Big Razor. (Front.) Upper Yanktonais.

275. I-chá-san-tań-ka. Big Razor. (Profile.)Upper Yanktonais.

170. Wa-kań-dú-ta. Red Thunder. (Front.)

171. Wa-kań-dú-ta. Red Thunder. (Profile.)

172. Hav-ka-wash-ti. Good Hawk. (Front.)

173. Hav-ka-wash-ti. Good Hawk. (Profile.)

174. Pe-hań-sa-a-máni. Walking Crane. (Front.)

175. Pe-hań-sa-a-máni. Walking Crane. (Profile.)

176. Wanmdi-zi. Yellow Eagle. (Front.)

177. Wanmdi-zi. Yellow Eagle. (Profile.)

732. Hatona. Many Horns. (Front.)

733. Hatona. Many Horns. (Profile.)

734. I-ste-sá-pa. Black Eye. (Front.)

735. I-ste-sá-pa. Black Eye. (Profile.)

736. Ta-tan-ka-han-ska. Long Fox. (Front.)

737. Ta-tan-ka-han-ska. Long Fox. (Profile.)

908. Ta-tań-ka-wa-kań. Medicine Bull.

916. Ma-zá-o-zan-zan.

917. He-há-ka-ma-zú. Iron Elk.

919. Wanmdi-yań-ka. Great Eagle.

923. Hin-kan-dú-ta. Red Owl.

925. Cut Nose.

927. Ma-zú-kú-ta. Iron Shooter.

931. Tall feather joining.

932. Wa-kań-o-zan-zan. Medicine Bottle.

933. O-ta-dan. Plenty.

895. Chief with the Big War Bonnet.

244. War Dance.

815. General Sherman and Commissioners at Fort Laramie.

816. Commissioners in council, Fort Laramie.

817. Old Man afraid of his Horses, and group.

818-830. Miscellaneous groups about Fort Laramie.

831. Sioux burial.

832-5. Groups about Fort Laramie.

838. Indian delegation at the White House.

839-41. St. Mary's Mission, Kansas.

845. The Sergeant of the Guard.

3. IOWAS.

A tribe of Indians of Dakota stock, inhabiting originally the interior of the State of the same name. Marquette in 1673 placed them on his map as the Pa-houtet. Some of the neighboring Algonkins called them Iowas—a name originally applied to a river, and said to mean "the beautiful land"—and others Mascoutin or Prairie Nadouessi. In their own tongue their name is Pahucha, meaning "Dusty Nose." They were famous as great pedestrians, being able to walk twenty-five or thirty leagues a day, and the names of many of their chiefs show that they prided themselves on their walking.

In 1700 they were on the Mankato, and constantly roaming with the Western Algonkins. Early in the present century they numbered about 1,500, and were involved in wars with the Osages, Omahas, and the Sioux, losing heavily. Later they became much decimated through the ravages of the small-pox and other diseases.

First treaty was made with them in 1815. In 1836 the tribe, numbering 992, were removed to the west bank of the Missouri, and from this time rapidly declined in numbers, many of them becoming vagrants in other tribes, and others killed themselves by intemperance. By 1846 had decreased to 700. In 1861 the tribe, now reduced to 305, ceded all their lands except 16,000 acres, which they subsequently, in 1869, shared with some of the Sacs and Foxes, their old friends.

Since the tribe has been placed under the charge of the Society of Friends they have improved somewhat, so that at the present time (1875), although reduced to 219 souls, they are all living in good houses on their fertile reservation in Southern Nebraska, and are raising much more than is needed for their own consumption. They have good schools, at which nearly one-fourth of the tribe attend, and nearly one-half of the whole number can read. They stand in the front rank of civilized Indian tribes.

List of illustrations.

385-6. Nag A-rash. British.

Became first chief of the Iowas in 1862, upon the death of Nan-chee-ning-a. Has always taken a prominent place in favor of civilization and the advancement of his tribe by education and work. Has made four visits to Washington and two to New York, the first being in 1847, when he travelled from Saint Joseph, Mo., to Baltimore in a wagon. Took part once in a great battle between the Otoes, Pawnees, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, and Sacs and Foxes on one side, and the Snakes, Crows, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, and Kiowas on the other, lasting from early dawn until dark. British shot 160 balls; 150 of the enemy were left on the field. Age, 68; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-7/8; chest, 47-1/2; weight, 193.

388-9. Mah-hee. Knife.

Third chief of the Iowas. When young, lived in Missouri, but afterward removed to Kansas. Enjoyed the confidence of the whites to a marked degree, and was mail-carrier for some time between the frontier posts and the agency. Was among the first to take the lead in settling down to an agricultural life. Has always been a hard-working man, but at one time was dissipated, and once, when under the influence of liquor, killed his father. Is a strictly temperate man now, but his rapidly-failing health will soon unfit him for his usual labor, and his example in the tribe as an industrious man will soon be lost. Age, 56; height, 5.10; head, 22-3/4; chest, 39-1/2; weight, 172.

391, 395. Tah-ra-kee. Deer Ham.

Was fourth chief of the tribe until October, 1876, when he was deposed for persistent interference with the business of the agency. He had been suspended before, but was re-instated by another agent. Age, 50 years; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22; chest, 41-1/2; weight, 179.

390. Ki-he-ga-ing-a. Little Chief.

Fifth chief of the Iowas. Enlisted in the Northern Army and participated in the late war of the rebellion, serving two years. Was promised the position of a chief if he enlisted, and upon his return the promise was made good. Age, 43; height, 5.10; head, 22-3/4; chest, 43; weight, 192.

387. Kra-ten-tha-wah. Blade Hawk.

Was sixth chief of the Iowas. Died January 1, 1871, aged about 30 years; height, 6 feet; weight, 170 pounds.

392-4. Nan-chee-ning-a. No Heart.

Was first chief of the Iowas. Died in 1862, aged 65; height, 5.10; weight, 170.

921. A chief.

922. Group, comprising most of the above numbers.

4. KAW OR KANSAS.

The Kansas are an offshoot of the Osages, whom they resemble in many respects. In 1673 they were placed on Marquette's map as on the Missouri, above the Osages. After the cession of Louisiana, a treaty was made with them by the United States. They were then on the river Kansas at the mouth of the Saline, having been forced back from the Missouri by the Sioux, and numbered about 1,500 in 130 earthen lodges. Some of their chiefs visited Washington as early as 1820. In 1825 ceded their lands on the Missouri, retaining a reservation on the Kansas, where they were constantly subjected to attacks from the Pawnees, and on their hunts from other tribes, so that they lost rapidly in numbers. In 1846 they again ceded their lands, and a new reservation of 80,000 acres on the Neosho in Kansas assigned them; but this also soon becoming overrun by settlers, and as they would not cultivate it themselves, it was sold, and the proceeds invested for their benefit and for providing a new home among the Osages. The tribe in 1850 numbered 1,300; in 1860, 800; and in 1875 had dwindled to 516. Under the guidance of Orthodox Friends they are now cultivating 460 acres, and have broken more than as much again. They raised among other things 12,000 bushels of corn; 70 of them are regular church attendants, and 54 of their children attend school.

List of illustrations.

397. Little Bear.

398. Ka-ke-ga-sha. (Standing.)

399. Ka-ke-ga-sha. (Sitting.)

5. MANDANS.

The Mandans, or Mi-ah́-ta-nees, "people on the bank," have resided on the Upper Missouri for a long time, occupying successively several different places along the river. In 1772 resided 1,500 miles above the mouth of the Missouri, in nine villages located on both sides of the river. Lewis and Clarke found them in 1804 100 miles farther up in only two villages, one on each side of the river; near them were three other villages belonging to the Minnitarees and Ahnahaways.

In the year 1833 these Indians were in their most prosperous state, industrious, well armed, good hunters and good warriors, in the midst of herds of buffalo mostly within sight of the village, with large corn-fields, and a trading-post from which they could at all times obtain supplies, and consequently at that time they might have been considered a happy people. In their personal appearance, prior to the ravages of the small-pox, they were not surpassed by any nation in the Northwest. The men were tall and well made, with regular features and a mild expression of countenance not usually seen among Indians. The complexion, also, was a shade lighter than that of other tribes, often approaching very near to some European nations, as the Spaniards. Another peculiarity was that some of them had fair hair, and some gray or blue eyes, which are very rarely met with among other tribes. A majority of the women, particularly the young, were quite handsome, with fair complexions, and modest in their deportment. They were also noted for their virtue. This was regarded as an honorable and most valuable quality among the young women, and each year a ceremony was performed, in the presence of the whole village, at which time all the females who had preserved their virginity came forward, struck a post, and challenged the world to say aught derogatory of their character.

In these palmy days of their prosperity much time and attention was given to dress, upon which they lavished much of their wealth. They were also very fond of dances, games, races, and other manly and athletic exercises. They are also a very devotional people, having many rites and ceremonies for propitiating the Great Spirit, practising upon themselves a self-torture but little less severe than that of Hindoo devotees.

In the spring of 1838 that dreaded scourge of the Indians, small-pox, made its appearance among the Mandans, brought among them by the employés of the fur company. All the tribes along the river suffered more or less, but none approached so near extinction as the Mandans. When the disease had abated, and when the remnant of this once powerful nation had recovered sufficiently to remove the decaying bodies from their cabins, the total number of grown men was twenty-three, of women forty, and of young persons sixty or seventy. These were all that were left of the eighteen hundred souls that composed the nation prior to the advent of that terrific disease.

The survivors took refuge with the Arickarees, who occupied one of their deserted villages, but retained their former tribal laws and customs, preserving their nationality intact, refusing any alliances with surrounding tribes. The two tribes have lived together since then upon terms of excellent friendship. They now number 420, living in dome-shaped earthen houses, like the Pawnees, which are, however, being gradually replaced by log houses.

The following representatives of the tribe were part of a joint delegation of Arickarees and Mandans to Washington in 1874:

List of illustrations.

1006. Wa-shú-na-koo-rá. Rushing War Eagle.

The present head chief of the Mandans, a man noted for kindliness and benevolence. Age, 43; height, 5.7-3/4; head, 24-1/4; chest, 38.

1005. Me-ra-pa-ra-pa. Lance.

Head soldier or brave. Age, 38; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-3/4; chest, 38-1/2.

1007. E-sta-poo-sta. Running Face.

Young warrior, son of Red Cow, a "big chief," who was too old to travel, and this son sent in his place. Age, 23; height, 5.6; head, 21-1/2; chest, 37-3/4.

884. Charles Papineau. Interpreter.

Born in Montreal in 1820. Has lived in the Mandan country since 1839. Speaks Arickaree, Crow, Sioux, Gros Ventres, Mandan, French, and English.

6. MISSOURIAS.

The Missourias are a tribe of Dakota descent, living on the Missouri River, their name being one given them by the Illinois, and means the people living by the muddy water. They style themselves Nudarcha. Were first heard of in 1673, as the first tribe up the river which bears their name. Became allies of the French at an early day, and assisted them in some of their operations against other tribes. Were hostile to the Spanish and also opposed to the ascendency of English influence. In 1805, when Lewis and Clarke passed through their country, they numbered only 300 in all, living in villages south of the Platte, and at war with most of the neighboring tribes. They were affiliated with the Otoes, having deserted their own villages near the mouth of the Grand some time previously in consequence of their almost entire destruction by small-pox. The two have ever since been classed as one tribe. In 1862 the combined tribes numbered 708, and in 1876 only 454. Since their consolidation with the Otoes their history has been the same as of that tribe.

List of illustrations.

481. Thrach-tche. True Eagle.

A full-blood Missouria, and nephew of Ah-ho-che-ka-thocka (Quapaw Indian Striker), a title gained by his bravery in battle against the Quapaws, and who was head chief. At his (Ah-ho-che-ka-thocka's) death, the hereditary successor, Good Talker, was assassinated by Shungech-hoy and others, when the line of descent fell on True Eagle, who became chief in 1860, and held the position of Missouria chief in the confederated Otoes and Missourias until 1874, when he resigned in favor of his nephew. Is now about 80 years of age, 6 feet in height, with a stout, well-proportioned frame.

503. Noch-pe-wora. The One they are Afraid of.

Is a cousin of True Eagle, and chief of the Eagle band of Missourias. Is of a mild, genial disposition, with but little force of character. Age, 45; height, 5.8-1/2; weight, 155; head, 22-1/2; chest, 35.

484-5. Wa-thock-a-ruchy. One who eats his Food Raw.

His father was of the Bear band of Otoes, and his mother of the Eagle band of Missourias. He inherited a chieftaincy among the Missourias, and succeeded to that position upon the death of his uncle, White Water, in 1868, when he took the name of Lod-noo-wah-hoo-wa, or Pipe-Stem. Lacks force of character, but is of a mild disposition and well disposed. Is about 5 feet in height, and of a well-developed physical organization.

486. Muncha-huncha. Big Bear, or Joseph Powell.

Is a full-blooded Missouria. Succeeded his grandfather, Cow-he-pa-ha, as chief of the Bear band, in 1870. When a young man he lived much of his time among the whites. Possessing more than ordinary intelligence, he is at present the leading spirit of the Otoes and Missourias in the industrial pursuits of civilized life. These qualities have engendered much jealousy in the breasts of the older chiefs, who throw many obstacles in his way. Besides his good mental qualities he possesses a splendid physique. Height, 5.11; weight, 225; head, 23-1/2; chest, 42.

498. Black Elk.

7. OMAHAS.

The Omahas were one of the tribes noticed by Marquette in 1673, and by Carver in 1766, who found them located on the Saint Peter's River. They were divided into two bands, the Istasunda, or Grey Eyes, and the Hongashans, and cultivated corn, melons, beans, &c. In 1802, from a tribe numbering about 3,500, they were reduced to less than a tenth of that number by small-pox, when they burned their village and became wanderers, pursued by their relentless enemy, the Sioux. Lewis and Clarke found them on the L'Eau qui Court, numbering about 600. Since 1815 many treaties have been made with them, always accompanied by a cession of lands on their part in return for annuities and farming implements. In 1843 they returned to their village, between the Elkhorn and the Missouri, and made a peace with some of the Sioux, but their great chief, Logan Fontanelle, was killed by them not long after. Since then they have devoted themselves mainly to agriculture, and, under the fostering care of the Friends, are very much improved in their condition. In 1875 they numbered 1,005, depending entirely upon their crops for their subsistence, of which they have considerably more than enough for their own use. They have three good schools, which are largely and regularly attended. The older Indians are also abandoning their old habits and assisting in building for themselves upon forty-acre allotments of their lands.

List of illustrations.

885. Shu-dthe-nuzhe. Yellow Smoke.

A leading and influential chief among the Omahas, and a man of more than ordinary intelligence and executive ability. Holds his position by hereditary descent. Is well off, possessing a large number of horses and a very well furnished house.

465. Gre-dthe-nuzhe. Standing Hawk and squaw.

The oldest chief in the tribe, and consequently one whose words always command attention in their councils. This view represents him leading his pony, followed by his faithful squaw.

467. O-hun-ga-nuzhe. Standing at the End.

A brave, nearly nude, decorated with "war-paint" and astride a characteristic Indian pony.

468. Mo-ha-nuzhe. Standing Bent.

A policeman, or one appointed by the chiefs to preserve order in the village.

463. Gi-he-ga. Chief.

One of the nine chiefs who govern the tribe, holding their positions by hereditary descent.

469-470. Betsy.

A noted character among the Omahas, an exponent of women's rights. Has always accompanied the tribe on their annual buffalo-hunts, and participates in the chase with the men. Speaks three Indian languages, besides French and English.

457. Agency buildings.

462. The village of the Omahas. (1871.)

461. The village. Near view, showing lodges.

464. Gi-he-ga's lodge.

459-460. View from Blackbird Hill.

In Irving's Astoria is a short sketch of some of the romantic deeds of Wa-shinga-sah-ba, or Blackbird, a famous chief of the Omahas, who died in 1802, which concludes as follows: "His dominant spirit and his love for the white man were evinced in his latest breath with which he designated his place of sepulture. It was to be on a hill, or promontory, upward of 400 feet in height, overlooking a great extent of the Missouri, from which he had been accustomed to watch for the barks of the white men. The Missouri washes the base of the promontory, and after winding and doubling in many links and mazes in the plains below, returns to within 900 yards of its starting-place, so that for thirty miles, navigating with sail and oar, the voyager finds himself continually near to this singular promontory, as if spell-bound.

"It was the dying command of the Blackbird that his tomb should be upon the summit of this hill, in which he should be interred, seated on his favorite horse, that he might overlook his ancient domain, and behold the barks of the white men as they came up the river to trade with his people."

The river has now changed its course, running far to the eastward, leaving at the foot of the hill a lake in the old bed of the river. The mound which was raised over the chief and his horse is now nearly obliterated, "yet the hill of the Blackbird continues an object of veneration to the wandering savage, and a landmark to the voyager of the Missouri."

472-476. Groups of school-children.

478. Eba-hom-ba's lodge.

479. Village scene.

477. A brave.

471. Indian carpenters building houses for the tribe.

8. OSAGES.

The Osages were placed on the Missouri in 1673 by Marquette, who called them the Wasashe; were allies of the Illinois, and near the last of the past century had been driven down to the Arkansas. Coming in contact with the French, they became their firm allies, and joined them in many of their operations against Spanish and English and other Indians; in 1804, made peace with the Sacs and Foxes, with whom they had been at war, and settled on the Great Osage River. Their numbers were estimated then at 6,300. The usual succession of treaties ceding lands, and wars with neighboring Indians followed, reducing them very much in numbers, until the breaking out of the civil war, when 1,000 of them went South and joined the Confederacy. Treaties of 1865, 1866, and 1870 provided for the conveying of their lands in trust to the United States, and for their removal to the Indian Territory, where they have been placed under the care of the Society of Friends, and are now making rapid progress toward a self-supporting condition. They now number 3,001, of whom 323 are civilized, self-supporting mixed-bloods.

List of illustrations.

511. Joseph, Paw-ne-no-pa-zhe. Not Afraid of the Pawnees.

Governor or chief of the tribe. Was born on the Osage reservation when in Kansas, and when 12 years of age was placed in a Catholic mission, where he received a good English education. He still retains the old customs and habits of his tribe, however. Is a brave and warlike chief, but yet exerts all his influence to secure peace between his people and the whites. Is about 40 years of age, 6 feet in height, with a large and commanding physique; head, 22-1/4; chest, 41.

886. Shonga-sa-pa. Black Dog.

The youngest of the six principal chiefs of the tribe. Is 28 years of age, and was born on the present reservation. Is the descendant of a long line of chiefs, one of whom was principal in establishing peace between the Government and the wild tribes. With the governor, Joseph, he visited Washington in 1876 to adjust various business matters in connection with his tribe. Age, 28; height, 5.11-1/2; head, 22-3/4; chest, 38.

887. Group representing the governor and some of the headmen or councillors of the nation, as follows:

Joseph Paw-ne-no-pa-zhe. See No. 511.

Chetopah.

Died in 1876, aged 38. Was among the first to commence farming and to live in the white man's way.

Pa-tsa-lun-kah. Strike Axe.

Born on the Osage reservation in Kansas 45 years ago. Is one of the principal "peace chiefs," and also chief of one of the largest bands of the Osages, over whom he has unbounded influence.

Che-zhe-lun-kah. Big Chief.

Chief councillor of the nation, a man of good sense and much influence. Is the son of a chief; 45 years of age, and was born in Kansas.

Hard Rope.

Head war chief of the nation, and a man of considerable ability as an orator. Served as a scout under General Custer during the Indian war in the Indian Territory. Is now 50 years old.

513. Kah-he-ka-wah-ti-an-ka. Saucy Chief.

509. Nom-pa-wa-le. A Savage.

510. Ke-si-si-gre. A Distant Land.

512. Mah-kea-pu-at-see. One Who Reaches to the Sky.

888. Joseph and Black Dog.

889. Joseph, Black Dog, Ogeas Captain, and J. N. Florer.

9. OTOES.

The Otoes, calling themselves Watoohtahtah, were known to the French as early as 1673, under the name of Otontanta; were originally part of the Missourias, and, with the Iowas, claim to have migrated to the Missouri with the Winnebagoes. They have long resided on the south side of the Platte River, in mud lodges, confederated with the Missourias, who formed one village with them. The two tribes now number 457 souls. Under the care of the Friends, many are laying aside their Indian dress and habits, and learning to labor. In common with many other tribes, their annuities are payable only in return for labor performed, which exercises a most beneficial effect.

List of illustrations.

480. Ar-ke-ke-tah. Stand by It.

Is a full-blooded Otoe Indian. He was a leading warrior in his tribe, and during the early settlement of Nebraska, when an emigrant train had been attacked on Big Sandy Creek, and robbed of all they had by a party of Pawnees, Ar-ke-ke-tah, leading a band of Otoes, fell on them, and, killing the entire party, restored the goods back to the emigrants, for which he gained notoriety, and received papers commendatory of this and other valuable services rendered the whites. By being a man of deep scheming and cunning, he succeeded in gaining the position of head chief of the tribe, while on a visit to Washington, in 1854, when the treaty was concluded, in which the Otoes ceded to the Government the southeastern part of Nebraska. He was deposed from his chiefship in 1872, re-instated in 1873, but has been inactive as a chief since, and has lost his influence in the tribe. He is still living, about 65 years of age, and 5 feet 8 inches high, with square, well-built frame.

482, 492-4, 502. Shun-gech-hoy. Medicine Horse.

His father was an Otoe, and his mother a Missouria Indian. By hereditary descent he became, in 1854, head chief of the Bear band of Otoes, and being ambitious, worked himself finally into the position of head chief of the Otoes and Missourias. In 1874 he led a portion of the tribe away from their reservation, in violation of law and agency regulations, for which he, with five others, was arrested and confined for a time at Fort Wallace. In consequence, he became alienated from the agency and main part of the tribe, and lost his position as chief. Has features remarkably coarse; has a very stern, fierce disposition; is a deep schemer; would be willing to sacrifice almost any interest of his tribe in order to maintain a supremacy over them, and has been engaged in many stratagems of the kind. He is tenacious of old Indian customs, opposed to improvement that makes innovations thereon, and is a heavy clog on the tribe in their endeavors to advance in civilized pursuits. In stature, he is about 5 feet 9 inches, with a heavy-set, well-developed muscular frame; about 60 years of age.

487, 489, 490. Lod-noo-wa-inga. Little Pipe.

Is a son of Hick-a-poo or Kick-a-poo, formerly a prominent chief of the tribe. The chiefship had been hereditary through many successors, and after the death of Hick-a-poo, the present Little Pipe, in 1858, took his place. He was one of the followers of Shungech-hoy in 1874; was arrested and imprisoned with him, and has not since been recognized as a chief. He is of a mild disposition, well disposed toward improvement, but quiet and without much individual force of character. Has been under unfavorable influences, and therefore makes but little progress. He is about 50 years of age, 5 feet 7-1/2 inches in stature, head 23 inches, chest 36, and weighs 155.