Part 2 — CHAPTER XVI.—EPIPHANY TO CANDLEMAS INDEX

CONCLUSION

Abbots Bromley, horn-dance at, 201

Abruzzi, All Souls’ Eve in, 192; “new water” in, 333

“Adam,” drama, 127-8

Adam and Eve, their Day, 271

Adam of St. Victor, 33-4

“Adeste, fideles,” 63-4

Advent, 90-2; “Advent images,” 118; Klöpfelnächte, 216-8

Alexandria, pagan rites at, 20

All Saints’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173, 189-90

All Souls’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173, 181, 189-95

Alsace, Christkind in, 230; New Year's “May” in, 269-70

Alsso of Brĕvnov, 183

Ambrose, St., 31-2

Amburbale, 353

Amiens, Feast of Fools at, 305

Anatolius, St., hymn of, 100

Ancestor-worship, 181, 253-4, 290, 341

Andrew, St., his Day, 173, 213-6, 277

Animals, carol of, 69; ox and ass at the Nativity, 155; cult of, 174-8; masks of, 175-6, 199-202; on Christmas Eve, 233-4; specially fed at Christmas, 289; wassailing, 346-7

Ansbach, Martinmas in, 206

Antwerp, soul-cakes at, 194; St. Martin at, 206-7; St. Thomas's Day at, 224

Apples, customs with, 195-6, 207, 278

Ara Coeli, Rome, 115-6

Ardennes, St. Thomas's Day in, 224

Armenian Church, Epiphany in, 22

Artemis and St. Nicholas, 218

Aryan and pre-Aryan customs, 163-4

Aschenklas, 219, 231

Ashes, superstition about, 258

Ass, Prose of the, 304-5

Athens, New Year in, 331

Aubrey, J., 308

Augury, 182, 195-8, 214-5, 225, 237, 321-33

Augustine, St. (of Canterbury), 21, 179

Aurelian, 23

Austria, Christmas poetry in, 45-46; Christmas drama in, 143-6; soul-cakes in, 194; St. Nicholas in, 218-20; St. Lucia's Eve in, 223; St. Thomas's Eve in, 225; Frau Perchta, etc., in, 241-4, 342; Sylvester in, 274. See also Bohemia, Carinthia, Styria, Tyrol

Awdlay, John, 47-8

Bach, J. S., 73-4

Baden, All Souls’ Eve in, 192

Balder, 273

Baptism of Christ, celebrated at Epiphany, 20-2, 101-4

Barbara, St., her festival, 268

Bari, festival of St. Nicholas at, 221

Barring out the master, 224

Bartel, 219

Basil, St., his festival, 331

Basilidians, 21

Basle, Council of, 305

Bavaria, St. Martin's rod in, 207; Christmas-trees in, 266-7; sacrificial feast in, 286; St. John's wine in, 314

Beauvais, Feast of the Ass at, 305

Bede, Venerable, 181, 203

Bees on Christmas Eve, 234

Befana, 244, 278, 343

Belethus, Johannes, 302

Belgium, All Souls’ Eve in, 192, 194; St. Hubert's Day in, 202; Martinmas in, 204-7; St. Catherine's Day in, 213; St. Nicholas in, 219; St. Thomas's Day in, 224

Bentzon, Madame Th., 96-7

Berchta. See Perchta

Berlin, pyramids in, 266; biscuits in, 288

Bernard, St., of Clairvaux, 33

Berry, cake customs in, 287, 339

Bethlehem, Christmas at, 94-5, 107

Biggar, bonfires at, 327

Bilfinger, Dr. G., 172

Birds fed at Christmas, 289

Blindman's buff, 293

Boar's head, 284, 348

Bohemia, the “star” in, 152; fifteenth-century Christmas customs in, 183; St. Andrew's Eve in, 215-6; St. Thomas's Eve in, 224-5

Boniface, St., 171

Boy Bishop, 212-3, 306-8; connection with St. Nicholas, 220-1, 307-8

“Breast-strip” rites, 328

Breviary, the Roman, 90

Briid, 354

Brimo, 21

Brittany, Herod play in, 141; Magi actors in, 151; All Souls’ Eve in, 191-2; Christmas Eve superstitions in, 233-5, 236; Christmas log in, 256; New Year in, 323; aguillanneuf in, 330; weather superstition in, 332

Brixen, cradle-rocking at, 111

Brixlegg, Christmas play at, 143 f.

Bromfield, Cumberland, barring out the master at, 224

Brough, Westmoreland, Twelfth Night tree at, 270

Brunnen, Epiphany at, 341

Budelfrau, 220

Burchardus of Worms, 181

Burford, Christmas holly at, 275

Burghead, “Clavie” at, 327

Burns, Robert, 197

“Bush, burning the,” 346

Buzebergt, 220

Byrom, John, 84

Caballero, Fernan, 66-7, 117, 151

Caesarius of Arles, 170-1, 181

Cakes, “feasten,” 177; soul, 192-4; St. Hubert's, 202; Martin's horns, 204; Christmas, 287-8, 289-90; Twelfth Night, 337-40, 346; St. Basil's, 341

Calabrian minstrels, 112

Calamy, 185

Caligula, 168

Callander, Hallowe'en at, 198

Cambridge, St. Clement's Day at, 212

Canada, Christmas Eve superstition in, 234

Candlemas, 350, 352-5

Candles, on St. Lucia's Day, 212-2; Yule, 258-60

Cards, Christmas, 279

Carinthia, St. Stephen's Day in, 312

Carnival, 300, 349

Carols, meaning of the word, 47-8; English sacred, 47-51, 76-8, 84-5; Welsh, 69; Irish, 69-70; Highland, 70

Catholicism and Christmas, 27, 186

Celtic New Year, 172, 189, 195, 203-4, 321

Centaurs, 247

Cereal sacraments, 177-8. See also Cakes

Chambers, Mr. E. K., 5, 125, 299-300, 302-7, 348

Charlemagne, coronation of, 96

Charms, New Year, 182, 195-8, 321-34

Cheshire, Old Hob in, 199; poultry specially fed at Christmas, 289

Chester plays, 128, 133-4

Chesterton, Mr. G. K., 85-6

Childermas, 315

Children's festivals, 205-7, 218-20, 223-4, 359-60

China, New Year in, 324

Chios, Christmas rhamna in, 270

Christkind as gift-bringer, 205, 230, 277-8

Christmas, pagan and Christian elements in, 18-28, 161-86, 357-60; names of, 20-5; establishment of, 20-2; its connection with earlier festivals, 20-8; becomes humanized, 25-7, 34-8; in poetry, 31-86; liturgical aspects of, 89-101; in popular devotion, 104-18; in drama, 121-54; its human appeal, 155-7, 357-60; attracts customs from other festivals, 173, 226, 277-8, 284; decorations, 178, 272-6; feasting, 178-80, 283-91; presents, 276-9; masking customs, 297-308; log, see Yule Log

Christmas Eve, 229-38; superstitions about the supernatural, 233-7; log customs, 251-8; fish supper on, 286-7

Christmas-tree, 168, 178, 263-72; its origin, 267-72

Christpuppe, 231

Chrysostom, 269

Church, Dean, 34

Circumcision, Feast of, 101, 302. See also New Year's Day

Clement, St., his Day, 211-2

Cleobury Mortimer, curfew at, 258

Clermont, shepherd play at, 141

Coffin, Charles, 64

Communion, sacrificial, 174-8

“Comte d'Alsinoys,” 56, 58-9

Cornwall, Hallowe'en custom in, 196; blackbird pie in, 293; Childermas in, 315

Coventry plays, 128, 130-1, 138

Cradle-rocking, 108-11

Crashaw, 79-81

Crib, Christmas, 105-8, 113-8; possible survivals in England, 118, 274

Crimmitschau, 112

Crivoscian customs, 231, 253-4, 276, 346-7

Croatia, St. Andrew's Eve in, 215; Christmas log customs in, 251

Cronia, 166

Dalmatia, Yule log customs in, 252

Dancing, 47-8, 293-4, 298-300, 302

Daniel, Jean, 56, 58

Dannhauer, J. K., 265

Dasius, St., 167

Dead, feasts of the, 173, 180-1, 189-95, 235-6, 240, 253-4, 341

Decorations, evergreen, 168, 178, 350, 355

Denisot, Nicholas, 56, 58-9

Denmark, “star-singing” in, 151; animal masks in, 202; Martinmas goose in, 203; St. Lucia's Eve in, 223; St. Thomas's Day in, 223-4; Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235-6; Yule candles in, 259-60; Christmas-tree in, 267; pig's head eaten in, 286; Yule-bishop in, 308

Derbyshire, “kissing-bunch” in, 274; Plough Monday in, 352

Devil, and beast masks, 202; and flax, 240

Devon, “Yeth hounds” in, 240; “ashton faggot” in, 258; wassailing fruit-trees in, 345

Dew, Christmas, 288-9

Dickens, Charles, 359

Dinan, Herod play at, 141

Dionysus, as child-god, 21; winter festivals of, 169, 331

Dorstone, Hallowe'en at, 197

Drama, Christmas, in Latin, 121-7; in English, 128-38; in French, 128, 138-43; in Spanish, 128, 148-50; in German, 143-6; in Italian, 147-8, 150; survivals of, 150-4; St. Nicholas plays, 220, 232; pagan folk-drama, 298-302

Drinking customs, 36, 204, 285-6, 314-5, 327

Druids and mistletoe, 273

Duchesne, Monsignor, 20, 24

Durham, Candlemas at, 353-4

Düsseldorf, Martinmas at, 206

Dyzemas, 315

Eckhart, 42-3, 157

Edinburgh, New Year in, 325-6

Eiresione, 270

Encina, Juan del, 149

England, Christmas poetry in, 47-51, 76-86; Midnight Mass in, 99; possible survivals of the Christmas crib in, 118, 274; the Nativity in the miracle cycles, 128-38; “souling” in, 192-4; Hallowe'en in, 195-8; Guy Fawkes Day in, 198-9; animal masks in, 199-201; Martinmas in, 203; St. Clement's Day in, 211-2; St. Catherine's Day in, 212-3; St. Andrew's Day in, 213-4; St. Thomas's Day in, 225-6; Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234; Yule log in, 257-8; Yule candle in, 259; pyramids and Christmas-trees in, 266-7, 270; the Holy Thorn in, 268-9; evergreen decorations in, 272-6; Christmas boxes in, 279; Christmas fare in, 283-6; sacrificial survivals and Christmas games in, 292-3; mummers and sword-dancers in, 297-301; Feast of Fools in, 305; Boy Bishop in, 220, 306-8; St. Stephen's Day in, 292, 311-4; Holy Innocents’ Day in, 315; New Year's Day in, 321-9, 332; Epiphany customs in, 337-8, 345-8; Candlemas in, 350, 353-5; Rock Day in, 351; Plough Monday in, 352

Ephraem Syrus, 31, 239

Epiphanius, 21

Epiphany, early history of the festival, 20-2; in the Roman Church, 101-2; in the Greek Church, 102-4; Blessing of the Waters at, 102-4, 244, 246, 344; Italian religious ceremonies at, 116-7; in drama, 125-8; old German name for, 243; folk customs on, 293; Twelfth Night cakes and kings, 337-41; expulsion of evils, 341-2; the Befana and the Magi, 343-4; wassailing, 345-7; “Haxey Hood,” 347-8; farewells to Christmas, 349-50

Erzgebirge, Christmas plays in, 144, 232; St. John's tree in, 269; pfeffern in, 316

Eschenloh, berchten at, 342

Esthonians, All Souls’ Day among, 191

Ethelred, laws of, 21

Etzendorf, St. Martin's rod at, 207-8

Evans, Sir Arthur, 253-4

Eves, importance of for festival customs, 196

Expulsion rites, 104, 181-2, 217, 327-8, 341-2, 344

Fabriano, Gentile da, 148

Fare, Christmas, 283-91

Feasting, connected with sacrifice, 178-9, 284; at Martinmas, 202-4; at Christmas, 283-91; at New Year, 321-3; at Epiphany, 337-41

Feien, 231

Feilberg, Dr. H. F., 6, 236, 313-4

Festivals, origin and purpose of, 17-8; relation of pagan and Christian, 19-27, 169-74

Fire, not given out at Christmas or New Year, 170-1, 257-8; bonfires, 182, 198-9, 204-5, 327, 346-50; new fire lit, 198; Christmas log and ancestor-worship, 251-4; the Yule log and candle in western Europe, 254-60; Candlemas fires and lights, 352-4

“First-foots,” 208, 252, 323-6

Fish eaten on Christmas Eve, 287

Flagellants, 146

Flamma, Galvano, 147-8

Fletcher, Giles, 82-3

Florence, Nativity plays at, 147; Befana at, 343

Fools, Feast of, 180, 302-6

Football, 349

Fowler, Dr. W. Warde, 167

France, Christmas poetry in, 55-65; Midnight Mass in, 96-8; Christmas drama in, 124-7, 138-43; All Souls’ Eve in, 191-2; Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234-5; Christmas log in, 254-6; Christmas-tree in, 267; Harvest May in, 271; presents brought by le petit Jésus, 278; Christmas cakes in, 287-8; Feast of Fools in, 302-6; Boy Bishop in, 308; Innocents’ Day in, 316; New Year in, 322-3; aguillanneuf in, 329-30; Epiphany in, 339-42, 344, 349-50; Candlemas candles in, 353

Francis, St. (of Assisi), and Christmas, 36-8, 105-6, 157, 289

Frazer, Dr. J. G., 6, 167, 180, 182, 199, 276, 288, 324

Frick, Frau, 241

Frigg, 241

Friuli, All Souls’ Day in, 194

Frumenty, 285

Games, Christmas, 293-4

Gaude, Frau, 241-2

Gautier, Théophile, 64

Gay, 196

Geese-dancers, 299

Genealogy, chanting of the, 93

George, St., in mummers’ plays, 299-301

Gerhardt, Paul, 73-4

Germanicus, 202

Germany, Christmas established in, 21; Christmas poetry in Catholic, 42-7; Protestant hymns in, 70-6; Christmas services in, 98-9; the crib and Kindelwiegen in, 107-12; Christmas drama in, 143-6; “star-singing” in, 152; Roman customs in, 171; pre-Christian New Year in, 171-4; soul-cakes in, 194; the Schimmel and other animal masks in, 199-201; Martinmas customs in, 202-8; St. Andrew's Eve in, 214-6; St. Nicholas in, 218-9, 229-32; St. Thomas's Eve in, 225; Christmas Eve in, 229, 237; Twelve Days superstitions in, 240-3; Frau Berchta, etc., in, 241-3; werewolves in, 246; Christmas log in, 256; Christmas-tree in, 263-7, 359; Harvest May in, 271; Christmas presents in, 277-9; Christmas fare in, 286-9; sacrificial relics in, 292; St. Stephen's Day in, 312, 315-6; St. John's Day in, 314-6; Holy Innocents’ Day in, 316; New Year in, 322, 332

Gilmorton, “Christmas Vase” at, 118

Glastonbury thorns, 268-9

“Gloria in excelsis,” 91, 94

Goethe, 266

Goliards, 49, 128

Gomme, Sir Laurence, 257-8, 354

Goose, Martinmas, 203; Christmas, 284

Gozzoli, Benozzo, 148

Grampus, 219

Greece, Epiphany ceremonies in, 102-3, 244-5, 344; winter festivals of Dionysus in, 169, 245; Kallikantzaroi in, 244-7, 257; Christmas log in, 257, 344; rhamna in Chios, 270; “Christ's Loaves” in, 290; folk-plays in, 300-1; New Year in, 331, 333

Greek Church, Epiphany in, 22, 102-4; Christmas in, 22, 99-101; Advent in, 90

Gregorie, 315

Gregory III., 107

Gregory the Great, letter to Mellitus, 179, 203

Guernsey, Christmas superstitions in, 234, 240; oguinane in, 330

Guisers, 297-8

Guy Fawkes Day, 182, 198-9

Habergaiss, 201

Habersack, 201

Hakon the Good, 21, 172

Hallowe'en, 182, 195-8

Hampstead, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199

Hans Trapp, 230

Hardy, Mr. Thomas, 48, 234

Harke, Frau, 241

Harrison, Miss Jane, 21, 176-7, 325

“Haxey Hood,” 347-8

Herbert, George, 81

Herefordshire, Hallowe'en in, 197; pyramids in, 266; Holy Thorn in, 269; New Year water in, 332; Epiphany and New Year ceremonies in, 346

Herod plays, 126-7, 129, 141, 153

Herrick, 81-2, 257, 338, 345, 354-5

Hertfordshire, pyramids in, 266

Hindu New Year, 322

Höfler, Dr., 288

Hogmanay, 328-30

Holda, Frau, 241-2

Holland, the “star” in, 152; Martinmas in, 204-5; Rommelpot in, 217; St. Nicholas in, 219; St. Thomas's Day in, 225

Holly, 272, 275-6

Holy Innocents’ Day, 127, 302, 306-8, 315-7

Horn-cakes, 202, 204

Hornchurch, boar's head at, 348

Horn-dance, 201

Horse, as a sacrificial animal, 200; hobby-horse, hodening, and the Schimmel, 199-201; customs on St. Stephen's Day, 311-4

Howison, 234

Hubert, St., his Day, 202

Hunt, Leigh, 337-8

Huysmans, J. K., 93

Hymns, Latin, 31-4, 42

Iceland, “Yule host” in, 240

Image, Prof. Selwyn, 85

“In dulci jubilo,” 44-5

Incense used for purification, 183, 225, 244-5, 327-8

Ireland, Christmas carols in, 69-70; All Souls’ Eve in, 192; Hallowe'en customs in, 197-8; Martinmas slaughter in, 203-4; “hunting of the wren” in, 292; Holy Innocents’ Day in, 315; Epiphany in, 350

Italy, Christmas poetry in, 36-42, 67; presepio in, 105-7, 112-6, 359; Christmas drama in, 146-8, 152; All Souls’ in, 192, 194; Martinmas in, 204; Christmas log in, 256; Santa Lucia in, 278; Christmas fare in, 287, 289-91; Epiphany in, 343

Ivy, 272, 275-6

Jacopone da Todi, 36, 39-42, 146

James, St., Gospel of, 124

Jerome, St., 181

Jerusalem, Christmas at, 22, 94-5

John, St., Evangelist, his Day, 302, 314-5

Johnson, Lionel, 85

Johnson, Richard, 301

Jonson, Ben, 298

Julebuk, 202

Julian the Apostate, 23

Julklapp, 278-9

Kalends of January, the Roman festival, 24, 165, 167-71, 200, 269; made a fast, 101, 170-1. See also New Year's Day

Kallikantzaroi, 244-7

Kindelwiegen, 108-11

King of the Bean, 180, 338-41

“Kissing-bunch,” 274

Kissling, K. G., 266

Klapperbock, 201

Klaubauf, 219

Klöpfelnächte, 216-7

Knecht Ruprecht, 220, 231-2

Kore, 21

Krampus, 219

Labruguière, Epiphany in, 342

Lake, Prof. K., 20, 24

La Monnoye, 62-3

Lancashire, Hallowe'en in, 198

Latin Christmas poetry, 31-4, 42, 63-4, 68-9

Lawson, Mr. J. C., 247, 301

Lead-pouring, 215, 237, 332

Leather, Mrs., 269, 346

Le Moigne, Lucas, 56-8

Libanius, 168-9, 269

Liberius, Pope, 107, 352-3

Lima, Christmas Eve at, 98

Lithuania, feast of the dead in, 195; New Year's Eve in, 332

Log customs. See Yule log

Lombardy, Christmas log in, 256

London, Greek Epiphany ceremonies in, 103; Italian Christmas in, 116-7, 291; Christmas in, under Puritans, 185; German Christmas in, 265; Boy Bishop in, 306-7; New Year in, 322, 327

Lord Mayor's day, 202

Lord of Misrule, 298

Lorraine, cake customs in, 287, 339-40

Lucia, St., her festival, 221-3, 268

Lucian, 166-7

Ludlow, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199

Lullabies, 51, 67-9, 83-4, 109-10

Luther, Martin, 70-3, 265

Lyme Regis, Candlemas at, 354

Macedonia, Christmas Eve in, 217; New Year's Eve in, 226, 330, 332; Kallikantzaroi in, 245; folk-play in, 300; Epiphany in, 344

Macée, Claude, 141

Madrid, 97-8, 153, 343

Magi in drama, 125-6, 128-9, 151-3; as present-bringers, 343

Magic, 163

Man, Isle of, carol-singing in, 99; Hollantide in, 189, 198, 321; Fynnodderee in, 246; “hunting of the wren” in, 292-3

Mana, 176-7

Mannhardt, W., 252-3, 313-4

Marguerite of Navarre, 141

Marseilles, “pastorals” at, 141

Martin of Braga, 272

Martin I., Pope, 203

Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess, 106, 112, 142

Martinmas, an old winter festival, 173, 182, 200, 202-3; its feasting customs, 202-4; its bonfires, 204-5; St. Martin as gift-bringer, and his relation to St. Nicholas, 205-8, 218-9, 277-8

Masking customs, 169-71, 175-6, 199-202, 206, 219, 230-2, 245, 297-302, 304-305, 352

Mass, Midnight, 94-9; the three Christmas Masses, 94-6

Mechlin, Martinmas at, 206

Mellitus, Abbot, 179

Mexico, Christmas drama in, 154

Michaelmas, 173

Milan, Epiphany play at, 147-8

Milton, 82

Mince-pies, 284

Minnesingers, 36

“Misterio de los Reyes Magos,” 128

Mistletoe, 272-4, 276

Mistral, Frédéric, 255

Mithra, 23

Modranicht, 181

Monasticism and Christmas, 34-5

Mont-St.-Michel, Epiphany king at, 340

Montenegro, Christmas log customs in, 252

Morgan, Lady, 114-5

Morris, William, 85

Morris-dancers, 299-301

Mouthe, “De fructu” at, 288

Mummers’ plays, 297-302

Munich, Bavarian National Museum at, 107-8; Christmas-tree at, 267; St. Stephen's Day at, 312

Murillo, 65

Mythology, in relation to ritual, 164-5, 176

Naogeorgus, 111, 217, 353

Naples, zampognari at, 112; presepio at, 113-4; Christmas plays at, 150; Epiphany at, 343

Natalis Invicti, 23-4, 165

New Year's Day, in Roman Empire, 24, 167-71, 276-7; opposed in character to Christmas, 25-6; Teutonic and Celtic, 25, 171-3, 189, 202-4; Slav, 173; January 1 made a fast, 101, 170-1; customs attracted to January 1, 173, 189, 200, 321; fire not given out, 170-1, 257-8; charms, omens, and other customs, 182, 321-34; presents, 168-71, 276-7; mistletoe connected with, 276

Nicea, Council of, 22

Nicholas, St., his Day related to Martinmas, 173, 207-8, 277-8; as patron of boys, 218, 220, of sailors, 218, 221; his festival, 218-21; on Christmas Eve, 229-32

Noël, origin of the name, 22; the French carol, 55-65

Normandy, “star-singing” in, 151; Innocents’ Day in, 316; Epiphany in, 349-50

Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, 213-4; Dyzemas in, 315

Northumberland, holly in, 275

Norway, Christmas established in, 21; “star-singing” in, 151; pre-Christian Yule festival in, 172; animal masks in, 202; Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235-6; Yule candles in, 259-60

Notker, 32

Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, 196; Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, 285

Nuremberg, Epiphany at, 342

Nuts, customs with, 195-6, 207

“O's,” Great, 92

Oak as a sacred tree, 254

Oberufer, Christmas play at, 143, 272

Ocaña, F. de, 65-6

Oesel, “Yule Boar” in, 288

Old Hob, 199-200

Otfrid of Weissenburg, 42

Oxford, boars head at, 284

Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., 104

Parcae, 181

Paris, Christmas in, 98; All Souls’ Eve in, 191; St. Catherine's Day in, 213; Christmas-tree in, 267; New Year in, 277; Feast of Fools in, 302-3

Paschal, Françoise, 61-2

Pasquier, Étienne, 339

Pearson, Dr. Karl, 161-2

Pellegrin, Abbé, 63

Pelzmärte, 206-8, 217

Perchta, 181, 241-4, 342

Perun, 254

Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, 213

Philocalian Calendar, 20

Pifferari, 112

Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, 218

Pliny, 273

Plough Monday, 300

Plum-pudding, 284-5

Plygain, 99

Poland, the “star” in, 152; puppet-shows in, 153; werewolves in, 246; Christmas straw in, 276; Christmas wafers in, 291

Polaznik, 231, 252, 323-4

Presents, at the Roman Kalends, 168-71, 276-7; on All Souls’ Eve, 192; at Martinmas, 205-8; on St. Nicholas's Day, 218-20; at Christmas, 183, 230, 277-9; at New Year and other seasons, 277-8; at Epiphany, 343

Presepio. See Crib

“Prophetae,” 127

Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, 27, 70-8, 111, 138, 141, 185-6, 229-30

Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, 141, 154; Christmas log in, 255; Magi in, 344

Prudentius, 32

Puppet-plays, 153 f.

Purification, feast of the. See Candlemas

Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, 77, 180, 184-5, 298

Pyramids, 266

Quainton, blossoming thorn at, 268

“Raging host,” 240, 242

Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, 252

Ramsgate, hodening at, 200-1

Rauchnächte, 225, 327-8

Rhys, Sir John, 189, 321, 325-6

Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, 212; Yule candles at, 259; Candlemas at, 354

Risano, Christmas log customs at, 252

Rolle, Richard, 48

Rome, Christmas established in, 20-1; pagan winter festivals in, 23-4, 165-71; Christmas services and customs in, 95-6, 112-6, 289-90; mediaeval New Year quête in, 331

Rossetti, Christina, 85

Rouen, religious plays at, 124-5, 138-40

Roumania, the “star” in, 152; Christmas drama in, 153; St. Andrew's Eve in, 215-6; Christmas songs in, 238; Christmas fare in, 287, 291; New Year in, 330-1; Epiphany in, 342

Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, 104, 246; the “star” in, 152; Christmas Eve in, 232-3, 237; fire superstitions in, 253; Christmas fare in, 287, 291; Christmas games in, 294; mummers in, 302; New Year in, 333

Saboly, 62

Sacrifice, theories of, 174-8; connected with festivals, 178-9; survivals of, 199, 283-7, 292-4, 328, 347-9

Salers, Christmas king at, 340

Samhain, 172, 204

Sant’ Andrea della Valle, Rome, 102

Santa Klaus, 220

Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 95-6, 107, 114-5

Saturnalia, 24, 113, 165-7, 180, 359

Schiller, 266

Schimmel and Schimmelreiter, 199-200, 206, 231

Schoolboys’ festival, 223-4. See also Boy Bishop

Scotland, Christmas carols in, 70; Hallowe'en customs in, 197-8; sowens eaten in, 285; “first-foot” in, 325-6; other New Year customs in, 326-9, 332-3; Candlemas in, 354

Sedulius, Coelius, 32

Sequences, 32-3

Serao, Matilde, 113

Serbs, Christmas customs of, 251-4, 341

Shakespeare, 239, 298

Shepherds in Christmas drama, 123-4, 132-7, 139-43

Shropshire, soul-cakes in, 192-3; Guy Fawkes Day at Ludlow, 199; Twelve Days superstitions in, 240-1, 258; Christmas Brand in, 258; Christmas decorations in, 275-6, 355; “wigs” in, 285; cattle specially fed at Christmas, 289; morris-dancers in, 299; New Year in, 324; Candlemas in, 355

Sicily, Midnight Mass in, 98; Christmas novena in, 112-3; Christmas procession at Messina, 113; Christmas plays in, 150; All Souls’ Eve in, 192; Martinmas in, 204; St. Lucia's Eve in, 222; presents in, 278; Candlemas candles in, 353

Sidgwick, Mr. F., 6, 77-8

Sidgwick, Mrs. Alfred, 264

Silesia, Schimmel in, 200; Martinmas in, 206; Christmas Eve in, 232; animals specially fed at Christmas, 289

Slav New Year, 172-3; Christmas songs and customs, 237-8, 251-4, 290, 341. See also Bohemia, Crivoscia, Poland, Russia

Smith, W. Robertson, 164-5, 175-6, 178-9

Somersetshire wassailing, 345

Soul cakes, 192-4

South America, Christmas in, 98

Southwell, 79-80

Sowens eaten, 285, 325

Spain, Christmas poetry in, 65-7; Midnight Mass in, 97-8, 117; the crib in, 117; Christmas drama in, 128, 148-51, 153; turron in, 291; Epiphany in, 343-4

Spervogel, 42

Spinning, during Twelve Days, 240-3

Staffordshire, St. Clement's Day in, 211-2

“Star-singing,” 151-2

“Stella,” 125-7, 129

Stephen, St., his festival, 292, 302, 311-6

Stephens, Dean, 35

Stow's “Survay,” 272

Strasburg, early Christmas-trees at, 265-6

Strenae, 168, 277-8

Stubbes, Philip, 184, 298

Styles, Old and New, 268-9

Styria, Habergaiss in, 201; Perchta in, 243; St. John's wine in, 315

Sun, the, December 25 as festival of, 23; Yule not connected with, 171-2; sun-charms, 182, 198, 252, 254

Suso, 44

Sussex, squirrel-hunting in, 214; tipteerers in, 298; wassailing fruit-trees in, 345

Swabia, Pelzmärte in, 206-7, 217

Sweden, Christmas service in, 99; “star-singing” in, 151; animal masks in, 202; St. Lucia's Day in, 221-4; Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235-6; Yule log in, 257; Yule candles in, 259-60; Christmas-trees in, 267, 270; Yule straw in, 276; Christmas presents in, 278-9; pig's head eaten in, 286; dances in, 293-4; St. Stephen's Day in, 312-3, 315; “St. Knut's Day” in, 351

Swinburne, 84-5

Swine as sacrificial animal, 284, 286

Switzerland, St. Nicholas in, 218-9; Christmas-tree in, 267; birds fed at Christmas, 289

Sword-dance, 294, 299-301

Sylvesterabend, 274, 322

Tacitus, 200, 299

Tate, Nahum, 84

Tauler, 43

Teme valley, “first-footing” in, 324

Tenby, Plygain at, 99; St. Clement's Day at, 212

Tersteegen, Gerhard, 75-6

Tertullian, 269

Teutonic New Year, 171-3, 189, 202-4

Thomas of Celano, 38

Thomas, Mr. N. W., 293

Thomas, St., his festival, 223-6

“Thomassin’,” 226

Thurston, Mr. Edgar, 322

Tieck, 266

Tille, Dr. A., 5, 110, 169, 172-3, 231-2, 268

Tipteerers, 298

Tolstoy's “War and Peace,” 302

Tomte Gubbe, 236

Tonquin, feast of the dead in, 195

Totemism, 175-8

Tours, Council of, 21, 101, 239

Towneley plays, 128, 134-7

Trees, sacred, 177-8, 254, 269-71; flowering at Christmas, 268-9; Christian symbols, 271-2

Trest, Epiphany at, 344

Trolls on Christmas Eve, 235-6

Troppau, Christmas Eve at, 232

Troubadours, 36

Tübingen, cradle-rocking at, 111

Tuscany, Christmas log in, 256

Tutilo of St. Gall, 123

Twelfth Night. See Epiphany

Twelve Days, declared a festal tide, 21, 239; variously reckoned, 239; supernatural visitors on, 239-47

Tylor, Dr. E. B., 191

Tynan, Katharine, 85

Tyrol, Midnight Mass in, 97; the crib in, 107-8; cradle-rocking in, 111; Christmas drama in, 143; “star-singing” in, 152; All Souls in, 191-2, 194; Klöpfelnächte in, 218; St. Nicholas in, 220; St. Lucia in, 223; Christmas Eve in, 236, 346; Berchta in, 243-4; customs with fruit-trees in, 268; Christmas pie in, 290, 345-6; St. Stephen's Day in, 311-2; St. John's Day in, 314; Epiphany in, 337; Carnival in, 349; Purification candles in, 353

Ubeda, J. L. de, 65

Uist, South, “breast-strip” in, 328

United States, Santa Klaus in, 220; New Year in, 323

Usedom, 201

Usener, H., 20, 107

Valdivielso, J. de, 65

Vampires, 215-6, 245-6

Vaughan, Henry, 81

Vega, Lope de, 149-50

Vegetation-cults, 177-8

Venetia, Martinmas in, 204, 207

Vessel-cup, 118

Villazopeque, 148-9

Vosges mountains, All Souls’ Eve in, 191

Wales, Christmas carols in, 69; Plygain in, 99; soul-cakes in, 193-4; Hallowe'en in, 189, 196-8; the “Mari Llwyd” in, 201; “new water” carol in, 333-4; Christmas football in, 349

Warnsdorf, St. Nicholas play at, 220

Wassail-bowl, 193, 285-6

Water, New Year, 332-4

Watts, Isaac, 83-4

Weather, ideas about, 203, 332

Weihnacht, origin of the name, 20

Werewolves, 246

Wesley, Charles, 84

Westermarck, Dr. E., 176

Westphalia, St. Thomas's Day in, 225

Whipping customs, 207-8, 315-7, 330

“Wild hunt,” 239-40

Wine, Martinmas, 204; St. John's and St. Stephen's, 314-5

“Wish hounds,” 240

Wither, George, 83

Woden, 200, 206, 208, 231, 240

Women, their clothes worn by men at folk-festivals, 178, 301, 304; unlucky at New Year, 324-5

Woolwich, St. Clement's and St. Catherine's Days at, 212

Worcestershire. St. Clement's Day in, 212; New Year in, 324

Wormesley, Holy Thorn at, 269

Wren, hunting of, 292-3

Wylie, Miss I. A. R., 263

“Yeth hounds,” 240

York Minster, mistletoe at, 273; Boy Bishop at, 307

York plays, 128, 131-3

Yorkshire, possible survival of the crib in, 118; frumenty, ale posset, and Yule cakes in, 285; “lucky bird” in, 325

Ypres, St. Martin at, 206

Yule, origin of the name, 25, 171-2

“Yule Boar,” 288

Yule log, 180, 245, 251-8, 344, 354

Zacharias, Pope, 171