HISTORY OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND INDIVIDUALS. (continued 2)

488. Pah-ho-cha-inga. Little Iowa.

Generally known by his more proper name of Baptiste Devoin, is a son of John Devoin, who is half French and half Missouria Indian. His mother is half Omaha, one-quarter French, and one-quarter Iowa Indian. He was partially educated at the Pawnee Mission, at Belleview, Nebr.; can read, write, and speak the English language tolerably well; also speaks Pawnee, Omaha, and French. He married into the Otoe tribe, and has been employed at Otoe agency in the several positions of teamster, farmer, interpreter, and miller, under former agents. In 1869, he was employed as interpreter for the tribe, and has continued in that office until the present. In height he is 5 feet 9-3/4 inches, head measurement 23-1/2 inches, chest 44 inches, and weighs 220 pounds. He is about 40 years of age, and quite corpulent.

495. Tcha-wan-na-ga-he. Buffalo Chief.

Is an Otoe Indian, though his grandfather belonged to the Iowa tribe. He was, when a young man, a self-constituted chief, leading a portion of the Buffalo band of Otoes, at a time when Sack-a-pie was chief, and at whose death he became the recognized head chief of the band, which position he held until 1874. He is still living; is about 80 years of age, in stature 5 feet 6 inches, and weighs about 160 pounds. He is of rather a mild disposition, though decided in his ways; concilitory to the whites, and has gained many friends among them.

497. Baptiste Devoin and Tcha-wan-na-ga-he.

The same as given and described in Nos. 488 and 495.

500.

{

E'en-brick-to. Blackbird. Op-po-hom-mon-ne. Buck Elk Walking.

The first is half Otoe and half Omaha; the second, who is represented sitting, is a full-blood Missouria.

501.

{

Insta-muntha. Iron Eagle. Ko-inga. Little Thunder. Op-po-hom-mon-ne. E'en-brick-to.

491. Little Pipe, with Missouria chief and interpreter.

496. Medicine Horse, Baptiste Devoin, and interpreter.

10. PONCAS.

The Poncas were originally part of the Omaha tribe, to whom they are related. Lived originally on the Red River of the North, but were driven southwestwardly across the Missouri by the Sioux, and fortified themselves on the Ponca River. United for a time with the Omahas for protection, but have generally lived apart. Were so exposed to the forays of the savage Sioux that they were almost exterminated at one time, but after the treaties of 1817 and 1825 rallied and began to increase. Were estimated then at 750, which has remained their average number ever since. In 1858 sold their lands and went on a reservation near the Yanktons, but being too near their old foes, and not being able to raise any crops, were in 1865 removed down to the mouth of the Niobrara, where they now have three villages. Are still exposed to raids from the Sioux, retarding very much their progress toward a self-supporting condition. Efforts are being made to have them join their relatives, the Omahas.

List of illustrations.

517-518.

{

Ash-nom-e-kah-ga-he. Lone Chief. Ta-tonka-nuzhe. Standing Buffalo. Wa-ga-sa-pi. Iron Whip. Waste-co-mani. Fast Walker.

519. Wa-ga-sa-pi. Iron Whip.

521. Native drawing.

11. WINNEBAGOES.

The Winnebagoes are a branch of the great Dakota family, calling themselves O-tchun-gu-rah, and by the Sioux, Hotanke, or the Big-voiced People; by the Chippeways, Winnebagonk—whence their common English name—a word meaning men from the fetid waters. The French knew them as La Puans (the Stinkers), supposed to have been given them in consequence of the great quantity of decaying and putrid fish in their camps when first visited by white men. With some others they formed the van of the eastward migration of the Dakotas, penetrating apparently some distance, but were forced back to Green Bay. This was some time previous to 1670, as the map of the French Jesuit missionaries, dated 1671, styles Green Bay the "Bayo des Puans," and the map accompanying Marquette's journal, dated 1681, notes a village of the "Puans" as near the north end of Winnebago Lake, on the west side.[A]

They were then numerous and powerful, holding in check the neighboring Algonkin tribes, but soon after an alliance of tribes attacked and very nearly exterminated them. Became firm friends of the French until the Revolution, when they joined the English; made peace with the colonists afterward, but sided with the English again in 1812.

In 1820 they numbered about 4,500, and were living in five villages on Winnebago Lake and fourteen on Rock River. By a treaty in 1832 they ceded all their lands south of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, for a reservation on the Mississippi, above the Upper Iowa, but here they became unsettled, wasteful, and scattered. In 1846 they surrendered this reservation for another above the Saint Peter's. This proved unfit, and they became badly demoralized, losing many of their number by disease, but were kept on it by force. In 1853 they were removed to Crow River, and in 1856 to Blue Earth, Minnesota, where they were just getting a start in civilized pursuits when the Sioux war broke out, and the people of Minnesota demanded their removal. Thus again they were put on the march, and this time landed at Crow Creek, on the Missouri, near Fort Randall, a place so utterly unfit, that the troops could not retain them on it. Out of 2,000 when taken there, only 1,200 reached the Omaha reserve, to which place they had fled for protection. They were then assigned a new reservation on the Omaha lands, and placed under the care of the Friends, and since then have prospered. At the time of their removal, in 1863, from Minnesota, many of the tribe who had taken up farms remained, receiving their share of the tribal funds. There were also last year 860 in Wisconsin, of whom 204 have lately joined those in Nebraska, swelling their numbers to 1,667. Nearly all of these now dress in civilized attire, and many of them have taken farms, their lands being divided into 40-acre allotments for the purpose, upon which they are building neat and comfortable cottages. There is an industrial and three day schools on the reserve, which are attended by one-sixth of their whole number. Their chiefs are now elected annually by the tribe, who in turn appoints a force of twelve policemen from the Indians to preserve order.

1080. Jno. M. St. Cyr.

A delegate representing the Wisconsin Winnebagoes. Has been to Washington three times. His mother was a relative of Little Priest, one of the most prominent chiefs of the tribe, and his father a Frenchman.

808.

{

Naw-cher-choo-nu-kaw. Bad Thunder.

812. Wah-kunk-scha-kaw, and daughter.

Wife of "Martin Van Buren," a former prominent chief of the tribe.

814. Ka-ra-cho-we-kaw. A Blue Cloud Passing By.

809, 813. Winnebago children.

IV. PAWNEES.

1. ARICKAREES.

The Arickarees, Ricarees, or Rees, as variously written, call themselves Sa-nish, or Tanish, meaning "the people," a common form of expression among Indians to indicate their superiority. They were originally the same people as the Pawnees of the Platte River, their language being nearly the same. That they migrated upwards along the Missouri from their friends below is established by the remains of their dirt-villages, which are yet seen along that river, though at this time mostly overgrown with grass. At what time they separated from the parent stock is not correctly known, though some of their locations appear to have been of very ancient date, at least previous to the commencement of the fur-trade on the Upper Missouri. At the time when the old French and Spanish traders began their dealings with the Indians of the Upper Missouri, the Arickaree village was situated a little above the mouth of Grand River, since which time they have made several removals, and are now located at Fort Clark, in a former village of the Mandans.

The cabins or huts of the Arickarees and other stationary tribes are built by planting four posts in the ground in the form of a square, the posts being forked at the top to receive transverse beams. Against the beams other timbers are inclined the lower extremities of which describe a circle, or nearly so, the interstices being filled with small twigs, the whole thickly overlaid with willows, rushes, and grass, and plastered over with mud laid on very thick. A hole is left in the top for smoke to pass out, and another at the side for a door. The door opens a few steps distant from the main building on the surface of the ground, from which, by a gradual descent through a covered passage, the interior of the hut is reached. The door is of wood, and the aperture large enough to admit a favorite horse to the family circle, which is often done. These buildings are located within fifteen or twenty feet of each other without any regard to regularity.

They cultivate considerable land, each family separating its little farm from their neighbors' by rush fences. Corn is their principal dependence, of which they raise considerable quantities. The work is done entirely by the women, the primitive hoe being their only implement. They generally have quite a surplus, which they trade to the Dakotas and to the fur companies.

The Arickarees are quite expert in manufacturing a very serviceable kind of pottery, neatly shaped, and well adapted for cooking purposes. They are of clay, hand wrought, but not glazed.

At the present time they number 900, and are associated with 600 Gros Ventres and 420 Mandans at the Fort Berthold agency on the Upper Missouri, where 13,000 square miles has been set apart for them as their reservation. They have 500 acres under cultivation, and are receiving considerable assistance from the Government in the way of improved implements. Many houses are being built, and the more progressive Indians are abandoning the old mud-lodges for them.

List of illustrations.

1042. Ku-nugh-na-give-nuk. Rushing Bear.

Head chief; age, 56; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-3/4; chest, 39-1/2.

1044. E-gus-pah. Bull Head.

Age, 57; height, 5.4-1/2; head, 23-1/4; chest, 42-1/2.

1043. Che-wa-koo-ka-ti. Black Fox.

Son of Black Bear, a great chief of the tribe. Age, 23; height, 5.5; head, 24; chest, 36-1/4.

717. Black Buffalo.

718. Long Knife.

2. KEECHIES.

The Keechies, of whom there are now only a small remnant of about 90 in the Indian Territory, affiliated with the Wichitas, Wacos, and Tawacanies; were originally from Texas, and are supposed to be the Quitzies of the Spanish authorities of 1780. Even at that time they were a small tribe, numbering about 100 warriors. After the admission of Texas, were placed on a State reservation, where they remained undisturbed until 1859, when their presence became so distasteful to the settlers that it became necessary to remove them. Land was leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and the Keechies settled on it, building their villages of grass houses along the Canadian River. The breaking out of the civil war set them back, just as they were beginning to prosper, compelling another remove for safety. In 1867 they were restored to their lands again, and since then have progressed rapidly in civilized pursuits. Like the Wichitas and Wacos, they are of the same stock as the Pawnees.

List of illustrations.

411. Knee-war-war, (Front.)

412. Knee-war-war, (Profile.)

3. PAWNEES.

There is but little definite knowledge of the early history of the Pawnees, although they are among the longest known to the whites west of the Mississippi. Marquette notes them in his map, 1673, as divided into various bands. They are supposed to be the Panimaha of La Salle's voyage in 1688. At the time of Lewis and Clarke's visit, in 1803, their principal village was on the south side of the Platte. Pike, in 1806, estimated the population of three of their villages at 6,233, with nearly 2,000 warriors, engaged in fierce combats with neighboring tribes. In 1820, three of the four bands into which they have been for a long time divided resided on the banks of the Platte and its tributaries, with a reservation on Loup Fork, on the ninety-eighth meridian. Were then estimated at about 10,000 souls, living in earth-covered lodges, and much devoted to the cultivation of the soil, but engaging regularly every season in a grand buffalo-hunt. The Delawares, in 1823, burnt the Great Pawnee village on the Republican, and these Pawnees, becoming much reduced in numbers by small-pox soon after, sold all their lands south of the Platte, and removed to the reservation on Lou Fork. The means were provided, and many exertions made to place them on the high road to prosperity; but their inveterate foe, the Sioux, harassed them continually; drove them repeatedly off their reservation, and despoiled their villages. This warfare and disease soon reduced them to half their former number. In 1861, they raised a company of scouts for service against the Sioux, and a much larger force under the volunteer organization, incurring in consequence an increased hostility from their enemies, who harassed them so continuously, that in 1874 the chiefs in general council determined upon removing to a new reservation in the Indian Territory, lying between the forks of the Arkansas and Cimarron, east of the ninety-seventh meridian. Their removal was almost entirely effected during the winter of 1874-'75.

The Pawnees now number in all 2,026, and yet retain the subdivision into bands, as follows: The Skeedee (Pawnee Mahas, or Loups), Kit-ka-hoct, or Republican Pawnees, Petahoweret, and the Chowee or Grand Pawnees. There are also living on the Washita, a small band of affiliated Wacos and Wichitas, sometimes called Pawnee Picts, who are undoubtedly an offshoot of the Grand Pawnees. They are under the care of the Friends; have well-organized day and industrial schools, and are well supplied with implements and means to carry forward a systematic cultivation of the soil.

List of illustrations.

530-2. Peta-la-sha-ra. Man and Chief.Chowee.

Reputed head chief of the Pawnees, though really chief only of his own band, the Chowee. His claim was based partly on the fact of having been the first signer of their treaty of 1857. Being a good Indian orator, and of dignified bearing, he was generally awarded the first place in their councils, and led off in speech. In 1820, it is said that he put a stop to the custom, then prevalent among the Pawnees, of offering human sacrifices, but only by a display of great courage. In 1825 he visited Washington with a delegation of his tribe, and attracted much attention by his fine presence. Has always been friendly to the whites and in favor of the advancement of his tribe in civilized habits, although very slow himself to adopt new ideas. He died in the summer of 1874 from an accidental pistol-shot. Had but one wife, and she survives him.

533. La-ta-cuts-la-shar. Eagle Chief.Skeedee..

At present the oldest, and consequently the head chief of the tribe.

534. La-roo-chuk-a-la-shar. Sun Chief.Chowee..

A son of Peta-la-sha-ra and head chief of the Chowee band; also a leader in the councils. Height, 5.9; head, 22; chest, 36-1/2.

535. Tuh-cod-ix-te-cah-wah. Brings Herds.Skeedee..

Height, 5.10; head, 22; chest, 42.

543. Tu-tuc-a-picish-te-ruk. Gives to the Poor.Skeedee..

A soldier or policeman of the Skeedees. Height, 5.9; head, 22-1/2; chest, 42.

545. Squaw of Tu-tuc-a-picish-te-ruk. Skeedee..

548. La-hic-ta-ha-la-sha. Pipe Chief.Chowee..

One of the signers of the treaty of 1858.

528.

⎧

⎨

⎩

La-roo-chuk-a-la-shar. Sun Chief. See No. 534. Chowee. Aru-saw-la-kit-towy. A Fine Horse.Skeedee. Ski-ar-ra-ra-shar. Lone Chief. Chowee. Se-ted-e-row-weet. One Aimed At.Skeedee. Cot-ta-ra-tet-goots. Struck with a Tomahawk.Skeedee.

529.

⎧

⎪

⎪

⎪

⎨

⎪

⎪

⎪

⎩

Te-rar-a-weet. Stopped with the Horses.Kit-ka-hoct.

Height, 5.7; head, 21-1/2; chest, 37. A soldier of his band.

La-shara-chi-eks. Humane Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

One of the four chiefs of his band, dresses well; is pleasant in manner, and of progressive tendencies. Height, 5.10; head, 22-1/2; chest, 36.

As-son-oo-cot-tuk. As a Dog, but yet a High Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

One of the four chiefs of his band. Height, 5.8; head, 22; chest, 35.

La-shara-tu-ra-ha. Good Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

Head chief of the band. Height, 5.7; head, 22-1/2; chest, 39.

La-sharoo-too-row-oo-towy. Difficult Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

One of the soldiers and head men of this band.

552-3. Group of Four Brothers of the Kit-ka-hoct Band, viz:

La-roo-rutk-a-haw-la-shar. Night Chief.

La-roo-ra-shar-roo-cosh. A Man that left his Enemy lying in the Water.

A noted brave. Height, 5.10; head, 23; chest, 39.

Tec-ta-sha-cod-dic. One who strikes the Chiefs first.

Second chief of his band, and one of four noted brothers (see No. 552), pre-eminent in their tribe for bravery in war and wisdom in council. Height, 5.8; head, 23; chest, 39.

Te-low-a-lut-la-sha. Sky Chief.

A chief, and a brave leader of his band, taking the first place in war or peace. Was killed by the Sioux in the massacre of the Pawnees in 1873, while hunting buffalo in the valley of the Republican.

Baptiste Bayhylle, or La-shara-se-re-ter-rek. One whom the Great Spirit smiles upon.

United States interpreter, French half-breed.

550-1. Night Chief and The Man that left his Enemy lying in the Water.

554-5. Baptiste Bayhylle.

560. Te-low-a-lut-la-sha. Sky Chief.

The same as in No. 552, No. 4.

558-9.

{

Coo-towy-goots-oo-ter-a-oos. Blue Hawk.Petahowerat. Tuc-ca-rix-te-ta-ru-pe-row. Coming around with the Herd.Petahowerat.

556-7. Perrus-kitty-busk. Small Boy.Skeedee.

575. Loo-kit-towy-hoo-ra. On a fine Horse.Petahowerat.

576. Luh-sa-coo-re-culla-ha. Particular in the Time of Day.Kit-ka-hoct.

577. La-roo-chuk-a-rar-oo. The Sun Coming in.Chowee.

578. Se-rar-wot-cowy. Behind the one that strikes first.Skeedee.

579, 585, 607. Caw-caw-kitty-busk. Little Raven.Skeedee.

580. As-sau-taw-ka. White Horse.Petahowerat.

581. Loots-tow-oots. Rattlesnake.Skeedee.

582. Ke-wuk. Fox. Kit-ka-hoct.

583. Ke-wuk-o-we-te-rah-rook. Acting a Fox.Skeedee.

584. Kit-toox. Beaver.Kit-ka-hoct.

586. As-sow-weet.

592. As-sow-weet and Sawka. White.Chowee.

589. Ter-ra-re-caw-wah.Petahowerat.

Died in 1875; the oldest chief in the tribe. Very prominent in his day as a brave warrior.

591. Caw-heek. An Old Man. Kit-ka-hoct.

593.

{

Loo-kit-towy-his-sa. On a Fine Horse.Skeedee. Are-wauks. A Male Calf.Chowee.

594. Loots-tow-oos. Rattlesnake, and squaw.Skeedee.

595. E-rah-cot-ta-hot. In the Front of Battle, and squaw.Skeedee.

Alias Jim Curoux. A steady worker, and wearing citizens' dress.

596. A-rus-saw-e-root-cowy. A Nice Horse.Skeedee.

597. Cu-roox-ta-ri-ha. Good Bear.Skeedee.

598. Tit-towy-oot-se. Beginning to go to War.Skeedee.

Alias Johnson Wright. A civilized Indian.

599. Ke-wuk-o-car-war-ry. Fox on the War-path.Skeedee.

Alias Fat George. Assistant carpenter at the agency.

600. Caw-caw-ke-reek. Crow Eyes.Petahowerat.

601. Kee-week-o-war-uxty. Medicine Bull.Skeedee.

602. Tec-ta-sha-cod-dic. One who strikes the Chiefs first.Kit-ka-hoct.

603. Le-ta-cuts-a-war-uxty. Medicine Eagle.Skeedee.

604. Ta-caw-deex-taw-see-ux. Driving a Herd.Skeedee.

605. Us-caw-da-war-uxty. Medicine Antelope.Kit-ka-hoct.

606. Ter-ra-ha-tu-riha. Good Buffalo. Petahowerat.

608. Sit-te-row-e-hoo-ra-reek. Seen by All.Skeedee.

609. Loo-kit-towy-his-sa. On a Fine Horse.Skeedee.

610. Paw-hoo-cut-taw-wah. Knee-mark on the Ground on Stooping to Drink.Skeedee.

611. Squaw and Pappoose.

523, 567-8. The village of the Pawnees.

Situated on the Loupe Fork of the Platte River, about 100 miles west of Omaha. It was divided into two parts, the Skeedees occupying one part by themselves, and the other three bands jointly in the other. The entire village accommodated about 2,500 people. Each lodge was capable of holding several families; they were formed by erecting several stout posts in a circle, forked at the top, into which cross beams were laid, and against these long poles were inclined from the outside toward the centre; all was then covered with brush, and finally with earth, leaving a hole at the apex for the escape of smoke, and a long tunnel-like entrance at the base. This village is now (1876) entirely destroyed, and the Indians removed to the Indian Territory.

524, 569. A mud lodge.

In the Pawnee village, showing the tunnel-like entrance. (See No. 523.)

537-9. School building on the Pawnee reserve, on the Loupe Fork, Nebraska.

573-4. Groups of the head men of the tribe.

525-7. Groups of Indian children (attending the boarding-school on the reservation).

The first shows the younger children of the primary classes, and the two latter numbers the older and more advanced scholars.

570-2. Groups of children in their every-day attire, which consists principally of the covering with which nature first clothed them.

536. A group of young squaws in the village.

541-2. Agency buildings.

540. Native painting on a buffalo-skin.

A biography, or narration of the principal events in the life of a prominent chief, by the means of picture-writing.

547-9; 561-6; 587-90; 612. Miscellaneous portraits of Pawnees without information as to name or history.

4. WACOS.

742. Long Soldier. (Front.)

743. Long Soldier. (Profile.)

5. WICHITAS.

744. Assadawa. (Front.)

745. Assadawa. (Profile.)

746. Esquitzchew. (Front.)

747. Esquitzchew. (Profile.)

748. Black Horse.

165, 167. Buffalo Goad. (Front.)

166, 168. Buffalo Goad. (Profile.)

Was one of the great delegation of chiefs from the Indian Territory in 1872, among whom were Little Raven, Little Robe, Bird Chief, &c. He impressed all as being a man of more than usual ability and dignity.

V. SHOSHONES.

1. BANNACKS.

The Bannacks, Bonnacks, or Pannaques, a small, scattered tribe of Shoshone stock, roaming over the desert plains of Idaho and portions of the surrounding Territories, were first found about the Blue Mountains. In 1833 Bonneville met them on the Snake River, near the mouth of the Portneuf, "numbering about 120 lodges. They are brave and cunning warriors, and deadly foes of the Blackfeet, whom they easily overcome in battle when their forces are equal. They are not vengeful and enterprising in warfare, however, seldom sending parties to attack the Blackfeet towns, but contenting themselves with defending their own territories and houses." They frequent the headwaters of the Snake and Yellowstone countries to hunt and fish.

They have generally enjoyed a reputation for friendliness, although, in 1866, all but the Eastern Bannacks under Tahgee engaged in hostilities against the whites.

At the present time there are 600 Bannacks associated with 900 Shoshonees at the Fort Hall reservation on Snake River, where the attempt is being made to civilize them. There are 200 more at the Lemhi reservation, where there are also 340 Sheep-eaters, a band of the Bannacks living a retired life in the mountains dividing Idaho from Montana, and 500 Shoshonees.

List of illustrations.

46. Group of eight of the leading chiefs and braves; photographed at the Snake River agency in 1872, among whom are Paquits, or Bannock Jim, a prominent chief; Totse-cabe-natsy, The White-faced Boy, and Major Jim.

47. Group of a miscellaneous crowd at the agency.

48. Family Group.

In 1871, while returning from the exploration of the Yellowstone region, and while encamped near the head of the Medicine Lodge Creek, the camp of a family of the Sheep-eater band of Bannacks was accidentally discovered near by, almost completely hidden in a grove of willows. Their tent or tepee is made of a few boughs of willow, about which are thrown an old canvas picked up in some of the settlements. The present of a handful of sugar and some coffee reconciled them to having their photographs taken. In the group are the father and mother and five children. The Sheep-eaters are a band of the Bannacks, running in the mountains north of the Kamas prairies, and are so shy and timid that they are but rarely seen.

51-61. Groups and scenes about the agency.

Eleven views, showing the various operations of the agency, some of the idlers, and a few groups of squaws and pappooses.

2. COMANCHES.

A roving, warlike, and predatory tribe of Shoshone descent, roaming over much of the great prairie country from the Platte to Mexico. Their traditions and early history are vague, but they claim to have come from the west. They call themselves Naüni (live people), but the Spanish called them Comanches or Camanches (Les Serpents), the name adopted by the Americans. Procuring horses from the Spaniards at an early day they became expert riders, which, united with their daring and aggressiveness, made them noted and feared throughout the Southwest. Engaged in long and bloody wars with the Spaniards, but were subdued by them in 1783. Were estimated about that time at 5,000 warriors. In 1816 lost heavily by small-pox. Up to 1847 were variously estimated at from 9,000 to 12,000 in all. Were at one time on a reservation in Texas, but were driven out of the State, and since then have been unrelenting enemies of the people of that State. The General Government has set apart a new reservation for them in the western part of the Indian Territory and are gradually drawing them all on to it, though not without much trouble. They now number 1,570 in all, and are divided into eight bands. Have made a commencement in farming, and have been induced to send a few of their children to an industrial school.

W. Blackmore, esq., in an article on the North American Indians, thus describes the Comanche:

"These fierce, untamed savages roam over an immense region, eating the raw flesh of the buffalo, drinking its warm blood, and plundering Mexicans, Indians, and whites with judicial impartiality. Arabs and Tartars of the desert, they remove their villages (pitching their lodges in regular streets and squares) hundreds of miles at the shortest notice. The men are short and stout, with bright copper faces and long hair, which they ornament with glass beads and silver gewgaws."

Catlin says of them:

"In their movements they are heavy and ungraceful, and on their feet one of the most unattractive and slovenly races I have ever seen; but the moment they mount their horses they seem at once metamorphosed, and surprise the spectator with the ease and grace of their movements. A Comanche on his feet is out of his element, and comparatively almost as awkward as a monkey on the ground without a limb or branch to cling to; but the moment he lays his hand upon his horse his face even becomes handsome, and he gracefully flies away, a different being."

List of illustrations.

128. Asa havie. The Milky Way. (Front.)Penetathka.

129. Asa havie. The Milky Way. (Profile.)

Is one of the head men of his band, dividing the office of chief with Toshoway. (No. 134.) Has been one of the most noted raiders into Texas, leading many bands of the restless young men of his tribe, until about ten years since, when he was badly wounded in an encounter and left for dead upon the field. Is now endeavoring to live in the white man's ways, having had a comfortable log house built for himself, and a few acres of ground enclosed, which he is successfully cultivating. This portrait of Asa havie was made in 1872, while on a visit to Washington with a delegation of his tribe. Age, about 45; height, 5.9-1/2; head, 23-1/2; chest, 44-1/2; weight, about 200 pounds.

130. Wife of Asa havie. (Front.)

131. Wife of Asa havie. (Profile.)

Age, about 40; height, 5.4; head, 23; chest, 38; weight, 170 pounds.

132. Timber Bluff. (Front.)

133. Timber Bluff. (Profile.)

134. Toshoway. Silver Knife. (Front.)Penetathka.

135. Toshoway. Silver Knife. (Profile.)Penetathka.

One of the chiefs of his band, sharing the position with Asa havie. Is noted for good sense and fair dealing, and has long been friendly to the whites. In youth, however, was not behind the other adventurous spirits of his tribe in predatory exploits and raids into Texas. Age, about 55; height, 5.6; head, 22-1/4; chest, 41; weight, 168.

136. Wife of Toshoway. (Front.)

137. Wife of Toshoway. (Profile.)

Age, 55; height, 4.10; head, 21; chest, 34; weight, 120.

138-9, 140. Asa-to-yet. Gray Leggings. (Front.)Penetathka.

One of the leading men of his tribe, taking an active interest in their advancement. Lives in a house, cultivates the ground, and has a good lot of stock. Speaks English fluently. Age, 45; height, 5.10; head, 34; chest, 42.

141-2. Cheevers. He Goat.Tamparethka.

A prominent and influential man in his tribe, and chief of his band.

143-4. Wife of cheevers. Tamparethka.

One of the three wives of Cheevers. She accompanied him to Washington with the delegation in 1872. None of his wives have any children.

145-6. Mother of cheevers. Tamparethka.

147-8. Quirts-quip. Chewing Elk. Tamparethka.

One of the chiefs of the tribe; a shrewd and able person, with considerable executive and financial ability. Age, 45; height, 5.6-3/4; head, 23; chest, 39.

149, 150. Ho-we-oh. Gap in the Salt. Tamparethka.

A chief who is doing his best to lead his tribe in civilized ways, as well as to walk in that way himself. Age, —; height, 5.11-1/2; head, 23; chest, 43.

151-2. Daughter of Gap in the Salt.Tamparethka.

153-4. Parry-wah-sa-men. Ten Bears.Tamparethka.

Formerly head chief of the Tamparethkas band of Comanches. He died in November, 1872, just after his return from Washington with a visiting delegation from his tribe. Was friendly to the whites, and a man of influence among his people, maintaining this influence and his chieftainship to the unusual age of 80 years.

155-6. Buffalo Hump. Tamparethka.

157-8. Jim. Tamparethka.

178-9. Native drawings.

3. KIOWAS.

The Kiowas, or prairie men, are one of the tribes that compose the Shoshone family. They are a wild and roving people, occupying the country about the headwaters of the Arkansas, but also formerly ranging over all of the country between the Platte and the Rio Grande. They had the reputation of being the most rapacious, cruel, and treacherous of all the Indians on the plains, and had a great deal of influence over the Comanches and other neighboring Indians. Our first knowledge of them was through Lewis and Clarke, who found them on the Paducah. They were at war with many of the northern tribes, but carried on a large trade in horses with some other tribes. Little intercourse was had with them until 1853, when they made a treaty and agreed to go on a reservation, but soon broke it and went raiding into Texas. The citizens of that State drove them out, but in revenge for the stoppage of their annuities, they retaliated upon the Texans, and until recently the warfare was kept up between them. In 1869, were placed on a reservation of over three and a half millions of acres with some Comanches and Apaches, but were restive and unsettled. In 1871, under their great chief Satanta, raided Texas again, but it resulted in the capture of himself and Big Tree, and their imprisonment soon after. Were afterwards pardoned by the governor of Texas, in whose custody they were, through interposition from Washington, and restored to their tribe; but this did not seem to lessen their hostility, and new disturbances arose, chiefly in consequence of raiding parties of whites from Texas, that led finally to the re-arrest of Satanta and his imprisonment in Texas.

List of illustrations.

402. Lone Wolf. (Front.)

403. Lone Wolf. (Profile.)

404. Squaw of Lone Wolf. (Front.)

405. Squaw of Lone Wolf. (Profile.)

406. Squaw of Lone Wolf. (Standing.)

407. Sleeping Wolf.

408. Son of the Sun. (Front.)

409. Son of the Sun. (Profile.)

410. Native drawing.

4. SHOSHONES.

The Shoshones, or Snakes, are a tribe inhabiting the country about the headwaters of the Green and Snake Rivers, and a part of a great family of the same name, including the Comanches, Utahs, and Kiowas. They occupy nearly all of the great Salt Lake Basin, to the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and extend also easterly to Texas. The Shoshonees proper are divided into many bands under various names, the most important being the Buffalo-Eaters, of Wind River; the Mountain Sheep-Eaters, of Salmon River, and the Western Shoshonees, near Boise, separated from the rest of the tribe by the kindred Bannacks, numbering in the aggregate, with some lesser tribes on the Humboldt, between five and six thousand souls. Our first knowledge of them was through Lewis and Clarke, who found them west of the Rocky Mountains on the waters of the Columbia, but are supposed to have at one time inhabited the plain-country east of the mountains. James Irwin, United States Indian agent, in his report to the Commissioner, says: "They emigrated north about 1781, and proceeded to the upper waters of Green River under a leader or chief called Shoshone, or Snake. At this point they divided, one party going over on the Oregon slope, who are now called Western Shoshones, and have an agency in common with the Bannacks at Fort Hall. The other party constitute the eastern band of Shoshones, and have roamed around the Wind River Mountains from the time mentioned until 1868, when a treaty was made at Fort Bridger, that provided a reservation for them embracing the Wind River Valley. Recently they entered into a contract with the Government by which they ceded a portion of their reservation, leaving them a district perhaps 50 miles in length, and 30 in breadth, embracing a beautiful valley on the east side of the Wind River Mountains. They now number about 1,800 souls, and must have diminished greatly since the time of Lewis and Clarke. Their life was a continued warfare; at first with the Crows and Blackfeet, and since then with the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Sioux, and all this time contending almost naked with the elements and struggling for subsistence."

List of illustration.

657-8. Village in South Pass.

During the expedition of 1870, the United States Geological Survey of the Territories came across the above village of Shoshones, numbering nearly one hundred lodges, encamped among the southern foot-hills of the Wind River Mountains, where the above and some of the following views were secured. They were under the well-known chief Washakie, and were on their way to the Wind River Valley to hunt buffalo for the winter's supply of food and clothing. Although the village had all the appearance of being a permanent abiding-place, yet the following morning, before the sun was an hour high, there was not a tent in sight, and the last pack-pony with trailing lodge-poles had passed out of sight over the hills to the eastward.

659-660. War chief's tent.

The war chief is generally a man of more importance in the village, especially when in the neighborhood of enemies, than the chief himself. In this instance his tent, situated in the centre of the encampment, is adorned with broad bands of black, yellow, and white, rendering it quite conspicuous. The war chief, or his lieutenant, issues forth frequently to announce, in the far-reaching voice peculiar to Indians, the orders which are to govern their actions, while within is an almost uninterrupted thumping on drums.

661-2. Washakie and his warriors.

A group in front of the tent of the head chief Washakie. About him are gathered all the chief men of the encampment.

663-4. Washakie.

This well-known chief is a man of more than ordinary ability, and his record as a steadfast friend of the white people has come down to the present time without a blemish. He is now well advanced in years, but still retains his vigor, and his influence over the tribe. One of the above portraits was made in the South Pass encampment, and the other is a copy of one made in Salt Lake City.

665-6. Views in the village.

667-676. Groups of in-door and out-door subjects, copied from small card views made in Salt Lake City, and which formed a part of the first Blackmore collection.

5. UTAHS.

The Utahs, Yutas, or Utes, as the name is variously written, are a large tribe belonging to the great Shoshone family, and who occupy the mountainous portion of Colorado, with portions of Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada. Those living in the mountains where game abounds have a fine physical development, are brave and hardy, and comparatively well to do; while those who inhabit the sterile plains of the Salt Lake Basin are miserably poor, and spiritless. We derive our first knowledge of the Utahs from the early Spanish explorers, who came in contact with them on the upper waters of the Rio Grande del Norte, and who gave them the reputation of being a brave and warlike tribe. Their country bordered that of the Navajos on the south (the Rio San Juan now dividing them), who formerly ranged as far north as the waters of the Grand, but were crowded back by the Utahs. A continuous warfare was kept up between the tribes, in which the Navajos were worsted. The Utahs were employed against them by the Government at the time of their expulsion from their country in 1863. The tribe is divided into many bands, which are continually changing, but as now recognized are as follows: Capotes, Weeminuches, Tabeguaches, Muaches, Grand River, Yampas, Uintahs, Peahs, Goships, and Mouaches. The tribe now numbers in the aggregate 5,260. The Pi-Utes, Pi-Edes, Timpanagos, San-pitches, and others in Utah are kindred tribes.

The Utahs have generally been friendly to the whites, although there was some fighting in 1859 and 1860 about Pike's Peak, many emigrants plundered at various times, and stray miners cut off by disaffected bands. The Capotes, Weeminuches, and others in the southern portion of the Territory have been more troublesome than those of the north.

Treaties were made in 1863 and 1868, giving them 18,320 square miles of reservation in the western part of the Territory. The southern portion of it, known as the San Juan region, was found to be rich in precious metals, and as it was already attracting a large influx of miners, additional treaties were made in 1872 for the cession of that part of their reservation. In 1874 the tribe consented to the sale of about 6,000 square miles for $25,000 a year forever. Much dissatisfaction ensued from the failure of the Government to promptly carry out the provisions of the treaty, and from the fact that much of their most valuable agricultural lands were unwittingly included in the purchase.

"Though holding a hereditary friendship for the white people and acknowledging the supremacy of the Government, and for the most part included under agencies and receiving Government rations to a greater or less extent, no tribe in the country is more averse to manual labor, or has yielded less to civilizing influences, partly because of the abundance of game and partly because of their remoteness from settlements."

List of illustrations.

765-7. Ouray. Arrow.Tabeguache.

Ouray was born in 1834, in Taos, N. Mex., his father being a Ute, and his mother a Jicarilla Apache. He attended the Mexican school at Taos, under the tuition of Jesuit priests, and acquired there a perfect knowledge of the Spanish language. In 1850, he married, and joined his tribe as a warrior, it being then at war with the Navajos of New Mexico, and the Cheyennes and Arapahos of Colorado. Soon after, in a fight with the Arapahos, his only son was captured and carried off by the enemy, and since then he has never ceased, nor allowed his tribe to rest, from hostilities against these Indians. In 1856, his knowledge of the Spanish language and superior executive ability secured him the position of Government interpreter, which position he has held ever since, and through the same means he has gradually risen from a simple warrior to be the principal chief of the nation. In 1863, he accompanied, as interpreter, a delegation of his tribe to Washington, when their first treaty with the Government was made. In 1868, he again, as chief of the Tabeguaches, in company with the chiefs of the other tribes, visited Washington, and it was mainly through his influence and eloquence a treaty was made, whereby the Utes ceded a large portion of their country in Colorado. Soon after his return, the principal chief of Utes, Nevava, died, and he became the acknowledged leader. In 1873, when the discovery of rich mines upon their lands (the San Juan region) was very near involving the Utes in war with the miners, he avoided this by agreeing to a cession of the lands in dispute, and against a strong opposition from the greater portion of the nation. As a chief he is very strict with his people, punishing all crimes, and sometimes simple disobedience, with death; but he is very kind nevertheless, and has gained his influence more through moral suasion than command. He is a steadfast friend of the whites, and has never lifted his hand against any of them, though some of his people have at times been on the point of making war. Ouray is quite wealthy, owning a herd of several hundred horses, among which are some famous racers, and also large flocks of sheep. He lives at the Government agency in a comfortable house, in a somewhat civilized style, and has a carriage with driver, while his people live altogether in tents. The Government places great confidence in his ability and suggestions, and he has managed to keep the Utes at peace with the fast-encroaching people of Colorado.

768. Guero.

Present chief of the Tabeguache Utes. Guero belongs to that class of chiefs among the Indians who generally succeed their fathers as leaders of a band which hunts and fights in a separate party. He has about 50 lodges in his band, and therefore has considerable influence. When younger he distinguished himself in the wars against the Navajos, but in later years has abandoned his warlike proclivities. He is a staunch supporter of Ouray's peace policy with the Government, and generally lives at the agency, assisting the agent in the distribution of the annuity goods and provisions.

772-3, 781. Shavano.Tabeguache.

War chief of the Tabeguaches, and the most prominent warrior among the Utes. The Arapahoes and Cheyennes fear and hate him; he never goes on the war-path but brings back a scalp of his enemies. Has distinguished himself often by the fierceness of his attack, generally going into a fight naked, and has been wounded several times in such encounters. In the council he is always for peace with the whites, and has used his influence to make those treaties whereby all difficulties were obviated. He is an eloquent orator, and when speaking is often applauded by his people.

751. Tapuche. Capote.

A young chief of the Capote band of Utes, son of Sobita, their principal chief. The latter is now very old, and does not attend to the duties of his office, his son taking his place. Both are strong supporters of Ouray and his peace-policy. Tapuche was the delegate of his tribe to visit Washington and confirm the treaty of 1873.

752. Mautchick.Muache.

A young chief of the Muache Utes, who has during the last few years gained considerable influence, and is now considered the war chief of his band in place of Curacanto. Was also delegate to Washington in 1873.

754. Co-ho. The lame man.Muache.

756-758. Antero. Graceful Walker.

759-760. Wa-ne-ro. Yellow Flower.

761-762. Tabiyuna. One Who Wins the Race.

763-764. Ko-mus.

An intelligent young Indian of the Uinta band, who was brought east by Major Powell, of the Colorado exploring expedition, who educated him, and then employed him as a clerk in his office in Washington, but died suddenly a short time since.

769. John. Yampah.

A young warrior of the Yampah Utes, well known among the people of Colorado by the soubriquet of "John," and as a particularly good friend of the white settlers. Died suddenly at the Hot Springs in Middle Park in 1873.

770. Kwa-ko-nut. A King, and Mose. Muache.

771. Cu-ra-can-te.Muache.

The old war chief of his band, and in former days quite noted for his independent raids into the country of the Cheyennes and their allies. In the winter of 1868-'69 he organized a body of 100 warriors, and, as leader of these, was attached to the column under Colonel Evans, operating against the Kiowas and Comanches, which campaign ended in the surrender of these Indians. He is now quite old and has lost much of his influence, his son Maut chick succeeding him.

774. Wa-rets and Shavano. Tabeguache.

775. Group representing—

Ouray.

Shavano.

Guero.

Ankatosh.

Wa-rets.

776. Group of seven, representing—

"John."

Ma-ku-tcha-wo or Sa-pe-a.

Cu-ra-can-te.

To-shi-my, or Black Bear.

Kwa-ko-nut, or A King.

"Mose."

Mexicano.

777. Suriap.Yampah.

A son of Lodge Pole, a prominent chief and a warrior in his band. Was one of a delegation to visit Washington in 1868 to make the treaty with the Government. He has not, however, come up to the expectations of his people, as, although a young man, he has not distinguished himself in any way, so that he remains a simple warrior to this day.

778. Chippin. Always Riding.

779. Little Soldier.

780. Squaw of Little Soldier.

782. Lovo. The Wolf.

Lovo was noted among the Utes for his ability in following the trail of man or beast, hunting, or on the war-path, and had gained the name of being the best scout. Was frequently employed as "runner" by the Government in carrying dispatches, and was noted for his promptness in executing these commissions. Is a brother of the chief Guero, and died in October, 1874, while hunting on the Republican River.

783. Rainbow.

784. Nick-a-a-god. Green Leaf.Yampah.

A chief of the Yampahs and formerly a man of considerable influence, which he has lost, however, through several petty thieving excursions which he has led against the whites. He has but few followers left, and is one of the few mischievous Utes. In 1868, was delegated to go to Washington, and while there was considered to have equal influence with Ouray, both being in favor of the treaty made that year. Speaks English well, has considerable intelligence, and a good knowledge of the customs of the whites, but since his repudiation by his tribe he has not come in contact with them much.

785. Pe-ah, or Black-Tail Deer.

A young chief of the Grand River band of Utes. As a delegate of his tribe, he helped to make the treaty of 1868 in Washington, and signed it; but since then he has never acknowledged it, and, with his band, has kept off the present reservation, camping generally near Denver. He has about 35 lodges, or 250 people, with him. He is a nephew of the late principal chief Nevava, who died in 1868. He is quite a young man, very adroit and ambitious, and possessed of considerable ability. Has distinguished himself as a warrior in contests with the Arapahoes. He has many enemies among the Utes on account of his overbearing disposition and pride of birth and position, but manages to gain in influence, so that the Government has been obliged to establish a special agency for his band at Denver.

935. Colorado.

787. Sappix and Son.

788. Chu.

789. Kanosh.

790-6, 965-74. Miscellaneous groups, all copies; a portion of the original Blackmore collection.

955-9. Ute encampment on the plains near Denver.

960-3. Camp scenes among the Utes at Los Pinos.

520. Group of Pe-ah and his head men.

VI. SAHAPTINS.

The Sahaptin family inhabit the country south of the Salish, between the Cascade and Bitter Root Mountains, reaching southward, in general terms, to the forty-fifth parallel, but very irregularly bounded by the Shoshone tribes of the California group. Of its nations, the Nez Percés, or Sahaptins proper, dwell on the Clearwater and its branches, and on the Snake about the forks. The Palouse occupy the region north of the Snake, about the mouth of the Palouse; the south banks of the Columbia and Snake, near their confluence, and the banks of the Lower Walla Walla, are occupied by the Walla Wallas. The Yakimas and Klikelats inhabit the region north of the Dalles, between the Cascade Range and the Columbia. The natives of Oregon, east of the Cascade Range, who have not usually been included in the Sahaptin family, are divided somewhat arbitrarily into the Wascoes, extending from the mountains eastward to John Day River, and the Cayuses from this river across the Blue Mountains to the Grande Ronde.

1. NEZ PERCÉS.

The Nez Percés, or the Sahaptin proper, inhabit Idaho and portions of Oregon and Washington. They style themselves Numepo, but Lewis and Clarke called them the Chopunnish. The origin of their present name is buried in obscurity. Early in the present century they were estimated to number 8,000; and in 1836, when a mission was established among them, about 4,000. In the Oregon Indian war most of the tribe remained friendly and did effective service for the whites on a number of occasions. In 1854 a treaty was made ceding part of their lands, but only a portion of the tribe recognizing it, led to a separation, one party becoming wandering hunters, while the other remained on the reservations.

"Of the 2,800 Nez Percés now living, nearly half located on the Kamiah and Lapwai reservations in northern Idaho, and a few others settled on lands outside the reserve, are prosperous farmers and stock-growers. The rest are 'non-treaties,' who, with other non-treaty Indians in that region, make every exertion to induce the reservation Indians to lease their farms and join them in their annual hunting and root-gathering expeditions."

Early in the summer of the present year troubles arose in regard to the occupancy of the Wallowa Valley by white settlers, it having been withdrawn in 1875 from the reservation assigned them by treaty in 1873, from a failure on their part to permanently occupy it. An Indian, belonging to a band of malcontents or non-treaties under the Chief Joseph, was killed by some settlers, when they insisted upon the removal of all the whites and the restitution of the valley to them. Upon the refusal of the Government to this demand, and further attempts to compel all the non-treaty Indians to come into the reservation at Lapwai, an outbreak occurred under the leadership of Joseph, which resulted in a number of pitched battles, with great loss of life, but were compelled to retreat, the forces under General Howard pursuing them eastwardly across the headwaters of the Snake River and through the Yellowstone National Park, where the pursuit was taken up by the forces under General Terry, resulting finally in the capture of Joseph and the remainder of his force by General Miles.

List of illustrations.

427-8. Kal-kal-shu-a-tash, or Jason.

429-431. Ta-ma-son, or Timothy.

433-4. Encampment on the Yellowstone River.

The temporary camp of a small hunting party, who were visiting their friends the Crows at the old agency, near the mouth of Shields River. This and the following views were made in 1871:

435-6. Lodges in the Village.

437. The Chief of the Village.

438. This man has long yellow hair and blue eyes, but is in every other respect a thorough Indian. Is said to be a son of one of the expedition under Lewis and Clarke, who visited their country early in this century.

439-441. Village Views.

2. WARM SPRINGS.

The Warm Springs Indians, so named from their location about the thermal springs in Northern Oregon, are related to the Walla Wallas, and number 187, on a reservation of some 725 square miles, on which are also some 300 Wascoes and Teninoes. The combined tribes cultivate about 800 acres of the land. They are very well off in live stock and derive some of their income by lumbering. All wear citizen's dress, many have good comfortable houses, and support two schools, with an attendance of about 50 scholars. They assisted in the operations against the Modocs in 1872, raising a company of scouts for that purpose, who rendered good service.

List of illustrations.

1058. Cappolas. A Boney Man.

Took a prominent part in the Modoc war, and distinguished himself by the capture of Captain Jack in the lava-beds. Height, 5.5-1/2; circumference of head, 22-3/4.

1061. Shaka. Little Beaver.

A sergeant in the company that captured Captain Jack. Height, 5.8; circumference of head, 22-5/8.

1056. Ske-metze. Chopped up.

Familiarly known as "Billy." Height, 5.4-1/2; circumference of head, 22-3/8.

1054. Ke-hey-a-kin. Crooked Stick.

Height, 5.6-1/2; circumference of head, 21-3/4.

1063. Histo. Clam Fish.

Height, 5.7-3/4; circumference of head, 22-7/8.

1059. Wey-a-tat-han. Owl.

The married man of the party, his wife accompanying him on his travels. Was wounded in the lava-beds, and with five others were the scouts who first discovered Captain Jack's hiding-place in the cave.

1064. Chin-chin-wet. Alone.

Wife of Wey-a-tat-han. A very comely and intelligent Indian woman, of whom but very few are found among the far western tribes. Height, 4.11-1/2; circumference of head, 21-1/2.

1057. Semeo, or Umatilla Jim.

3. WASCOS.

The Wascos, like the Warm Springs Indians, are related to the Walla Wallas, and through them to the Sahaptin family. The name signifies "basin," and the tribe derives its name, traditionally, from the fact that formerly one of their chiefs, his wife having died, spent much of his time in making cavities or basins in the soft rock for his children to fill with water and pebbles, and thereby amuse themselves. They came originally from around the Dalles. Are associated with the Warm Springs and Teninoes on a reservation in Oregon just south of the Columbia. Now number 263, profess the Christian religion, and are more advanced in civilization than any tribe in the State. All the tribes of this reservation are self-supporting, deriving about half their subsistence by agriculture and the rest by fishing and hunting.

List of illustrations.

1062. Kle-mat-chosny. Agate Arrow-Point.

Is a chief and a member of the Presbyterian Church, and a zealous worker for the spiritual welfare of his people. Height, 5.6-3/4; circumference of head, 21-3/4.

1060. Stat-tla-ka. Pole Cat.

Height, 5.4; circumference of head, 20-5/8.

1055. Oscar Mark, or Little Vessel.

Height, 5.5; circumference of head, 23-1/4.

VII. KLAMATHS.

1. KLAMATHS.

A comprehensive name applied to this as well as to several tribes on the Klamath River, differing in language and type. Live mainly by fishing and root-digging. By treaty in 1864 the Klamaths and Modocs ceded all their lands, reserving a small tract on Klamath Lake, in Oregon, of 1,600 square miles, the Government to pay $8,000 in fifteen years, as well as other large sums for subsistence. Much of their reservation is mountainous, only a small portion being fit for cultivation. The Klamaths did not like the introduction of the Modocs on their reservation, and it eventually led to the Modoc war. They now number 676, and are quite prosperous. Have a large number of horses and cattle, but derive their chief support by lumbering.

List of illustrations.

975-6. Wal-aiks-ski-dat.

Known as David Hill, cousin of Captain Jack, is the war chief of the Klamaths (the parent tribe of the Modocs), and is recognized as the leader in civilization of all the Indians of the Lake country. He is 33 years of age. He distinguished himself, before the Indians were gathered into reservations, as the leader of the young braves of the Klamaths in their wars with surrounding tribes, and his military record shows that he has never known defeat. He has always been the friend of the white man. In the long protracted fight with the Snake tribe, lasting over eight years, he was our ally as the leader of the Klamath warriors. He commanded the Klamath scouts during the war with Captain Jack. Mr. Hill is a christianized Indian, and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His father was the first chief who became friendly with the white man. This was in 1843, when he met Frémont and acted as his guide.

977. Yum-nis-poc-tis.

(Chief without beads), better known as Tecumseh, is the "medicine man" of the Klamaths, and is the descendant of a long line of "medicine men." He has had a Damon and Pythias friendship with David Hill since his childhood. In his native tongue he is famous as an orator. He won great distinction in the Snake war, as Hill's comrade; and, with him, is the earnest champion of civilization in his tribe. He is also a Methodist and lives a civilized life in the reservation. Both Tecumseh and Hill are covered with scars that they have received in their desperate conflicts.

2. MODOCS.

The Modocs were originally part of the Klamaths, but recently hostile to them. Their name is an Indian word meaning enemies. Their original territory was on the south side of Klamath Lake, including some 4,000 square miles. Were early known as a treacherous and cruel people, and up to 1850 had cut off more than 50 whites. Engagements followed between them and the whites in 1851—when Wright massacred 41 out of a total of 46—which were kept up until 1864, when they agreed to go on a reserve. The treaty to that effect was not ratified for seven years, and in the mean time were induced to go on the Klamath reserve. Were harassed and dissatisfied, and afterwards put on Yaniax reservation, but most of the tribe left under two rival chiefs, Schonchin and Captain Jack. The former settled peaceably near the settlements, while the latter went back to their old home and became troublesome. In 1872, were ordered back to the reserve, and upon their refusing to go troops were called on to enforce the order, the citizens joining in an attack on their entrenched camps, but were repulsed. The Modocs then retreated to the "lava-beds," a volcanic region so broken up into great caves and fissures as to serve as a natural fortification. After several engagements a commission was organized to enquire into the trouble, and while holding a conference with the leaders were attacked, and General Canby and Dr. Thomas were killed, (April 11, 1873.) After two months' further operations, the hostiles were reduced, their leaders hung, and the rest removed to the Indian Territory. About 100 who took no part in the trouble remained at the Klamath agency.

List of illustrations.

1008. Scar-Faced Charley.

The famous war chief of the lava-bed warriors, and the greatest of their soldiers. He was the most trusted of Captain Jack's braves, and the most desperate of his fighters. Rev. Dr. Thomas; who was slain at the peace-commission massacre, on the day before his death called Scar-Faced Charley the "Leonidas of the lava-beds." He was never known to be guilty of any act not authorized by the laws of legitimate warfare, and entered his earnest protest against the assassination of General Canby and Dr. Thomas. He led the Modocs against Major Thomas and Colonel Wright when the United States troops were so disastrously repulsed and when two-thirds of our men were killed and wounded. Wearied of the slaughter, he shouted to the survivors, "You fellows that are not dead had better go home; we don't want to kill you all in one day." He has said since, "My heart was sick of seeing so many men killed."

1009. Shack-nasty Jim.

The sub-chief of the tribe and chief of the Hot Creek band of the Modocs; although hardly twenty-one years of age, is known throughout Christendom as one of the most fearless warriors that the red men ever sent to fight the pale-faces. He led the tribal forces that suffered most severely. After the massacre he quarrelled with Captain Jack; and, with "Bogus Charley," "Hooker Jim," and "Steamboat Frank," became scout for General Jeff. C. Davis—which led to the capture of the remnants of the Modoc army.

1010. Steamboat Frank.

One of the participators in the Modoc war, but after the massacre of General Canby's party, left his tribe, and as a scout under General Davis, did good service in securing the capture of the remnants of Captain Jack's forces.

1011. Wi-ne-ma, or Tobey Riddle.

The modern Pocahontas, who, at the risk of her own life, saved the life of Col. A. B. Meacham, chairman of the Modoc peace commission, at the Modoc massacre. The Oregon Statesman truly says: "A truer heroine was never born in the American forest than the poor Indian woman, Tobey Riddle, whose exertions to save one who had befriended herself and people were no less daring and resolute than the devotion of Pocahontas. We have nowhere read of a woman, white, black, or red, performing an act of sublimer heroism than Tobey Riddle, when, under suspicions of treachery, she returned to her people in the rocks, with an almost absolute certainty of being flayed alive. The description of that event is one of the finest passages in Mr. Meacham's speech, and is a fitting tribute to the courage and fidelity of his dusky, lion-hearted friend. The gratitude, fidelity, and devotion of that poor squaw ought to forever put to silence and shame those heartless savages who, in the midst of a Christian civilization, are clamoring for the extinction of a people whom God had planted where they were found." Tobey is 28 years of age, and the wife of Frank Riddle. She is honored by all who know her.

3. ROGUE RIVERS.

The Rogue Rivers, so called from the stream upon which they have lived for a long time, have also been known by the names Lototen or Tototutna. As a general rule the coast tribes are inferior in physique and character to the inland tribes, but an exception must be made in favor of the Rogue Rivers. "The men are tall, muscular, and well made, the women are short and some of them quite handsome, even in the Caucasian sense of the word." They are associated with some 15 or 20 tribes or bands at the Siletz agency, the whole numbering less than 1,500 souls.

List of illustrations.

978. Ol-ha-the, or George Harvey.

Chief of the confederated tribes of Indians of Siletz reservation, Oregon, lineal descendant of a long line of Rogue River chiefs, was captured when a small boy at the Rogue River war between the United States forces and the Rogue River tribes of Southern Oregon, and carried to the Siletz reservation, where he has lived ever since. He is a fine speaker, and has acted many years as an interpreter. This office having brought him into close and constant contact with American civilization, he long ago abandoned his aboriginal habits and religion, and adopted the customs and faith of the whites. He is well known throughout Oregon, and is held in the highest esteem. He has been complimented by the judges everywhere for his integrity and intelligence, and both by his loyalty and education is a living proof of the folly and wickedness of the theory that the Indian can neither be civilized nor be made the friend of the white race.

VIII. PIMAS.

1. PAPAGOS.

The Papapootans, as they style themselves, belong to the Pima family, and have long resided in the country south of the Gila. Have always been at enmity with the Apaches until within the last year, but were friendly to the Spaniards, who, with a few exceptions, have maintained missions among them continuously up to the present time. At the close of the Mexican war were Mexican citizens, and partly civilized, but were not recognized as such by the United States, and were left without an agency or reservation until 1874, when they were settled on the Santa Cruz River, a tributary of the Gila, on a tract of 70,400 acres. They now number between 5,000 and 6,000 souls. Have well-cultivated farms, and live in houses of their own construction.

650. Ascencion Rios. (Front.)

651. Ascencion Rios. (Profile.)

2. PIMAS.

The Pimas, calling themselves Ohotama, are a portion of a family of Indians of the same name, comprising, besides themselves, the Opates, Eudevis, and Joves, occupying much of Southern Arizona, Sonora, and Sinaloa. Missions were established among them at an early day by the Spaniards, but they revolted many times, killing several of the missionaries. They have long been divided into the Upper and Lower Pimas, the former living on the Gila, in mud-covered huts, and cultivating the soil extensively. Have been long associated with the Maricopas, the two tribes now living together as one on a reservation of 64,000 acres. The Pimas now number 4,100; are self-supporting, wear civilized dress, and are ready for the privileges of citizenship.

653. Luig Morague. (Front.)

654. Luig Morague. (Profile.)

655. Antonio Azul. (Front.)

656. Antonio Azul. (Profile.)

IX. IROQUOIS.

1. SENECAS.

One of the Five Iroquois Nations in Western New York, comprising, originally, the Sinnekaas, as the Dutch called them, (hence the word Senecas,) Onondagas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Oneidas. When first known to the French, were living on the south side of Lake Ontario, and engaged in a fierce war with their Algonkin neighbors. By conquest several other tribes became incorporated with them. Missions were established among them by the French as early as 1657. In 1763 the Senecas alone, of the Six Nations, joined in Pontiac's league to extirpate the English. During the Revolution sided with the English, but made a peace in 1784, and during the second war remained loyal. Early in the century part of the tribe settled in Ohio, afterwards removing to the Indian Territory, where they now are to the number of 240. The New York Senecas still occupy the Alleghany, Cattaraugus, and Tonawanda reserve of 66,000 acres, where they all live in good houses and have large, well-cultivated farms, and are in every way a civilized and well-regulated class of people.

1048. Dyar-yo-naä-dar-ga-dah. One who Carries Hemlock Boughs on his Back.

English name, Caster Redeye. Was born on the Alleghany reservation; belongs to the traditionary Bear clan. Is now President of the New York Senecas. Does not speak English, but is an eloquent speaker in his native tongue. Has been a councillor three terms. Is a farmer and lumberman, and has also been a pilot for several years on the Alleghany River. Caster is a grandson of Governor Blacksnake, the famous chief of the Senecas, who died in 1859 at the age of 120 years. Age, 46; height, 5.9; head, 22-1/2; chest, 43.

1045. Dar-gar-swen-gar-ant. Dropping the Stock of the Gun.

Commonly known as Harrison Halftown; belongs to the Snipe clan. Was born on the Alleghauy reservation. Is the clerk of the nation, which position he has held for the last eight years. Was well educated at a Quaker school adjoining the reservation, and speaks English fluently. Is a fine speaker, and is quite noted as an orator. Age, 47; height, 5.8; head, 23-1/4; chest, 42.

1046. Hoh-ho-i-yo. Splendid Doer.

Samuel Jimson, as he is ordinarily known, is one of a family of thirty-one children, and was born on the Alleghany reservation in 1837. Is a descendant of Mary Jimson, a white captive among the Senecas, whose descendants now number 111. Is a farmer, but also a fine orator, and of more than ordinary ability. Has been a councillor for eleven terms in succession. Height, 6.1; head, 23; chest, 43.

1047. John Irving.

President of the peacemakers' court. Is a grandson of Governor Blacksnake. Age, 50; height, 5.9-1/2; head, 22; chest, 44.

979. Myron Silverheels.

980. Groups comprising 1045-46-47.

715. A daughter of General Parker.

Copy from an old daguerreotype.

2. WYANDOTS.

The Wyandots, or Hurons, a western Iroquois tribe, lived originally on the shores of Lake Huron, where they raised tobacco to such an extent that they were called Petem, or Tobacco Indians. Were driven west to Wisconsin and to the shores of Lake Superior, and by the Sioux back again to the neighborhood of Detroit, where they remained up to the close of the wars between the United States and England. In 1832 ceded all their lands in Ohio to the Government, and 687 were removed to Kansas, where they have since resided, at the junction of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers. In 1855 many became citizens, and had their lands divided among them, the others being removed to the Indian Territory, where they now are, numbering 258 souls. Some of the Wyandots remained near Detroit, and by treaty with the English government were assigned a reservation on the Detroit River of 23,600 acres, where they yet remain, but have declined within the present century from 200 to 72. Their hereditary king remained with the Canadian band.

List of illustrations.

981. Mathew Mudeater.

Head chief of the Wyandots, and a delegate in 1875 to Washington, with power to settle all complications between his tribe and the Government growing out of sundry treaties. Was born in 1813, in Canada.

982. Nicholas Cotter.

A councillor in his tribe, and delegate to Washington with Mudeater, 1875. Was born in Canada in 1822.

X. MUSKOGEES.

1. CREEKS.

The Creeks are known in their own language as the Muskokee or Muskogee and occupied originally the greater part of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Their traditions say that they emigrated from the Northwest until they reached Florida, when they fell back to the country between the headwaters of the Alabama and Savannah rivers. As this was full of small rivers and creeks it was called by the early settlers the creek country, hence the name of the Creek Indians, who, when first known to the whites, were living there. Those remaining in Florida were called the Seminoles or Isti-semole (wild men). The nation became a confederacy of tribes speaking other languages, modifying somewhat the original Muskogee, but who, nevertheless, numbered seven-eighths of their whole number. Before a dominant power was established in the South they were courted by the Spanish, French, and English, and were about equally divided in their allegiance to these nations, but the final success of the English brought them entirely under their influence. "They took an active part in the war of the Revolution against the Americans, and continued their hostilities till the treaty concluded at Philadelphia in 1795. They then remained at peace eighteen years; but at the beginning of the last war with Great Britain a considerable portion of the nation, excited, it is said, by Tecumseh, and probably receiving encouragement from other sources, took arms without the slightest provocation, and at first committed great ravages in the vicinity of their western frontier. They received a severe chastisement, and the decisive victories of General Jackson at that time, and some years later over the Seminoles, who had renewed the war, have not only secured a permanent peace with the southern Indians, but, together with the progress of the settlements, have placed them all under the absolute control of the United States. The Creeks and Seminoles, after some struggles among themselves, have ceded the whole of their territory and accepted in exchange other lands beyond the Mississippi."—Gallatin.

Twenty-four thousand five hundred and ninety-four were removed west of the Mississippi, only 744 remaining on their old hunting-grounds. At the breaking out of the civil war the western Creeks numbered less that 15,000. The tribe divided and engaged in pitched battles against each other, the Unionists suffering badly, many fleeing to Kansas. They were brought together again after the war, and in 1872 numbered 13,000, on a reservation of over 3,000,000 acres in the Indian Territory.

By the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1876, they were numbered at 14,000, including 3,000 mixed-bloods, and all wearing citizens' dress and living in good houses. They have 36 school buildings, with an attendance of about 750 pupils; over $24,000 was expended upon their education. There are 20 churches on the reserve, with a membership among the Creeks of over 3,000. They rank among the first of civilized tribes.

List of illustrations.

97. Lo-cha-ha-jo. The Drunken Terrapin.

Served as a first lieutenant in the Union Army during the rebellion, and was at that time and is now the leading spirit of the loyal Creeks. Is the treaty-making chief. Age, about 35.

98. Tal-wa-mi-ko. Town King.

Commonly known as John McGilvry. Is a brother-in-law of Oporthleyoholo, a famous chief of the last generation, and stood by him during their struggles with and flight from the rebel Creeks. Is at the present time the second leading spirit of the loyal Creeks. Age, about 30.

99. Tam-si-pel-man. Thompson Perryman.

First organizer of the loyal Creeks that came north during the rebellion. Was a councillor of Oporthleyoholo, and a steadfast adherent to the treaties made with the Government. Age, about 40.

100. Ho-tul-ko-mi-ko. Chief of the Whirlwind.

English name, Silas Jefferson; is of mixed African and Creek parentage; born in Alabama and raised among the Creeks in that State, removing with them to their present home in the Indian Territory. Is to all intents and purposes one of the tribe, taking a wife from among them, and sharing all their troubles. Was interpreter for the loyal Creeks during the war, and is now the official interpreter of the nation. Age, 45.

102. Group of the preceding chiefs.

103. Kot-co-cu, or Tiger.

Served in the Union Army as a lieutenant. Was one of the council in framing the treaty of 1866. In 1871 was a candidate for chief, but was defeated, and died shortly after.

104. Ok-ta-ha-sas-hajo, or Sand.

The predecessor of Lo-cha-ha-jo as the treaty-making chief of the nation, and second chief under Oporthleyoholo. Was among the first to join the Union forces during the rebellion. Was chief of the council that framed the new constitution in 1866. Has not been educated, but has great natural ability, and is of an extremely sensitive and kindly disposition.

105-107. Family of George Steadman. (Half-bloods.)

108. A Creek Brave.

2. SEMINOLES.

"The Isti-Semole (wild men) who inhabit the peninsula of Florida (1836) are pure Muskogees, who have gradually detached themselves from the confederacy, but were still considered members of it till the United States treated with them as with an independent nation. The name of Seminoles was given to them on account of their being principally hunters and attending but little to farming."

Were very hostile to the Americans up to the cession of Florida in 1819, but a treaty was finally made with them in 1823. Other treaties followed looking to their removal westward, in attempting to carry out which a war ensued, lasting from 1835 until 1842. Nearly 2,000 had then been removed, leaving about 300 in Florida, and 145 of these, under Billy Bowlegs, joined the western band in the Indian Territory in 1858. Had much trouble in getting settled upon a reservation, locating finally upon a tract of 200,000 acres bought of the Creeks, where they now number 2,553—a prosperous and civilized tribe.

List of illustrations.

714. O-lac-to-mi-co. Billy Bowlegs.

The well-known and famous leader of the Seminoles in the Florida war, 1835-'42, but was finally compelled to remove with the remnants of his tribe to the Indian Territory.

3. CHICKASAWS.

When first known the Chickasaws were located north of Mississippi on the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. Were mixed up in the early French and English wars, remaining loyal to the English up to 1783. Operated with the Americans against the Creeks in 1793. Commenced to migrate west of the Mississippi early in the present century. Sold their lands to good advantage and amassed considerable wealth, and were in every way a prosperous, progressive nation. They purchased a large tract of land from the Choctaws, a tribe speaking the same language, and affiliated with them in all tribal affairs. In 1855, on payment of $150,000 to the Choctaws, they effected a political separation. Like the Choctaws, they first went south with the confederates during the civil war, but returned to the northern army afterwards. They lost very much property, besides a large number of slaves.

Their numbers have not undergone any material change, the latest census placing their numbers at 5,800. Nearly 2,000 of these are mixed bloods. Two weekly papers are supported between the Choctaws and themselves. They are also well supplied with churches, schools, and other appliances of an industrious, civilized, and prosperous people. They have intermarried to a great extent with the whites, some of the following portraits being of subjects having a large proportion of white blood in their veins.

List of illustrations.

73. J. D. James.

74. Ash-ke-he-na-niew.

75. Sho-ni-on.

76. Annie Guy.

77. A Young Brave.

4. CHOCTAWS.

The Choctaws, or Chahtas, at the time of De Soto's visit in 1540, were living south of the Chickasaws, and west of the Creeks. Unlike the surrounding tribes, they were peaceably disposed, and a nation of farmers, and much farther advanced in civilization than any of their neighbors. Coming in contact with the French, Spanish, English, and Americans, they have never been at war with any of them. Commenced moving west of the Mississippi in 1801, and by 1830 had exchanged all their lands for other in the Indian Territory. By 1861 had advanced far in civilization, numbering with the Chickasaws 25,000, with 5,000 slaves. In the civil war they joined first the South and then the North, losing a great deal in property, and a reduction to 17,000 of their population. They now number 16,000, of whom two-thirds are of mixed blood. Are governed by a written constitution; elect their chief every four years; have a council, consisting of 40 members, and a judiciary, and trial by jury.

Of the following subjects, nearly all are of mixed blood.

List of illustrations.

88. Israel Folsom.

89. Peter Folsom.

90. Samuel Folsom.

91. —— Folsom.

92. Faunceway Baptiste.

93. B. L. Le Flore.

94. Samuel Garland.

95. Colonel Pytchlynn.

96. Allen Wright.

936-7. Squaws.

938-9. Young Boys.

XI. INDEPENDENT AND UNCLASSIFIED TRIBES.

1. ARAPAHOS.

"Very little is known of the early history of the Arapahos, but are supposed by some to be the Querechos of the early Spanish explorers. They called themselves Atsinas, of whom, however, they are but a branch. The early English knew them as the Fall Indians, and the French as the Gros Ventres of the south. They were then roaming over the plain country about the heads of the Platte and Arkansas. Gallatin speaks of them as a detached tribe of the Rapid Indians, which has wandered as far south as the Platte and Arkansas and formed a temporary union with the Kaskasias and some other erratic tribes. At the present time (1862) the Arapahos are divided into two portions or bands. The first portion call themselves Na-ka-si-nin, 'People of the Sage,' and number one hundred and eighty lodges. They wander about the sources of the South Platte and the region of Pike's Peak; also northward to the Red Buttes on the North Platte. Sometimes they extend their journeyings in search of buffalo along the foot of the Big Horn Mountains in the Crow country. The second band call themselves Na-wuth-i-ni-hau, the meaning of which is obscure. It implies a mixture of different kinds of people of different bands. They number 200 lodges, and range along the Arkansas River and its tributaries."—Hayden.

In 1820 Morse estimated them at 10,000, and speaks of them as a warlike people and often making predatory and murderous excursions on their eastern and northern neighbors.

The Arapahos affiliate with the Cheyennes, with whom they have been on friendly terms for many years. Lately, however, an antipathy seems to be growing up between the two tribes in the Indian Territory, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs advises a separation. They are divided into two principal divisions, known respectively as the Northern and Southern Arapahos. Those of the north, numbering 1,562, affiliate with the Cheyennes and Ogalallas at the Red Cloud agency. They have been ordered to join their southern brethren, and at the present time the necessary preparations are under way. The Southern Apaches, who number 1,664, with the Southern Cheyennes and a small band of Apaches, are temporarily occupying a large reservation in the western portion of the Territory. The new reservation assigned them lies along the northern border of the Territory west of the Creek and Cherokee countries, and was purchased from them. It comprises nearly 5,000,000 acres.

But little has been done by them looking toward civilization, beyond signifying their willingness to have farms apportioned to them and in sending their children to school.

21. Yellow Bear.Northern Arapahos.

Little Wolf.Northern Arapahos.

22. Powder Face and Squaw.Northern Arapahos.

23. Medicine Pipe. Northern Arapahos.

Fool Dog.Northern Arapahos.

24. Crazy Bull.Northern Arapahos.

Friday.Northern Arapahos.

25. Plenty Bears.Northern Arapahos.

Old Eagle.Northern Arapahos.

32-35. Bi-nan-set. Big Mouth.Southern Arapahos.

36-37. White Crow.Southern Arapahos.

38-39. Black Crow.Southern Arapahos.

40-41. Left Hand. Southern Arapahos.

42-43. Yellow Horse. Southern Arapahos.

44-45. Heap O' Bears.Southern Arapahos.

62-65. Ohaste. Little Raven.Southern Arapahos.

In 1865, Richardson described him as follows: "The savage, like Falstaff, is a coward on instinct; also treacherous, filthy, and cruel. But our chief, The Little Raven, was the nearest approximation I ever met to the ideal Indian. He had a fine manly form, and a human, trustworthy face."

909, 911. Bird Chief. (Bust, front and profile.)

910, 912. Bird Chief. (Standing, front and profile.)

984, 5. Friday.

The well-known chief of the Northern Arapahos and one who has had a prominent position for the last twenty-five years. Speaks English fluently and always acts as his own interpreter.

755. A Young Man.

Living with and brought up with the Southern Arapahos, but claimed by Ouray, chief of the Utes, to be his son, captured in battle several years since. Ouray has made an appeal to the Government for his restitution, but the young man prefers his present home.

2. CADDOS.

The Caddos, or Cadodaquious, at present a small remnant of a tribe that once ranged over the Red River country, where they were first met with in 1687 by Jontel and other survivors of the La Salle expedition. They are now consolidated with Wacos, Wichitas, Keechies, Tawacanies, Ionies, and Delawares, and number 552, occupying the Wichita reservation of about 1,200 square miles in extent between the branches of the—

They have now well-managed farms, and are noted for industry and general intelligence.

159-160. Sho-e-tat. Little Boy.

English name, Geo. Washington. Born in Louisiana in 1816. Is probably the most progressive Indian on the reservation; has long since adopted the dress and customs of the whites; owns a trading-store, and has a well-cultivated farm of 113 acres, with good houses and improvements. Was captain during the rebellion of a company of Indian scouts and rangers in the service of the Confederate States army, and engaged in three battles, one on Cache Creek, Indian Territory, with Kiowas and Apaches; one with Cheyennes, in the Wichita Mountains; and one on the Little Washita, with renegade Caddos.

161-162. Nah-ah-sa-nah. Indian.Anadarko.

Commonly known as War-loupe; probably a corruption of Guadeloupe. Was born near Nacitoches about 1825. Is now chief of the Caddos, and considered in advance of most of his people. Is doing his utmost to elevate his tribe to the standard of the white man. Height, 5.6-1/2; chest, inspiration, 37; expiration, 34-1/2; circumference of head over ears, 21-1/2; diameter of head from ear to ear, 14-1/2.

163-4. Antelope.

With the preceding was a delegate to Washington in 1872, but died shortly after his return.

3. CHEROKEES.

When first discovered, the Cherokees were occupying the mountainous country about the headwaters of the Tennessee River and portions of Georgia and South Carolina, up to 1830. They form a family by themselves, supposed, however, to be somewhat remotely connected with the Great Iroquois family. They call themselves in their language Tsaraghee. According to their traditions, they came to this country before the Creeks, dispossessing a people of whom there is now no record. Before and during the Revolution they were friendly to and aided the English. A treaty of peace was made with them, by which they acknowledged the sovereignty of the United States November 28, 1785, and were confirmed in the possession of their lands, occupying a considerable portion of Tennessee and parts of North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Commenced migrating to the trans-Mississippi country as early as 1790, consequent upon the encroachments of civilization, and in 1818 3,000 more emigrated. As frequent cessions of their lands had reduced their territory to less than 8,000 square miles in extent, and also in consequence of the hostility of the Georgians, they were all removed in 1838 to their present reservation in the Indian Territory, excepting about 1,000, who remained in North Carolina. At the opening of the civil war they had progressed to a high degree of prosperity, but suffered great injury from both parties ravaging their country, and also in the emancipation of their slaves. Nearly all the Cherokees at first joined the Confederacy, but after the fight at Pea Ridge, seeing the result doubtful, 9,000, under Colonel Downing, with a majority of the nation, abandoned the southern cause and joined the Union forces; 6,500 adhered to the Confederacy to the end. At the time of their removal west the Cherokees numbered about 27,000. In 1867 they were reduced to 13,566, but since then have increased, so that they now number about 18,000. There are about 1,700 yet in North Carolina, in a prosperous condition, owning about 70,000 acres of land.

The reservation in the Indian Territory comprises about 5,000,000 acres, only one-third of it capable of cultivation, and of which they are now working some 90,000 acres. Their crops for 1875 aggregated 630,000 bushels corn, 70,000 bushels wheat, 35,000 bushels oats, 50,000 tons hay, 500,000 feet of lumber, &c. They have 63 schools, attended by nearly 2,000 children, that are supported by a fund of $1,580,000, held by the United States. Under their present constitution they are governed by a national committee and council elected for two years. The executive, or chief, is elected for four years.

The following portraits show the effects of the civilizing influences they have been living under, and also the extensive admixture of white blood among them by intermarriage:

List of illustrations.

66. Colonel Downing.

67. Richards.

68. Colonel Adair.

69. Samuel Smith.

70. Borum Davis.

71. Captain Scraper.

72. Bingo.

4. MOQUIS.

A tribe of semi-civilized Indians living in seven villages on the plateau between the San Juan and Little Colorado Rivers. They were among the Pueblos visited by the expedition under Coronado in 1540, who named the region inhabited by them the Province of Tusayan. The Franciscans established missions among them, but in the general uprising of 1680 all were expelled or killed. Numerous attempts were afterward made to reduce them, but without success, and they have remained independent to this day. They have the reputation of being an extremely kind-hearted and hospitable people; are exclusively agricultural, raising maize, squashes, pumpkins, and peaches. They also have many sheep and goats. Have suffered much by depredations from the Apaches and Navajos. Their villages are perched upon the summits of mesas, from 400 to 600 feet in height. Their houses are built of stone laid in adobe-mortar, in terrace form, seldom exceeding three stories in height, and reached only by ladders. The women knit, spin, and weave, making fine blankets, women's robes, and other like articles, which they trade to the neighboring tribes.

When they first came under the jurisdiction of the United States, were estimated to number 8,000. Were almost destroyed by small-pox in 1855 and 1857, and lost many more by the famine in 1867. On both occasions their villages were abandoned and the people scattered among the mountains, or took refuge among the kindred Zuñis, and other pueblos. Are now estimated at 1,500 souls. They use no intoxicating drink; are industrious and virtuous. The men adopt the usual Mexican dress, while the women wear a woven tunic and a small blanket tacked over the shoulders. Before marriage the hair of the women is worn in two large rosettes upon each side of the head, and after marriage, is worn loose down the back or rolled up back of the head.

Being entirely self-supporting, they have had but few agents and very little assistance from the General Government. Their remote and nearly inaccessible location has also removed them beyond the reach of most missionary enterprises. Within the last two or three years some efforts have been made to establish schools among them, supported mainly by Presbyterian enterprise.

List of illustrations.

416. Delegation to Brigham Young.

Copy of a photograph of three Moqui Indians from the Pueblo of Oraybi, delegated to visit the Mormon president for the purpose of encouraging trade.

983. Num-payu. Harmless Snake.

A comely young maiden of the pueblo of Téwa. The peculiar style in which the hair is worn, as shown in this picture, is a sign of maidenhood. After marriage the hair is allowed to hang down the back, or is gathered in a small knot at the back of the head. The Moquis dress themselves entirely in woolen goods of their own manufacture, in which they are quite expert, their women's dress and blankets forming their principal stock in trade.

1019. Téwa.

1020. House of the Capitan of Téwa.

986. Street view in Téwa.

1021, 988. Gualpi or O-pee-ki.

1024. She-mó-pa-ve.

1023. Moo-sha-na-ve.

1022, 991. She-paú-la-vay.

1025. House of the Capitan of She-mo-pa-ve.

The above are four of seven towns which are collectively generally known as the Moquis Pueblos. By a census taken in the spring of 1877, they were found to contain a population of 492 men, 440 women and 672 children, 1,604 in all; of which Téwa has 132, Gualpi 234, She-mo-pa-ve 189, and She-pau-la-vay 198. With the exception of Oraybi, all these villages are built upon the summits of sandstone mesas, 600 feet above the valleys below them, and from which has to be brought their water, wood, and everything they raise. They possess considerable flocks of goats and sheep, which are secured every night in pens along the sides and upon the summits of the mesa, as shown in No. 987. Although there is no running water within many miles, and consequently they cannot irrigate, yet they are quite successful in cultivating corn, melons, &c., usually raising much more than they consume.

5. PUEBLOS.

A general name applied by the Spaniards to several tribes of semi-civilized Indians in what is now New Mexico. The term pueblo, in Spanish, literally means the people and their towns. They were first visited by Cabeza de Vaca in 1537, who conveyed the first authentic account of their villages to Mexico, which resulted, in 1540, in the expedition of Coronado. As nearly as can be ascertained at the present time, he visited and subdued the Pueblos in the neighborhood of Zuñi, along the Rio Grande, and the Moqui of the province of Tusayan; but only occupied the country two years. Were finally subdued in 1586, and the Spanish retained uninterrupted control, with the exception of the period of the insurrection of 1680, until the cession of the territory to the United States in 1847. At the time of Coronado's visit they were as advanced as now, raising grain, vegetables, and cotton, and manufacturing fine blankets. Their houses are sometimes built of stone, but generally of adobe; are several stories in height—three to five usually—each one receding from the one below, leaving a terrace or walk. The general plan is a hollow square, although in some cases they are built in a solid mass, like a pyramid, six or eight stories in height. In each pueblo there are large rooms, sometimes under ground, for religious observances or councils, called in Spanish, estufas. The towns are sometimes built upon the summits of high terraces or mesas, extremely difficult of approach.

The Pueblos constitute several tribes, with different languages; some are now extinct; but those existing are the Zuñis; Toltos in Taos, with whom are classed the people of Picuris, the Sandia, and Isleta; the Tiguas in San Juan, Santa Clara, Nambé, San Ildefonso, Pojuaque, and Tesuque; (the Moquis of pueblo of Té-wa are said to speak this language); the Queres in Cochité, San Domingo, San Filipe, Santa Aña, Zia, Laguna, and Acoma; the Jemez, in the pueblo of the same name. In the 19 pueblos named there are now estimated to be 8,400 people, the most populous being Zuñi, with some 1,500 souls, and the least, Pojuaque, numbering only some 30 or 40 persons. Were recognized as citizens under Mexican rule, but since the admission of New Mexico the matter has been left in doubt. In 1858, Government confirmed to them the old Spanish grants of the land the Pueblos cultivate, averaging about twelve square leagues to each pueblo. They retain their own form of government, each village electing a governor, and a council consisting of three old men. Have been under Catholic influence since the Spanish conquest; but in the division of the tribes among the religious denominations, the Pueblos were first assigned to the Baptists, and afterward to the Presbyterians, who are now actively engaged in establishing schools among them.

List of illustrations.

1015. Na-na-án-ye. A al Metor de la Sierra.

Spanish name, Antonio José Atencio. Head chief of all the Pueblos. Can read and write Spanish. Age, 70; height, 5.4-1/2.

1016. Tse-wa-án-ye. Tail of the Eagle Fluttering.

Spanish name, Antonio al Churleta. Governor of the pueblo of San Juan, and is the bearer of a cane, the badge of his office, which is marked "A. Lincoln, á San Juan, 1863." Can read and write in the Spanish language. Age, 64; height, 5.6-1/2.

1017. Wa-só-to-yá-min. Small Feathers of the Eagle.

Spanish name, Juan Jesus Leo. Governor of the pueblo of Taos; which position is retained but for one year. Is the bearer of a cane marked "A. Lincol á Taos." Age, 45; height, 5.7-1/2.

643. Ambrosia Abeita.

644. Alejandro Padillo.

645-6. Groups with Abeita and Padillo.

992. Group of Antonio José Atencio, Antonia al Churleta, and Juan Jesus Leo.

15-17. The Herder.

One of the former governors of the pueblo of Taos.

20. Group of Corridores.

Young men who are selected to run foot-races during the "feasts" or religious holidays.

618, 623. Young Maiden.

A very good-looking young woman of the pueblo of Taos, with her hair gathered over the ears, signifying her single state. This custom also obtains among the Moquis.

614-617, 620, 626-7. Young Girls and Women of the pueblo of Taos.

19, 613, 625, 619, 621-2. Various individuals belonging to the pueblo of Taos.

628-642. Views of the pueblo of Taos.

6. TAWACANIES.

A small tribe in the Indian Territory associated with the Caddos, Kiowas, and others on the Wichita agency. They are well advanced toward civilization.

738-739. Dave.

740-741. Caw-lac-its-ca. Son of Dave.

7. TEMICULSA.

A small band of Indians living in the southern portion of California, who are extensively intermarried with the Mexicans. They are a thrifty, prosperous people, fully able to take good care of themselves, and are not under the care of any agent.

993. Ka-lek. Hanging.

Chief of the Temiculas, and delegate recently to Washington, to seek from the General Government the restitution of some of their land, from which this tribe had been ejected by the State government. Is a man of marked intelligence, and speaks Spanish fluently. Age, 45; height, 5.10; head, 23-1/2; chest, 47-1/2; weight, 245.

994. Andrew Magrand.

Temicula and Mexican half-breed. Age, 27.

995. John Clift.

Temicula and Mexican half-breed. Age, 25.