PREFACE. (continued 12)

342⁂ Tennyson has a poem called The Lotos-Eaters, a set of islanders who live in a dreamy idleness, weary of life and regardless of all its stirring events.

Louis, duc d’Orléans.—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Louis de Bourbon, the prince-bishop of Liège [Le.age].—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Louis IX.. The sum of the figures which designate the birth-date of this king will give his titular number. Thus, he was born in 1215, the sum of which figures is 9. This is true of several other kings. This discovery might form an occasional diversion on a dull evening. (See Louis XIV. and XVIII.).

Louis XI., of France, introduced by Sir W. Scott in two novels, Quentin Durward and Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Crafty, ambitious and cruel. He was the first monarch to establish post-offices in France (1435-1483).

⁂ In Quentin Durward he appears first disguised as Maitre Pierre, a merchant.

Louis XIII., of France, “infirm in health, in mind more feeble, and Richelieu’s plaything.”—Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839).

Louis XIV. It is rather remarkable that the number 14 is obtained by adding together the figures of his age at death, the figures which make the date of his coronation, and the figures of the date of his death. For example:

Age 77, which added together = 14.

Crowned 1643, which added together = 14.

Died 1715, which added together = 14.

Louis XIV. and La Vallière. Louis XIV. fell in love with La Vallière, a young lady in the queen’s train. He overheard the ladies chatting. One said, “How handsome looks the duke de Guiche to-night?” Another said, “Well to my taste, the graceful Grammont bears the bell from all.” A third remarked, “But then that charming Lauzun has so much wit.” But La Vallière said, “I scarcely marked them. When the king is by, who can have eyes, or ears, or thought for others?” and when the others chaffed her, she replied:

Who spoke of love?

The sunflower, gazing on the lord of heaven,

Asks but its sun to shine. Who spoke of love?

And who would wish the bright and lofty Louis

To stoop from glory?

Act i. 5.

Louis degraded this ethereal spirit into a “soiled dove,” and when she fled to a convent to quiet remorse, he fetched her out and took her to Versailles. Wholly unable to appreciate such love as that of La Vallière, he discarded her for Mde. de Montespan, and bade La Vallière marry some one. She obeyed the selfish monarch in word, by taking the veil of a Carmelite nun.—Lord Lytton, The Duchess de la Vallière (1836).

Louis XIV. and his Coach. It was Lord Stair and not the duke of Chesterfield whom the Grand Monarque commended for his tact in entering the royal carriage before his majesty, when politely bidden by him so to do.

Louis XVIII., nicknamed Des-huî-tres, because he was a great feeder, like all the Bourbons, and especially fond of oysters. Of course the pun is on dixhuit (18).

As in the case of Louis IX.(q.v.), the sum of the figures which designate the birth-date of Louis XVIII. give his titular number. Thus, he was born in 1755, which added together equal 18.

343Louis Philippe, of France. It is somewhat curious that the year of his birth, or the year of the queen’s birth, or the year of his flight, added to the year of his coronation, will give the year 1848, the date of his abdication. He was born 1773, his queen was born 1782, his flight was in 1809; whence we get:

1830 1830 1830 year of coronation.

1 1 1

7 birth. 7 queen’s 8 flight.

7 8 birth. 0

3 2 9

1848 1848 1848 year of abdication.

(See Napoleon III. for a somewhat similarsimilar coincidence).

Louisa, daughter of Don Jerome, of Seville, in love with Don Antonio. Her father insists on her marrying Isaac Mendoza, a Portuguese Jew, and, as she refuses to obey him, he determines to lock her up in her chamber. In his blind rage, he makes a great mistake, for he locks up the duenna, and turns his daughter out of doors. Isaac arrives, is introduced to the locked-up lady, elopes with her, and marries her. Louisa takes refuge in St. Catherine’s Convent, and writes to her father for his consent to her marriage with the man of her choice. As Don Jerome takes it for granted she means Isaac, the Jew, he gives his consent freely. At breakfast-time it is discovered by the old man that Isaac has married the duenna, and Louisa, Don Antonio; but Don Jerome is well pleased and fully satisfied.—Sheridan, The Duenna (1775).

Mrs. Mattocks (1745-1826) was the first “Louisa.”

Louisa, daughter of Russet, bailiff to the duchess. She was engaged to Henry, a private in the king’s army. Hearing a rumor of gallantry to the disadvantage of her lover, she consented to put his love to the test by pretending that she was about to marry Simkin. When Henry heard thereof, he gave himself up as a deserter, and was condemned to death. Louisa then went to the king to explain the whole matter, and returned with the young man’s pardon just as the muffled drums began the death march.—Dibdin, The Deserter (1770).

Louise, (2 syl.), the glee-maiden.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Louise [de Lascours], wife of Ralph, captain of the Uran´ia, and mother of Martha (afterwards called Orgari´ta). Louise de Lascours sailed with her infant daughter and her husband in the Urania. Louise and the captain were drowned by the breaking up of an iceberg; but Martha was rescued by some wild Indians, who brought her up, and called her name Orgarita (“withered wheat”).—E. Stirling, Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856).

Louisiana (Rogers). Pretty, untrained daughter of a plain planter. A city woman takes a fancy to try an experiment upon her, invites her to visit her at the Springs, coaches her in etiquette and conceals her name and origin. Louisiana confides the result to the father of whom she has been ashamed:

“I was not bad quite enough to see them cast a slight on you.... I told them the truth—that you were my father, and that I loved you and was proud of you—that I might be ashamed of myself and all the rest, but not of you—never of you—for I wasn’t worthy to kiss your feet!”—Frances Hodgson Burnett, Louisiana (1889).

Loupgarou, leader of the army of giants in alliance with the Dipsodes (2 syl.). As he threatened to make mincemeat 344of Pantag´ruel, the prince gave him a kick which overthrew him, then, lifting him up by his ankles, he used him a quarter-staff. Having killed all the giants in the hostile army, Pantagruel flung the body of Loupgarou on the ground, and by so doing crushed a tom-cat, a tabby, a duck, and a brindled goose.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 29 (1533).

Louponheight (The young laird of), at the ball at Middlemas.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

Lourdis, an idiotic scholar of Sorbonne.

De la Sorbonne un Docteur amoureux

Disoit ung jour à sa dame rebelle;

“Je ne puis rien meriter de vous, belle” ...

Arguo sic: “Si magister Lourdis

De sa Catin meriter ne peut rien;

Ergo ne peut meriter paradis,

Car, pour le moins, paradis la vaut bien.”

Marot, Epigram.

When Doctor Lourdis cried, in humble spirit,

The hand of Kath’rine he could never merit,

“Then heaven to thee,” said Kate, “can ne’er be given,

For less my worth, you must allow, than heaven.”heaven.”

Lourie (Tam), the innkeeper at Marchthorn.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George II.).

Love, patient, meek wife of Freedom Wheeler, who sinks—still meekly—into the grave, after disappointing him in his desire to have a son called by his and his father’s name.—Rose Terry Cooke, Freedom Wheeler’s Controversy.

Love, a drama by S. Knowles (1840). The Countess Catherine is taught by a serf named Huon, who is her secretary, and falls in love with him; but her pride struggles against such an unequal match. The duke, her father, hearing of his daughter’s love, commands Huon, on pain of death, to marry Catherine, a freed serf. He refuses; but the countess herself bids him obey. He plights his troth to Catherine, supposing it to be Catherine, the quondam serf, rushes to the wars, obtains great honors, becomes a prince, and then learns that the Catherine he has wed is the duke’s daughter.

Love, or rather affection, according to Plato, is disposed in the liver.

Within, some say, Love hath his habitation;

Not Cupid’s self, but Cupid’s better brother;

For Cupid’s self dwells with a lower nation,

But this, more sure, much chaster than the other.

Ph. Fletcher, The Purple Island (1633).

Love. “Man’s love is of man’s life a thing apart; ’tis woman’s whole existence.”—Byron, Don Juan, i. 194 (1819).

Love.

’Tis better to have loved and lost,

Than never to have loved at all.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, xxvii.

Thomas Moore, in his Irish Melodies, expresses an opposite opinion:

Better far to be

In endless darkness lying

Than be in light and see

That light forever flying.

All that’s Bright must Fade.

Love. All for Love or the World Well Lost, a tragedy by Dryden, on the same subject as Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra (1679).

Love á-la-Mode, by C. Macklin (1779). The “love à-la-mode” is that of fortune-hunters. Charlotte Goodchild is courted by a Scotchman “of ponderous descent,” an Italian Jew broker of great fortune, and an Irishman in the Prussian army. 345It is given out that Charlotte has lost her money through the bankruptcy of Sir Theodore Goodchild, her guardian. Upon this, the à-la-mode suitors withdraw, and leave Sir Callaghan O’Brallaghan, the true lover, master of the situation. The tale about the bankruptcy is, of course, a mere myth.

Love-Chase (The), a drama by S. Knowles (1837). Three lovers chased three beloved ones, with a view to marriage. (1) Waller loves Lydia, lady’s maid to Widow Green, but in reality the sister of Trueworth. She quitted home to avoid a hateful marriage, and took service for the nonce with Widow Green. (2) Wildrake loves Constance, daughter of Sir William Fondlove. (3) Sir William Fondlove, aged 60, loves Widow Green, aged 40. The difficulties to be overcome were these: The social position of Lydia galled the aristocratic pride of Waller, but love won the day. Wildrake and Constance sparred with each other, and hardly knew they loved till it dawned upon them that each might prefer some other, and then they felt that the loss would be irreparable. Widow Green set her heart on marrying Waller; but as Waller preferred Lydia, she accepted Sir William for better or worse.

Love Doctor (The), L’Amour Médecin, a comedy by Molière (1665). Lucinde, the daughter of Sganarelle, is in love, and the father calls in four doctors to consult upon the nature of her malady. They see the patient, and retire to consult together, but talk about Paris, about their visits, about the topics of the day; and when the father enters to know what opinion they have formed, they all prescribe different remedies, and pronounce different opinions. Lisette then calls in a “quack” doctor (Clitandre, the lover), who says that he must act on the imagination, and proposes a seeming marriage, to which Sganarelle assents, saying, “Voila un grand médecin.” The assistant, being a notary, Clitandre and Lucinde are formally married.

⁂ This comedy is the basis of the Quack Doctor, by Foote and Bickerstaff, only in the English version Mr. Ailwood is the patient.

Love in a Village, an opera by Isaac Bickerstaff. It contains two plots: the loves of Rosetta and young Meadows, and the loves of Lucinda and Jack Eustace. The entanglement is this: Rosetta’s father wanted her to marry young Meadows, and Sir William Meadows wanted his son to marry Rosetta; but as the young people had never seen each other, they turned restive and ran away. It so happened that both took service with Justice Woodcock—Rosetta as chamber-maid, and Meadows as gardener. Here they fell in love with each other, and ultimately married, to the delight of all concerned. The other part of the plot is this:

Lucinda was the daughter of Justice Woodcock, and fell in love with Jack Eustace while nursing her sick mother, who died. The justice had never seen the young man, but resolutely forbade the connection; whereupon Jack Eustace entered the house as a music-master, and, by the kind offices of friends, all came right at last.

Love Makes a Man, a comedy concocted by Colley Cibber, by welding together two of the comedies of Beaumont and Fletcher, viz., the Elder Brother and the Custom of the Country. Carlos, a young student (son of Antonio), sees Angelina, the daughter of Charino, and falls 346in love with her. His character instantly changes, and the modest, diffident bookworm becomes energetic, manly, and resolute. Angelina is promised by her father to Clodio, a coxcomb, the younger brother of Carlos; but the student elopes with her. They are taken captives, but meet after several adventures, and become duly engaged. Clodio, who goes in search of the fugitives, meets with Elvira, to whom he engages himself, and thus leaves the field open to his brother Carlos.

Love’s Labor’s Lost. Ferdinand, king of Navarre, with three lords named Biron, Dumain, and Longaville, agreed to spend three years in study, during which time no woman was to approach the court. Scarcely had they signed the compact, when the princess of France, attended by Rosaline, Maria, and Katharine, besought an interview respecting certain debts said to be due from the king of France to the king of Navarre. The four gentlemen fell in love with the four ladies: the king with the princess, Biron with Rosaline, Longaville with Maria, and Dumain with Katharine. In order to carry their suits, the four gentlemen, disguised as Muscovites, presented themselves before the ladies; but the ladies, being warned of the masquerade, disguised themselves also, so that the gentlemen in every case addressed the wrong lady. However, it was at length arranged that the suits should be deferred for twelve months and a day; and if, at the expiration of that time, they remained of the same mind, the matter should be taken into serious consideration.—Shakespeare, Love’s Labor’s Lost (1594).

Loves of the Angels, the stories of three angels, in verse, by T. Moore (1822). The stories are founded on the Eastern tale of Harût and Marût, and the rabbinical fictions of the loves of Uzziel and Shamchazai.

1. The first angel fell in love with Lea, whom he saw bathing. She returned love for love, but his love was carnal, her’s heavenly. He loved the woman, she loved the angel. One day, the angel told her the spell-word which opens the gates of heaven. She pronounced it, and rose through the air into paradise, while the angel became imbruted, being no longer an angel of light, but “of the earth, earthy.”

2. The second angel was Rubi, one of the seraphs. He fell in love with Liris, who asked him to come in all his celestial glory. He did so; and she, rushing into his arms, was burnt to death; but the kiss she gave him became a brand on his face for ever.

3. The third angel was Zaraph, who loved Nama. It was Nama’s desire to love without control, and to love holily: but as she had fixed her love on a creature, and not on the Creator, both she and Zaraph were doomed to live among the things that perish, till this mortal is swallowed up of immortality, when Nama and Zaraph will be admitted into the realms of everlasting love.

Lovegold, the miser, an old man of 60, who wants to marry Mariana, his son’s sweetheart. In order to divert him from this folly, Mariana pretends to be very extravagant, and orders a necklace and ear-rings for £3000, a petticoat and gown from a fabric £12 a yard, and besets the house with duns. Lovegold gives £2000 to be let off the bargain, and Mariana marries the son.—A. Fielding, The Miser a (réchauffé of L’Avare, by Molière).

Love´good (2 syl.), uncle to Valentine, the gallant who will not be persuaded to 347keep his estate.—Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit without Money (1639).

Lovel, once the page of Lord Beaufort, in love with Lady Frances; but he concealed his love because young Beaufort “cast his affections first upon the lady.”—Murphy, The Citizen (1757).

Lovel (Lord), the bridegroom who lost his bride on the wedding day from playing hide-and-seek. The lady hid in an old oak chest, the lid of which fell on her and closed with a spring-lock. Many years afterwards the chest was sold, and the skeleton of the maiden revealed the mystery of her disappearance.—T. H. Bayley, The Mistletoe Bough.

Samuel Rogers has introduced this story in his Italy (pt. i. 18, 1822). He says the bride was Ginevra, only child of Orsini, “an indulgent father;” and that the bridegroom was Francesco Doria, “her playmate from birth, and her first love.” The chest, he says, was an heirloom, “richly carved by Antony, of Trent, with Scripture stories from the life of Christ.” It came from Venice, and had “held the ducal robes of some old ancestors.” After the accident, Francesco, weary of life, flew to Venice, and “flung his life away in battle with the Turks;” Orsini went deranged, and spent the life-long day “wandering in quest of something he could not find.” It was fifty years afterwards that the skeleton was discovered in the chest.

Collet, in his Relics of Literature, gives a similar story.

In the Causes Célèbres is another example.

A similar story is attached to Marwell Old Hall, once the residence of the Seymours, and subsequently of the Dacre family, and “the very chest is now the property of the Rev. J. Haygarth, rector of Upham.”—Post-Office Directory.

The same tale is told of a chest in Bramshall, Hampshire; and also of a chest in the great house at Malsanger, near Basingstoke.

Lovel (Lord), in Clara Reeve’s tale called The Old English Baron, appears as a ghost in the obscurity of a dim religious light (1777).

Lovel (Peregrine), a wealthy commoner, who suspects his servants of wasting his substance in riotous living; so, giving out that he is going down to his country seat in Devonshire, he returns in the disguise of an Essex bumpkin, and places himself under the care of Philip, the butler, to be taught the duties of a gentleman’s servant. Lovel finds that Philip has invited a large party to supper, that the servants assembled assume the titles and airs of their masters and mistresses, and that the best wines of the cellar are set before them. In the midst of the banquet, he appears before the party in his real character, breaks up the revel, and dismisses all the household, except Tom, whom he places in charge of the cellar and plate.—Rev. J. Townley, High Life Below Stairs (1759).

Lovel (William), the hero of a German novel so called, by Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853). (See Lovell).

Love´lace (2 syl.), the chief male character in Richardson’s novel of Clarissa Harlowe. He is rich, proud, and crafty; handsome, brave, and gay; the most unscrupulous but finished libertine; always self-possessed, insinuating and polished (1749).

“Lovelace” is as great an improvement on 348“Lothario,” from which it was drawn, as Rowe’s hero [in the Fair Penitent] had been on the vulgar rake of Massinger.—Encyc. Brit., Art. “Romance.”

Lovelace (2 syl.), a young aristocrat, who angles with flattery for the daughter of Mr. Drugget, a rich London tradesman. He fools the vulgar tradesman to the top of his bent, and stands well with him; but, being too confident of his influence, demurs to the suggestion of the old man to cut two fine yew trees at the head of the carriage drive into a Gog and Magog. Drugget is intensely angry, throws off the young man, and gives his daughter to a Mr. Woodley.—A. Murphy, Three Weeks after Marriage.

Love´less (The Elder), suitor to “The Scornful Lady” (no name given).

The Younger Loveless, a prodigal.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Scornful Lady (1616).

Loveless (Edward), husband of Amanda. He pays undue attention to Berinthia, a handsome young widow, his wife’s cousin; but, seeing the folly of his conduct, he resolves in future to devote himself to his wife with more fidelity.—Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777).

Lovell (Benjamin), a banker, proud of his ancestry, but with a weakness for gambling.

Elsie Lovell, his daughter, in love with Victor Orme, the poor gentleman.—Wybert Reeve, Parted.

Lovell (Lord). Sir Giles Overreach fully expected that his lordship would marry his daughter Margaret; but he married Lady Allworth, and assisted Margaret in marrying Tom Allworth, the man of her choice. (See Lovel).—Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1628).

Lovely Obscure (The), Am´adis of Gaul. Same as Belten´ebros.

The great Amădis, when he assumed the name of “The Lovely Obscure,” dwelt either eight years or eight months, I forget which, upon a naked rock, doing penance for some unkindness shown him by the Lady Oria´na. [The rock is called “The Poor Rock.”]—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 1 (1605).

Love´more (2 syl.), a man fond of gaiety and pleasure, who sincerely loves his wife; but, finding his home dull, and that his wife makes no effort to relieve its monotony, seeks pleasure abroad, and treats his wife with cold civility and formal politeness. He is driven to intrigue, but, being brought to see its folly acknowledges his faults, and his wife resolves “to try to keep him” by making his home more lively and agreeable.

Mrs. Lovemore (2 syl.), wife of Mr. Lovemore, who finds if “she would keep her husband” to herself, it is not enough to “be a prudent manager, careless of her own comforts, not much given to pleasure; grave, retired, and domestic; to govern her household, pay the tradesman’s bills, and love her husband;” but to these must be added some effort to please and amuse him, and to make his home bright and agreeable to him.—A. Murphy, The Way to Keep Him (1760).

Lovers (Romantic). The favorites of distinguished men:

Aristotle and Hepyllis.

Boccaccio and Fiammetta [Maria, daughter of Robert of Naples].

Burns and Highland Mary [either Mary Campbell or Mary Robinson].

Byron and Teresa [Guiccioli].

349Catullus and the Lady Clodia, called “Lesbia.”

Charles II. of England and Barbara Villiers [duchess of Cleveland]; Louise Renée de Kerouaille [duchess of Portsmouth]; and Nell Gwynne.

Charles VII. of France and Agnes Sorel.

Cid (The) and the fair Ximēna, afterwards his wife.

Dante and Beatrice [Portinari].

Epicurus and Leontium.

Francois I. and la duchesse d’Etampes [Mdlle. d’Heilly].

George I. and the duchess of Kendal [Erangard Melrose de Schulemberg].

George II. and Mary Howard, duchess of Suffolk.

George III. and the fair quakeress [Hannah Lightfoot].

George IV. and Mrs. Mary Darby Robinson, called “Perdĭta” (1758-1800); Mrs. Fitzherbert, to whom he was privately married in 1785; and the countess of Jersey.

Goethe and the frau von Stein.

Habington, the poet, and Castāra [Lucy Herbert, daughter of Lord Powis], afterwards his wife.

Hazlitt and Sarah Walker.

Henri II. and Diane de Poitiers.

Henri IV. and La Belle Gabrielle [d’Estrées].

Henry II. and the fair Rosamond [Jane Clifford].

Horace and Lesbia.

Heloise and Abelard.

Lamartine and Elvire, the Creole Girl.

Louis XIV. and Mdlle. de la Vallière; Mde. de Montespan; Mdlle. de Fontage.

Lovelace and the divine Althēa, also called Lucasta [Sacheverell].

Mirabeau and Mde. Nehra.

Nelson and Lady Hamilton.

Pericles and Aspasia.

Petrarch and Laura [wife of Hugues de Sade].

Plato and Archianassa.

Prior and Chloe, or Cloe, the cobbler’s wife of Linden Grove.

Raphael and La Fornarina, the baker’s daughter.

Rousseau and Julie [la comtesse d’Houdetot].

Scarron and Mde. Maintenon, afterwards his wife.

Sidney and Stella [Penelope Devereux].

Spenser and Rosalind [Rose Lynde, of Kent].

Sterne (in his old age) and Eliza [Mrs. Draper].

Stesechoros and Himĕra.

Surrey (Henry Howard, earl of) and Geraldine, who married the earl of Lincoln. (See Geraldine).

Swift and (1) Stella [Hester Johnson]; (2) Vanessa [Esther Van Vanhomrigh].

Tasso and Leonora, or Eleanora [d’Este].

Theocritos and Myrto.

Waller and Sacharissa [Lady Dorothea Sidney].

William IV., as duke of Clarence, and Mrs. Jordan [Dora Bland].

Wolsey and Mistress Winter.

Wyat and Anna [Anne Boleyn], purely platonic.

Lovers Struck by Lightning, John Hewit and Sarah Drew of Stanton Harcourt, near Oxford (July 31, 1718). Gay gives a full description of the incident in one of his letters. On the morning that they obtained the consent of their parents to the match, they went together into a field to gather wild flowers, when a thunderstorm overtook them and both were killed. Pope wrote their epitaph.

⁂ Probably Thomson had this incident in view in his tale of Celadon and Amelia.—See Seasons (“Summer,” 1727).

350Lovers’ Leap. The leap from the Leuca´dian promontory into the sea. This promontory is in the island of Leucas or Leucadia, in the Ionian Sea. Sappho threw herself therefrom when she found her love for Phaon was not requited.

A precipice on the Guadalhorce (4 syl.), from which Manuel and Laila cast themselves, is also called “The Lovers’ Leap.” (See Laila).

Lovers’ Vows, altered from Kotzebue’s drama, by Mrs. Inchbald (1800). Baron Wildenhaim, in his youth, seduced Agatha Friburg, and then forsook her. She had a son, Frederick, who in due time became a soldier. While on furlough, he came to spend his time with his mother, and found her reduced to abject poverty, and almost starved to death. A poor cottager took her in, while Frederick, who had no money, went to beg charity. Count Wildenhaim was out with his gun, and Frederick asked alms of him. The count gave him a shilling; Frederick demanded more, and being refused, seized the baron by the throat. The keepers soon came up, collared him, and put him in the castle dungeon. Here he was visited by the chaplain, and it came out that the count was his father. The chaplain being appealed to, told the count the only reparation he could make would be to marry Agatha, and acknowledge the young soldier to be his son. The advice he followed, and Agatha Friburg, the beggar, became the Baroness Wildenhaim, of Wildenhaim Castle.

Love´rule (Sir John), a very pleasant gentleman, but wholly incapable of ruling his wife, who led him a miserable dance.

Lady Loverule, a violent termagant, who beat her servants, scolded her husband, and kept her house in constant hot water, but was reformed by Zakel Jobson, the cobbler. (See Devil to Pay).—C. Coffey, The Devil to Pay (died 1745).

Love´well, the husband of Fanny Sterling, to whom he has been clandestinely married for four months.—Colman and Garrick, The Clandestine Marriage (1766).

Loving-Land, a place where Neptune held his “nymphall,” or feast given to the sea-nymphs.

[He] his Tritons made proclaim, a nymphall to be held

In honor of himself in Loving-land, where he

The most selected nymphs appointed had to be.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xx. (1622).

Lovinski (Baron), the friend of Prince Lupauski, under whose charge the Princess Lodois´ka (4 syl.) is placed during a war between the Poles and the Tartars. Lovinski betrays his trust by keeping the princess a virtual prisoner, because she will not accept him as a lover. The Count Floreski makes his way into the castle, and the baron seeks to poison him, but at this crisis the Tartars invade the castle, the baron is slain, and Floreski marries the princess.—J.P. Kemble, Lodoiska (a melodrama).

Low-Heels and High-Heels, two factions in Lilliput. The High-heels were opposed to the emperor, who wore low heels, and employed Low-heels in his cabinet. Of course the Low-heels are the whigs, and low-church party, and the High-heels, the tories and high-church party. (See Big-endians).—Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (“Voyage to Lilliput,”Lilliput,” 1727).

Lowestoffe (Reginald), a young Templar.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Lowrie (Dan), thoroughly debased ruffian, 351who beats his noble daughter, plans again and again to murder or maim an honest man who has defended himself successfully when assailed, and is by mistake, set upon in the dark by the accomplices he has set in ambush for Fergus Derrick and wounded mortally. His last act is to strike blindly at Joan, his daughter.—Frances Hodgson Burnett, That Lass o’ Lowrie’s (1877).

Lowther (Jack), a smuggler.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Loyal Subject (The), Archas, general of the Muscovites, and the father of Colonel Theodore.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618).

Loyale Epée (La), “the honest soldier,” Marshal de MacMahon (1808, president of France from 1873 to 1879).

Loys de Dreux, a young Breton nobleman who joined the Druses, and was appointed their prefect.

Loys (2 syl.) the boy stood on the leading prow,

Conspicuous in his gay attire.

Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, i.

Luath (2 syl.), Cuthulin’s “swift-footed hound.”—Ossian, Fingal, ii.

Fingal had a dog called “Luath” and another called “Bran.”

In Robert Burns’ poem, called The Twa Dogs, the poor man’s dog, which represents the peasantry, is called “Luath” and the gentleman’s dog is “Cæsar.”

Lucan (Sir), sometimes called “Sir Lucas,” butler of King Arthur, and a knight of the Round Table.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur (“Lucan,” ii. 160; “Lucas,” ii. 78; 1470).

Lucasta, whom Richard Lovelace celebrates, was Lucy Sacheverell. (Lucycasta or Lux casta, “chaste light.”)

Lucentio, son of Vicentio of Pisa. He marries Bianca, sister of Katharina, “the Shrew” of Padua.—Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew (1594).

Lucetta, waiting-woman of Julia, the lady-love of Proteus (one of the heroes of the play).—Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594).

Lu´cia, daughter of Lucius (one of the friends of Cato at Utica, and a member of the mimic senate). Lucia was loved by both the sons of Cato, but she preferred the more temperate Porcius to the vehement Marcus. Marcus being slain, left the field open to the elder brother.—Addison, Cato (1713).

Lucia, in The Cheats of Scapin, Otway’s version of Les Fourberies de Scapin, by Molière. Lucia, in Molière’s comedy, is called “Zerbinette;” her father, Thrifty, is called “Argante;” her brother, Octavian, is “Octave;” and her sweetheart, Leander, son of Gripe, is called by Molière, “Léandre, son of Géronte” (2 syl.).

Lucia (St.) Struck on St. Lucia’s thorn, on the rack, in torment, much perplexed and annoyed. St. Lucia was a virgin martyr, put to death at Syracuse, in 304. Her fête-day is December 13. The “thorn” referred to is in reality, the point of a sword, shown in all paintings of the saint, protruding through the neck.

If I don’t recruit ... I shall be struck upon St. Lucia’s thorn.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615).

Lucia di Lammermoor, called by Sir 352W. Scott, “Lucy Ashton,” sister of Lord Henry Ashton, of Lammermoor. In order to retrieve the broken fortune of the family, Lord Henry arranged a marriage between his sister and Lord Arthur Bucklaw, alias Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw. Unknown to the brother, Edgardo (Edgar), master of Ravenswood, (whose family had long had a feud with the Lammermoors), was betrothed to Lucy. While Edgardo was absent in France, Lucia (Lucy) is made to believe he is unfaithful to her, and in her despair she consents to marry the laird of Bucklaw, but on the wedding night she stabs him, goes mad, and dies.—Donizetti, Lucia di Lammermoor (an opera, 1835); Sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.).

Luci´ana, sister of Adrian´a. She marries Antipholus, of Syracuse.—Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors (1593).

Lu´cida, the lady-love of Sir Ferramont.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iv. 5 (1596).

Lucifer is described by Dantê as a huge giant, with three faces: one red, indicative of anger; one yellow, indicative of envy; and one black, indicative of melancholy. Between his shoulders, the poet says, there shot forth two enormous wings, without plumage, “in texture like a bat’s.” With these “he flapped i’ the air,” and “Cocy´tus to its depth was frozen.” “At six eyes he wept,” and at every mouth he champed a sinner.—Dantê, Hell, xxxiv. (1301).

Lucif´era (Pride), daughter of Pluto and Proser´pĭna. Her usher was Vanity. Her chariot was drawn by six different beasts, on each of which was seated one of the queen’s counsellors. The foremost beast was an ass, ridden by Idleness, who resembled a monk; paired with the ass was a swine, on which rode Gluttony, clad in vine leaves. Next came a goat, ridden by Lechery, arrayed in green; paired with the goat was a camel, on which rode Avarice, in threadbare coat and cobbled shoes. The next beast was a wolf, bestrid by Envy, arrayed in a kirtle full of eyes; and paired with the wolf was a lion, bestrid by Wrath, in a robe all blood-stained. The coachman of the team was Satan.

Lo? underneath her scornful feet was lain

A dreadful dragon, with a hideous train;

And in her hand she held a mirror bright,

Wherein her face she often viewëd fain.

Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. 4 (1590).

Lucille. Brunette, in love with and beloved by Lord Alfred. They are separated by circumstances, and meet again when Alfred’s promise to another woman hinders a marriage between Lucille and her lover. She remains single and becomes a Sister of Mercy.—Lucille, poem, by Owen Meredith, (Robert, Lord Lytton).

Lucinda, the daughter of opulent parents, engaged in marriage to Cardenio, a young gentleman of similar rank and equal opulence. Lucinda was, however, promised by her father in marriage to Don Fernando, youngest son of the Duke Ricardo. When the wedding day arrived, the young lady fell into a swoon, and a letter informed Don Fernando that the bride was married already to Cardenio. Next day, she left the house privately, and took refuge in a convent, whence she was forcibly abducted by Don Fernando. Stopping at an inn, the party found there Dorothea, the wife of Don Fernando, and Cardenio, the husband of Lucinda, and all things arranged themselves satisfactorily to the parties concerned.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. (1605).

353Lucinda, the bosom friend of Rosetta; merry, coquettish, and fit for any fun. She is the daughter of Justice Woodcock, and falls in love with Jack Eustace, against her father’s desire. Jack, who is unknown to the justice, introduces himself into the house, as a music-master; and Sir William Meadows induces the old man to consent to the marriage of the young people.—I. Bickerstaff, Love in a Village.

Lucinda, referred to by the poet Thomson in his Spring, was Lucy Fortescue, daughter of Hugh Fortescue, of Devonshire, and wife of Lord George Lyttelton.

O Lyttelton....

Courting the Muse, thro’ Hagely Park thou strayest....

Perhaps thy loved Lucinda shares thy walk,

With soul to thine attuned.

Thomson, The Seasons (“Spring,” 1728).

Lucinde (2 syl.), daughter of Sganarelle. As she has lost her spirit and appetite, her father sends for four physicians, who all differ as to the nature of the malady and the remedy to be applied. Lisette (her waiting-woman) sends in the meantime for Clitandre, the lover of Lucinde, who comes under the guise of a mock doctor. He tells Sganarelle the disease of the young lady must be reached through the imagination, and prescribes the semblance of a marriage. As his assistant is in reality a notary, the mock marriage turns out to be a real one.—Molière, L’Amour Médecin (1665).

Lucinde (2 syl.), daughter of Géronte (2 syl.). Her father wanted her to marry Horace; but as she was in love with Léandre, she pretended to have lost the power of articulate speech, to avoid a marriage which she abhorred. Sganarelle, the faggot-maker, was introduced as a famous dumb doctor, and soon saw the state of affairs; so he took with him Léandre as an apothecary, and the young lady received a perfect cure from “pills matrimoniac.”—Molière, Le Médicin Malgré Lui (1666).

Lu´cio, a fantastic, not absolutely bad, but vicious and dissolute. He is unstable, “like a wave of the sea, driven by the wind and tossed,” and has no restraining principle.—Shakespeare, Measure for Measure (1603).

Lucip´pe (3 syl.), a woman attached to the suite of the princess Calis (sister of Astorax, king of Paphos).—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1618).

Lu´cius, son of Coillus; a mythical king of Britain. Geoffrey says he sent a letter to Pope Eleutherius (177-193) desiring to be instructed in the Christian religion, whereupon the pope sent over Dr. Faganus and Dr. Duvanus for the purpose. Lucius was baptized, and “people from all countries” with him. The pagan temples in Britain were converted into churches, the archflamens into archbishops, and the flamens into bishops. So there were twenty-eight bishops and three archbishops.—British History, iv. 19, (1470).

He our flamens’ seats who turned to bishops’ sees,

Great Lucius, that good king to whom we chiefly owe

This happiness we have—Christ crucified to know.

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612).

After baptism, St. Lucius abdicated, and became a missionary in Switzerland, where he died a martyr’s death.

Lucius (Caius), general of the Roman forces in Britain, in the reign of king Cym´beline (3 syl.).—Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605).

354Lucius Tiberius, general of the Roman army, who wrote to King Arthur, commanding him to appear at Rome to make satisfaction for the conquests he had made, and to receive such punishment as the senate might think proper to pass on him. This letter induced Arthur to declare war with Rome. So, committing the care of government to his nephew Modred, he marched to Lyonaise (in Gaul), where he won a complete victory, and left Lucius dead on the field. He now started for Rome; but being told that Modred had usurped the crown, he hastened back to Britain, and fought the great battle of the West, where he received his death wound from the hand of Modred.—Geoffrey, British History, ix. 15-20; x (1142).

Great Arthur did advance

To meet, with his allies, that puissant force in France

By Lucius thither led.

Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612).

Luck of Roaring Camp. A baby born in a mining-camp, loses his mother in the first hour of his life, and is adopted by “the boys.” A run of success having followed mining operations since his birth, he is named “Luck.” His cabin is kept clean, a rosewood cradle brought fifty miles for his use, “the boys” take turns in holding him, and must be clean before they can do it. He is taken daily up the “gulch,” to be in the shade while they work, but “Kentuck” is his chief guardian. One night a freshet carries off Kentuck’s hut, the owner and “The Luck.” Man and baby are picked up below; the child is dead, the man dying, “He’s a takin’ me with him. Tell the boys I’ve got ‘The Luck’ with me now!” and the strong man clinging to the frail babe as a drowning man is said to cling to a straw, drifted away with the shadowy river that flows forever to the unknown sea.—Bret Harte, The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870).

Lucre´tia, daughter of Spurius Lucretius, prefect of Rome, and wife of Tarquinius Collati´nus. She was dishonored by Sextus, the son of Tarquinius Superbus. Having avowed her dishonor in the presence of her father, her husband, Junius Brutus, and some others, she stabbed herself.

This subject has been dramatized in French by Ant. Vincent Arnault, in a tragedy called Lucrèce (1792); and by François Ponsard in 1843. In English, by Thomas Heywood, in a tragedy entitled The Rape of Lucrece (1630); by Nathaniel Lee, entitled Lucius Junius Brutus (seventeenth century); and by John H. Payne, entitled Brutus or the Fall of Tarquin (1820). Shakespeare selected the same subject for his poem entitled The Rape of Lucrece (1594).

Lucrezia di Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI. She was thrice married, her last husband being Alfonso, duke of Ferra´ra. Before this marriage, she had a natural son, named Genna´ro, who was brought up by a Neapolitan fisherman. When grown to manhood, Gennaro had a commission given him in the army, and in the battle of Rim´ini he saved the life of Orsini. In Venice he declaimed freely against the vices of Lucrezia di Borgia, and on one occasionoccasion he mutilated the escutcheon of the duke, by knocking off the B, thus converting Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia insisted that the perpetrator of this insult should suffer death by poison; but when she discovered that the offender was her own son, she gave him an antidote, and released him from jail. Scarcely, however, was he liberated, than he was poisoned at a banquet given by the Princess 355Neg´roni. Lucrezia now told Gennaro that he was her own son, and died as her son expired.—Donizetti, Lucrezia di Borgia (an opera, 1834).

⁂ Victor Hugo has a drama entitled Lucrèce Borgia.

Lucullus, a wealthy Roman, noted for his banquets and self-indulgence. On one occassion, when a superb supper had been prepared, being asked who were to be his guests, he replied, “Lucullus will sup to-night with Lucullus” (B.C. 110-57).

Ne’er Falernian threw a richer

Light upon Lucullus’ tables.

Longfellow, Drinking Song.

Luc´umo, a satrap, chieftain, or khedive among the ancient Etruscans. The over-king was called lars. Servius, the grammarian says: “Lŭcŭmo rex sonat linguâ Etruscâ;” but it was such a king as that of Bavaria in the empire of Germany, where the king of Prussia is the lars.

And plainly and more plainly

Now might the burghers know,

By port and vest, by horse and crest,

Each warlike lucumo.

Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (“Horatius,” xxiii., 1842).

Lucy, a dowerless girl, betrothed to Amidas. Being forsaken by him for the wealthy Philtra, she threw herself into the sea, but was saved by clinging to a chest. Both being drifted ashore, it was found that the chest contained great treasures, which Lucy gave to Bracidas, the brother of Amidas, who married her. In this marriage, Bracidas found “two goodly portions, and the better she.”—Spenser, Faëry Queen, v. 4 (1596).

Lucy Fountain. The heroine of Love Me Little, Love Me Long. She has sundry suitors, each backed by her uncle or her aunt, and chooses for herself a stalwart, handsome sailor, David Dodd by name, who adores her. She figures as a devoted wife and mother in Very Hard Cash, Charles Reade.

Lucy, daughter of Mr. Richard Wealthy, a rich London merchant. Her father wanted her to marry a wealthy tradesman, and as she refused to do so, he turned her out of doors. Being introduced as a fille de joie to Sir George Wealthy, “the minor,” he soon perceived her to be a modest girl, who had been entrapped, and he proposed marriage. When the facts of the case were known, Mr. Wealthy and the Sir William (the father of the young man) were delighted at the happy termination of what might have proved a most untoward affair.—S. Foote, The Minor (1760).

Lucy [Goodwill], a girl of 16, and a child of nature, reared by her father, who was a widower. “She has seen nothing,” he says; “she knows nothing, and, therefore, has no will of her own.” Old Goodwill wished her to marry one of her relations, that his money might be kept in the family; but Lucy had “will” enough of her own to see that her relations were boobies, and selected for her husband a big, burly footman, named Thomas.—Fielding, The Virgin Unmasked.

Lucy [Lockit], daughter of Lockit, the jailer, a foolish young woman, who, decoyed by Captain Macheath, under the specious promise of marriage, effected his escape from jail. The captain, however, was recaptured, and condemned to death; but, being reprieved, confessed himself married to Polly Peachum, and Lucy was left to seek another mate.

How happy could I be with either [Lucy or Polly],

Were t’other dear charmer away!

J. Gay, The Beggars Opera, ii. 2 (1727).

356Miss Fenton (duchess of Bolton) was the original “Lucy Lockit” (1708-1760).

Lucy and Colin. Colin was betrothed to Lucy, but forsook her for a bride “thrice as rich as she.” Lucy drooped, but was present at the wedding; and when Colin saw her, “the damps of death bedewed his brow, and he died.” Both were buried in one tomb, and many a hind and plighted maid resorted thither, “to deck it with garlands and true love knots.”—T. Tickell, Lucy and Colin.

⁂ Vincent Bourne has translated this ballad into Latin verse.

Through all Tickell’s works there is a strain of ballad thinking.... In this ballad [Lucy and Colin], he seems to have surpassed himself. It is, perhaps, the best in our language.—Goldsmith, Beauties of English Poetry (1767).

Lucyl´ius (B.C. 148-103), the father of Roman satire.

I have presumed, my lord, for to present

With this poor Glasse, which is of trustie Steele [satire],

And came to me by wil and testament

Of one that was a Glassmaker [satirist] indeede:

Lucylius, this worthy man was namde.

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577).

Lud, son of Heli, who succeeded his father as king of Britain. “Lud rebuilt the walls of Trinovantum, and surrounded the city with innumerable towers ... for which reason it was called Kaer-lud, Anglicized into Ludton, and softened into London.... When dead, his body was buried by the gate ... Parthlud, called in Saxon Ludes-gate.”—Geoffrey, British History, iii. 20 (1142).

... that mighty Lud, in whose eternal name Great London still shall live (by him rebuilded). Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612).

(“Parth-lud,” in Latin Porta-Lud).

Lud (General), the leader of distressed and riotous artisans in the manufacturing districts of England, who, in 1811, endeavoured to prevent the use of power-looms.

Luddites (2 syl.), the riotous artisans who followed the leader called General Lud.

Above thirty years before this time, an imbecile named Ned Lud, living in a village in Leicestershire, being tormented by some boys, ... pursued one of them into a house, and ... broke two stocking-frames. His name was taken by those who broke power-looms.—H. Martineau.

Ludovico, chief minister of Naples. He heads a conspiracy to murder the king and seize the crown. Ludovico is the craftiest of villains, but, being caught in his own guile, he is killed.—Sheil, Evadne, or The Statue (1820).

Ludwal or Idwal, son of Roderick the Great, of North Wales. He refused to pay Edgar, king of England, the tribute which had been levied ever since the time of Æthelstan. William of Malmesbury tells us that Edgar commuted the tribute for 300 wolves’ heads yearly; the wolf-tribute was paid for three years, and then discontinued, because there were no more wolves to be found.

O, Edgar! who compelledst our Ludwal hence to pay

Three hundred wolves a year for tribute unto thee.

Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612).

Lufra, Douglas’s dog, “the fleetest hound in all the North.”—Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake (1810).

Ellen, the while, with bursting heart,

Remained in lordly bower apart ...

While Lufra, crouching at her side,

Her station claimed with jealous pride.

Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, vi. 23 (1810).

Lu´gier, the rough, confident tutor of 357Oriana, etc., and chief engine whereby “the wild goose” Mirabel is entrapped into marriage with her.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1652).

Luke, brother-in-law of “the city madam.” He was raised from a state of indigence into enormous wealth by a deed of gift of the estates of his brother, Sir John Frugal, a retired merchant. While dependent on his brother, Lady Frugal (“the city lady”) treated Luke with great scorn and rudeness; but, when she and her daughter became dependent on him, he cut down the superfluities of the fine lady to the measure of her original state—as daughter of Goodman Humble, farmer.—Massinger, The City Madam (1639).

Massinger’s best characters are the hypocritical “Luke” and the heroic “Marullo.”—W. Spalding.

Luke, patriarch’s nuncio, and bishop of the Druses. He terms the Druses,

... the docile crew

My bezants went to make me bishop of.

Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, v.

Luke (Sir) or Sir Luke Limp, a tuft-hunter, a devotee to the bottle, and a hanger-on of great men for no other reason than mere snobbism. Sir Luke will “cling to Sir John till the baronet is superseded by my lord; quitting the puny peer for an earl, and sacrificing all three to a duke.”—S. Foote, The Lame Lover.

Luke’s Bird (St.), the ox.

Luke’s Iron Crown. George and Luke Dosa headed an unsuccessful revolt against the Hungarian nobles in the sixteenth century. Luke was put to death by a red-hot iron crown, in mockery of his having been proclaimed king.

This was not an unusual punishment for those who sought regal honors in the Middle Ages. Thus, when Tancred usurped the crown of Sicily, Kaiser Heinrich VI. of Germany, set him on a red-hot iron throne, and crowned him with a red-hot iron crown (twelfth century).

⁂ The “iron crown of Lombardy” must not be mistaken for an iron crown of punishment. The former is one of the nails used in the Crucifixion, beaten out into a thin rim of iron, magnificently set in gold, and adorned with jewels. Charlemagne and Napoleon I. were both crowned with it.

Lully (Raymond), an alchemist who searched for the philosopher’s stone by distillation, and made some useful chemical discoveries. Lully was also a magician and a philosophic dreamer. He is generally called Doctor Illuminātus (1235-1315).

He talks of Raymond Lully and the ghost of Lilly [q.v.]. W. Congreve, Love for Love, iii. (1695).

Lumbercourt (Lord), a voluptuary, greatly in debt, who consented, for a good money consideration, to give his daughter to Egerton McSycophant. Egerton, however, had no fancy for the lady, but married Constantia, the girl of his choice. His lordship was in alarm lest this contretemps should be his ruin; but Sir Pertinax told him the bargain should still remain good if Egerton’s younger brother, Sandy, were accepted by his lordship instead. To this his lordship readily agreed.

Lady Rodolpha Lumbercourt, daughter of Lord Lumbercourt, who, for a consideration, consented to marry Egerton McSycophant; but, as Egerton had no fancy for the lady, she agreed to marry Egerton’s brother, Sandy, on the same terms.

358“As I ha’ nae reason to have the least affection till my Cousin Egerton, and as my intended marriage with him was entirely an act of obedience till my grandmother, provided my Cousin Sandy will be as agreeable till her ladyship as my Cousin Charles here would have been, I have nae the least objection till the change. Ay, ay, one brother is as good to Rodolpha as another.”—C. Macklin, The Man of the World, v. (1764).

Lumbey (Dr.), a stout, bluff-looking gentleman, with no shirt-collar, and a beard that had been growing since yesterday morning; for the doctor was very popular, and the neighborhood prolific.—C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838).

Lumley (Captain), in the royal army under the duke of Montrose.—Sir. W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Lumon, a hill in Inis-Huna, near the residence of Sulmalla. Sulmalla was the daughter of Conmor (king of Inis-Huna) and his wife, Clun´-galo.—Ossian, Temora.

Where art thou, beam of light? Hunters from the mossy rock, saw you the blue-eyed fair? Are her steps on grassy Lumon, near the bed of roses? Ah me! I beheld her bow in the hall. Where art thou, beam of light?

Lumpkin (Tony), the rough, good-natured booby son of Mrs. Hardcastle, by her first husband. Tony dearly loved a practical joke, and was fond of low society, spending most of his time at the tavern, where he could air his conceit and self-importance. He is described as “an awkward booby, reared up and spoiled at his mother’s apron-string;” and “if burning the footman’s shoes, frighting the maids, and worrying the kittens, be humorous,” then Tony was indeed a humorous fellow. By his blundering he first gets everybody into difficulties and then by fresh blunders brings everything right again.—Oliver Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer (1773).

Lun. So John Rich called himself when he performed “harlequin.” It was John Rich who introduced pantomime (1681-1761).

On one side Folly sits, by some called Fun;

And on the other his archpatron, Lun.

Churchill.

Luna (Il contê di), uncle of Manri´co. He entertains a base passion for the Princess Leonōra, who is in love with Manrico; and, in order to rid himself of his rival, is about to put him to death, when Leonora promises to give herself to him if he will spare her lover. The count consents; but, while he goes to release his captive, Leonora poisons herself.—Verdi, Il Trovato´rê (an opera, 1853).

Lundin (Dr. Luke), the chamberlain at Kinross.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Lundin (The Rev. Sir Louis), town clerk of Perth.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Lunsford (Sir Thomas), governor of the Tower. A man of such vindictive temper that the name was used as a terror to children.

Made children with your tones to run for’t,

As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford.

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 2, line 1112 (1678).

From Fielding and from Vavasour,

Both ill-affected men;

From Lunsford eke deliver us,

That eateth childëren.

Lupauski (Prince), father of Princess Lodois´ka (4 syl.).—J. P. Kemble, Lodoiska (a melodrama).

Lu´pin (Mrs.), hostess of the Blue Dragon. A buxom, kind-hearted woman, ever ready to help any one over a difficulty.—C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844).

359Lu´ria, a noble Moor, single-minded, warm-hearted, faithful and most generous; employed by the Florentines to lead their army against the Pisans (fifteenth century). Luria was entirely successful; but the Florentines, to lessen their obligation to the conqueror, hunted up every item of scandal they could find against him: and, while he was winning their battles, he was informed that he was to be brought to trial to answer these floating censures. Luria was so disgusted at this that he took poison to relieve the state, by his death, of a debt of gratitude which the republic felt too heavy to be borne.—Robert Browning, Luria.

Lu´siad, the adventures of the Lusians (Portuguese), under Vasquez da Gama, in their discovery of India. Bacchus was the guardian power of the Mohammedans, and Venus or Divine Love of the Lusians. The fleet first sailed to Mozambique, then to Quil´oa, then to Melinda (in Africa), where the adventurers were hospitably received and provided with a pilot to conduct them to India. In the Indian Ocean, Bacchus tried to destroy the fleet; but the “silver star of Divine Love” calmed the sea, and Gama arrived at India in safety. Having accomplished his object, he returned to Lisbon.—Camoens, The LusiadLusiad, in ten books (1572).

⁂ Vasquez da Gama sailed thrice to India: (1) in 1497, with four vessels. This expedition lasted two years and two months. (2) In 1502, with twenty ships. In this expedition he was attacked by Zamorin, king of Calicut, whom he defeated, and returned to Lisbon the year following. (3) When John III. appointed him viceroy of India. He established his government at Cochin, where he died in 1525. The story of The Lusiad is the first of these expeditions.

Lusignan [d’Outremer], king of Jerusalem, taken captive by the Saracens, and confined in a dungeon for twenty years. When 80 years old, he was set free by Osman, the sultan of the East, but died within a few days.—A. Hill, Zara (adapted from Voltaire’s tragedy).

Lusita´nia, the ancient name of Portugal; so called from Lusus, the companion of Bacchus in his travels. This LususLusus colonized the country, and called it “Lusitania,” and the colonists “Lusians.”—Pliny, Historia Naturalis, iii. 1.

Luther (The Danish), Hans Tausen. There is a stone in Viborg called “Tausensminde,” with this inscription: “Upon this stone, in 1528, Hans Tausen first preached Luther’s doctrine in Viborg.”

Lutin, the gypsy page of Lord Dalgarno.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Lux Mundi, Johann Wessel; also called Magister Contradictionum, for his opposition to the Scholastic philosophy. He was the predecessor of Luther (1419-1489).

Luz, a bone which the Jews affirm remains uncorrupted till the last day, when it will form the nucleus of the new body. This bone Mahomet called Al Ajb, or the rump bone.

Eben Ezra and Manasseh ben Israil say this bone is in the rump.

The learned rabbins of the Jews

Write, there’s a bone, which they call luez (1 syl.)

I’ the rump of man.

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 2 (1678).

Lyæus (“spleen-melter”), one of the names of Bacchus.

360He perchance the gifts

Of young Lyæus, and the dread exploits,

May sing.

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767).

Lyb´ius (Sir), a very young knight who undertook to rescue the lady of Sinadone. After overcoming sundry knights, giants, and enchanters, he entered the palace, when the whole edifice fell to pieces, and a horrible serpent coiled about his neck and kissed him. The spell being broken, the serpent turned into the lady of Sinadone, who became Sir Lybius’s bride.—Libeaux (a romance).

Lyca´on, king of Arcadia, instituted human sacrifices and was metamorphosed into a wolf. Some say all his sons were also changed into wolves, except one named Nictimus. Oh that

Of Arcady the beares

Might plucke away thine ears;

The wilde wolf, Licăon´,

Bite asondre thy backe-bone.

J. Skelton, Philip Sparow (time, Henry VIII.).

For proof, when with Lycā´on’s tyranny

Man durst not deal, then did Jove....

Him fitly to the greedy wolf transform.

Lord Brooke, Declination of Monarchy (1633).

Lychor´ida, nurse of Mari´na, who was born at sea. Marina was the daughter of Pericles, prince of Tyre, and his wife, Thais´a.—Shakespeare, Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1608).

Lyc´idas, the name under which Milton celebrates the untimely death of Edward King, fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Edward King was drowned in the passage from Chester to Ireland, August 10, 1637. He was the son of Sir John King, secretary for Ireland.

⁂ Lycĭdas is the name of a shepherd in Virgil’s Eclogue, iii.

Lycome´des (4 syl.), king of Scyros, to whose court Achillês was sent, disguised as a maiden, by his mother Thetis, who was anxious to prevent his going to the Trojan war.

Lydia, daughter of the king of Lydia, was sought in marriage by Alcestês, a Thracian knight. His suit being rejected, he repaired to the king of Armenia, who gave him an army, with which he beseiged Lydia. He was persuaded to raise the siege, and the lady tested the sincerity of his love by a series of tasks, all of which he accomplished. Lastly, she set him to put to death his allies, and, being powerless, mocked him. Alcestês pined and died, and Lydia was doomed to endless torment in hell.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, xvii. (1516).

Lydia, lady’s-maid to Widow Green. She was the sister of Trueworth, ran away from home to avoid a hateful marriage, took service for the nonce, and ultimately married Waller. She was “a miracle of virtue, as well as beauty,” warm-hearted, and wholly without artifice.—S. Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837).

Lydia Blood. (See The Lady of the Aroostook.)

Lydia Languish, niece and ward of Mrs. Malaprop. She had a fortune of £30,000, but, if she married without her aunt’s consent, forfeited the larger part thereof. She was a great novel reader and was courted by two rival lovers—Bob Acres and Captain Absolute, whom she knew only as ensign Beverley. Her aunt insisted that she should throw over the ensign and marry the son of Sir Anthony Absolute, and great was her joy to find that the man of her own choice was 361that of her aunt—nomine mutato. Bob Acres resigned all claim on the lady to his rival.—Sheridan, The Rivals (1775).

Lydian Poet (The), Alcman of Lydia (fl. B.C. 670).

Lyddy Russell. The last New England witch of whom we have authentic record. She followed a schooner out to sea and raised a terrible storm, she riding the highest waves, shrieking with laughter. The captain, Ezra Coffin, saw her, and charging his gun with a silver bullet, shot her dead. The storm subsided at once and old Lyddy was washed ashore, clutching a bit of sail cloth, and with the silver bullet in her breast.—Clara Florida Guernsey, Old and New (1873).

Lygo´nes, father of Spaco´nia.—Beaumont and Fletcher, A King or no King (1611).

Lying Traveller (The), Sir John Mandeville (1300-1372).

Lying Valet (The), Timothy Sharp, the lying valet of Charles Gayless. He is the Mercury between his master and Melissa, to whom Gayless is about to be married. The object of his lying is to make his master, who has not a sixpence in the world, pass for a man of fortune.—D. Garrick, The Lying Valet (1741).

Lyle (Annot), daughter of Sir Duncan Campbell, the knight of Ardenvohr. She was brought up by the M’Aulays, and was beloved by Allan M’Aulay; but she married the earl of Menteith.—Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.)

Lyn´ceus, one of the Argonauts; so sharp-sighted that he could discern objects at a distance of 130 miles. Varro says he could “see through rocks and trees;” and Pliny, that he could see “the infernal regions through the earth.”

Strange tale to tel: all officers be blynde,

And yet their one eye, sharpe as Lin´ceus sight.

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577).

Lynch (Governor), was a great name in Galway, Ireland. It is said that he hanged his only son out of the window of his own house (1526). The very window from which the boy was hung is carefully preserved, and still pointed out to travellers.—Annals of Galway.

Lynch Law, law administered by a self-constituted judge. Webster says James Lynch, a farmer of Piedmont, in Virginia, was selected by his neighbors (in 1688) to try offences on the frontier summarily, because there were no law courts within seven miles of them.

Lynchno´bians, lantern-sellers, that is, booksellers and publishers. Rabelais says they inhabit a little hamlet near Lantern-land.—Rabelais, Pantag´ruel, v. 33 (1545).

Lyndon (Barry), an Irish sharper, whose adventures are told by Thackeray. The story is full of spirit, variety, and humor, reminding one of Gil Blas. It first came out in Fraser’s Magazine.

Lynette, sister of Lady Lyonors of Castle Perilous. She goes to King Arthur, and prays him to send Sir Lancelot to deliver her sister from certain knights. The king assigns the quest to Beaumains (the nickname given by Sir Kay to Gareth), who had served for a twelvemonth in Arthur’s kitchen. Lynette is exceedingly indignant, and treats her champion with the utmost contumely; but, after each victory, softens towards him, and at length 362marries him.—Tennyson, Idylls of the King (“Gareth and Lynette”).

⁂ This version of the tale differs from that of the History of Prince Arthur (Sir T. Malory, 1470) in many respects. (See Linet.)

Lyon (Esther), clergyman’s daughter, won to sympathy with the radicalism she had despised, by the young revolutionist, Felix Holt, whose wife she becomes.—George Elliot, Felix Holt.

Lyonors, daughter of Earl Sanam. She came to pay homage to King Arthur, and by him became the mother of Sir Borre (1 syl.), one of the knights of the Round Table.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 15 (1470).

⁂ Lionês, daughter of Sir Persaunt, and sister of Linet, of Castle Perilous, married Sir Gareth. Tennyson calls this Lady “Lyonors,” and makes Gareth marry her sister, who, we are told in the History, was married to Sir Gaheris (Gareth’s brother).

Lyonors, the lady of Castle Perilous, where she was held captive by several knights called Morning Star or Phosphŏrus, Noonday Sun or Merid´ies, Evening Star or Hesperus, and Night or Nox. Her sister, Lynette, went to King Arthur, to crave that Sir Lancelot might be sent to deliver Lyonors from her oppressor. The king gave the quest to Gareth, who was knighted, and accompanied Lynette, who used him very scornfully at first; but at every victory which he gained she abated somewhat of her contempt; and married him after he had succeeded in delivering Lyonors. The lot of Lyonors is not told. (See Liones.)—Tennyson, Idylls of the King (“Gareth and Lynette”).

⁂ According to the collection of tales edited by Sir T. Malory, the Lady Lyonors was quite another person. She was daughter of Earl Sanam, and mother of Sir Borre by King Arthur (pt. i. 15). It was Lionês who was the sister of Linet, and whose father was Sir Persaunt, of Castle Perilous (pt. i. 153). The History says that Lionês married Gareth, and Linet married his brother, Sir Gaheris. (See Gareth.)

Lyrists (Prince of), Franz Schubert (1797-1828).

Lysander, a young Athenian, in love with Hermia, daughter of Egēus (3 syl.). Egēus had promised her in marriage to Demētrius, and insisted that she should either marry him or suffer death “according to the Athenian law.” In this dilemma, Hermia fled from Athens with Lysander. Demetrius went in pursuit, and was followed by Helena, who doted on him. All four fell asleep, and “dreamed a dream” about the faries. When Demetrius awoke he becomehe become more reasonable, for seeing that Hermia disliked him and Helena loved him sincerely, he consented to forego the former and wed the latter. Egeus, being informed thereof, now readily agreed to give his daughter to Lysander, and all went merry as a marriage bell.—Shakespeare, Midsummer Night’s Dream (1592).

Lysim´achus, governor of Medali´nê, who married Mari´na, the daughter of Per´iclês, prince of Tyre, and his wife, Thais´a.—Shakespeare, Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1608).

Lysimachus, the artist, a citizen.—Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Lyttel Boy (The). A troublesome baby that always clung to his busy mother although she bade him “runne and play.”

363“He wolde not goe, but tarrying soe

Ben allwais in the way”—

until he was taken out of the way, to heaven.

* * * * *

“And then a moder felt her heart

How that it ben to-torne,—

She kissed each day till she ben gray,

The shoon he use to worn:

No bairn let hold untill her gown,

Nor played upon the floore,—

Goddes’ was the joy; a lyttel boy

Ben in the way no more!”

Eugene Field, A Little Book of Western Verse

(1890).

Lyttelton, addressed by Thompson in “Spring,” was Lord George Lyttelton, of Hagley Park, Worcestershire, who procured for the poet a pension of £100 a year. He was a poet and historian (1709-1773).

O Lyttelton ... from these distracted, oft

You wander thro’ the philosophic world; ...

And oft, conducted by historic truth,

You tread the long extent of backward time; ...

Or, turning thence thy view, these graver thoughts

The Muses charm.

Thompson, The Seasons (“Spring,” 1728).

364

M

This letter is very curiously coupled with Napoleon I. and III.

NAPOLEON I.:

Mack (General) capitulated at Elm (October 19, 1805).

Maitland (Captain), of the Bellerophon, was the person to whom he surrendered (1814).

Malet conspired against him (1812).

Mallieu was one of his ministers, with Maret and Montalivet.

Marbeuf was the first to recognize his genius at the military college (1779).

Marchand was his valet; accompanied him to St. Helena; and assisted Montholon in his Mémoires.

Maret, duke of Bassano, was his most trusty counsellor (1803-1841).

Marie Louise was his wife, the mother of his son, and shared his highest fortunes. His son was born in March; so was the son of Napoleon III.

Marmont was the second to desert him; Murat the first (both in 1814).

6 Marshals and 26 generals-of-division had M for their initial letter.

Masséna was the general who gained the victory of Rivoli (1797), and Napoleon gave him the sobriquet of L’Enfant Chéri de la Victoire.

Melas was the Austrian general conquered at Marengo, and forced back to the Mincio (June 14, 1800).

Menou lost him Egypt (1801).

Metternich vanquished him in diplomacy.

Miollis was employed by him to take Pius VII. prisoner (1809).

Montalivet was one of his ministers, with Maret and Mallieu.

Montbel wrote the life of his son, “the king of Rome” (1833).

Montesquieu was his first chamberlain.

Montholon was his companion at St. Helena, and, in conjunction with Marchand, wrote his Mémoires.

Moreau betrayed him (1813).

Mortier was one of his best generals.

Mourad Bey was the general he vanquished in the battle of the Pyramids (July 23, 1798).

Murat was his brother-in-law. He was the first martyr in his cause, and was the first to desert him; then Marmont.

Murat was made by him king of Naples (1808).

Madrid capitulated to him (December 4, 1808).

Magliani was one of his famous victories (April 15, 1796).

Malmasion was his last halting-place in France. Here the empress Joséphine lived after her divorce, and here she died (1814).

Malta taken (June 11, 1797), and while there he abolished the order called “The Knights of Malta” (1798).

Mantua was surrendered to him by Wurmser, in 1797.

365Marengo was his first great victory (June 14, 1800).

Marseilles is the place he retired to when proscribed by Paoli (1792). Here, too, was his first exploit, when captain, in reducing the “Federalists” (1793).

Méry was a battle gained by him (February 22, 1814).

Milan was the first enemy’s capital (1802), and Moscow the last, into which he walked victorious (1812).

It was at Milan he was crowned “king of Italy” (May 26, 1805).

Millesimo, a battle won by him (April 14, 1796).

Mondovi, a battle won by him (April 22, 1796).

Montenotte was his first battle (1796), and Mont St. Jean his last (1815).

Montereau, a battle won by him (February 18, 1814).

Montmartre was stormed by him (March 29, 1814).

Montmirail, a battle won by him (February 11, 1814).

Mont St. Jean (Waterloo), his last battle (June 18, 1815).

Mont Thabor was where he vanquished 20,000 Turks with an army not exceeding 2000 men (July 25, 1799).

Moravia was the site of a victory (July 11, 1809).

Moscow was his pitfall. (See “Milan”).

May. In this month he quitted Corsica, married Joséphine, took command of the army of Italy, crossed the Alps, assumed the title of emperor, and was crowned at Milan. In the same month he was defeated at Aspern, he arrived at Elba, and died at St. Helena.

March. In this month he was proclaimed king of Italy, made his brother Joseph king of the Two Sicilies, married Marie Louise by proxy, his son was born, and he arrived at Paris after quitting Elba.

May 2, 1813, battle of Lützen.

3, 1793, he quits Corsica.

4, 1814, he arrives at Elba.

5, 1821, he dies at St. Helena.

6, 1800, he takes command of the army of Italy.

9, 1796, he marries Joséphine.

10, 1796, battle of Lodi.

13, 1809, he enters Vienna.

15, 1796, he enters Milan.

16, 1797, he defeats the Arch-duke Charles.

May 17, 1800, he begins his passage across the Alps.

17, 1809, he annexes the States of the Church.

18, 1804, he assumes the title of emperor.

19, 1798, he starts for Egypt.

20, 1800, he finishes his passage across the Alps.

21, 1813, battle of Bautzen.

22, 1803, he declares war against England.

22, 1809, he was defeated at Aspern.

26, 1805, he was crowned at Milan.

30, 1805, he annexes Lisbon.

31, 1803, he seizes Hanover.

March 1, 1815, he lands on French soil, after quitting Elba.

3, 1806, he makes his brother Joseph king of the Two Sicilies.

4, 1799, he invests Jaffa.

6, 1799, he takes Jaffa.

11, 1810, he marries, by proxy, Marie Louise.

13, 1805, he is proclaimed king of Italy.

16, 1799, he invests Acre.

20, 1812, birth of his son.

20, 1815, he reaches Paris, after quitting Elba.

21, 1804, he shoots the duc d’Enghien.

25, 1802, peace of Amiens.

31, 1814, Paris entered by the allies.

Napoleon III.:

MacMahon, duke of Magenta, his most distinguished marshal, and, after a few months, succeeded him as ruler of France (1873-1879).

Malakoff (duke of), next to McMahon his most distinguished marshal.

Maria, of Portugal, was the lady his friends wanted him to marry, but he refused to do so.

Maximilian and Mexico, his evil stars (1864-1867). Menschikoff was the Russian general defeated at the battle of the Alma (September 20, 1854).

Michaud, Mignet, Michelet and Mérimée were distinguished writers in the reign of Napoleon III.

Moltke was his destiny. Montholon was one of his companions in the escapade at Boulogne, and was condemned to imprisonment for twenty years.

Montijo (countess of), his wife. Her name is Marie Eugénie, and his son was born in March; so was the son of Napoleon I.

366Morny, his greatest friend.

Magenta, a victory won by him (June 4, 1859).

Malakoff. Taking the Malakoff tower and the Mamelon-vert were the great exploits of the Crimean War (September 8, 1855).

Mamelon-Vert. (See above).

Mantua. He turned back before the walls of Mantua after the battle of the Mincio.

Marengo. Here he planned his first battle of the Italian campaign, but it was not fought till after those of Montebello and Magenta.

Marignano. He drove the Austrians out of this place.

Metz, the “maiden fortress,” was one of the most important sieges and losses to him in the Franco-Prussian war.

Mexico and Maximilian, his evil stars.

Milan. He made his entrance into Milan, and drove the Austrians out of Marignano.

Mincio (The battle of), called also Solfernio, a great victory. Having won this he turned back at the walls of Mantua (June 24, 1859).

Montebello, a victory won by him (June, 1859).

⁂ The mitrailleuse was to win him Prussia, but it lost him France.

March. In this month his son was born, he was deposed by the National Assembly, and was set at liberty by the Prussians. The treaty of Paris was March 30, 1856. Savoy and Nice were annexed in March, 1860.

May. In this month he made his escape from Ham. The great French Exhibition was opened in May, 1855.

By far his best publication is his Manual of Artillery.

Mab, queen of the fairies, according to the mythology of the English poets of the fifteenth century. Shakespeare’s description is in Romeo and Juliet, act i. sc. 4 (1598).

Queen Mab’s Maids of Honor. They were Hop and Mop, Drap, Pip, Trip and Skip. Her train of waiting-maids were Fib and Tib, Pinck and Pin, Tick and Quick, Jill and Jin, Tit and Nit, Wap and Win.—M. Drayton, Nymphidia (1563-1631).

Queen Mab, the Fairies’ Midwife, that is, the midwife of men’s dreams, employed by the fairies.

O, then I see Queen Mab hath been with you.

She is the fairies’ midwife—

Romeo and Juliet, act i. sc. 4.

Mabel Dunham. Modest, amiable, yet spirited girl, educated at the East, who goes to the shores of Lake Ontario to meet her father, a major in charge of an English garrison. The nickname of “Magnet,” given by her sailor uncle, aptly describes her influence upon her associates, especially Jasper Western and Pathfinder. She marries Western.—James Fenimore Cooper, The Pathfinder (183-).

Maca´ber (The Dance) or the “Dance of Death” (Arabic, makabir, “a church-yard”). The dance of death was a favorite subject in the Middle Ages for wall-paintings in cemeteries and churches, especially in Germany. Death is represented as presiding over a round of dancers, consisting of rich and poor, old and young, male and female. A work descriptive of this dance, originally in German, has been translated into most European languages, and the wood-cuts after Holbein’s designs, published at Lyons in 1553, have a worldwide reputation. Others are at Minden, Lucerne, Lubeck, Dresden, and the north side of old St. Paul’s.

Elsie. What are these paintings on the walls around us?

Prince. “The Dance of Macaber” ... “The Dance of Death.”

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851).

Macaire (Le Chevalier Richard), a French knight, who, aided by Lieutenant Landry, murdered Aubrey de Montdidier in the forest of Bondy, in 1371. Montdidier’s dog, named Dragon, showed such an aversion to Macaire, that suspicion was 367aroused, and the man and dog were pitted to single combat. The result was fatal to the man, who died confessing his guilt.

There are two French plays on the subject, one entitled Le Chien de Montargis, and the other Le Chien d’Aubry. The former of these has been adapted to the English stage. Dragon was called Chien de Montargis, because the assassination took place near this castle, and was depicted in the great hall over the chimney-piece.

In the English drama, the sash of the murdered man is found in the possession of Lieutenant Macaire, and is recognized by Ursula, who worked the sword-knot, and gave it to Captain Aubri, who was her sweetheart. Macaire then confessed the crime. His accomplice, Lieutenant Landry, trying to escape, was seized by the dog, Dragon, and bitten to death.

Macaire (Robert), a cant name for a Frenchman.

MacAlpine (Jeanie), landlady of the Clachan of Aberfoyle.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Macamut, a sultan of Cambaya, who lived so much upon poison that his very breath and touch were fatal.—Purchas, Pilgrimage (1613).

MacAnaleister (Eachin), a follower of Rob Roy.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Macare (2 syl.), the impersonation of good temper.—Voltaire, Thelème and Macare (an allegory).

Macaulay (Angus), a Highland chief in the army of the earl of Montrose.

Allan Macaulay, or “Allan of the Red Hand,” brother of Angus. Allan is “a seer,” and is in love with Annot Lyle. He stabs the earl of Menteith on the eve of his marriage, out of jealousy, but the earl recovers and marries Annot Lyle.—Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

Macbeth, son of Sinel, thane of Glamis, and grandson of Malcolm II., by his second daughter; the elder daughter married Crynin, father of Duncan, who succeded his grandfather on the throne. Hence, King Duncan and Macbeth were cousins. Duncan, staying as a guest with Macbeth, at the Castle of Inverness (1040), was murdered by his host, who then usurped the crown. The battle which Macbeth had just won was this: Sueno, king of Norway, had landed with an army in Fife for the purpose of invading Scotland; Macbeth and Banquo were sent against him, and defeated him with such loss that only ten men of all his army escaped alive. Macbeth was promised by the witches (1) that none of woman born should kill him, and (2) that he should not die till Burham Wood removed to Dunsinane. He was slain in battle by Macduff, who was “from his mother’s womb untimely ripped;” and as for the moving wood, the soldiers of Macduff, in their march to Dunsinane, were commanded to carry boughs of the forest before them to conceal their numbers.

Lady Macbeth, wife of Macbeth, a woman of great ambition and inexorable will. When her husband told her that the witches prophesied he should be king, she induced him to murder Duncan, who was at the time their guest. She would herself have done it, but he looked in sleep so like her father that she could not. However, when Macbeth had murdered the king, she felt no scruple in murdering 368the two grooms that slept with him, and throwing the guilt on them. After her husband was crowned, she was greatly troubled by dreams, and used to walk in her sleep, trying to rub from her hands imaginary stains of blood. She died, probably by her own hand.—Shakespeare, Macbeth (1606).

“It is related of Mrs. Betterton,” says C. Dibdin, “that though ‘Lady Macbeth’ had been frequently well performed, no actress, not even Mrs. Barry, could in the smallest degree be compared to her.” Mrs. Siddons calls Mrs. Pritchard “the greatest of all the ‘Lady Macbeths;’” but Mrs. Siddons herself was so great in this character that, in the sleep-walking scene, in her farewell performance, the whole audience stood on the benches, and demanded that the performance should end with that scene.

⁂ Dr. Lardner says that the name of Lady Macbeth was Graoch, and that she was the daughter of Kenneth IV.

MacBriar (Ephraim), an enthusiast and a preacher.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

MacBride (Miss), heroine of John G. Saxe’s Proud Miss MacBride, who was even “proud of her pride,” (1850).

Mac´cabee (Father), the name assumed by King Roderick, after his dethronement.—Southey, Roderick, the Last of the Goths (1814).

MacCallum (Dougal), the auld butler of Sir Robert Redgauntlet, introduced in Wandering Willie’s story.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

MacCandlish (Mrs.), landlady of the Gordon Arms inn at Kippletringan.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

MacCasquil (Mr.), of Drumquag, a relation of Mrs. Margaret Bertram.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

MacChoak´umchild, schoolmaster at Coketown. A man crammed with facts. “He and some 140 other schoolmasters had been lately turned at the same time, in the same factory, on the same principles, like so many pianoforte legs.”—C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854).

MacCombich (Evan Dhu), foster-brother of Fergus M’Ivor, both of whom were sentenced to death at Carlisle.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

MacCombich (Robin Oig), or M’Gregor, a Highland drover, who stabs Harry Wakefield, and is found guilty at Carlisle.—Sir W. Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George III.).

MacCrosskie (Deacon), of Creochstone, a neighbor of the laird of Ellangowan.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

MacDonald’s Breed (Lord), vermin, or human parasites. Lord MacDonald, son of the “Lord of the Isles” once made a raid on the mainland. He and his followers dressed themselves in the clothes of the plundered party, but their own rags were so full of vermin that no one was poor enough to covet them.

MacDougal of Lorn, a Highland chief in the army of Montrose.—Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

Macduff, thane of Fife in the time 369of Edward the Confessor. One of the witches told Macbeth to “beware of the thane of Fife,” but another added that “none of woman born should have power to harm him.” Macduff was at this moment in England, raising an army to dethrone Macbeth, and place Malcolm (son of Duncan) on the throne. Macbeth did not know of his absence, but with a view of cutting him off, attacked his castle, and slew Lady Macduff with all her children. Having raised an army, Macduff led it to Dunsinane, where a furious battle ensued. Macduff encountered Macbeth, and being told by the king that “none of woman born could prevail against him,” replied that he (Macduff) was not born of a woman, but—

——was from his mother’s womb

Untimely ripp’d.

They fought and Macbeth was killed.—Shakespeare, Macbeth, act v. sc. 8.

Macey. Sturdy good man who refuses to give up a persecuted Quaker who has sought his house for refuge. Macey would keep off the posse with his gun, but the Friend yields himself up. When the attempt is made to arrest Macey, also, he and his wife escape by boat to the then desolate Island of Nautucket and make there a home.

“And yet that isle remaineth

A refuge of the free,

As when true-hearted Macey

Beheld it from the sea.

Free as the winds that winnow

Her shrubless hills of sand,

Free as the waves that batter

Along her yielding land.”

Poems, John Greenleaf Whittier.

MacEagh (Ranald), one of the “Children of the Mist,” and an outlaw. Ranald is the foe of Allan Macaulay.

Kenneth M’Eagh, grandson of Ranald M’Eagh.—Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

Macedonicus, Æmilius Paulus, conqueror of Perseus (b.c. 230-160).

Macfie, the laird of Gudgeonford, a neighbor of the laird of Ellangowan.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Macfin (Miles), the cadie in the Canongate, Edinburgh.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

MacFittoch (Mr.), the dancing-master at Middlemas.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

MacFleck´noe, in Dryden’s satire so called, is meant for Thomas Shadwell, who was promoted to the office of poet-laureate. The design of Dryden’s poem is to represent the inauguration of one dullard as successor of another in the monarchy of nonsense. R. Flecknoe was an Irish priest and hackney poet of no reputation, and Mac in Celtic being son, “MacFlecknoe” means the son of the poetaster so named. Flecknoe, seeking for a successor to his own dulness, selects Shadwell to bear his mantle.

Shadwell alone my perfect image bears,

Mature in dulness from his tender years;...

The rest to some faint meaning make pretence,

But Shadwell never deviates into sense.

Dryden, MacFlecknoe (a satire, 1682).

McFlimsey (Miss Flora). Fashion-mad heroine of William Allen Butler’s satire, Nothing to Wear. With a score of modish toilettes, she represented herself as unable to attend a ball, because she had nothing to wear (1857).

MacGrainer (Master), a dissenting 370minister at Kippletringan.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

MacGregor (Rob Roy) or Robert Campbell, the outlaw. He was a Highland freebooter.

Helen M’Gregor, Rob Roy’s wife.

Hamish and Robert Oig, the sons of Rob Roy.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

MacGregor, or Robin Oig M’Combich, a Highland drover, who stabbed Harry Wakefield at an ale-house. Being tried at Carlisle for the murder, he was found guilty and condemned.—Sir W. Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George III.).

MacGruther (Sandie), a beggar imprisoned by Mr. Godfrey Bertram, laird of Ellangowan.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

MacGuffog (David), keeper of Portanferry prison.

Mrs. M’Guffog, David’s wife.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Macham (Robert), the discoverer of Madeira Island, to which he was driven while eloping with his lady-love (A.D. 1344). The lady soon died, and the mariners made off with the ship. Macham, after his mourning was over, made a rude boat out of a tree, and, with two or three men, putting forth to sea, landed on the shores of Africa. The Rev. W. L. Bowles has made the marvellous adventures of Robert Macham the subject of a poem; and Drayton, in his Polyolbion, xix, has devoted twenty-two lines to the same subject.

Macheath (Captain), captain of a gang of highwaymen; a fine, bold-faced ruffian, “game” to the very last. He is married to Polly Peachum, but finds himself dreadfully embarrassed between Polly, his wife, and Lucy, to whom he has promised marriage. Being betrayed by eight women at a drinking bout, the captain is lodged in Newgate, but Lucy effects his escape. He is recaptured, tried, and condemned to death; but, being reprieved, acknowledges Polly to be his wife, and promises to remain constant to her for the future.—J. Gay, The Beggar’s Opera (1727).

Machiavelli (Niccolo del), of Florence, author of a book called The Prince, the object of which is to show that all is fair in diplomacy, as well as in “love and war” (1469-1527).

⁂ Machiavellism, political cunning and duplicity, the art of tricking and overreaching by diplomacy.

Tiberius, the Roman emperor, is called “The Imperial Machiavelli” (B.C. 42 to A.D. 37).

MacIan (Gilchrist), father of Ian Eachin M’Ian.

Ian Eachin (or Hector) M’Ian, called Conachar, chief of the clan Quhele, son of Gilchrist M’Ian. Hector is old Glover’s Highland apprentice, and casts himself down a precipice, because Catharine Glover loves Henry Smith better than himself.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

MacIlduy, or Mhich Connel Dhu, a Highland chief in the army of Montrose.—Sir. W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

MacIntyre (Maria), nieceniece of Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck, “the antiquary.”

Captain Hector M’Intyre, nephew of Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck, and brother of Maria 371M’Intyre.—Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.).

MacIvor (Fergus), or “Vich Ian Vohr,” chief of Glennaquoich.

Flora M’Ivor, sister of Fergus, and the heroine of Waverley.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Mackitchinson, landlord at the Queen’s Ferry Inn.—Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.).

Macklin. The real name of this great actor was Charles MacLaughlin; but he dropped the middle syllable when he came to England (1690-1797).

Macklin (Sir), a priest who preached to Tom and Bob and Billy, on the sinfulness of walking on Sundays. At his “sixthly” he said, “Ha, ha, I see you raise your hands in agony!” They certainly had raised their hands, for they were yawning. At his “twenty-firstly” he cried, “Ho, ho, I see you bow your heads in hear[t**]felt sorrow!” Truly they bowed their heads, for they were sleeping. Still on he preached and thumped his hat, when the bishop passing by, cried, “Bosh!” and walked him off.—W. S. Gilbert, The Bab Ballads (“Sir Macklin”).

Maclean (Sir Hector), a Highland chief in the army of Montrose, Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

Macleary (Widow), landlady of the Tully Veolan village ale-house.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

MacLeish (Donald), postilion to Mrs. Bethune Baliol.—Sir W. Scott, Highland Widow (time, George II.).

Macleod (Colin or Cawdie), a Scotchman, one of the house-servants of Lord Abberville, entrusted with the financial department of his lordship’s household. Most strictly honest and economical, Colin Macleod is hated by his fellow-servants, and, having been in the service of the family for many years, tries to check his young master in his road to ruin.

⁂ The object of the author in this character is “to weed out the unmanly prejudice of Englishmen against the Scotch,” as the object of The Jew (another drama) was to weed out the prejudice of Christians against that much-maligned people.—Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover (1780).

Macleod of Dare. Young Scotchman who visits London and loses his heart to a beautiful actress. She encourages him for a while, but in the end jilts him. In the insanity consequent upon the disappointment, he causes her death and his own.—William Black, Macleod of Dare.

Macleuchar (Mrs.), bookkeeper at the coach-office in Edinburgh.—Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, George II.).

MacLouis, captain of the king’s guard.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Maclure (Elizabeth), an old widow and a covenanter.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

MacMorlan (Mr.), deputy-sheriff, and guardian to Lucy Bertram.

Mrs. M’Morlan, his wife.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

MacMurrough, “Nan Fonn,” the family bard at Glennaquoich to Fergus M’Ivor.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

372Ma´coma´, a good and wise genius, who protects the prudent and pious against the wiles of all evil genii.—Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii (“The Enchanter’s Tale,” vi., 1751).

MacPhadraick (Miles), a Highland officer under Barcaldine, or Captain Campbell.—Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow, (time, George II.).

Macraw (Francis), an old domestic at the earl of Glenallen’s.—Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.).

Macready (Pate), a pedlar, the friend of Andrew Fairservice, gardener at Osbaldistone Hall.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Mac´reons, the British. Great Britain is the “Ireland of the Macreons.” The word is a Greek compound, meaning “long-lived,” “because no one is put to death there for his religious opinions.” Rabelais says the island “is full of antique ruins and relics of popery and ancient superstitions.”—Rabelais, Pantag´ruel (1545).

⁂ Rabelais describes the persecutions which the Reformers met with as a storm at sea, in which Pantagruel and his fleet were tempest-tossed.

Macro´bii (“the long-lived”), an Ethiopian race, said to live to 120 years and upwards. They are the handsomest and tallest of all men, as well as the longest-lived.

Macroth´umus. long-suffering personified. (Greek, makrothumia=long suffering). Fully described in The Purple Island, (canto x.).—Phineas Fletcher (1633).

MacSarcasm (Sir Archy), in Love à-la-mode, by C. Macklin (1779). Boaden says: “To Covent Garden, G. F. Cooke [1746-1812] was a great acquisition, as he was a ‘Shylock,’ an ‘Iago,’ a ‘Kitely,’ a ‘Sir Archy,’ and a ‘Sir Pertinax’ [McSycophant].” Leigh Hunt says that G. F. Cooke was a new kind of Macklin, and, like him, excelled in “Shylock” and “Sir Archy M’Sarcasm.”

⁂ “Shylock” in the Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare); “Iago” in Othello (Shakespeare); “Kitely” in Every Man in His Humor (B. Jonson); “Sir Archy,” that is, “M’Sarcasm”; “Sir Pertinax McSycophant” in The Man of the World (Macklin).

MacSillergrip, a Scotch pawnbroker, in search of Robin Scrawkey, his runaway apprentice, whom he pursues upstairs and assails with blows.

Mrs. M’Sillergrip, the pawnbroker’s wife, always in terror lest the manager should pay her indecorous attentions.—Charles Mathews (At home, in Multiple).

The skill with which Mathews [1775-1835] carried on a conversation between these three persons produced a most astonishing effect.—Contemporary Paper.

MacStin´ger (Mrs.), a widow who kept lodgings at No. 9 Brig Place, on the brink of a canal near the India Docks. Captain Cuttle lodged there. Mrs. MacStinger was a termagant, and rendered the captain’s life miserable. He was afraid of her, and, although her lodger, was her slave. When her son, Alexander, was refractory, Mrs. MacStinger used to seat him on a cold paving-stone. She contrived to make Captain Bunsby her second husband.—C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846).

MacSyc´ophant (Sir Pertinax), the hotheaded, ambitious father of Charles Egerton. His love for Scotland is very great, and he is continually quarrelling with his 373family because they do not hold his country in sufficient reverence.

I raised it [my fortune] by booing ... I never could stand straight in the presence of a great man, but always booed, and booed, and booed, as it were by instinct.—Act. iii. 1.

Charles Egerton M’Sycophant, son of Sir Pertinax. Egerton was the mother’s name. Charles Egerton marries Constantia.—C. Macklin, The Man of the World (1764).

Mactab (The Hon. Miss Lucretia), sister of Lord Lofty, and sister-in-law of Lieutenant Worthington, “the poor gentleman.” Miss Lucretia was an old maid, “stiff as a ramrod.” Being very poor, she allowed the lieutenant “the honor of maintaining her,” for which “she handsomely gave him her countenance;” but when the lieutenant was obliged to discontinue his hospitality, she resolved to “countenance a tobacconist of Glasgow, who was her sixteenth cousin.”—G. Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802).

MacTavish Mhor or Hamish M’Tavish, a Highland outlaw.

Elspat M’Tavish, or “The Woman of the Tree,” widow of M’Tavish Mhor; “the Highland widow.” She prevents her son from joining his regiment, in consequence of which he is shot as a deserter, and Elspat goes mad.

Hamish Beam M’Tavish, son of Elspat M’Tavish. He joins a Highland regiment, and goes to visit his mother, who gives him a sleeping draught to detain him. As he does not join his regiment in time, he is arrested for desertion, tried, and shot at Dunbarton Castle.—Sir W. Scott, Highland Widow (time, George II.).

MacTurk (Captain Mungo or Hector), “the man of peace,” in the managing committee of the Spa Hotel.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

MacVittie (Ephraim), a Glasgow merchant, one of Osbaldistone’s creditors.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

MacWheeble (Duncan), bailie at Tully Veolan, to the baron of Bradwardine.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Mad. The Bedlam of Belgium is Gheel, where madmen reside in the houses of the inhabitants, generally one in each family.

Dymphna was a woman of rank, murdered by her father for resisting his incestuous passion, and became the tutelar saint of those stricken in spirit. A shrine in time rose in her honor, which for ten centuries has been consecrated to the relief of mental diseases. This was the origin of the insane colony of Gheel.

Mad Cavalier (The), Prince Rupert, of Bavaria, nephew of Charles I. He was noted for his rash courage and impetuosity (1619-1682).

Mad Lover (The), a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (before 1618). The name of the “mad lover” is Memnon, who is general of Astorax, king of Paphos.

Mad Poet (The), Nathaniel Lee (1657-1690).

Madasi´ma (Queen), an important character in the old romance called Am´adis de Gaul; her constant attendant was Elis´abat, a famous surgeon, with whom she roamed in solitary retreats.

Mad´elon, cousin of Cathos, and daughter of Gor´gibus, a plain citizen of the middle rank of life. These two silly girls 374have had their heads turned by novels, and, thinking their names commonplace, Madelon calls herself Polixĕna, and Cathos calls herself Aminta. Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but the girls fancy their manners are too easy to be “stylish;” so the gentlemen send their valets to them, as the “marquis of Mascarille” and the “viscount of Jodelot.” The girls are delighted with these “real gentlemen;” but when the farce has been carried far enough, the masters enter and unmask the trick. The girls are thus taught a useful lesson, but are not subjected to any serious ill consequences.—Molière, Les Précieuses Ridicules (1659).