INDEX

A

Achillas, 190

Acts of Pilate, The, anti-Christian pamphlet, 145, 146

Adrianople, battle of, 128, 158

Ælianus, Proconsul of Africa, 172, 173

Alemanni defeated by Crispus, 124

Alexander, a Phrygian, leads revolt in Africa, 76

Alexander of Alexandria, holds Arius in high esteem, 190; becomes involved in controversy with Arius, 192 ff.; summons provincial synod, 195; denounces Arians, 201 ff.; attacks Eusebius of Nicomedia, 203; at Council of Nicæa, 214; influenced by Athanasius, 215; prayer for the truth in regard to Arius, 274, 298; death, 286; refuses to admit Arius to communion, 298

Amandus, Admiral, defeated by Crispus, 129

Ambrose, St., exhortations to avoid marriage, 348; influenced by Virgil, 353.

Ammianus Marcellinus, quoted, 345

Anastasia, half-sister to Constantine, 120

358Anastasis, Church of, dedicated,3 11

Ancyra, Council of, canons, 153

Annibalianus, son-in-law of Constantine, 309

Antony, Saint, 147, 297

Anulinus, proconsul of Africa, letter from Constantine to, 167, 168

Apollo, statue of, 270, 271

Arcadius, rebuilds walls of Constantinople, 266

Arch of Constantine, 91

Arian controversy, 189 ff., 223 ff.; Canon Bright on, 194; Gibbon on, 194

Arianism, origin, 189 ff.; leading tenet, 193 ff., 198, 223, 224; Canon Bright on, 194; class to which it appealed, 197 ff.; claims, 198 ff.; formal condemnation of, 229

Arians, edicts against, 286; and Constantia, 289; paramount at Imperial Court, 290; plot against Athanasius, 290

“Ariomaniacs,” 206

Aristaces repeats Nicene Creed to his father, 285

Arius, a power in Alexandria, 190; character, 190, 191; preaching strange doctrine, 191; starts controversy, 192 ff.; denounces Alexander, 193; defends his doctrine before synod, 195 ff.; 359excommunicated, 196, 231, 236; finds champion in Eusebius of Nicomedia, 200 ff.; synod of Bithynian bishops sympathises with, 202 ff.; Thalia, 204 ff., 222, 231; Constantine intervenes between Alexander and, 207 ff.; at Council of Nicæa, 214, 221, 231, 236; and Eusebian party, 229 ff.; recalled from exile, 287, 288; Constantine’s attack on, 288; pronounced a true Catholic by Council of Tyre, 295; returns to Alexandria, 297; questioned as to his faith, by Constantine, 297; seeks admission to Church at Constantinople, 298, 299; death, 299, 300

Arles, Council of, 173-176; canons of, 177, 178, 351

Armenia, recovered for Rome, 6; Saint Gregory in, 27

Arsenius, legend of withered hand, 293

Athanasians and baptism of Constantine, 315

Athanasius, Saint, on help given to persecuted Christians, 28; First Discourse against the Arians, quoted, 204, 205; influence on Alexander, 214, 215; leader of Trinitarians, 221; on Council of Nicæa, 222-224; in Arian controversy, 227; condemnation of, 231, 295; banished, 239, 296; elected bishop, 286; plot against, 290; refuses to restore Arius to communion, 291; Constantine threatens, 291, 292; campaign of calumny against, 292; 360refuses to attend trial at Cæsarea, 293; trial at Council of Tyre, 293-295; appeals to Constantine, 294, 295

Augustæum, the, 268, 269

Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo, on Botrus and Celestius, 164; on Donatists, 181, 182; on the Circumcelliones, 186; and the Donatist schism, 187; on Constantine, 329; on Christian duty, 351; and ancient literature, 353

Aurelian, Emperor, recovers Britain and Gaul, 3; murdered, 4; persecution of Christians, 13; influence on Galerius, 17; subdues Goths and Sarmatæ, 123

Ausonius, 354

B

Bassianus, 120

Botrus, deacon, 164

Bright, Canon, quoted, on Arianism, 194, 199; on philosophy and the Church, 227

Britain, Carausius ruler of, 6; Constantius ruler of, 8; Constantine ruler of, 51, 56, 76, 82; Constantius recovers, 52, 53; Crispus ruler of, 124

Burnt Pillar, the, 270

Bury, Professor, quoted, on Constantine, 328

Byzantium, capitulation of, 115, 128; naval battle at, 129, 259; advantages of position, 259, 261; chosen by Constantine as site for a new city, 259, 260; renowned, 2 61; withstandsPhilip of Macedon, 262; 361Polybius on, 262; prosperity, 262, 263

Byzas, the Megarian, founder of Byzantium, 261

C

Cæcilianus, rebukes Lucilla, 163; elected bishop, 164; position challenged, 165, 166, 170, 171, 173, 178; letter from Constantine to, 166, 167; summoned to Rome, 180, 181; Constantine’s verdict on, 182; Donatists refuse to obey, 184

Cæsarea, Council of, 292, 293

Caius, 238

Candidianus executed, 119

Carausius, 6, 65

Carinus, son of Carus, Empire divided between Numerian and, 4; death, 5

Carnuntum, conference at, 63, 64

Carthage sacked, 76

Carthage, Council of, 188

Carus devastates Persia, 4

Catholic Party, 165 ff.; 297

Celestius, deacon, 164

“Champions of the Lord,” the, 185

Chrestus, Bishop of Syracuse, 175

Christian martyrsmartyrs, 15, 17 ff., 28, 30 ff., 136 ff., 147, 157

Christian schools of Antioch and Alexandria, 213

Christianity, rapid spread, 12; embraced by Constantine, 93 ff., 306, 312 ff.; element in disintegration of Empire, 343, 344, 346; element of assimilation, 345; tendency to depopulate Empire, 346-350; and asceticism, 346-348; and military service, 350-352; 362and literature and art, 352-354; influence upon Roman Empire, 355, 356

Christians, persecution of, 12 ff., 27, 134 ff.; erect church at Nicomedia, 13; and Neo-Platonists, 19, 20

Chrysopolis, battle of, 130, 158

Church, the, condition in reign of Diocletian, 12-14, 16; persecution of, 12 ff., 134 ff.; and State, 13, 14, 158, 234, 343, 344; schisms in, 153, 159 ff., 189; 211 ff.; triumph of, 236, 355, 356; persecution ended, 285; and marriage, 349

Cibalis, battle of, 121

Circumcelliones, a religious sect, 185, 186

Cirta, capital of Numidia, sacked, 76; renamed, 186

Cirta, synod of, 161, 162

Cistern of Philoxenos, 273

Claudian, 354

Claudius subdues Goths and Sarmatæ, 3, 123

Coins, 239, 314, 318

Colonus, the, condition, 340, 342, 343

Column of Constantine, 270

Constans, son of Constantine, 238, 309

Constantia, wife of Licinius, pleads for his life 131; influence, 200, 230, 239, 289

Constantina, daughter of Constantine, 309

Constantina, new name of Cirta, 186

Constantine, Emperor, birth and parentage, 43, 44; birthplace, 44, 260; early life and characteristics, 45; ambitions, 46; escape from Galerius, 47; joins his father, 48; saluted as Augustus by the troops, 49; 363declares himself Emperor, 50; acknowledged as Cæsar by Galerius, 50; Cæsar of the West, 51; victory over the Franks, 53-55; attitude toward Galerius, 60; marriage, 61; alliance of Maximian and Maxentius with, 62; relations with Diocletian, 64; acknowledged as Augustus by Galerius, 66; recognises Maximian, 67; expedition against the Franks, 67, 68; quells Maximian, 69; plots against, 70, 71; his domain, 76; alliance of Licinius with, 79; war with Maxentius, 80 ff.; battle of Milvian Bridge, 86, 87; triumphal procession in Rome, 88; disbands Prætorians, 89; acts of conciliation, 90; games and festivals in honour of, 91; vision of the Cross and conversion, 92, 95 ff.; issues Edict of Milan, 107 ff.; and Licinius share Roman Empire, 120; war with Licinius, 120 ff.; defeats Licinius at Cibalis, 121; defeats Licinius at Mardia, 121; treaty with Licinius, 122; appoints Crispus as Cæsar,1 22; his sons, 123; rupture with Licinius, 123 ff., 154; triumphs of, 124; champion of the Church, 126, 127; defeats Licinius at Adrianople, 128; victory at Byzantium, 129; generalship of, 130; victory at Chrysopolis, 130; treatment of Licinius, 131, 132; signs edict of toleration, 140; 364overthrow of Maxentius, 153; recalls exiled Christians, 158; and the Donatists, 159 ff.; African bishops appeal to, 159; presents money to African clergy, 166; letter to Cæcilianus, 166; letter to Anulinus, 167; party of Majorinus appeal to, 169; letter to Miltiades, 169; letter to Ælianus, 172-174; letter to Chrestus, 175; letter to Council of Arles, 178-180; summons Cæcilianus to Rome, 180; letter to Donatist bishops, 180; letter to Probianus, 181; passes judgment on Cæcilianus, 182; change of policy, 183; ignores African Church, 185; letter to the Catholics and his opinion of the Donatists, 187; and Arian controversy, 189, 207-210, 285-297; calls Council of Nicæa, 211; opens the Council, 217-219; and Nicene Creed, 230; celebrates his Vicennalia, 232, 233, 239, 322; farewell speech to Council of Nicæa, 233, 234; letter “To the Churches,” 235; family, 237; mother’s influence upon, 238, 239; and Procession of the Knights, 240; edict to his subjects, 241; turns against Crispus, 242; murder of Crispus, Licinianus, and Fausta, 243-247; repentance, 247, 249; donation of, 248, 249; baptism, 248, 249; builds churches, 249, 251, 318, 319; campaigns against the Goths and Sarmatæ, 252, 253; confession of faith, 254, 255; relations with Persia, 254-256; 365founder of Constantinople, 257 ff.; edicts against the Arians, 286; character, 301 ff.; passion for building, 302, 303; division of the Empire, 307-311; education of his sons, 308; celebrates Tricennalia, 311; fatal malady, 312, 313; death and burial, 256, 313, 314; and religious parties, 316; daily religious life, 317; edict for observance of Lord’s day, 319; prayer, 319; policy toward old religion, 320 ff.; edict giving religious freedom, 321; Pontifex Maximus, 322 ff.; and divination, 326; edict to abolish gladiatorial shows, 327; reforms, 330; attitude of subjects to, 331; organisation of Empire, 331; fiscal system of, 339-342

Constantine, son of the Emperor Constantine, 296, 309

Constantinople, foundation of, 257 ff.; called “New Rome,” 258; and Napoleon, 259; part rebuilt, 266; called Septicollis, 266; dedication, 267; plan and buildings, 269; forum, 269; palaces, 272; aqueducts, 273; Hippodrome, 274, 276; churches, 274-276

Constantinus, son of Constantine, 309, 314

Constantius, son of Constantine, persecution of Christians, 134; birth, 238; appointed Cæsar of Gaul, 242; named consul, 243

Constantius Chlorus, Cæsar, 5; 366goes to Britain, 6; domain, 8; character, 16, 328; attitude toward Christians, 16, 26; becomes emperor, 40; ancestry, 44; marriage, 44; loyalty, 46; death, 49

Consuls, 334

“Council of the 318,” the, 212

Crispus, son of Constantine, becomes Cæsar, 122; victory over Alemanni, 124, 125; victory over Amandus, 129; heir to throne, 237; victories, 237; and Fausta, 238; Constantine turns against, 242, 243; death, 243

Curia, the, 338

D

Dalmatius, 310

Damasus, Pope, 152

Datianus, 29

Decius, Emperor, persecution of the Christians, 13

Diocletian, Emperor, accession, 5, 45; chooses colleagues, 5; recovers Armenia for Rome 6; attitude toward Galerius, 7, 8; controlling spirit in the Empire, 8; locates his capital, 8, 57; domain, 8; changes introduced by, 9; decentralisation in the provinces, 10; prosperous reign, 11; persecution of the Christians, 12, 24 ff., 79, 160; wife and daughters, 13; neutrality toward the Church, 14; neutralitychanged to antagonism, 16, 19; influenced by Galerius, 16, 25, 70, 74; edict against the Manichæans, 22, 23; 367and Galerius, 23; edicts against the Christians, 26, 99, 134; motive for persecution, 38; abdication, 39, 41, 43; chooses new Cæsars, 40, 41; retires to private life, 40, 46; system of organisation, 50, 65, 66, 74, 123, 242, 311, 330, 331, 337; recognises Carausius, 51; invited to conference at Carnuntum, 63, 64; relations with Constantine, 64; treatment of the Senate, 90; declinesin vitation to wedding of Constantine’s sister, 106; wife and daughter, 118, 119; wishes daughter to live with him, 119; celebrates Vicennalia, 134, 239, 240; proclaims amnesty, 134

Donatist schism, 159-188

Donatists, 159-188; Constantine’s letter to, 180; raison d’etre, 183; increase in numbers, 185

Donatus Magnus, leader of Donatist schism, 166, 173, 184, 185

Donatus of Casæ Nigræ, 165

Donatus of Mascula, 161

E

Easter, celebration, 231, 232

Education, basis of, 353; and Christianity, 354

Eusebian party, rise, 221; and Nicene Creed, 229, 230; in favour at Imperial Court, 290; confounded at Arius’s death, 299

Eusebius of Cæsarea, on Constantine’s conversion, 93 ff.; letter of Constantine to, 158; 368friend of Arius, 196, 214; teachings, 200; on Arian controversy, 206; supports middle party at Council of Nicæa, 221; creed of, 224, 225; signs Nicene Creed, 229, 230; on Constantine’s baptism, death, and burial, 312, 315; on Constantine’s daily life, 317; on Constantine’s religious policy, 320 ff.

Eusebius of Nicomedia, as historian, 25; History of the Church, 27, 71, 97; Life of Constantine, 27, 97; champion of Arius, 200 ff., 214; calls a synod of Bithynian bishops, 202; attacked by Alexander, 203; leader of middle party at Council of Nicæa, 221; character, 222; and the word “Homoousion,” 224; signs Nicene Creed, 231; exiled, 231, 236; recalled, 287, 288; succeeds Hosius as adviser to Constantine, 290, 300, 316; attack on Athanasius, 291 ff.; attempt to restore Arius, 291; baptises Constantine, 313

Eustathius, Bishop of Antioch, charges against, 291

Eutropius, on Constantine’s character, 306, 307

F

Fausta, wife of Constantine, reveals conspiracy against Constantine, 71; sons, 123; attitude toward Crispus, 238, 243, 244; death, 244, 245, 247

Felix, Bishop of Aptunga, 164, 165, 173

369Finance, system of, under Diocletian, 337-339, 342; under Constantine, 339-342

Firmilianus, Governor of Palestine, persecution of Christians, 136

Franks, 1, 5, 54, 253

G

Galerius, Emperor, becomes Cæsar, 5, 39; entrusted with command of Parthia, 6; victory over Parthians, 7, 74; and Diocletian, 8; domain, 8; capital at Sirmium, 8; character and influence, 16, 25; mother’s influence, 16; persecution of Christians, 17-19, 23-25, 74; becomes Augustus, 40; nominates new Cæsars, 41, 42; attitude toward Constantine, 42, 46, 60; sends Constantine to his father, 47, 48; acknowledges Constantine as Cæsar, 50; extends the census, 57; relations with Severus, 59; invasion of Italy, 60-62, 76, 81; calls a conference at Carnuntum, 63; and Diocletian, 63; appoints Licinius as Augustus, 64, 65; relations with Maximin Daza, 65, 66; recognises Maximin as Augustus, 66; death, 73, 74, 138; estimate of the man, 74, 75; nominates his successor, 75; edicts, 79, 99; aims carried out, 89; leaves wife to care of Maximin, 118; edict of toleration, 138-140

Gallienus, and senatorial order, 9; issues edicts of toleration, 13

370Gaul, devastated by Franks, 1; recovered by Aurelian, 3; at Diocletian’s accession, 6; Constantius ruler of, 8, 52; Constantine in, 51, 56, 76, 82; Crispus in, 124, 242

Gibbon on the Circumcelliones, 186; on the Arian controversy, 194; on Constantinople, 263, 264; on Annibalianus, 309

Goths, invade Roman Empire, 123, 124; war with Constantine, 252

Gregory of Nyssa on Arian controversy, 206

Gregory, Saint, in Armenia, 27

Gregory, the Illuminator of Armenia, and the Nicene Creed, 285

Grosvenor, Mr., quoted on Constantinople, 273, 275, 278, 281

H

Helena, mother of Constantine, ancestry, 43, 44; honoured by Constantine, 239; and death of Crispus, 245; pilgrimage, 249-251; legend of finding of the Cross, 250, 251; death, 252

Heraclea, siege of, 115

Heraclius, elected bishop, 152

Herculius, 8

Hermogenes, 228

Hierocles, author of The Friend of Truth, 20

Holy Apostles, Church of, 275

Holy Trinity, Church of, 275

Horses of Lysippus, 283

Hosius, Bishop of Cordova, commissioned to mediate between Alexander and Arius, 207; 371advises Constantine, 211; at Council of Nicæa, 212, 221, 228; falls from favour, 290, 316

I

Imperial Council, 333

Italy, invasion of, 73 ff.

J

Jerome, Saint, exhortations against marriage, 348, 349; dream of, 353

Jovius, adopted name of Diocletian, 8

Julian, Banquet of the Cæsars, 77

Julian, Emperor, on Constantine, 124, 303-305; on Constantinople, 268

Julian laws on marriage, 350

Justinian, statue of, 269; builds Church of St. Sophia, 274, 276

L

Lactantius, estimate of, as historian, 40-42, 47

Land tax, 337 ff.

Licinianus, becomes Cæsar, 122; attitude of Constantine toward, 125; life spared, 133; death, 243

Licinius, Emperor, at conference of Carnuntum, 63; becomes Augustus, 64-66; successor of Galerius, 75; and Maximin Daza in eastern half of Empire, 76; attitude to Maximin Daza, 79, 80; alliance with Constantine, 79; 372marriage, 79, 106; and Edict of Milan, 107 ff.; other edicts, 109; downfall, 115 ff.; at Milan, 115; victory over Maximin Daza, 116, 117; angel’s revelation to, 116; execution of Maximin Daza’s family, 118, 119; execution of Candidianus, 119; and Constantine share Empire, 120; war with Constantine, 120; defeated at Cibalis, 121; defeated at Mardia, 121; treaty with Constantine, 122; appoints Licinianus as Cæsar, 122; gives up important provinces, 122; rupture with Constantine, 123, 125-127, 154, 157; religious policy, 126, 127; defeated at Adrianople, 128; defeated at Chrysopolis, 130; pleads for his life, 131; death, 132; character, 132; edict of toleration, 138-140; defeats Maximin, 153; anti-Christian campaign, 154, 155, 157; throws over Edict of Milan, 155; exile, 158

Literature, anti-Christian, 145; decadence of, 352; character of pagan, 352; basis of education, 353; renaissance of, 354

Lucian of Antioch, famous teacher, 200, 201

Lucilla, censured by Church of Carthage, 162-164; intrigues of, 188

Ludi Cereales, 36

Lycians, petition of, 142, 143

M

Mackail, Mr., History of Latin Literature, quoted, 354

373Majorinus, elected bishop, 165; death, 165; not recognised by the churches, 166

Mamertinus, eulogy on Maximian, 52

Manichæanism, rise, 22, 23; chief characteristic, 22

Marcellus, elected bishop, 151; exile and death, 152

Mardia, battle of, 121

Maris of Chalcedon, and Nicene Creed, 230, 231; exiled, 231

Marriage, Jerome exhorts against, 348, 349; and the State and Church, 349

Martinianus, becomes Cæsar, 130; death, 133

Maxentius, Emperor, son of Maximian, claims heritage of Cæsar, 56; character, 56, 77-79; marriage, 57; master of Rome, 57, 58; resumes title of Augustus, 59; and Maximian besiege Severus, 59, 60; and Maximian in alliance with Constantine, 60; and Maximian in possession of Italy, 62; rupture with Maximian, 62, 63, 67, 70; domain, 76; treatment of African cities, 76; loss of popularity, 76; restores property to Christians, 79, 152; attitude to other Augusti, 79; alliance with Maximin Daza, 80; war with Constantine, 80 ff.; overthrow, 82 ff., 110, 154; Italy wrested from, 85; death, 87; head carried in triumphal procession, 88; seeks good-will of Christians, 151; exiles bishops, 152; libel against, 163

Maximian, Emperor, becomes Cæsar, 5; becomes Augustus, 5; 374ruler of the West, 6, 8; fights the Moors, 6; recognises Carausius, 6, 51; styles himself Herculius, 8; character, 14, 15; persecution of the Christians, 15-19, 160; celebrates the Ludi Cereales, 36; abdication, 40, 56; restores peace to Gaul, 51; eulogised by Mamertinus, 52; locates his Court at Milan, 57; resumes title of Augustus, 59; victory over Severus, 59, 60; and Maxentius in alliance with Constantine, 60, 62; gives his daughter in marriage to Constantine, 61, 62; and Maxentius in possession of Italy, 62; rupture with Maxentius, 62, 63, 67, 70; expelled from Italy, 63; at conference of Carnuntum, 63, 65; ex-Augustus, 65, 66; returns to Gaul, 67; plots against Constantine, 68, 69; stripped of his titles, 69; further plots against Constantine, 70, 71; death, 71, 72

Maximin Daza, Emperor, becomes Cæsar, 40, 57; nominated by Galerius, 41, 42; domain, 65, 75; claims title of Augustus, 66; claims title of senior Augustus, 75; and Licinius in eastern half of Empire, 76; alliance with Maxentius, 79, 80, 148; in opposition to Licinius, 80, 107; invades territory of Licinius, 115, 148; defeated, 116, 117, 148, 153; flight, 117, 118, 148; commits suicide, 118, 151; province falls into hands of Licinius, 118; family slain, 118; 375treatment of Prisca and Valeria, 118, 119; persecution of Christians, 135-137, 141-143, 145-147; act of toleration, 137, 149-151; restores privileges to Christians, 140, 149, 150; character, 146, 147; eminent victims of, 147; war with Tiridates, 148; final edict, 149, 150

Maximus, Governor of Cilicia, 30

Maximus, Governor of Moesia, 17, 18

Meletian schismatics checked, 297

Meletians recognised as orthodox, 295

Meletius, Bishop of Lycopolis, condemned by Egyptian bishops, 190

Mensurius, Bishop of Carthage and Primate of Africa, trick to save Holy Books, 160; summoned to Rome, 164; death, 164

Milan, conference at, 106

Milan, Edict of, issued, 107, 115; important clauses, 107, 108; principles and motives of, 109, 110 ff.; hailed by the Christians, 153; thrown over by Licinius, 155

Military forces, organisation of, 336, 337

Miltiades elected bishop, 152

Milvian Bridge, battle of, 86, 87, 92

Minervina, first wife of Constantine, son of, 122, 123

Moesia, given over to Constantine, 122; invaded by Goths and Sarmatæ, 123

Montanism, in Northern Africa, 159

376N

Naissus, birthplace of Constantine, 44, 260

Narses sues for peace, 7

Neo-Platonists, influence, 19, 197; discussions of interest to, 216

“New Rome,” 259

Newman, Cardinal, quoted, on death of Arius, 300

Nicæa, Canons of, 231, 232

Nicæa, Council of, called by Constantine, 211; members, 212-214; language, 213; great interest aroused in, 215; Constantine opens the Council, 217-220; splits up into parties, 221 ff.; proceedings, 221 ff.; adopts Nicene Creed, 228; excommunicates Arius, 231; decision in regard to Easter, 231; draws up Canons of Nicæa, 231; farewell address by Constantine, 233; dismissed, 234

Nicene Creed adopted, 228 ff.

Nicomedia, capital of Diocletian, 8, 39, 258, 260; Christian church erected at, 13; church at, razed, 24

Novatianism in Northern Africa, 159

Numerian, son of Carus, Empire divided between Carinus and, 4; death, 5

P

Pagan clergy, 146

Pamphylians, petition of, 142, 143

Pannonia, given over to Constantine, 122; invaded by Goths and Sarmatæ, 123

Paphnutius, 232, 233

377Parthia, war with Rome, 7

Parthians, 2

“Passion of the Saints,” 35, 36

Paulinus of Nola, 354

Paulinus of Tyre, treatment of Arius, 196; letter from Eusebius of Nicomedia, 202

Persia, relations with Constantine, 254-256

Philostorgius, on Fausta, 244

Philoxenos, 273

Polybius, quoted, on Byzantium, 262

Porphyry, Neo-Platonist philosopher, 19

Porphyry Pillar, the, 270

Prætorian præfects, 331, 332

Prætorians, mutiny at Rome, 57; camps abolished, 58; rule Rome, 77, 78; disbanded, 89

Prætors, 334

Prisca, wife of Diocletian, a Christian, 13; exiled, 118, 119; death, 120, 132

Probus, 4, 17

Prudentius, 354

Purpurius, Bishop of Limata, 161

R

Roman Empire, threatened fall in third century, 1 ff.; turn of fortune, 3; under Diocletian, 5 ff., 330; divided into twelve dioceses, 10, 331; prosperity, 11; population, 12; shared by Constantine and Licinius, 120; invaded by Goths and Sarmatæ, 123, 124; united, 133; peace, 252; war with Goths and Sarmatæ, 252; reorganisation under Constantine, 330 ff.; disintegration, 342 ff.

378Rome, 57, 258

Rome, Council of, 176

Ruricius Pompeianus, holds Verona, 83; killed, 85

S

Sabinus, præfect, 140, 143

St. Irene, Church of, description of, 274, 275

St. Sophia, Church of, 274

St. Stephen, Church of, 278

Sapor, king of Persia, relations with Constantine, 254-256

Sarmatæ, invade Roman Empire, 123; turn to Constantine for help, 253

Saturninus, speech of, 3

Secundus, Bishop of Tigisis, president of synod at Cirta, 161, 162, 165

Secundus of Ptolemais, Bishop, friend of Arius, 196

Senate, 335, 336

Seneca, quoted, 350

Senecio, 120

Severus, Emperor, becomes Cæsar, 40, 56, 57; nominated by Galerius, 41, 59; domain, 56; besieges Rome, 59; besieged by Maximian and Maxentius, 59-60; is given choice of death, 72

Simon Stylites, 347

Sirmium, capital of Galerius, 8

Slavery, 342

Socrates, quoted, 216, 220, 287, 288, 298, 299

Sopater, pagan philosopher, in favour with Constantine, 324

Sotades of Crete, pagan poet, 204

Sozomen, quoted, 216

Stanley, Dean, History of the Eastern Church, quoted, 226

379Sylvanus, Bishop, 162

Sylvester, Bishop of Rome, sends representatives to Council of Arles, 175; letter to, from Council of Arles, 176, 177; absent from Council of Nicæa, 212, 213; baptises Constantine, 248; legends concerning Constantine and, 248, 249

T

Tacitus, rule of, 4; on childless life, 349

Taxation, 337-342

Temporal Power, legend of origin, 248, 249

Terminalia, Festival of, 24

Tertullian and his doctrine, 351

Theban Legion, legend of its massacre, 14, 15

Theodora, wife of Constantius Chlorus, 44

Theodoretus, rival of Arius, 190; on the Council of Nicæa, 220, 223

Theodosius II., rebuilds walls of Constantinople, 266; attitude toward recluses, 348

Theodotus of Ancyra, 30

Theognis of Nicæa, and Nicene Creed, 230, 231; exiled, 231; recalled, 287, 288

Theonas, Bishop of Marmorica, friend of Arius, 196

Theotecnus, Governor of Antioch, 142; invented new deity, 145

380Thessalonica, naval harbour, 127

381Tiridates, ruler of Armenia, 6

Tithe lands, 1

Trinitarians vs. Arians, 221, 223-226

Twelfth Legion, soldiers of, martyrs, 156

Tyre, Council of, trial of Athanasius, 293-295

U

Urbanus, Governor of Palestine, 136

V

Valens, appointed Cæsar, 122; recalls recluses from the desert, 348

Valentinianus, the Curator, 161

Valeria, daughter of Diocletian, a Christian, 13; widow of Galerius, 118; Maximin proposes marriage to, 118; exiled, 119

Valerian, Emperor, taken prisoner, 2; persecution of the Christians, 13

Victor of Russicas, 161

Z

Zosimus on Constantine’s character, 303