PART THIRD PHILOSOPHY AS HISTORY (1911-1921) (continued 2)

In the English-speaking world, Croce's fame rests emphatically on his æsthetics, and its applications to literary criticism. His influence on English and American critical thought has already gone much deeper than a mere list of writings on his theories would show; especially in England, his ideas are, so to speak, in the air, and appear in many writers who have no direct knowledge of his work. The best exposition of this phase of his philosophy is to be found in E. F. Carritt's book, The Theory of Beauty, 1914, chap. XIV. The writings of A. B. Walkley, and of J. E. Spingam, contain the most vigorous prosecution of his thought as applied, respectively, to English and to American scholarship and criticism.

For the general history of Italian thought, to which many a reference is made in the course of this book, the best helps, besides Croce's essay on Vico, and B. Spaventa, La filosofia italiana, recently reprinted, Bari, 1909, are the historical works of Giovanni Gentile, and especially his Storia della filosofia italiana, Milano, n. d. Gentile is one of the most profound and earnest modern European thinkers, and it is desirable that his theoretical works, similar in tendency to, but widely divergent in temper from those of Croce, should become better known to the Anglo-Saxon world. Two of his books, La Riforma dell' Educazione and Teoria generale dello Spirito, are soon to appear in English. Croce's judgment on Gentile's Actual Idealism is expressed in Una discussione tra filosofi amici, in Conversazioni Critiche, II, pp. 67-95. But a complete understanding of the vital relations between the two thinkers can be gathered only through an adequate knowledge of both Croce's and Gentile's work.

INDEX A priori synthesis, 157, 199 Absolute, 156 Abstractions, 292 Accademia Pontaniana, 45 Action, thought versus, 188; volition identified with, 194 Activity, æsthetic and practical, relations, 126; theoretical and practical, 117 Æsthetic criticism, 135, 136 Æsthetic personality, 282 Æsthetic principle, 303 Æsthetic production, 124 Æsthetic standards, 137, 138 Æsthetic value, 128 Æsthetics, 100; Croce's theory, 49; German, 63, 65; hedonistic theories, 127; importance in Croce's thought, 63; theories and doctrines, 118; Vico's influence on Croce, 53-54 Agnosticism, 263 American philosophy and culture, 21 Aristotle, 215 Art, as expression, 108; concept, 49, 116; history as an art, 47; literary and rhetorical criticism of, 137; morality and, 121, 126, 279; object, 123, 127; science and, 53; technique and, 130; universality, 277 Artist's personality, 282 Arts, particular, 132 Asceticism, 213 Avenarius, 144 Beauty, 49; as an end in itself, 123; natural, 51, 127; objective, 127 Becoming, 151, 206 Bergson, Henri, 171, 295; on free will, 198; resemblance to Croce, 200 Biography, 59, 61, 282 Bruno, Giordano, 33, 35, 151, 185, 293, 294 Byron, 140 Campanella, Tomaso, 33, 35 Capitalist society, 77, 81 Carducci, Giosuè, 23, 26 Chronicle, 257 Classicism, 281 Classification, 156 Comte, Auguste, 179 Concept, 101, 105; as a unity of distinctions, 149; expression and, 154; identity of pure concept with individual judgment, 156; language and, hi; logical, 145, 146; pure concept, 141, 146, 160; two forms, 155; universal, particular and singular, 150 Conceptual fictions, 146 Consciousness, 190, 206 Contemporaneity, 255 Content and form, 108, 109 Copernicus, 15 Creation, 286, 288 Critic, 287, 288 Critica, La, 95, 247 Criticism, æsthetic, theory, 135; history and, 274; monographic method, 283; technique and, 130; see also Literary criticism Criticism of life, 139 Croce, Benedetto, activities in 1900-1910, 93; æsthetic theory, 49; approach to philosophy and method of work, 28; bibliography of works, 105; birth and early life, 3; first philosophical essay, 45; fundamental discoveries, 303; intellectual activity from 1910 onward, 247; later life, 15-16; mental characteristic, 87; pragmatism, 296; spirit and distinction, 68; travels, 13; war attitude, 248 Culture, American, 21; contemporary European, 18; Italian, 17 Cusanus, 151 D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 9, 27; Croce's difference from, 68 Dante, ix, 26, 122, 139, 252 De Sanctis, Francesco, 23; Croce's debt to, 64, 283 Descartes, 36, 39 Dualism, 170, 183, 195, 244 Duty and pleasure, 210, 213 Economic activity, 207 Economic moment, 211, 214 Economic principle, 303 Economic society, 225 Economic theory of science, 167 Economics, 72, 100; ethics and, 212; history and, 71; Marxism and general economic science, 77; philosophy of and science of, 215 Education, ideal, 205; secondary, in Italy, 5 Einfühlung, 128 Empathy, 128 Empiricism, 178 Engels, Friedrich, 71, 73 England, contemporary culture, 18 Error, 297; forms, 175, 178, 184; function, 302; theory, 173; value and function of, 185 Eternity, 209, 265, 283 Ethical activity, 208 Ethical principle, 218, 221 Ethics, 100; economics and, 212; meditations on, 9 Evil, function, 302; good and, 200; sanction, 203; unreality, 202 Evolution, 206 Evolutionism, 295 Expression, 128; concept and, 154; identification with intuition, 106; language as, 110; meaning of the word, 107 Faith, 174, 177 Filosofia dello Spirito, 94, 243, 246; résumé of the system, 243 Form and content, 108-109 France, contemporary culture, 18 Freedom and art, 126 Freedom of the will, 198 Galileo, 35 Gaspary, Adolf, 26 Genius, 108; taste and, 135 Genres, theories of, 133 Gentile, Giovanni, 69, 96, 166, 308-309 Germany, contemporary culture, 19; philosophic errors, 180 Hedonism and art, 127 Hegel, 24, 25, 74, 142, 143; Croce's criticism of, 152; Croce's relation to, 31; dialectic process in Hegel and in Croce, 151, 180; monograph on, 95; on philosophy and history, 166 Hegelianism, 67, 69, 70 Herbart, J. F., 9 Historical method, 20 Historicism, 182 Historiography, 254 History, an art or a science? 47; chronicle and, 257; contemporary, 255; criticism and, 139, 274; Croce's tentative definition, 54; Croce's theory, growth, 161; divisions, 165; economics and, 270; humanity, 270; identity with philosophy, 163, 265, 287; monographic method, 286; object, 270; of man and of nature, 271; philological, 259; philosophy of, 180; poetical, 261; positivity, 269; problem of, 13, return to, and elaboration of the theory, 247; rhetorical, 261; science and, 168; special histories, 271; spirit as history, 258; theory of, 253; thought and, 262, 265; two meanings of the word, 253; universal, 264, 265 Idealism, 41; transcendental, 290 Ideals, function, 202 Immanentism, 100-101, 152 Immortality, 206 Impressionism, 281 Individual, society and, 226; universal and, 222 Individual judgment, 155 Individuality, 204 Industrial revolution, 76 Inquisition, 177 Inspiration, 123, 132 Intellect, 148 Intention, action and, 162; volition and, 194 Intuition, 101; Croce's use of the word, 112; identification with expression, 106; kinds, 107; lyrical character, 114 Intuitive consciousness, 102 Intuitive knowledge, limits, 104, 105 Judgment, æsthetic, 136; individual, 155; kinds, 155, 156; practical, 196 Jus naturale 232 Kant, 37, 61, 142, 143, 182; ethics, 83 Knowledge, forms, 101, 159; will and, 193 Labriola, Antonio, influence on Croce, 8; on Marxism and materialism, 71 Language, law and, 237; origin and nature, 110, 280; technique of, 134 Law, definition, 228; language and, 237; mutability of laws, 231; philosophy of, 227, 236; social and individual, 229; use of laws, 233 Law of nature, 232 Legalism, 234 Liberty and necessity, 199 Literary criticism, definition, 58; problem of, 57; three phases, 60 Literary critics and art, 137 Literary genre, 133 Logic, 67, 81, 100, 106, 244; function in Croce's system, 141 Logical concept, 145-146 Mach, E., 144 Machiavelli, 83, 215, Marxism, 21; Croce's interest, 71; influence on Croce, 215; morality and, 82 Materialism, historical, 71; criticism and interpretation, 75 Mathematical thought, 171, 217 Mathematicism, 179 Mechanists, 170 Metaphysics, 157, 268 Methodology, philosophy as, 268 Moral concepts, 66 Moral standards, 202 Moralism, abstract, 211 Morality, 208, 223; art and, 121, 126; Marxism and, 82; utility and, 212 Mysticism, 183 Myth, 182 Mythologism, 182 National prejudices, 176 Nationality, 232 Natural laws, 230 Natural rights, 232 Natural sciences, 167 Naturalism, 33, 40, 291 Naturalistic method, 169-170 Nature, 169, 206; beauty in, 127; history of, 271; law of, 232; philosophy of, 180; spirit and, 181 Necessity and liberty, 199 Objectivity, 164 Opposites, 152 Oratory, 280 Pareto, V., 84 Pascoli, Giovanni, 27 Passions, 203, 297 Personality, 204; æsthetic, 282 Philology, 19, 60-61, 259 Philosophy, as the pure concept, 160; Croce's approach to, 28; Croce's first essay, 45; development, 186; history and, 14; identity with history, 163, 165, 265, 287; method, 92; pseudo-scientific, 167; religion and, 182; systematic character, 161 Philosophy of mind, 93; growth of the system, 87 Philosophism, 180 Plato, 151, 182 Platonism, 290 Pleasure, art and, 127; duty and, 210, 213 Poetry, 26, 101, 280; identity with language, 111 Poets, great, 252, 285 Political science, 227 Politics, 176, 214 Positivism, 20, 68, 144, 179 Practical activity, 148; æsthetic activity and, 126; affirmation of, 188; distinctions, 207; forms, 189; philosophy of, 196; scepticisms about, 189, 190 Practical judgment, 196 Practical principles, 230 Pragmatism, 296 Progress, 293; truth and, 295 Prose, 280 Pseudo-concepts, 146 Pseudo-scientific thought, 179 Psychology, 172 Punishment, 235 Puritan, 235 Realism, 41, 292 Reality, 157, 164, 169, 186, 293; dualistic, 179 Reason, 148, 192 Relativity, theory of, 179 Religion, 192; Croce's, 5-6; myth and, 182; philosophy and, 182-183; philosophy identified with, 224 Religious principles, 219 Renaissance, 34-35, 260, 293; philosophy of, 33 Rhetoric, 134 Rhetorical categories, 133, 138 Rolland, Romain, 249 Rousseau, J. J., 232, 281 Russell, Bertrand, 249 Scepticism, 183 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 182 Science, Croce's theory, 172; distinction from art, 53; economic, 215; economic theory of, 167; history and, 168; history as a science, 47; sciences and, 292; superstition and, 180 Scholarship, 10, 13 Schools of criticism, 59 Socialism, 72, 75, 79, 82 Society, economic, 225; philosophical concept, 226-227 Sociologism, 48 Sociology, 52, 79, 172, 227 Sorel, Georges, 84 Spaventa, Bertrando, 3-4, 19; Croce's relations with, 68 Spaventa, Silvio, 4, 7 Spencer, 47, 179 Spinoza, 36, 185 Spirit, 246, 247, 295, 301; as history, 258 Spiritual activity, 118, 189, 301; four forms, 100 Spiritualism, 33, 40, 68 Standard, 202; æsthetic, 137 Syndicalism, 84 Synthesis, a priori, 157, 199 Tactile values, 128 Taste and genius, 135 Technique, art and, 130; criticism and, 130; ordinary idea and consequent errors, 131 Textual criticism, 60 Thought, 157, 164, 174; action versus, 188; history and, 262, 265; non-thought and, 173; truth and, 174; unity, 87, 266 Tolerance, 177 Transcendentalism, 290 Translation, 125 Truth, actuality of, 300; as activity and history, 301; conversion to, 184-185; Croce's conception, 298; progress and, 295; progress in, 186; thought and, 174; what is truth? 289 Typical, the, 122 Unity, 246; of distinctions 149; of thought, 87, 266 Universal, 221, 230, 243, 266, 301 Universal history, 264 Universal language, 237-238 Universal laws, 219 Universality, 150 Utilitarianism, 209, 218, 220, 235 Value, 128, 196, 298; practical, 200 Vico, Giovanni Battista, 33, 293, 294; Croce's relation to, 40; his humanism, 38; influence on Croce's æsthetics, 53-54; metaphysics, 75; monograph on, 95; on error, 177; on poetry, 101 Vitalists, 170 Volition, 193; action identified with, 194; intention coincident with, 194; passions and, 203; see also Will War, Croce's attitude toward, 248 Will, 117, 126, 148, 188, 296; freedom of, 108; its past in errors, 175; knowledge and, 193; struggle of, 203; practical activity; see also Volition