PREFACE. (continued 9)

Casts of manure a wagon-load around,

To raise a simple daisy from the ground;

Uplifts the club of Hercules—for what?

To crush a butterfly or brain a gnat;

Creates a whirlwind from the earth, to draw

A goose’s feather or exalt a straw;

Bids ocean labor with tremendous roar,

To heave a cockle-shell upon the shore.

Alike in every theme his pompous art,

Heaven’s awful thunder or a rumbling cart.

Peter Pindar [Dr. John Wolcot] (1816).

Johnstone (Auld Willie), an old fisherman, father to Peggy, the laundry-maid at Woodburne.

Young Johnstone, his son.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Joliffe (2 syl.), footman to Lady Penfeather.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Joliffe (Joceline), under-keeper of Woodstock Forest.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Joliquet (Bibo), the garçon of the White Lion Inn, held by Jerome Lesurgues (2 syl.).—Edward Stirling, The Courier of Lyons (1852).

Jollup (Sir Jacob), father of Mrs. Jerry Sneak and Mrs. Bruin. Jollup is the vulgar, pomposo landlord of Garratt, who insists on being always addressed as “Sir Jacob.”

Jolter. In the agony of terror, on hearing the direction given to put on the headlights in a storm off Calais, Smollett tells us that Jolter went through the steps of a mathematical proposition with great fervor instead of a prayer.

Jonas, the name given in Absalom and Achitophel, to Sir William Jones, judge of the Irish Court of Common Pleas under James I. It is a pun on the name.—Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681).

249Jonas, “smart,” capable and somewhat priggish factotum of the Holliday family. Sui generis as regards learning, when one reflects that he entered his employer’s service as a tramp. Equally remarkable as to virtue. Rollo’s mentor; a New England Harry Sandford.—Jacob Abbott, The Rollo Books.

Jonathan, a sleek old widower. He was a parish orphan, whom Sir Benjamin Dove apprenticed, and then took into his family. When Jonathan married, the knight gave him a farm, rent-free and well stocked. On the death of his wife, he gave up the farm, and entered the knight’s service as butler. Under the evil influence of Lady Dove, this old servant was inclined to neglect his kind master; but Sir Benjamin soon showed him that, although the lady was allowed to peck him, the servants were not.—R. Cumberland, The Brothers (1769).

Jonathan, one of the servants of General Harrison.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Jonathan, an attendant on Lord Saville.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Jonathan (Brother), a national nickname for an American of the United States. In the Revolutionary war, Washington used to consult his friend, Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, in all his difficulties. “We must ask brother Jonathan,” was so often on his lips, that the phrase became synonymous with the good genius of the States, and was subsequently applied to the North Americans generally.

Jones (Tom), the hero of a novel by Fielding, called The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). Tom Jones is a model of generosity, openness, and manly spirit, mingled with thoughtless dissipation. With all this, he is not to be admired; his reputation is flawed, he sponges for a guinea, he cannot pay his landlady, and he lets out his honor to hire.

Jones (Mrs.), the waiting-woman of Lady Penfeather.—Sir. W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Jonson (Ben), the poet, introduced by Sir Walter Scott in his Woodstock. Shakespeare is introduced in the same novel.

Jopson (Jacob), farmer at the village near Clifton.

Cicely Jopson, Jacob’s daughter. She marries Ned Williams.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Jordan (Mrs.), the actress, who lived with the duke of Clarence, was Miss Dorothea Bland. She called herself Dora, first appeared in York as Miss Francis, and changed her name at the request of an aunt who left her a little property. When the change of name was debated between her and the manager, Tate suggested “Mrs. Jordan,” and gave this very pertinent reason:

“You have crossed the water,” said Tate, “so I’ll call you ‘Jordan.’”

Jorkins, the partner of Mr. Spenlow, in Doctor’s Commons. Mr. Jorkins is really a retiring, soft-hearted man, but to clients he is referred to by Spenlow as the stern martinet, whose consent will be most difficult to obtain.—C. Dickens, David Copperfield (1849).

Jorworth-ap-Jevan, envoy of Gwenwyn, prince of Powys-land.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

250Josaphat, a young Indian prince, of whom it had been predicted that he would embrace Christianity and become a devotee. His father tried to seclude him from all knowledge of misery and evil, and to attach him only to pleasurable pursuits. At length the young prince took three drives, in one of which he saw Old Age, in another sickness, and in the third Death. This had such an effect upon him that he became a hermit, and at death was canonized both by the Eastern and Western Churches.—Johannes Damascenus, Balaam and Josaphat (eight century).

Josceline (Sir), an English knight and crusader in the army of Richard I.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

José (Don), father of Don Juan, and husband of Donna Inez. He was henpecked and worried to death by his wife’s “proprieties.” To the world they were “models of respectability,” but at home they were “cat and dog.” Donna Inez tried to prove him mad, in order to obtain a divorce, and “kept a journal where all his faults were noted.” “She witnessed his agonies with great magnanimity;” but, while seeking a divorce, Don José died.—Byron Don Juan, i. 26, 33 (1819).

Joseph, the old gardener at Shaw’s Castle.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Joseph, a Jew of the noblest type; with unbounded benevolence and most excellent charity. He sets a splendid example of “Christian ethics” to those who despised him for not believing the “Christian creed.” Joseph the Jew was the good friend of the Christian minister of Mariendorpt.—S. Knowles, The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838).

Joseph Frowenfeld, apothecary of German extraction, settled in Louisiana, and patronized by the Grandissimes. “As hard to move as a cow in the moonlight,” Dr. Keene says of him, “and knows just about as much of the world.” Yet Dr. Keene trusts him where simple loyality and true manliness are required, and it is a heart worth the keeping that Professor Frowenfeld gives into the care of Clotilde Nuncanou.—George W. Cable, The Grandissimes (1880).

Joseph (A), a young man not to be seduced from his continency by any temptation. The reference is to Joseph in Potiphar’s house (Gen. xxxix.).

Joseph (St.) of Arimathe´a, said to have brought to Glastonbury in a mystic vessel some of the blood which trickled from the wounds of Christ at the Crucifixion, and some of the wine left at the Last Supper. This vessel plays a very prominent part in the Arthurian legends.

Next holy Joseph came....

The Saviour of mankind in sepulchre that laid;

That to the Britons was th’ apostle. In his aid

St. Duvian, and with him St. Fagan, both which were

His scholars.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622).

⁂ He also brought with him the spear of Longinus, the Roman soldier who pierced the side of Jesus.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 40 (1470).

Jos´ephine (3 syl.), wife of Werner, and mother of Ulric. Josephine was the daughter of a decayed Italian exile of noble blood.—Byron, Werner (1822).

Jos´ian, daughter of the king of Armenia, and wife of Sir Bevis, of Southampton. It was Josian who gave the hero 251his sword, “Morglay” and his steed “Arundel.”—Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612).

Josse (1 syl.) a jeweller. Lucinde (2 syl.), the daughter of Sganarelle, pined and fell away, and the anxious father asked his neighbors what they would advise him to do. Mon. Josse replied:

“Pour“Pour moi, je tiens que la braverie, que l’adjustement est la chose qui réjouit le plus les filles; et si j’étoit que de vous, je lui achéterois dès aujourd’ hui une belle garniture de diamants, ou de rubis, ou d’émeraudes.”

Sgnarelle made answer:

“Vous êtes orfèvre, Monsieur Josse; et votre conseil sent son homme qui a envie de se défaire de sa marchandise.”—Molière, L’Amour Médicin, i. 1 (1665).

Vous êtes orfèvre, Mon Josse (“You are a jeweller, Mon. Josse, and are not disinterested in your advice”). (See above).

Jo´tham, the person who uttered the parable of “The Trees choosing a King,” when the men of Shechem made Abimelech king. In Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, it stands for George Saville, marquis of Halifax.

Jotham, of piercing wit and pregnant thought,

Endued by nature, and by learning taught

To move assemblies ... turned the balance, too;

So much the weight of one brave man can do.

Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681).

Jour, king of Mambrant, the person who carried off Jos´ian, the wife of Sir Bevis, of Southampton, his sword “Morglay,” and his steed “Ar´undel.” Sir Bevis, disguised as a pilgrim, recovered all three.—Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612).

Jourdain (Mons.), an elderly tradesman, who has suddenly fallen into a large fortune, and wishes to educate himself up to his new position in society. He employs masters of dancing, fencing, philology, and so on; and the fun of the drama turns on the ridiculous remarks that he makes, and the awkward figure he cuts as the pupil of these professors. One remark is especially noted: he says he had been talking prose all his life, and never knew it till his professor told him.—Molière, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1870).

Journalists. Napoleon I. said:

A journalist is a grumbler, a censurer, a giver of advice, a regent of sovereigns, a tutor of nations. Four hostile newspapers are more formidable than a thousand bayonets.

Jovian, emperor of Rome, was bathing one day, when a person stole his clothes, and passed himself off as the emperor. Jovian, naked and ashamed, went to a knight, said he was emperor, and begged the loan of a few garments for the nonce; but the knight called him an impostor, and had him scourged from the gate. He next went to a duke, who was his chief minister; but the duke had him confined, and fed on bread and water as a vagrant and a madman. He then applied at the palace, but no one recognized him there. Lastly, he went to his confessor, and humbled himself, confessing his sins. The priest took him to the palace, and the sham emperor proved to be an angel sent to reform the proud monarch. The story says that Jovian thenceforth reigned with mercy and justice till he died.—Evenings with the Old Story-tellers.

Joyeuse (2 syl.), Charlemagne’s sword, which bore the inscription: Decem præceptorum custos Carŏlus. It was buried with the king, as Tizo´na (the Cid’s sword) was buried with the Cid.

Joyeuse-Garde or Garde-Joyeuse, the estate given by King Arthur to Sir Launcelot du Lac, for defending the 252queen’s honor against Sir Mador. Here Sir Launcelot was buried.

Juan (Don), a hero of the sixteenth century, a natural son of Charles-quint, born at Ratisbonne, in 1545. He conquered the Moors of Grana´da, won a great naval victory over the Turks at Lepanto, made himself master of Tunis, and put down the insurgents of the Netherlands (1545-1578).

This is the Don Juan of C. Delavigne’s drama entitled Don Juan d’Autriche (1835).

Juan (Don), son of Don Louis Tenorio, of Sicily, a heartless roué. His valet says of him:

“Tu vois en don Juan le plus grand scélérat que la terre ait jamais porté, un enragé, un chien, un démon, un Turc, un hérétique qui ne croit ni ciel, ni enfer, in diable, qui passe cette vie en véritable bête brute, un pourceau d’Epicure, un vrai Sardanapale; qui ferme l’oreille à toutes les remontrances qu’on lui peut faire, et traite de bille-vesées tout ce que nous croyons.”—Molière, Don Juan, i. 1 (1665).

Juan (Don), a native of Seville, son of Don Josê and Donna Inez (a blue stocking). When Juan was 16 years old, he got into trouble with Donna Julia, and was sent by his mother (then a widow) on his travels. His adventures form the story of a poem so called; but the tale is left incomplete.—Lord Byron, Don Juan (1819-21).

Juan (Don). The hero of Richard Mansfield’s play bearing this title, is a gay youth, wild with the joys of liberty to which he is unaccustomed; saucy, audacious and winning, bent upon getting for himself all the pleasure life offers the young. He is tender, inconstant, brave, chivalric, irresponsible, and gains dignity by dying heroically (1891).

Juan (Don), or Don Giovanni, the prince of libertines. The original of this character was Don Juan Tenorio, of Seville, who attempted the seduction of the governor’s daughter; and the father, forcing the libertine to a duel, fell. A statue of the murdered father was erected in the family vault; and one day when Don Juan forced his way into the vault, he invited the statue to a banquet. The statue accordingly placed itself at the board, to the amazement of the host, and, compelling the libertine to follow, delivered him over to devils, who carried him off triumphant.

Dramatized first by Gabriel Tellez (1626). Molière (1665) and Thomas Corneille, in Le Festin de Pierre, both imitated from the Spanish (1673), have made it the subject of French comedies; Goldoni (1765), of an Italian comedy; Glück, of a musical ballet (1765); Mozart, of an opera called Don Giovanni (1787), a princely work.

Juan Fernandez, a rocky island in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Chili. Here Alexander Selkirk, a buccaneer, resided in solitude for four years. Defoe is supposed to have based his tale of Robinson Crusoe on the history of Alexander Selkirk.

⁂ Defoe places the island of his hero “on the east coast of South America,” somewhere near Dutch Guiana.

Juba, prince of Numidia, warmly attached to Cato while he lived at Utica (in Africa), and passionately in love with Marcia, Cato’s daughter. Sempro´nius, having disguised himself as Juba, was mistaken for the Numidian prince by Marcia; and, being slain, she gave free vent to her grief, thus betraying the state of her affection. Juba overheard her, and as it would have been mere prudery to 253deny her love after this display, she freely confessed it, and Juba took her as his betrothed and future wife.—J. Addison, Cato (1713).

Jubal, son of Lamech and Adah. The inventor of the lyre and flute.—Gen. iv. 19-21.

Then when he [Javan] heard the voice of Jubal’s lyre,

Instinctive genius caught the ethereal fire.

J. Montgomery, The World before the Flood, i. (1812).

Judas, in pt. ii. of Absalom and Architophel, most of which was written by Tate, is meant for Mr. Furgueson, a nonconformist, who joined the duke of Monmouth, and afterwards betrayed him.

Shall that false Hebronite escape our curse—

Judas, that keeps the rebels’ pension-purse;

Judas, that pays the treason-writer’s fee;

Judas, that well deserves his namesake’s tree?

Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682).

Judas Iscariot. Klopstock says that Judas Iscariot had a heart formed for every virtue, and was in youth unpolluted by crime, insomuch that the Messiah thought him worthy of being one of the twelve. He, however, was jealous of John, because Jesus loved him more than He loved the rest of the apostles; and this hatred towards the beloved disciple made him hate the lover of “the beloved.” Judas also feared (says Klopstock) that John would have a higher post than himself in the kingdom, and perhaps be made treasurer. The poet tells us that Judas betrayed Jesus under the expectation that it would drive Him to establish His kingdom at once, and rouse Him into action.—Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748).

Judith Hutter. Handsome daughter of a frontier trapper, whose ruse of arraying herself in a court-dress, heretofore kept as a curiosity, and, resplendent in brocade and laces, passing herself off as an English stranger of rank, would have effected the release of the prisoners but for her weak-witted sister’s avowal of her identity. She has been a favorite with more than one man, yet never loved until she knows Deerslayer. Her offer to marry him is refused gently and simply, and in shame she quits her accustomed haunts for what career we are left to conjecture.—James Fennimore Cooper, The Deerslayer.

Judith. Child-heroine of Marion Harland’s novel of that name.

Judith, a beautiful Jewess of Bethu´lia, who assassinated Holofernês, the general of Nebuchadnezzar, to save her native town. When Judith showed the head of the general to her countrymen, they rushed on the invading army, and put it to a complete rout.—Judith, one of the books of the Apocrypha.

Judith (Aunt), sister to Master George Heriot, the king’s goldsmith.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Judy, the wife of Punch. Master Punch, annoyed by the cries of the baby, gives it a knock, which kills it, and, to conceal his crime from his wife, throws the dead body out of the window. Judy comes to inquire about the child, and, hearing of its death, upbraids her lord stoutly, and tries on him the “reproof of blows.” This leads to a quarrel, in which Judy is killed. The officers of justice, coming to arrest the domestic tyrant, meet the same fate as his child and wife; but at last the devil outwits him, he is hanged, and carried off to the place of all evil-doers.

254Juel (Nils), a celebrated Danish admiral, who received his training under Tromp and De Ruyter. He defeated the Swedes in 1677 in several engagements.

Nils Juel gave heed to the tempest’s roar ...

“Of Denmark’s Juel who can defy

The power?”

Longfellow, King Christian [V.]

Julet´ta, the witty, sprightly attendant of Alinda.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621).

Julia, a lady beloved by Proteus. Her waiting-woman is Lucetta.—Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594).

Julia, the “ward” of Master Walter, “the hunchback.” She was brought up by him most carefully in the country, and at a marriageable age was betrothed to Sir Thomas Clifford. Being brought to London, she was carried away in the vortex of fashion, and became the votary of pleasure and dissipation, abandoned Clifford, and promised to marry the earl of Rochdale. As the wedding day drew nigh, her love for Clifford returned, and she implored her guardian to break off her promise of marriage to the earl. Walter now showed himself to be the real earl of Rochdale, and father of Julia. Her nuptials with the supposed earl fell to the ground, and she became the wife of Sir Thomas Clifford.—S. Knowles, The Hunchback (1831).

Julia (Donna), a lady of Sev´ille, of Moorish origin, a married woman, “charming, chaste, and twenty-three.” Her eye was large and dark, her hair glossy, her brow smooth, her cheek “all purple with the beam of youth,” her husband 50, and his name Alfonso. Donna Julia loved a lad of 16, named Don Juan, “not wisely but too well,” for which she was confined in a convent.—Byron, Don Juan, i. 59-188 (1819).

Tender and impassioned, but possessing neither information to occupy her mind, nor good principles to regulate her conduct, Donna Julia is an illustration of the women of Seville, “whose minds have but one idea, and whose life business is intrigue.” The slave of every impulse ... she now prostrates herself before the altar of the Virgin, making the noblest efforts “for honor, pride, religion, virtue’s sake,” and then, “in the full security of innocence,” she seeks temptation, and finds retreat impossible.—Finden, Byron Beauties.

Julia Dodd. English girl in love with Alfred Hardie, her brother’s college mate. Alfred is abducted on the eve of their wedding-day, by order of his father, who has his own reasons for opposing the match. Julia goes to the church to meet him, and returns home unmarried. After many and curious contretemps and some disasters, the young couple are re-united.—Charles Reade, Very Hard Cash.

Julia Melville, a ward of Sir Anthony Absolute; in love with Faulkland, who saved her life when she was thrown into the water by the upsetting of a boat.—Sheridan, The Rivals (1775).

Julian (Count), a powerful lord of the Spanish Goths. When his daughter Florinda was violated by King Roderick, the count was so indignant that he invited over the Moors to come and push Roderick from the throne, and even turned renegade the better to effect his purpose. The Moors succeeded, but condemned Count Julian to death, “to punish treachery, and prevent worse ill.” Julian, before he died, sent for “Father Maccabee,” and said:

“I would fain

Die in the faith wherein my fathers died.

I feel that I have sinned, and from my soul

255Renounce the impostor’s faith, which in my soul

No place obtained.”obtained.”

Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiv. (1814).

Julian (St.), patron saint of hospitality. An epicure, a man of hospitality.

An householder and that a gret was he;

Seint Julian he was in his countré.

Chaucer, Introduction to Canterbury Tales (1388).

Julian St. Pierre, the brother of Mariana (q. v.).—S. Knowles, The Wife (1833).

Juliana, eldest daughter of Balthazar. A proud, arrogant, overbearing “Katharine,” who marries the duke of Aranza, and intends to be lady paramount. The duke takes her to a poor hut, which he calls his home, gives her the household duties to perform, and pretends to be a day-laborer. She chafes for a time; but his manliness, affection, and firmness, get the mastery; and when he sees that she loves him for himself, he announces the fact that after all he is the duke, and she the duchess of Aranza.—J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804).

Ju´liance, a giant.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 98 (1470).

Julian West. Young man, who, after a sleep of years, awakens to the new order of things depicted in Looking Backward.—Edward Bellamy.

Julie (2 syl.), the heroine of Molière’s comedy entitled Mons. de Pourceaugnac (1669).

Julie (2 syl.), the heroine of J. J. Rousseau’s novel entitled Julie, ou la Nouvelle Héloïse (1760). The prototype was the Comtesse d’Houdetot. Julie had a pale complexion, a graceful figure, a profusion of light brown hair, and her near-sightedness gave her “a charming mixture of gaucherie and grace.” Rousseau went every morning to meet her, that he might receive of her that single kiss with which Frenchwomen salute a friend. One day, when Rousseau told her that she might innocently love others besides her husband, she näively replied, “Je pourrais done aimer mon pauvre St. Lambert.” Lord Byron has made her familiar to English readers.

His love was passion’s essence ...

This breathed itself to life in Julie; this

Invested her with all that’s wild and sweet;

This hallowed, too, the memorable kiss

Which every morn his fevered lip would greet

From her’s, who but with friendship his would meet.

Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 79 (1816).

Julie de Mortemar, an orphan, ward of Richelieu, and loved by King Louis XIII., Count Baradas, and Adrien de Mauprat, the last of whom she married. After many hair-breadth escapes and many a heart-ache, the king allowed the union, and blessed the happy pair.—Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839).

Ju´liet, daughter of Lady Cap´ulet, of Verona, in love with Ro´meo, son of Montague (3 syl.), a rival house. As the parents could not be brought to sanction the alliance, the whole intercourse was clandestine, as was their marriage. In order to prevent the threatened marriage with Count Paris, by the advice of Friar Laurence she took a sleeping draught, and was carried to the family vault. The intention was that on waking, she should elope with Romeo; but Romeo, seeing her in the vault, killed himself from grief; and when Juliet awoke and found Romeo dead, she killed herself also.—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598).

256C.H. Wilson says of Mrs. Baddeley (1742-1780) that her “‘JulietJuliet’ was never surpassed.” W. Donaldson, in his Recollections, says that “Miss O’Neill made her first appearance in Covent Garden Theatre in 1815 as ‘Juliet,’ and never was such an impression made before by any actress whatsoever.” Miss Fanny Kemble and Miss Helen Faucit were both excellent in the same character. The youngest Juliet was Miss Rosa Kenney (under 18), who made her dêbut in this character at Drury Lane, in 1879.

The doating fondness and silly peevishness of the nurse tends to relieve the soft and affectionate character of “Juliet,” and to place her before the audience in a point of view which those who have seen Miss O’Neill perform “Juliet,” know how to appreciate.—Sir W. Scott, The Drama.

Juliet, the lady beloved by Claudio, brother of Isabella.—Shakespeare, Measure for Measure (1603).

Ju´lio, a noble gentleman, in love with Lelia, a wanton widow.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Captain (1613).

Julio of Harancour, “the deaf and dumb” boy, ward of Darlemont, who gets possession of Julio’s inheritance and abandons him in the streets of Paris. Julio is rescued by the Abbé De l’Epée, who brings him up, and gives him the name of Theodore. Julio grows up a noble-minded and intelligent young man, is recognized by the Franval family, and Darlemont confesses that “the deaf and dumb” boy is the count of Harancour.—Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb (1785).

Julius (St.) a British martyr of Caerleon or the City of Legions (Newport, in South Wales). He was torn limb from limb by Maximia´nus Herculius, general of the army of Diocle´tian, in Britain. Two churches were founded in the City of Legions, one in honor of St Julius, and one in honor of St. Aaron, his fellow-martyr.

... two other ... sealed their doctrine with their blood;

St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room.

At Carleon, suffering death by Diocletian’s doom,

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv (1622).

Jumps (Jemmy), in The Farmer. One of the famous parts of Jos. Munden (1758-1832).

June.

“Under some old apple-tree

Jes’ a-restin’ through and through,

I could git along without

Nothin’ else at all to do,

Only jest a wishin’ you

Was a-gitten’ there like me,

And June was Eternity?”

James Whitcomb, Knee-deep in June (1888).

June.

“What is so rare as a day in June?

Then, if ever come perfect days;

Then Heaven tries the earth if it be in tune,

And over it softly her warm ear lays.”

James Russell Lowell, The Vision of Sir Launfal.

Juno’s Birds. Juno is represented in works of art as drawn through fields of air by a pair of peacocks harnessed to her chariot.

Jupe (Signor), clown in Sleary’s circus, passionately attached to his daughter Cecilia. Signor Jupe leaves the circus suddenly, because he is hissed, and is never heard of more.

Cecilia Jupe, daughter of the clown. After the mysterious disappearance of her father, she is adopted and educated by Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., M.P.—C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854).

Just (The).

Aristi´des, the Athenian (died B.C. 468).

Ba´haram, called Shah endeb (“the just king”). He was the fifth of the Sassan´idês (276-296).

Cassimir II. of Poland (1117, 1177-1194).

Ferdinand I. of Arragon (1373, 1412-1416).

Haroun-al-Raschid (“the just”), the greatest of the Abbasside caliphs (765, 786-808).

James II. of Arragon (1261, 1285-1326).

Khosru or Chosroes I., called by the Arabs Molk al Adel (“the just king”). He was the twenty-first of the Sassanidês (*, 531-579).

Moran, counsellor of Feredach, an early king of Ireland.

Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367).

Justin´ian (The English), Edward I. (1239, 1272-1307).

Ju´venal (The English), John Oldham (1653-1683.)

Juvenal (The Young). [Dr.] Thomas Lodge is so called by Robert Green (1555-1625).—A Groat’sworth of Wit, bought with a Million of Repentance.

Ju´venal of Painters (The), William Hogarth (1697-1794).

J’y suis et j’y reste (“Here am I placed, and here I mean to remain”). This was said by Marshal de MacMahon, and shows the character of the marshal-president of the French better than a volume (1877). But he resigned in 1879.

Kail, a prince of Ad, sent to Mecca to pray for rain. Three clouds appeared, a white one, a red one, and a black one, and Kail was bidden to make his choice. He chose the last, but when the cloud burst, instead of rain it cast out lightning, which killed him.—Sale, Al Korân, vii. note.

Kail´yal (2 syl.), the lovely and holy daughter of Ladur´lad, persecuted relentlessly by Ar´valan; but virtue and chastity, in the person of Kailyal, always triumphed over sin and lust. When Arvalan “in the flesh” attemped to dishonor Kailyal, he was slain by Ladurlad; but he then continued his attacks “out of the flesh.” Thus, when Kailyal was taken to the Bower of Bliss by a benevolent spirit, Arvalan borrowed the dragon-car of the witch Lor´rimite (3 syl.) to drag him thence; the dragons, however, unable to mount to paradise, landed him in a region of thick-ribbed ice. Again, Kailyal, being obliged to quit the Bower, was made the bride of Jaga-naut, and when Arvalan presented himself before her again, she set fire to the pagoda, and was carried from the flames by her father, who was charmed from fire as well as water. Lastly, while waiting for her father’s return from the submerged city, whither he had gone to release Ereen´ia (3 syl.), Arvalan once more appeared, but was seized by Baly, the governor of hell, and cast into the bottomless pit. Having descended to hell, Kailyal quaffed the water of immortality, and was taken by Ereenia to his Bower of Bliss, to dwell with him forever in endless joy.—Southey, Curse of Kehama (1809).

Kaimes (Lord), one of the two judges 257in Peter Peebles’s lawsuit.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Kalas´rade (3 syl.), the virtuous wife of Sadak, persecuted by the Sultan Am´urath. (See Sadak).—Ridley, Tales of the Genii, xi. (1751).

Kaled, Gulnare (2 syl.), disguised as a page, in the service of Lara. After Lara is shot, she haunts the spot of his death as a crazed woman, and dies at length of a broken heart.

Light was his form, and darkly delicate

That brow whereon his native sun had sate ...

And the wild sparkle of his eye seemed caught

From high, and lightened with electric thought;

Tho’ its black orb those long low lashes’ fringe

Had tempered with a melancholy tinge.

Byron, Lara (1814).

Kalemberg (The curé of), a recueil of facetiæ. The escapades of a young student made a chaplain in the Austrian court. He sets at defiance and torments every one he encounters, and ends in being court fool to Otho the Gay, grandson of Rudolf of Hapsburg.—German Poem (fifteenth century).

Kalyb, “the Lady of the Woods,” who stole St. George from his nurse, brought him up as her own child, and endowed him with gifts. St. George enclosed her in a rock, where she was torn to pieces by spirits. Johnson.—Seven Champions of Christendom, i. (1617).

Kâ´ma, the Hindû god of love. He rides on a sparrow, the symbol of lust; holds in his hand a bow of sugar-cane strung with bees; and has five arrows, one for each of the five senses.

Kanchen. In Overland through Asia Thomas Wallace Knox gives a thrilling story of a wolf-hunt with his host, Kanchen. Ivan, a servant, attended them, and a live pig was fastened to the back of the sledge as a bait. Instead of a single wolf a large pack was drawn by the squealing of the pig, which was cut loose and left in the road by Kanchen’s order. The race for life was interrupted by an upset that threw the servant out. Kanchen and his guest kept hold of the sledge and left him to his fate. It was the only hope of life. The master’s hair turned gray that night, and he lived ever afterward in seclusion (1870).

Karûn, son of Yeshar and Izhar, uncle of Moses, the most beautiful and wealthy of all the Israelites.

Riches of Karûn, an Arabic and Jewish proverb. The Jews say that Karûn had a large palace, the doors of which were of solid gold.—Sale, Korân, xxviii.

⁂ This Karûn is the Korah of the Pentateuch.

Kate [Plowden], niece of Colonel Howard of New York, in love with Lieutenant Barnstable, of the British navy, but promised by the colonel in marriage to Captain Boroughcliff, a vulgar, conceited Yankee. Ultimately, it is discovered that Barnstable is the colonel’s son, and the marriage is arranged amicably between Barnstable and Kate.—E. Fitzball, The Pilot.

Kate Lancaster. Charming hostess of the Brandon house, a legacy from her name-aunt. She chooses her dearest girl friend for her companion, and the two go down from Boston to spend the summer in the seaside town.—Sara Orne Jewett, Deephaven (1877).

Kath´arina, the elder daughter of Baptista, of Padua. She was of such an ungovernable 258spirit and fiery temper, that she was nicknamed “The Shrew.” As it was very unlikely any gentleman would select such a spitfire for his wife, Baptista made a vow that his younger daughter, Bianca, should not be allowed to marry before her sister. Petruchio married Katharina and tamed her into a most submissive wife, insomuch that when she visited her father a bet was made by Petruchio and two other bridegrooms on their three brides. First Lucentio sent a servant to Bianca to desire her to come into the room; but Bianca sent word that she was busy. Hortensio next sent the servant “to entreat” his bride to come to him; but she replied that Hortensio had better come to her if he wanted her. Petruchio said to the servant, “Tell your mistress I command her to come to me at once;” she came at once, and Petruchio won the bet.—Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew (1594).

Katharine, a lady in attendance on the princess of France. Dumain, a young lord in the suite of Ferdinand, king of Navarre, asks her hand in marriage, and she replies:

A twelvemonth and a day

I’ll mark no words that smooth-faced wooers say.

Come then ...

And if I have much love, I’ll give you some.

Shakespeare, Love’s Labor’s Lost (1594).

Katharine (Queen), the divorced wife of Henry VIII. Shakespeare, Henry VIII. (1601).

The following actresses are celebrated for their impersonations of this character:—Mrs. Pritchard (1711-1768); Margaret [Peg] Woffington (1718-1760); Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831); Mrs. Barley (1785-1850).

Katharine de Medici of China, Voochee, widow of King Tae-tsông. She was most imperious and cruel, but her energy was irresistible (684-705).

Katin´ka, a Georgian, “white and red, with great blue eyes, a lovely hand and arm, and feet so small they scarce seemed made to tread, but rather skim the earth.” She was one of the three beauties of the harem, into which Don Juan was admitted in female disguise. The other two were Lolah and Dudù.—Byron, Don Juan, vi. 40, 41 (1824).

Katmîr´, the dog of the seven sleepers. It spoke with a human voice, and said to the young men who wanted to drive it out of the cave, “I love those who love God. Go to sleep, masters, and I will keep guard.” The dog kept guard over them for 309 years, and neither slept nor ate. At death it was taken up into paradise.—Sale, Al Korân, xviii. notes.

⁂ Katmîr, in the Oriental Tales, is called “Catnier.”

He wouldn’t give a bone to Katmîr, or He wouldn’t throw a bone to the dog of the seven sleepers, an Arabic proverb, applied to a very niggardly man.

Kay (Sir), son of Sir Ector, and foster-brother of Prince Arthur, who made him his seneschal or steward. Sir Kay was ill-tempered, mean-spirited, boastful, and overbearing. He had not strength of mind enough to be a villain like Hagen, nor strength of passion enough to be a traitor like Ganelon and Mordred; but he could detract and calumniate, could be envious and spiteful, could annoy and irritate. His wit consisted in giving nicknames: Thus he called young Gareth “Big Hands”(Beaumains), “because his hands were the largest that ever anyone had seen.” He called Sir Brewnor “The 259Shocking Bad Coat”(La Cote Male-tailé), because his doublet fitted him so badly, and was full of sword-cuts.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 3, 4, 120, etc. (1470). (See Key).

Kayward, the name of the hare in the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498).

Kecksey, a wheezy old wittol, who pretends to like a termagant wife who can flirt with other men—ugh, ugh!—he loves high spirits—ugh, ugh!—and to see his wife—ugh, ugh! happy and scampering about—ugh, ugh!—to theatres and balls—ugh, ugh!—he likes to hear her laugh—ugh, ugh!—and enjoy herself—ugh, ugh! Oh! this troublesome cough!—ugh, ugh!—Garrick, The Irish Widow (1757).

Ke´derli, the St. George of Mohammedan mythology. Like St. George, he slew a monstrous dragon to save a damsel exposed to its fury, and, having drunk of the water of life, rode through the world to aid those who were oppressed.

Keelavine (Mr.), a painter at the Spa hotel—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Keenan’s Charge at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, where part of a cavalry regiment, barely 300 in number, held 10,000 men in check until the last cavalry man fell, deserves to rank with the Charge of the Six Hundred, and the fight at Thermopylæ.

It is the theme of a poem by George Parsons Lathrop.

“As Keenan fought with his men side by side,

So they rode ’till there were no more to ride,

But over them lying-there, shattered and mute

What deep echo rolls? ’Tis a death salute

From the cannon in place; for heroes ye braved

Your fate not in vain; the army was saved.”

Keenan’s Charge (1881).

Keene (Abel), a village schoolmaster, afterwards a merchant’s clerk. Being led astray, he lost his place and hanged himself.—Crabbe, Borough, xxi. (1810).

Keepers, of Piers Plowman’s visions, the Malvern Hills. Piers Plowman (W. or R. Langland, 1362) supposes himself fallen asleep on the Malvern Hills, and in his dream he sees various visions of an allegorical character pass before him. These “visions” he put into poetry, the whole containing 15,000 verses, divided into twenty parts, each part being called a passus or separate vision.

Keepers of Piers Plowman’s vision, thro’ the sunshine and the snow.

Mrs. Browning, The Lost Bower.

Keha´ma, the almighty rajah of earth, and all-powerful in Swerga, or heaven. After a long tyranny, he went to Pan´dalon (hell) to claim domination there also. Kehama demanded why the throne of Yamen (or Pluto) was supported by only three persons, and was told that he himself must be the fourth. He paid no heed to this prophecy, but commanded the amreeta-cup or draught of immortality to be brought to him, that he might quaff it and reign forever. Now there are two immortalities: the immortality of life for the good, and the immortality of death for the wicked. When Kehama drank the amreeta, he drank immortal death, and was forced to bend his proud neck beneath the throne of Yamen, to become the fourth supporter.—Southey, Curse of Kehama (1809).

⁂ Ladurlad was the person subjected to the “curse of Kehama,” and under that name the story will be found.

Keltie (Old), innkeeper at Kinross.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

260Kempfer-Hausen, Robert Pearce Gillies, one of the speakers in the “Noctês Ambrosianæ.”—Blackwood’s Magazine.

Kendah, an Arabian tribe, which used to bury alive their female children as soon as they were born. The Korân refers to them in ch. vi.

Kenge (1 syl.), of the firm of Kenge and Carboy, Lincoln’s Inn, generally called “Conversation Kenge,” loving above all things to hear “the dulcet tones of his own voice.” The firm is engaged on the side of Mr Jarndyce, in the great Chancery suit of “Jarndyce v. Jarndyce.”—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853).

Kenelm (St.) was murdered at Clente-in-Cowbage, near Winchelcumb, in Gloucestershire; but the murder “was miraculously notified at Rome by a white dove,” which alighted on the altar of St. Peter’s, bearing in his beak a scroll with these words:

In Clent cow-pasture under a thorn,

Of head bereft, lies Kenelm king-born.

Roger de Wendover, Chronicles (died 1237).

Kenilworth, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1821). For interest it comes next to Ivanhoe, and the portrait of Queen Elizabeth is life-like and correct. That of Queen Mary is given in The Abbot. The novel is full of courtly gaieties and splendor, but contains the unhappy tale of the beautiful Amy Robsart, which cannot fail to excite our sympathy and pity.

Kenna, daughter ofof King Obĕron, who fell in love with Albion, son of the island king. Obĕron drove the prince from his empire, and when Albion made war on the fairy king, he was slain. Kenna then poured the juice of mōly over him, and the dead body was converted into a snowdrop. According to this fable, “Kensington Gardens” is a corruption of Kenna’s-town-garden.—Tickell, Kensington Garden (died 1740).

Kennedy (Frank), an excise officer, who shows Mr. G. Godfrey Bertram, the laird of Ellangowan (magistrate), the smuggler’s vessel chased by a war sloop. The smugglers afterwards murder him.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Kenneth (Sir), “Knight of the Leoppard,” a disguise assumed by David, earl of Huntingdon, prince royal of Scotland.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Kenneth (Kincaid), promising architect, with his way to make in the world. He marries pretty, engaging Rosamond Holabird.—A.D.T. Whitney, The Other Girls.

Kenrick (Felix), the old foster-father of Caroline Dormer. His wife Judith was her nurse. Kenrick, an Irishman, clings to his mistress in all her misfortunes, and proves himself a most attached, disinterested, and faithful old servant.—G. Colman, The Heir-at-Law (1797).

Kensington, according to Tickell’s fables, is so called from the fairy Kenna, daughter of King Obĕron. The tale is that Prince Albion was stolen by Milkah, the fairy, and carried to Kensington. When 19 years old, he fell in love with Kenna; but Obĕron was so angry at this engagement, that he drove Albion out of the garden, and compelled Kenna to marry 261Azuriel, a fairy from Holland Park. Albion laid his complaint before Neptune, who sent Oriel with a fairy army against Oberon. In this battle Albion was slain, and Neptune, in revenge, utterly destroyed the whole empire. The fairies, being dispersed, betook themselves to the hills and dales, the caves and mines. Kenna poured juice of the herb mōly over the dead body of Albion, and the unhappy prince was changed thus into a snowdrop.—Tickell, Kensington Garden (died 1740).

Kent. According to fable, Kent is so called from Can´ute, one of the companions of Brute the Trojan wanderer, who, according to Geoffrey’s British History, settled in England, and founded a dynasty of kings. Canute had that part of the island assigned to him which was called Canutium, contracted into Can´tium, and again into Cant or Kent.

But Canute had his portion from the rest,

The which he called Canutium, for his hire,

New Cantium, which Kent we commonly inquire.

Spenser, Faëry Queen, II. x. 12 (1590).

Kent (earl of), under the assumed name of Caius, attended upon the old King Lear, when his two elder daughters refused to entertain him with his suite. He afterwards took him to Dover Castle. When the old king was dying, he could not be made to understand how Caius and Kent could be the same person.—Shakespeare, King Lear (1605).

Kent (The Fair Maid of), Joan, only daughter of Edmund Plantaganet, earl of Kent. She married thrice: (1) William de Montacute, earl of Salisbury, from whom she was divorced; (2) Sir Thomas Holland; and (3) her second cousin, Edward, the Black Prince, by whom she became the mother of Richard II.

Kent (Margaret), a handsome, proud woman, whose husband deserts her and lives in South America with a mistress, leaving her to support herself and child. He comes back poor and not penitent, and she considers it her duty to live with and to support him, although while she was believed by most of her acquaintances to be a widow she was beloved and wooed by Dr. Walton, a man worthy of her.

Robert Kent, the husband, is a queer compound of fascinating and repulsive traits. He takes his wife’s hard-earned money as his due, and cajoles his little girl into giving “poor papa” the contents of her savings bank.—Ellen Olney Kirke, The Story of Margaret Kent (1886.).

Kenwigs (Mr.), a turner in ivory, and “a monstrous genteel man.” He toadies Mr. Lillyvick, his wife’s uncle, from whom he has “expectations.”

Mrs. Kenwigs, wife of the above, considered “quite a lady,” as she has an uncle who collects the water-rates, and sends her daughter Morleena to a day school.

The Misses Kenwigs, pupils of Nicholas Nickleby, remarkable for wearing their hair in long braided tails down their backs, the ends being tied with bright ribbons.—C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838).

Kera Kahn, a gallant and generous Tartar chief in a war between the Poles and the Tartans.—J. P. Kemble, Lodoiska (a melodrama).

Kerns, light-armed Irish foot-soldiers. The word (Kigheyren) means “a hell shower;” so called because they were hellrakes or the “devil’s black-guard.” (See Gallowglasses).—Stanihurst, Description of Ireland, viii. 28.

Kesche´tiouch, the shepherd who 262joined the six Greek slaves of Ephesus, and was one of the “seven sleepers.”

Keschetiouch’s Dog, Catnier, called by Sale, in his notes to the Korân, “Katmîr.”—Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales (“History of Dakinos,” 1743).

Kettledrummle (Gabriel), a covenanter preacher.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Kevin (St.), a young man who went to live on a solitary rock at Glendalough, in Wicklow. This he did to flee from Kath´leen, who loved him, and whose eyes he feared his heart would not be able to resist. Kathleen tracked him, and while he slept “bent over him;” but, starting from his sleep, the “holy man” cast the girl from the rock into the sea, which her ghost haunted amidst the sounds of sweet music.—T. Moore, Irish Melodies, iv. (“By that Lake....” 1814).

Kew (Mrs.), wife of the lighthouse keeper at Deephaven.—Sara Orne Jewett, Deephaven (1877).

Key (Sir), son of Sir Ector, the foster-father of Prince Arthur. He was Arthur’s seneschal, and is represented as rude and boastful. Sir Gaw´ain is the type of courtesy, Sir Launcelot of chivalry, Sir Mordred of treachery, Sir Galahad of chastitychastity, Sir Mark of cowardice. (See Kay.)

Keyne [Keen] or St. Keyna, daughter of Braga´nus, prince of Garthmatrin or Brecon, called “Keyna, the Virgin.” Her sister Melaria was the mother of St. David. Many nobles sought her in marriage, but she refused them all, being resolved to live and die a virgin. She retired to a spot near the Severn, which abounded with serpents, but at her prayer they were all turned into Ammonites, and “abide to this day.” Subsequently she removed to Mount St. Michael, and by her prayer a spring of healing waters burst out of the earth, and whoever drinks first of this water after marriage will become the dominant house-power. “Now,” says Southey, “a Cornishman took his bride to church, and the moment the ring was on ran up to the mount to drink of the mystic water. Down he came in full glee to tell his bride; but the bride said, ‘My good man, I brought a bottle of the water to church with me, and drank of it before you started.’”—Southey, The Well of St. Keyne (1798).

Khadijah, daughter of Khowailed; Mahomet’s first wife, and one of the four perfect women. There other three are Fatima, the prophet’s daughter; Mary, daughter of Imrân; and Asia, wife of the Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red Sea.

Khawla, one of the sorceresses in the caves of Dom-Daniel, “under the roots of the ocean.” She is called “the woman-fiend,” “fiercest of the enchanter brood.” She had heard that one of the race of Hodei´rah (3 syl.) would be their destruction, so Okba was sent forth to cut off the whole race. He succeeded in killing eight, but one named Thal´aba escaped. Abdaldar was chosen to hunt him up and kill him. He found the boy in an Arab’s tent, and raised the dagger, but ere the blow fell, the murderer himself was killed by the death-angel.—Southey, Thalaba, the Destroyer (1797).

Khid´ir or Chidder, the tutelary god of voyagers; his brother Elias is the tutelary god of travellers. The two brothers meet once a year at Mina, near Mecca.—Mouradgea 263d’Ohsson, History of the Ottoman Empire (1821).

Khorassan (The Veiled Prophet of), Mokanna, a prophet-chief, who wore a veil under pretence of shading the dazzling light of his countenance. The truth is, he had lost an eye, and his face was otherwise disfigured in battle. Mokanna assumed to be a god, and maintained that he had been Adam, Noah, and other representative men. When the Sultan Mahadi environed him so that escape was impossible, the prophet poisoned all his followers at a banquet, and then threw himself into a burning acid, which wholly consumed his body.—T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (“The Veiled Prophet, etc.,” 1817).

Kifri, a giant and enchanter, the impersonation of atheism and blasphemy. After some frightful blasphemies, he hurls into the air a huge rock, which falls on himself and kills him, “for self-murderers are generally infidels or atheists.”—Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii (“The Enchanter’s Tale,” vi., 1751).

Kildare (2 syl.), famous for the fire of St. Bridget, which was never allowed to go out. St. Bridget returns every twentieth year to tend to the fire herself. Part of the chapel of St. Bridget still remains, and is called “The Fire-house.”

Like the bright lamp that shone in Kildare’s holy fane,

And burned through long ages of darkness and storm.

T.Moore, Irish Melodies, iii. (“Erin, O Erin!” 1814).

Apud Kildariam occurrit ignis Sanctæ Brigidæ quern inextinguebilem vocant.—Giraldus Cambrensis, Hibernia, ii. 34 (1187).

Kilderkin (Ned), keeper of an eating-house at Greenwich.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Kilian (St.), an Irish missionary who suffered martyrdom at Würzburg, in 689. A cathedral was erected to his memory in the eighth century.

Kilian of Kersberg, the squire of Sir Archibald von Hagenbach.—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Killing no Murder. Carpentier de Marigny, the enemy of Mazarin, issued, in 1658, a tract entitled Tuer un Tyran n’est par un Crime.

Sexby wrote a tract entitled Killing no Murder, generally thought to have been the production of William Allan. The object of the book was to show that it would be no crime to murder Cromwell.

Kilmansegg (Miss), an heiress with great expectations, and an artificial leg of solid gold.—Thomas Hood, A Golden Legend (1828).

King, a title of sovereignty or honor. At one time, crown tenants were called kings or dukes, at the option of the sovereign; thus, Frederick Barbarossa made one of his brothers a king-vassal, and another a duke-vassal, simply by the investiture of a sword. In English history, the lord of Man was styled “king;” so was the lord of the Isle of Wight, and the lord of Connaught, as clearly appears in the grants of John and Henry III. Several examples might be quoted of earls conferring the title of “king” on their vassals.—See Selden’s Titles of Honor, iii. (1614).

King (Arthur). See Arthur.

264King (Like a). When Porus, the Indian prince, was taken prisoner, Alexander asked him how he expected to be treated. “Like a king,” he replied; and Alexander made him his friend.

King (The Factory), Richard Oastler, of Bradford, the successful advocate of the “Ten Hours Bill” (1789-1861).

King (The Railway), George Hudson; so called by the Rev. Sydney Smith (1800-1871).

King (The Red), the king of Persia; so called from his red turban.

Credo ut Persam nunc propter rubea tegumenta capitis Rubeum Caput vocant, ita reges Moscoviæ, propter alba tegumenta Albos Reges appellari.—Sigismund.

King (The Snow), Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, killed in the “Thirty Years’ War” at the battle of Lützen, 1632.

In Vienna he was called “The Snow King” in derision. Like a snow-ball, he was kept together by the cold, but as he approached a warmer soil he melted away and disappeared.—Dr. Crichton, Scandinavia, ii. 61 (1838).

King (The White). The ancient kings of Muscovy were so called from the white robe which they used to wear. Solomon wore a white robe; hence our Lord, speaking of the lilies of the field, says that “Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these” (Luke xii. 27).

Principem Moscoviæ Album Regem nuncupant.... Credo ut Persam nunc propter rubea tegumenta capitis Rubeum Caput vocant, ita reges Moscoviæ, propter alba tegumenta Albos Reges appellari.—Sigismund.

⁂ Another explanation may be suggested; Muscovy was called “White Russia,” as Poland was called “Black Russia.”

King (Tom), “the choice spirit of the day for a quiz, a hoax, a joke, a jest, a song, a dance, a race, or a row. A jolly dog, a rare blood, a prime buck, rum soul, and funny fellow.” He drives M. Morbleu, a French barber, living in the Seven Dials, London, almost out of his senses by inquiring over and over again for Mr. Thompson.—Moncrieff, Mon. Tonson.

(There is a Mon. Tonson by Taylor, 1768).

King (surnamed the Affable), Charles VIII. of France (1470, 1483-1498).

King (surnamed the Amorous), Philippe I. of France (1052, 1060-1108).

King (surnamed Augustus), Philippe II. of France. So called because he was born in August (1165, 1180-1223).

Sigismund II. of Poland; born in the month of August (1520, 1548-1572).

King (surnamed the Avenger), Alphonso XI. of Leon and Castile (1310, 1327-1350).

King (surnamed the Bad), Charles II. of Navarre (1332, 1349-1387).

William I. of the Two Sicilies (*, 1154-1166).

King (surnamed the Bald), Charles I., la Chauve of France (823, 875-877).

King (surnamed Barbarossa or Red Beard), Frederick II. of Germany (1121, 1152-1190).

King (surnamed the Battler), Alphonso I. of Aragon (*, 1104-1135).

King (surnamed the Bearded), Baldwin IV., earl of Flanders, The Handsome Beard (1160-1186).

Constantine IV. Pogonātus, emperor of Rome (648, 668-685).

265King (surnamed Beauclerk), Henry I. of England (1068, 1100-1135).

King (surnamed the Bellicose), Henri II. le Belliqueux (1519, 1547-1559).

King (surnamed the Black), Heinrich III. of Germany (1017, 1046-1056).

King (surnamed the Bold), Boleslaus II. of Poland (1042, 1058-1090).

King (surnamed Bomba), Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies (1751, 1759-1825).

Francis II., Bombalīno (1860).

King (surnamed the Brave), Alphonso VI. of Leon and Castile (1030, 1065-1109).

Alphonso IV. of Portugal (1290, 1324-1357).

King (surnamed the Catholic), Alphonso I. of Asturias (693, 739-757).

Ferdinand II. of Aragon (1452, 1474-1516).

Isabella, queen of Castile (1450, 1474-1504).

King (surnamed the Ceremonious), Peter IV. of Aragon (1317, 1336-1387).

King (surnamed the Chaste), Alphonso II. of Leon, etc. (758, 791-842).

King (surnamed the Confessor), Edward the Confessor, of England (1004, 1042-1066).

King (surnamed the Conqueror), Alexander the Great, Conqueror of the World (B.C. 356, 336-323).

Alphonso of Portugal (1094, 1137-1185).

Aurungzebe the Great, Alemgir, the Great Mogul (1618, 1659-1707).

Francisco Pizarro, Conquistador, of Peru (1475-1541).

James I. of Aragon (1206, 1213-1276).

Othman or Osman I. of Turkey (1259, 1299-1326).

William I. of England (1027, 1066-1087).

King (surnamed the Cruel), Pedro of Castile (1334, 1359-1360).

Pedro of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367).

King (surnamed the Desired), Louis XVIII. of France (1755, 1814-1824).

King (surnamed the Fair), Charles IV. (1294, 1322-1326).

Philippe IV. le Bel, of France (1268, 1285-1314).

King (surnamed the Fat), Alphonso II. of Portugal (1185, 1212-1223).

Charles III. of France (832, 884-888).

Louis VI., le Gros, of France (1078, 1108-1137).

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030).

King (surnamed the Father of Letters), François I. of France (1494, 1515-1547).

King (surnamed the Father of His People), Louis XII. of France (1462, 1498-1515).

Christian III. of Denmark (1502, 1534-1559).

King (surnamed the Fearless), John, duke of Burgundy, Sanspeur (1371-1419). Richard I., Sanspeur, duke of Normandy (932, 942-996).

King (surnamed the Fierce), Alexander I. of Scotland (*, 1107-1124).

King (surnamed the Gallant), an Italian, Re Galantuomo, Victor Emmanuel of Italy (1820, 1849-1878).

King (surnamed the Good), Alphonso VIII. of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158-1214).

266John II. of France, le Bon (1319, 1350-1364).

John III., duke of Brittany (1286, 1312-1341).

John V. duke of Brittany (1388, 1399-1442).

Philippe III., le Bon, duke of Burgundy (1396, 1419, 1467).

Réné, titular king of Naples (1409-1452).

Richard II., duke of Normandy (*, 996-1026.)

William II. of the Two Sicilies (*, 1166-1189).

King (surnamed the great), Abbas I. of Persia (1557, 1585-1628).

Alexander of Macedon (B.C. 356, 340-323).

Alfred of England (849, 871-901).

Alphonso III. of Asturias, etc. (848, 866-912).

Alphonso V., count of Savoy (1249, 1285-1323).

Boleslaus I. of Poland (*, 992-1025).

Canute of England (995, 1014-1035).

Casimir III. of Poland (1309, 1333-1370).

Charlemagne (742, 768-814).

Charles III., duke of Lorraine (1543, 1547-1608).

Charles Emmanuel I., duke of Savoy (1562, 1580-1630).

Constantine I., emperor of Rome (272, 306-337).

Cosmo de’ Medici, grand duke of Tuscany (1519, 1537-1574).

Ferdinand I. of Castile, etc., (*, 1034-1065).

Frederick II. of Prussia (1712, 1740-1786).

Frederick William, the Great Elector (1620, 1640-1688).

Gregory I., pope (544, 590-604).

Henri IV. of France (1553, 1589-1610).

Herod I. of the Jews (b.c. 73, 47-4).

Herod Agrippa I., the tetrarch (*, *-44).

Hiao-wen-tee of China (B.C. 206, 179-157).

John II. of Portugal (1455, 1481-1495).

Justinian I., emperor of the East (483, 527-565).

Khosrou or Chosroës I. of Persia (*, 531-579).

Leo I., pope (390, 440-461).

Louis XIV. of France (1638, 1643-1715).

Ludwig of Hungary (1326, 1342-1381).

Mahomet II. of Turkey (1430, 1451-1481).

Matteo Visconti, lord of Milan (1250, 1295-1322).

Maximilian, duke of Bavaria (1573-1651).

Napoleon I. of France (1769, 1804-1814, died 1821).

Nicholas I., pope (*, 858-867).

Otto I. of Germany (912, 936-973).

Pedro III. of Aragon (1239, 1276-1285).

Peter I. of Russia (1672, 1689-1725).

Sapor II. of Persia (310, 308-380).

Sigismund I. of Poland (1466, 1506-1548).

Theoderic of the Ostrogoths (454, 475-526).

Theodosius I., emperor (346, 378-395).

Vladimir, grand-duke of Russia (*, 973-1014).

Waldemar I. of Denmark (1131, 1157-1181).

King (surnamed the Illustrious), Albert V., emperor of Austria (1398, 1404-1439).

Jam-schid of Persia (B.C. 840-800).

Kien-lông of China (1736-1796).

Nicomedês II., Epiphanes, of Bithynia (*, 149-191).

Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, of Egypt (B.C. 210, 205-181).

267King (surnamed the Infant), Ludwig IV. of Germany (893, 900-911).

Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002).

King (surnamed Ironside), Edmund II. of England (989, 1016-1017).

Frederick II., elector of Brandenburg was called “Iron Tooth” (1657, 1688-1713).

Nicholas of Russia was called “The Iron Emperor” (1796, 1826-1852).

King (surnamed the Just), Baharam of Persia (276-296).

Casimir II. of Poland (1117, 1177-1194).

Ferdinand I. of Aragon (1373, 1412-1416).

Haroun-al-Raschid (765, 786-808).

James II. of Aragon (1261, 1285-1327).

Khosrou or Chosroës I. of Persia (*, 531-579).

Louis XIII. of France (1601, 1610-1643).

Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367).

King (surnamed the Lame), Agesilaös of Sparta (B.C. 444, 398-360398-360).

Albert II. of Austria (1289, 1330-1358), duke of Austria.

Charles II. of Naples (1248, 1289-1309).

Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002-1024).

King (surnamed the Lion), Alep Arslan (the Valiant Lion), son of Togrul Beg, the Perso-Turkish monarch (*, 1063-1072).

Arioch, called “The Lion King of Assyria”Assyria” (B.C. 1927-1897).

Damelowiez, prince of Haliez, who founded Lemburg (“the lion city” in 1259.)

Gustavus Adolphus, called “The Lion of the North” (1594, 1611-1632).

Heinrich, duke of Bavaria and Saxony (1129-1195).

Louis VIII. of France (1187, 1223-1226).

Richard I. of England, Cœur de Lion (1157, 1189-1199).

William of Scotland; so called because he chose for his cognizance a red lion rampant (*, 1165-1214).

King (surnamed the Little), Charles III. of Naples (1345, 1381-1386).

King, (surnamed the Long-legged), Edward I., Longshanks, of England (1239, 1272-1307).

Philippe V., le Long, of France (1294, 1317-1322).

King (surnamed the Magnanimous), Alphonso V. of Aragon and Naples (1385, 1416-1458).

Khosrou or Chosroës of Persia, Noushirwan (*, 531-579).

King (surnamed the Magnificent), Soliman I., sultan (1493, 1520-1566).

King (surnamed the Martyr), Charles I. of England (1600, 1625-1649).

Edward the Martyr, of England (961, 975-979).

Louis XVI. of France (1754, 1774-1793).

Martin I., pope (*, 649-655).

King (surnamed the Minion), Henri III. of France (1551, 1574-1589).

King (surnamed the Noble), Alphonso VIII., of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158-1214).

Charles III. of Navarre (*, 1387-1425).

Soliman, called Tchelibi, Turkish prince at Adrianople (died 1410).

King (surnamed the Pacific), Amadeus VIII., count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1449).

268Frederick III. of Germany (1415, 1440-1493).

Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093).

King (surnamed the Patient), Albert IV., duke of Austria (1377, 1395-1404).

King (surnamed the Philosopher), Frederick the Great, called “The Philosopher of Sans Souci” (1712, 1740-1786).

Leo VI., emperor of the East (866, 886-911).

Marcus Aurelius Antonīnus of Rome (121, 161-180).

King (surnamed the Pious), Edward VI. of England (1537, 1547-1553).

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161).

Ernst I., founder of the house of Gotha (1601-1674).

Robert, le Pieux, of France (971, 996-1031).

King, (surnamed the Prodigal), Albert VI. of Austria (1418, 1439-1463).

King, (surnamed(surnamed the Rash), Charles, le Temeraire, of Burgundy (1433, 1467-1477), duke.

King (surnamed the Red), Amadeus VII., count of Savoy (1360, 1383-1391).

Otto II. of Germany (955, 973-983).

William II., Rufus, of England (1057, 1087-1100).

King (surnamed Red Beard), Frederick I., kaiser of Germany, called Barbarossa (1121, 1152-1190).

Horush or Horuc, sultan of Algiers (1474, 1516-1518).

Khair Eddin, sultan of Algiers (*, 1518-1546).

King (surnamed the Saint), Boniface I., pope (*, 418-422418-422).

Boniface IV., pope (*, 607-615).

Celestine I., pope (*, 422-432).

Celestine V., pope (1215, 1294-1296).

Charles the Good, count of Flanders (*, 1119-1127).

David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153).

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1160).

Ethelred I. of Wessex (*, 866-871).

Eugenius I., pope (*, 654-657).

Felix I., pope (*, 269-274).

Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon (1200, 1217-1252).

Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002-1024).

Julius I., pope (*, 337-352).

Kâng-he of China (*, 1661-1722).

Ladislaus I. of Hungary (1041, 1077-1095).

Leo IX., pope (1002, 1049-1054).

Louis IX., of France (1215, 1226-1270).

Martin I., pope (*, 649-655).

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030).

Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038).

King (surnamed the Salic), Conrad II. of Germany (*, 1024-1039).

King (surnamed the Severe), Peter I. of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367).

King (surnamed the Silent), Anastasius I., emperor of the East (430, 491-518).

William I., Stadtholder (1533, 1544-1584).

King (surnamed the Simple), Charles III. of France (879, 893-929).

King (surnamed the Stammerer), Louis II., le Bégue, of France (846, 877-879).

Michael II., emperor of the East (*, 820-829).

King (surnamed the Terrible), Ivan II. of Russia (1529, 1533-1584).

269King (surnamed the Thunderbolt). Ptolemy, king of Macedon, eldest son of Ptolemy Sotêr I., was so called from his great impetuosity (B.C.*, 285-279).

King (surnamed the Thunderer), Stephen II. of Hungary (1100, 1114-1131).

King (surnamed the Unready), Ethelred II. of England (*, 978-1016). Unready, in this case, does not mean unprepared, but unwise, lacking rede (“wisdom or counsel”).

King (surnamed the Valiant), John IV., duke of Brittany (1338, 1364-1399).

King (surnamed the Victorious), Charles VII. of France (1403, 1422-1461).

King (surnamed the Well-beloved), Charles VI. of France (1368, 1380-1422).

Louis XV. of France (1710, 1715-1774).

King (surnamed the Wise), Albert II., duke of Austria (1289, 1330-1358).

Alphonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 1252-1284).

Charles V. of France, le Sage (1337, 1364-1380).

Che-tsou of China (*, 1278-1295).

Frederick, elector of Saxony (1463, 1544-1554).

James I., Solomon, of England (1566, 1603-1625).

John V., duke of Brittany (1389, 1399-1442).

King (surnamed the Wonder of the World), Frederick II. of Germany (1194, 1215-1250).1215-1250).

Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002).

King (surnamed the Young), Dagobert II. of France (652, 656-679).

Leo II., pope (470, 474-474).

Louis VII., le Jeune, of France (1120, 1137-11801137-1180).

Ludwig II. of Germany (822, 855-875).

Romanus II., emperor of the East (939, 959-963).

King Franco´ni, Joachim Murat; so called because his dress was so exceedingly showy that he reminded one of the fine dresses of Franconi, the mountebank (1767-1815).

King Log, a roi fainéant, an allusion to Æsop’s fable of the Frogs asking for a King. Jupiter threw a log into the pond for their first king, and a stork for their second. The one was too passive, the other was a “devourer of his people.”

King Maker (The), Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, who fell in the battle of Barnet (1420-1471). So called, because when he espoused the Yorkists, Edward IV. was set up king; and when he espoused the Lancastrian side, Henry VI. was restored.

Thus fortune to his end the mighty Warwick brings,

This puissant setter-up and plucker-down of kings.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii. (1622).

King Pétaud, a king whose subjects are all his equals. The court of King Pétaud is a board where no one pays any attention to the chairman; a meeting of all talkers and no hearers. The king of the beggars is called King Pétaud, from the Latin, peto, “I beg.”

King Stork, a tyrant who devours his subjects and makes them submissive from fear. The allusion is to Æsop’s fable of the Frogs asking for a King. Jupiter first sent them a log, but they despised the 270passive thing; he then sent them a stork, who devoured them.

King and the Locusts. A king made a proclamation that, if any man would tell him a story which should last forever, he would make him his heir and son-in-law; but if anyone undertook to do so and failed, he should lose his head. After many failures, came one, and said: “A certain king seized all the corn of his kingdom, and stored it in a huge granary; but a swarm of locusts came, and a small cranny was descried, through which one locust could contrive to creep. So one locust went in, and carried off one grain of corn; and then another locust went in, and carried off another grain of corn; and then another locust went in,” etc.; and so the man went on, day after day, and week after week, “and so another locust went in, and carried off another grain of corn.” A month passed; a year passed. In six months more, the king said, “How much longer will the locusts be?” “Oh, your majesty,” said the story-teller, “they have cleared at present only a cubit, and there are many thousand cubits in the granary.” “Man, man!” cried the king; “you will drive me mad. Take my daughter, take my kingdom, take everything I have: only let me hear no more of these intolerable locusts!”—Letters from an Officer in India (edited by the Rev. S. A. Pears).

King and the Beggar. It is said that King Copethua or Cophetua of Africa fell in love with a beggar-girl, and married her. The girl’s name was Penel´ophon; called by Shakespeare Zenel´ophon (Love’s Labor’s Lost, act iv. sc. 1, 1594).

King and the Cobbler. The interview between Henry VIII. and a merry London cobbler, is the subject of one of the many popular tales in which Bluff Hal is represented as visiting an humble subject in disguise.

King of Bark, Christopher III. of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. So called because, in a time of scarcity, he had the bark of birchwood mixed with meal for food (died 1448).

King of Bath, Beau Nash, who was for fifteen years master of the ceremonies of the bath-rooms in that city, and conducted the balls with great splendor and judgment (1674-1761.)

King of England. This title was first assumed by Egbert in 828.

King of Exeter ’Change, Thomas Clark, friend of the famous Abraham Newland (1737-1817).

King of France. This title was first assumed by Louis VII. (1171). It was changed into “King of the French” by the National Assembly in 1789. Louis XVIII. resumed the title “king of France” in 1814; and Louis Phillipe again resumed the more Republican title “king of the French” (1830).

King of France. Edward III. of England assumed the title in 1337; but in 1801 it was relinquished by proclamation (time, George III.).

King of Ireland. This title was first assumed by Henry VIII. in 1542. The title previously assumed by the kings of England was “lord of Ireland.”

King of Painters, a title assumed by Parrhasĭos. Plutarch says he wore a 271purple robe and a golden crown (fl. B. C. 400).

King of Preachers, Louis Bourdaloue, a French clergyman (1632-1704).

King of Rome, a title conferred by Napoleon I. on his son the very day he was born; but he was generally called the duke of Reichstadt.

It is thought that this title was given in imitation of Charlemagne. If so, it was a blunder; Charlemagne was never “king of Rome,” but he was “patrician of Rome.” In the German empire, the heir-apparent was “king of the Romans,” not “king of Rome.” This latter title was expressly conferred on the German kings, and sometimes on their heirs, by a coronation at Milan. The German title equivalent to “dauphin,” or “prince of Wales,” was “king of the Romans.”

King of Ships, Carausius, who assumed the purple in A. D. 287, and, seizing on Britain, defeated the emperor Maximian Herculius in several naval engagements (250, 287-293).

King of Yvetot [Ev-to], a king of name only; a mockery king; one who assumes mighty honors without the wherewithal to support them. Yvetot, near Rouen, was a seigneurie, on the possessor of which Clotaire I. conferred the title of king in 534, and the title continued till the fourteenth century.

Il était un roi d’Yvetot,

Peu connu dans l’histoire;

Se levant tard, se couchant tôt,

Dormant fort bien sans gloire.

Béranger.

King of the Beggars, Bampfylde Moore Carew (1693-1770). He succeeded Claus Patch, who died 1730, and was therefore king of the beggars for forty years (1730-1770).

King of the World, the Roman emperor.

King Sat on the Rocky Brow (A). The reference is to Xerxes viewing the battle of Salmis from one of the declivitiesdeclivities of mount Ægăl´ĕos.

A king sat on the rocky brow

Which looks o’er sea-born Salamis;

And ships by thousands, lay below.

Byron, Don Juan, iii. (“The Isles of Greece,” 1820).

(“Ships by thousands” is a gross exaggeration. The original fleet was only 1,200 sail, and 400 were wrecked off the coast of Sêpias before the sea-fight of Salamis commenced, thus reducing the number to 800 at most).

Kings should Die Standing (A), Vespasian said so, and Louis XVIII. of France repeated the same conceit. Both died standing.

King’s Cave (The), opposite to Campbeltown (Argyllshire); so called because King Robert Bruce, with his retinue, lodged in it.—Statistical Account of Scotland, v. 167.

Kings. Many lines of kings have taken the name of some famous forefather or some founder of a dynasty as a titular name.—See Selden, Titles of Honor, v.

Alban kings, called Silvius.

Amalekite kings, Agag.

Bithynian kings, Nicomēdés.

Constantinopolitan kings, Constantine.

Egyptian kings, (ancient), Pharaoh.

” ” (mediæval), Ptolemy.

Indian kings, called Palibothrie (from the City of Palibothra).

Parthian kings, Ar´săcês.

272Roman emperors, Cæsar.

Servian kings, Lazar, i.e. Eleazar Bulk or Bulk-ogar, sons of Bulk.

Upsala kings, called Drott.

Royal patronymics.—Athenian, Cecrop´idæ, from Cecrops.

Danish, Skiold-ungs, from Skiold.

Persian, Achmen´-idæ, from Achmenês.

Thessalian, Aleva-dæ, from Alevas; etc., etc.

Kings of Cologne (The Three), the three Magi who came from the East to offer gifts to the infant Jesus. Their names are Melchior, Gaspar, and Belthazar. The first offered gold, symbolic of kingship; the second, frankincense, symbolic of divinity; the third, myrrh, symbolic of death, myrrh being used in embalming the dead. (See Cologne).

Kings of England. Since the Conquest, not more than three successive sovereigns have reigned without a crisis:

William I, William II., Henry I.

Stephen, usurper.

Henry II., Richard I., John.

The pope gives the crown to the dauphin.

Henry III., Edward I., Edward II.

Edward II. murdered.

Edward III., Richard II.

Richard II. deposed.

Henry IV., V., VI.

Lancaster changed to York.

Edward IV., V., Richard III.

Dynasty changed.

Henry VII., VIII., Edward VI.

Lady Jane Grey.

Mary, Elizabeth.

Dynasty changed.

James I., Charles I. Charles I. beheaded.

Charles II., James II.

James II. dethroned.

William III., Anne.

Dynasty changed.

George I., II., III.

Regency.

George IV., William IV., Victoria (indirect successions).

Kings of England. Except in one instance (that of John), we have never had a great-grandchild sovereign in direct descent. The exception is not creditable, for in John’s reign the kingdom was given away twice; his son, Henry III., was imprisoned by Leicester; and his great-grandson, Edward II., was murdered. In two other instances a grand-child has succeeded, viz., Henry VI., whose reign was a continued civil war; and Edward VI., the sickly son of Jane Seymour. Stephen was a grandchild of William I., but a usurper; Richard II. was a grandchild of Edward III., and George III. was a grandson of George II.; but their fathers did not succeed to the throne.

William I.; his sons, William II., Henry I.

Stephen (a usurper).

Henry II.; his sons, Richard I., John (discrowned).

From John, in regular succession, we have Henry III. (imprisoned), Edward I., Edward II. (murdered), Edward III.

Richard II., son of the Black Prince, and without offspring.

Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., (civil wars).

Edward IV., Edward V.

Richard III. (no offspring).

Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI.

Mary, Elizabeth (daughters of Henry VIII.).

James I., Charles I.

273Cromwell (called lord protector).

Charles II., James II. (two brothers).

William III.

Anne.

George I., George II.

George III. (great-grandson of George I., but not in direct descent), George IV.

William IV. (brother of George IV.).

Victoria (the niece of William IV. and George IV.).

Kings of England. Three seems to be a kind of ruling number in our English sovereigns. Besides the coincidences mentioned above, connected with the number, may be added the following:—(1) That of the four kings who married French princesses, three of them suffered violent deaths, viz., Edward II., Richard II., and Charles I. (2) The three longest reigns have been three threes, viz., Henry III., Edward III., and George III. (3) We have no instance, as in France, of three brothers succeeding each other.

Kings of France. The French have been singularly unfortunate in their choice of royal surnames, when designed to express anything except some personal quality, as handsome, fat, of which we cannot judge the truth. Thus, Louis VIII., a very feeble man in mind and body, was surnamed the Lion; Philippe II., whose whole conduct was overreaching and selfish, was the Magnanimous; Philippe III., the tool of Labrosse, was the Daring; Philippe VI., the most unfortunate of all the kings of France, was surnamed the Lucky; Jean, one of the worst of all the kings, was called the Good; Charles VI., an idiot, and Louis XV., a scandalous debauchee, were surnamed the Well-beloved; Henri II., a man of pleasure, wholly under the thumb of Diane de Poitiers, was called the War-like; Louis XIII., most unjust in domestic life, where alone he had any freedom of action, was called the Just; Louis XIV., a man of mere ceremony and posture, who lost battle after battle, and brought the nation to absolute bankruptcy, was surnamed the Great King. (He was little in stature, little in mind, little in all moral and physical faculties; and great only in such littlenesses as posturing, dressing, ceremony and gormandizing). And Louis XVIII., forced on the nation by conquerors, quite against the general will, was called the Desired.

Kings of France. The succession of three brothers has been singularly fatal in French monarchism. The Capetian dynasty terminated with three brothers, sons of Philippe, le Bel (viz., Louis X., Philippe V., and Charles IV.). The Valois dynasty came to an end by the succession of the three brothers, sons of Henri II. (viz., François II., Charles IX., and Henri III.). The next or Bourbon dynasty terminated in the same manner (Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and Charles X.).

After Charles IV. (the third brother of the Capetian dynasty), came Phillipe de Valois, a collateral descendant; after Henri III. (the third brother of the Valois dynasty), came Henry de Bourbon, a collateral descendant; and after Charles X. (the third brother of the Bourbon dynasty), came Louis Philippe, a collateral descendant. With the third of the third the monarchymonarchy ended.

Kings Playing with their Children.

[F1: not a paragraph line break?]The fine painting of J. D. Ingres, represents Henri IV. (of France) carrying his children pickaback, to the horror of the Spanish ambassador.

Plutarch tells us that Agesiläos was one 274day discovered riding cock-horse on a walking-stick, to please and amuse his children.

George III. was on one occasion, discovered on all fours, with one of his children riding astride his back. He is also well remembered by the painting of “George III. Playing at Ball with the Princess Amelia.”

Kingsale (Lord), allowed to wear his hat in the presence of royalty. In 1203, Hugh de Lacie treacherously seized Sir John de Courcy, lord of Kingsale, and King John condemned him to perpetual imprisonment in the Tower. When he had been there about a year, King John and Philippie Auguste of France agreed to determine certain claims by combat. It was then that John applied to de Courcy to be his champion; and, as soon as the giant knight entered the lists, the French champion ran away panic-struck. John now asked his champion what reward he could give him for his service. “Titles and estates I have enow,” said de Courcy; and then requested that, after having paid obeisance, he and his heirs might stand covered in the presence of the king, and his successors.

Lord Forester had the same right confirmed to him by Henry VIII.

John Pakington, ancestor of Lord Hampton, had a grant made him in the 20th Henry VIII. “of full liberty during his life to wear his hat in the royal presence.”

Kingship (Disqualifications for). Any personal blemish disqualified a person from being king during the semi-barbarous stage of society; thus, putting out the eyes of a prince, to disqualify him from reigning, was by no means uncommon. It will be remembered that Hubert designed to put out the eyes of Prince Arthur with this object. Witi´za, the Vizigoth, put out the eyes of Theodofred, “inhabilitandole pāra la monarchia,” says Ferraras. When Albuquerque took possession of Ormuz, he deposed fifteen kings of Portugal, and, instead of killing them, put out their eyes.

Yorwerth, son of Owen Gwynedh, was set aside from the Welsh throne because he had a broken nose.

Count Oliba of Barcelona was set aside because he could not speak till he had stamped thrice with his foot, like a goat.

The son of Henry V. was to be received as king of France, only on condition that his body was without defect, and was not stunted.—Monstrelet, Chroniques, v. 190 (1512).(1512).

Un Conde de Gallicia que fuera valiado,

Pelayo avie nombre, ome fo desforzado,

Perdio la vision, andaba embargado,

Ca ome que non vede, nom debie seer nado.

Gonzalez de Berceo, S. Dom, 388 (died 1266).

Kinmont Willie, William Armstrong of Kinmonth. This notorious freebooter, who lived in the part latter of the sixteenth century, is the hero of a famous Scotch ballad.

Kinney (Elder). A good man, married to a pure, good woman. They work together in their home and parish, a benefaction to one another and to their little world, until the husband and pastor is called home by a fatal accident. His wife’s hair turns white under the shock, yet she rallies her strong heart to read her husband’s sermons to his people until they will hear of no other spiritual leader.—Draxy Miller’s Dowry, Saxe Holm Stories (1886).

Kirk (Mr. John), foreman of the jury 275on Effie Deans’s trial.—Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

Kirkcaldy (Scotland), a corruption of Kirk-Culdee, one of the churches founded in 563 by St. Colomb, and his twelve brethren, when they established the Culdee institutions. The doctrines, discipline and government of the Culdees resembled Presbyterianism.

Kirkrapine (3 syl.), a sturdy thief, “wont to rob churches of their ornaments and poor men’s boxes.” All he could lay hands on he brought to the hut of Abessa, daughter of Corce´ca. While Una was in the hut, Kirkrapine knocked at the door, and as it was not immediately opened, knocked it down; whereupon the lion sprang on him, “under his lordly foot did him suppress,” and then “rent him in thousand pieces small.”

The meaning is that popery was reformed by the British lion, which slew Kirkrapine or put a stop to the traffic in spiritual matters. Una represents truth of the Reformed Church.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. 3 (1590).

Kit [Nubbles], the lad employed to wait on little Nell, and do all sorts of odd jobs at the “curiosity shop” for her grandfather. He generally begins his sentences with “Why then.” Thus, “’Twas a long way, wasn’t it, Kit!” “Why then, it was a goodish stretch,” returned Kit. “Did you find the house easily?” “Why then, not over and above,” said Kit. “Of course you have come back hungry?” “Why then, I do think I am rather so.” When the “curiosity shop” was broken up by Quilp, Kit took service under Mr. Garland, Abel Cottage, Finchley.

Kit Carson’s Ride tells how he, his newly-made bride, and Revels, his comrade, rode before a prairie fire, entangled in a herd of frightened, savage buffaloes, until Revels dropped dead, and the red flames snatched his bride from him, and his horse bore him senseless, into safety.

“Sell Paché! You buy him! A bag full of gold

You show him! Tell of him the tale I have told!

Why he bore me through fire, is blind and is old.”

Joaquin Miller, Songs of the Sierras (1871).

Kite (Sergeant), the “recruiting officer.” He describes his own character thus:

“I was born a gypsy, and bred among that crew till I was 10 years old; there I learnt canting and lying. I was bought from my mother by a certain nobleman for three pistoles, who ... made me his page; there I learnt impudence and pimping. Being turned off for wearing my lord’s linen, and drinking my lady’s ratafia, I turned bailiff’s follower; there I learnt bullying and swearing. I at last got into the army, and there I learnt ... drinking. So that ... the whole sum is: canting, lying, impudence, pimping, bullying, swearing, drinking, and a halberd.”—G. Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer, iii. 1 (1705).

Sergeant Kite is an original picture of low life and humor, rarely surpassed.—R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 599.

The original “Sergeant Kite” was R. Eastcourt (1668-1713).

Kitely (2 syl.), a rich City merchant, extremely jealous of his wife.—Ben Jonson, Every Man in His Humor (1598).

Kit-Kat Club, held in Shire Lane, now called Lower Serle’s Place (London). The members were whig “patriots” who, at the end of William III.’s reign, met to secure the Protestant succession. Joseph Addison, Steele, Congreve, Garth, Vanbrugh, Mainwaring, Walpole, Pulteney, etc., were members.

276Kitt Henshaw, boatman to Sir Patrick Charteris, of Kidfauns, provost of Perth.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Kittlecourt (Sir Thomas), M.P., neighbor of the laird of Ellangowan.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Kitty, one of the servants of Mr. Peregrine Lovel. She spoke French like a native, because she was once “a half boarder at Chelsea.” Being asked if she had read Shakespeare: “Shikspur, Shikspur!” she replied. “Who wrote it? No, I never read that book; but I promise to read it over one afternoon or other.”—Rev. James Townley, High Life Below Stairs (1759).

Kitty, younger daughter of Sir David and Lady Dunder, of Dunder Hall, near Dover. She is young, wild, and of exuberant spirits, “her mind full of fun, her eyes full of fire, her head full of novels, and her heart full of love.” Kitty fell in love with Random, at Calais, and agreed to elope with him, but the fugitives were detected by Sir David during their preparations for flight, and, to prevent scandal, the marriage was sanctioned by the parents, and duly solemnized at Dunder Hall.—G. Colman, Ways and Means (1788).

Kitty Ellison. Young woman from Eriecreek, who travels up the Saguenay, and into Canada, with Boston cousins, and meets en route Mr. Arbuton, a Bostonian of the Bostonians. He cannot help loving her, and incidentally saves her life, yet is ashamed of her plain travelling-gown when they encountered certain Boston women. Kitty sees it, and proudly dismisses him.

“I couldn’t alter both our whole lives or make myself over again, and you couldn’t change yourself. Perhaps you would try, and I know I would, but it would be a wretched failure and disappointment as long as we lived.”—W. D. Howells, A Chance Acquaintance (1873).

Kitty Pry, the waiting-maid of Melissa. Very impertinent, very inquisitive, and very free in her tongue. She has a partiality to Timothy Sharp, “the lying valet.”—Garrick, The Lying Valet (1741).

Kitty Willis, a loose woman, employed by Saville to attend a masquerade in the same costume as Lady Francis, in order to dupe Courtall.—Mrs. Cowley, The Belles’ Stratagem (1780).

Klabot´ermann, a ship-kobold of the Baltic, sometimes heard, but rarely seen. Those who have seen him say he sits on the bowsprit of a phantom ship, called Carmilhan, dressed in yellow, wearing a night-cap, and smoking a cutty pipe.

Kläs (Kaiser), a nickname given to Napoleon I. (1769, 1804-1814, 1821).

Hort mâl lüd, en bitgen still,

Hort wat ick vertellen will,

Van den gröten Kaiser Kläs,

Dat wär mal en fixen Bäs,

Ded von Korsika her tën

Wall de welt mal recht besehm.

Helena de Jumfer is

Nu sîn Brüt, sin Paradis;

Kläs geit mit ër op de Jagd

Drömt nich mehr von krieg un Schlacht,

Un het he mâl Langewil

Schleit he Rötten d’ôt mil’n Bil.

Kaiser Kläs.

Klaus (Doctor), hero and title of a comedy by Herr Adolph l’Arronge (1878). Dr. Klaus is a gruff, but noble-minded and kind-hearted man, whose niece (a rich jeweller’s daughter) has married a poor nobleman of such extravagant notions that the wife’s property is soon dissipated; the young spendthrift is reformed. The 277doctor has a coachman, who invades his master’s province, and undertakes to cure a sick peasant.

Klaus (Peter), the prototype of Rip van Winkle. Klaus [Klows] is a goatherd of Sittendorf, who was one day accosted by a young man, who beckoned him to follow. Peter obeyed, and was led into a deep dell, where he found twelve knights playing skittles, no one of whom uttered a word. Gazing around, he noticed a can of wine, and, drinking some of its contents, was overpowered with sleep. When he awoke, he was amazed at the height of the grass, and when he entered the village everything seemed strange to him. One or two companions encountered him, but those whom he knew as boys were grown middle-aged men, and those whom he knew as middle-aged were gray-beards. After much perplexity he discovered he had been asleep for twenty years (See Sleepers).

Your Epimenidês, your somnolent Peter Klaus, since named “Rip van Winkle.”—T Carlyle.

Kleiner (General), governor of Prague, brave as a lion, but tender-hearted as a girl. It was Kleiner who rescued the infant daughter of Mahldenau at the siege of Magdeburg. A soldier seized the infant’s nurse, but Kleiner smote him down, saved the child, and brought it up as his own daughter. Mahldenau being imprisoned in Prague as a spy, Meeta, his daughter, came to Prague to beg for his pardon, and it then came to light that the governor’s adopted daughter was Meeta’s sister.—S. Knowles, The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838).

Knag (Miss), forewoman of Mde. Mantalini, milliner, near Cavendish Square, London. After doting on Kate Nickleby for three whole days, this spiteful creature makes up her mind to hate her for ever.—C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, xviii. (1838).

Knickerbocker (Diedrich), nom de plume of Washington Irving, in his History of New York (1809).

Knight of Arts and Industry, the hero of Thomson’s Castle of Indolence (canto ii. 7-13, 1748).

Knight of La Mancha, Don Quixote de la Mancha, the hero of Cervantes’ novel called Don Quixote, etc. (1605-1615).

Knight of the Blade, a bully; so called because when swords were worn, a bully was for ever asserting his opinions, by an appeal to his sword.

Knight of the Ebon Spear, Britŏmart. In the great tournament she “sends Sir Artegal over his horse’s tail,” then disposes of Cambel, Tri´amond, Blan´damour, and several others in the same summary way, for “no man could bide her enchanted spear.”—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iv. 4 (1596).

Knight of the Fatal Sword, Emedōrous of Grana´da. Known for his love of the incomparable Alzay´da.

“Sir,” said the lady, “your name is so celebrated in the world, that I am persuaded nothing is impossible for your arm to execute.”—Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“The Knights-Errant,” 1682).

Knight of the Invincible Sword. So Am´adis de Gaul styled himself.—Vasco de Lobeira, Amadis de Gaul (fourteenth century).

Knight of the Leopard. David, earl of Huntingdon, prince royal of Scotland, 278assumed the name and disguise of Sir Kenneth, “Knight of the Leopard,” in the crusade.—Sir. W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Knight of the Lions, the appellation assumed by Don Quixote after his attack upon the van containing two lions sent by the general of Oran as a present to the king of Spain.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 17 (1615).

Knight of the Pestle, an apothecary or druggist.

Knight of the Post, one who haunted the purlieus of the courts, ready to be hired to swear anything. So called because these mercenaries hung about the post to which the sheriffs affixed their announcements.

I’ll be no knight of the post, to sell my soul for a bribe;

Tho’ all my fortunes be crossed, yet I scorn the cheater’s tribe.

Ragged and Torn and True (a ballad).

Also a man in the pillory, or one that has been publicly tied to a post and whipped.

Knight of the Rainbow, a footman; so called from his gorgeous raiment.

Knight of the Roads, a foot-pad or highwayman; so termed by a pun on the military order entitled “The Knights of Rhodes.”

Knight of the Rueful Countenance, Don Quixote de la Mancha, the hero of Cervantes’ novel, is so called by Sancho Panza, his squire.

Knight of the Shears, a tailor. Shires (counties), pronounced shears, gives birth to the pun.

Knight of the Sun, Almanzor, prince of Tunis. So called because the sun was the device he bore on his shield.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“Princess Zamea,” 1682).

Knight of the Swan, Lohengrin, son of Parsival. He went to Brabant in a ship drawn by a swan. Here he liberated the Princess Elsa, who was a captive, and then married her, but declined to tell his name. After a time he joined an expedition against the Hungarians, and, after performing miracles of valor, returned to Brabant covered with glory. Some of Elsa’s friends laughed at her for not knowing her husband’s name, so she implored him to tell her of his family; but no sooner was the question asked than the white swan re-appeared and conveyed him away.—Wolfram von Eschenbach (a minnesinger), Lohengrin (thirteenth century).

Knight of the Tomb (The), Sir James Douglas, usually called “The Black Douglas.”—Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous.Dangerous. In the episode of Argalus and Parthenia in Sidney’s Arcadia. Parthenia, to avenge her husband’s death, disguises herself as “The Knight of the Tomb.”

Knight of the White Moon, the title assumed by Samson Carrasco, when he tilted with Don Quixote, on the condition that if the don were worsted in the encounter he should quit knight-errantry and live peaceably at home for twelve months.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iv. 12-14 (1615).

Knight of the Woeful Countenance, Don Quixote de la Mancha.

Knight with Two Swords, Sir Balin, le Savage, brother of Sir Balan.—Sir T. 279Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 27, 33 (1470).

Knights. The three bravest of King Arthur’s knights were Sir Launcelot du Lac, Sir Tristram de Lionês or Lyonês and Sir Lamorake de Galis (i. e. Wales).—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 132 (1470).

⁂ The complement of the knights of the Round Table was 150 (ditto, i. 120). But in Lancelot of the Lake, ii. 81, they are said to have amounted to 250.

Knights (’Prentice), a secret society established to avenge the wrongs of apprentices on their “tyrant masters.” Mr. Sim Tappertit was captain of this “noble association,” and their meetings were held in a cellar in Stagg’s house, in the Barbican. The name was afterwards changed into “The United Bull-dogs,” and the members joined the anti-popery rout of Lord George Gordon.—C. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge, viii. (1841).

Knights of Alcan´tara, a military order of Spain, which took its name from the city of Alcantara, in Estremadura. These knights were previously called “Knights of the Pear Tree,” and subsequently “Knights of St. Julian.” The order was founded in 1156 for the defence of Estremadura against the Moors. In 1197 Pope Celestine III. raised it to the rank of a religious order of knighthood.

Knights of Calatra´va, a military order of Spain, instituted by Sancho III. of Castile. When Sancho took the strong fort of Calatrava from the Moors, he gave it to the Knights Templars, who, wanting courage to defend it, returned it to the king again. Then Don Reymond, of the Cistercian order, with several cavelleros of quality, volunteered to defend the fort, whereupon the king constituted them “Knights of Calatrava.”

Knights of Christian Charity, instituted by Henri III. of France, for the benefit of poor military officers and maimed soldiers. This order was founded at the same time as that of the “Holy Ghost,” which was meant for princes and men of distinction. The order was completed by Henri IV., and resembled our “Poor Knights of Windsor,” now called “The Military Knights of Windsor.”

Knights of Malta, otherwise called “Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem,” a religious military order, whose residence was in the island of Malta. Some time before the journey of Godfrey of Bouillon into the Holy Land, some Neapolitan merchants built a house for those of their countrymen who came thither on pilgrimage. Afterwards they built a church to St. John, and an hospital for the sick, whence they took the name of “Hospitallers.” In 1104 the order became military, and changed the term “Hospitallers” into that of “Knights Hospitallers.” In 1310 they took Rhodes, and the order was then called “The Knights of Rhodes.” In 1523 they were expelled from Rhodes by the Turks, and took up their residence in Malta.

Knights of Montesa, a Spanish order of knighthood, instituted by James II. of Aragon, in 1317.

Knights of Nova Scotia, in the West Indies, created by James I. of Great Britain. These knights wore a ribbon of an orange tawny color.

Knights of Our Lady of Mount 280Carmel (Chevaliers de l’Ordre de Notre Dame du Mont Carmel), instituted by Henri IV. of France, in 1607, and consisting of a hundred French gentlemen.

N. B.—These knights must not be confounded with the Carmelites or L’Ordre des Carmes, founded by Bertholde, count of Limoges, in 1156; said by legend to have been founded by the prophet Elijah, and to have been revived by the Virgin Mary. The religious house of Carmel was founded in 400 by John, patriarch of Jerusalem, in honor of Elijah, and this gave rise to the legend.

Knights of Rhodes. The “Knights of Malta” were so called between 1310 and 1523. (See Knights of Malta).

Knights of St. Andrew, instituted by Peter the Great, of Moscovy, in 1698. Their badge is a gold medal, having St. Andrew’s cross on one side, with these words, Cazar Pierre monarque de tout le Russie.

Knights of St. Genette (Chevaliers de l’Ordre de St Genette), the most ancient order of knighthood in France, instituted by Charles Martel, after his victory over the Saracens, in 782, where a vast number of genets, like Spanish cats (civet cats), were found in the enemy’s camp.

Knights of St. George. There are several orders so called:

1. St. George of Alfama, founded by the kings of Aragon.

2. St. George of Austria and Corinthia; instituted by the Emperor Frederick III., first archduke of Austria.

3. Another founded by the same emperor in 1470, to guard the frontiers of Bohemia and Hungary against the Turks.

4. St. George, generally called “Knights of the Garter” (q. v.).

5. An order in the old republic of Genoa.