INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Reading edition
FIG. PAGE
1. Diagram showing the reduction of the projected horizontal area, 2
2. Professor Langley’s experiments, 5
3. Eagles balancing themselves on an ascending current of air, 14
4. Air currents observed in Mid-Atlantic, 16
5. Glassy streaks in the Bay of Antibes, 17
6. Air currents observed in the Mediterranean, 18
7. The circulation of air produced by a difference in temperature, 27
8. Kite flying, 29
9. Group of screws and other objects used in my experiments, 32
10. Some of the principal screws experimented with, 32
11. The three best screws, 33
12. Apparatus for testing the thrust of screws, 34
13. Apparatus for testing the direction of air currents, 35
14. The ends of screw blades, 36
15. The manner of building up the large screws, 39
16. A fabric-covered screw, 40
17. The hub and one of the blades of the screw on the Farman machine, 42
18. Section of screw blades having radial edges, 43
19. Form of the blade of a screw made of sheet metal, 44
20. New form of hub, 45
21. Small apparatus for testing fabrics for aeroplanes, 50
22. Apparatus for testing the lifting effect of aeroplanes and condensers, 51
23. Apparatus for testing aeroplanes, condensers, &c., 52
24. Cross-sections of bars of wood, 53
25. Sections of bars of wood, 54
26. A flat aeroplane placed at different angles, 55
27. Group of aeroplanes used in experimental research, 56
28. An 8-inch aeroplane which did very well, 57
29. Resistance due to placing objects in close proximity to each other, 58
30. Cross-section of condenser tube made in the form of Philipps’ sustainers, 60
31. The grouping of condenser tubes made in the form of Philipps’ sustainers, 61
32. Machine with a rotating arm, 63
33. A screw and fabric-covered aeroplane in position for testing, 64
34. The rotating arm of the machine with a screw and aeroplane attached, 65
35. The little steam engine used by me in my rotating arm experiments, 66
36. The machine attached to the end of the rotating shaft, 68
37. Marking off the dynamometer, 69
37a. Right- and left-hand four-blade screws, 70
38. Apparatus for indicating the force and velocity of the wind direct, 71
39. Apparatus for testing the lifting effect of aeroplanes, 73
40. Front elevation of proposed aeroplane machine, 77
41. Side elevation of proposed aeroplane machine, 78
42. Plan of proposed aeroplane machine, 79
43. Plan of a hélicoptère machine, 82
44. Showing the position of the blades of a hélicoptère as they pass around a circle, 83
45. System of splicing and building up wooden members, 86
46. Cross-section of struts, 86
47. Truss suitable for use with flying machines, 87
48. The paradox aeroplane, 88
49. The Antoinette motor, 89
50. Section showing the Antoinette motor as used in the Farman and De la Grange machines, 90
51. Pneumatic buffer, 91
52. Gyroscope, 94
53. Adjusting the lifting effect, 95
54. Showing that the machine could be tilted in either direction by changing the position of the rudder, 96
55. Adjusting the lifting effect, 97
56. Adjustment of the rudders, 98
57. Diagram showing the evolution of a wide aeroplane, 102
58. In a recently published mathematical treatise on aerodynamics an illustration is shown, representing the path that the air takes on encountering a rapidly moving curved aeroplane, 104
59. An illustration from another scientific publication also on the dynamics of flight, 104
60. Another illustration from the same work, 105
61. The shape and the practical angle of an aeroplane, 105
62. An aeroplane of great thickness, 106
63. Section of a screw blade having a rib on the back, 106
64. Shows a flat aeroplane placed at an angle of 45°, 107
65. The aeroplane here shown is a mathematical paradox, 107
66. This shows fig. 65 with a section removed, 107
67. Diagram showing real path of a bird, 108
68. The De la Grange machine on the ground, 111
69. The De la Grange machine in full flight, 111
70. Farman’s machine in flight, 112
71. Bleriot’s machine, 113
72. Santos Dumont’s flying machine, 113
72a. Angles and degrees compared, 115
72b. Diagram showing direction of the air with a thick curved aeroplane, 118
72c. Aeroplanes experimented with by Mr. Horatio Philipps, 118
73. The enormous balloon “Ville de Paris,” 123
74. Photograph of a model of my machine, 130
75. The fabric-covered aeroplane experimented with, 131
76. The forward rudder of my large machine showing the fabric attached to the lower side, 131
77. View of the track used in my experiments, 134
78. The machine on the track tied up to the dynamometer, 135
79. Two dynagraphs, 136
80. The outrigger wheel that gave out and caused an accident with the machine, 137
81. Shows the broken planks and the wreck that they caused, 138
82. The condition of the machine after the accident, 139
83. This shows the screws damaged by the broken planks, 140
84. This shows a form of outrigger wheels which were ultimately used, 141
85. One pair of my compound engines, 142
86. Diagram showing the path that the air has to take in passing between superposed aeroplanes in close proximity to each other, 144
87. Position of narrow aeroplanes arranged so that the air has free passage between them, 145
88. The very narrow aeroplanes or sustainers employed by Mr. Philipps, 146
89. One of the large screws being hoisted into position, 149
90. Steam boiler employed in my experiments, 157
91. The burner employed in my steam experiments, 157
92. Count Zeppelin’s aluminium-covered airship coming out of its shed on Lake Constance, 161
93. Count Zeppelin’s airship in full flight, 161
94. The new British war balloon “Dirigible” No. 2, 162
95. The Wright aeroplane in full flight, 162
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL FLIGHT.