INDEX.
Reading edition
A
Abstract ideas, 322, 363
Acceleration, sense of, 269
Acceleration and retardation, 221
Achirus pellucidus, 83
Acquired characters, are they transmitted? 147; habits, are they inherited? 436; variations in the intellectual sphere, 497
Acræa, 203
Activities, organic basis of comparative psychology, 337; of animals, 415; voluntary and involuntary, classification of, 462
Adaptation, analogous, 117; modes of, 119; special, examples of, 179; to varying environment, 183
Advantage must be particular, 184; must be immediate and not prospective, 186; must be "available," 188, 211
Æschna, 289
Æsthetic preferences in insects and birds, 207; aspect of sensation, not primary, 243; motive not present to animal consciousness, 409
Alexander, Mr. S., "Moral Order and Progress," 463
Allen, Mr. Grant, on evolution of flowers, 206; on pleasure and pain, 380
Allen, Mr. J. A., on colour and humidity, 164
Alternation of generations, 46
Amblyopsis spelæus, 271
American school of evolutionists, 221
Amœba, how it feeds, 5; reproduction of, 12, 38; diagram of, 12; protoplasmic functions of, 142
Amphibia, labyrinthodont, 288
Anabolism, constructive process, 32
Analysis (mental), 321
Ancon sheep, 226
Anderson, Mr., on one-eared rabbits, 226
Anemone, sea, reproduction of, 41; marginal beads of, 298; discrimination by, 359
Anger and rage, 389
Animal life, nature of, 1; diversity of, 177
Animal intelligence, differs generically from man's reason, 350
Animals, characteristics of, 1; divided into protozoa and metazoa, 15; and plants, their relation to food-stuffs, the atmosphere, and energy, 15; intelligent not rational, 373; capacities for pleasure and pain, 391
Animistic ideas of savages, how developed, 494
Anisognathus, 226
Anomia, 265
Ant, sauba, of South America, 213; sense of taste in, 253; sense of smell in, 258; auditory organ of, 267; intelligence of, 357; activities often described as instinctive, 425; neuter insects, 440; Siamese, 449
Antagonism, advantages of, 394
Antennæ of insects, modifications of, 178; of emperor moth, 199; organ of hearing in, 267; modified hairs of, 297
Antennule of crayfish, 259
Anthophora, 438
Anticipation, 327
Antlers of deer in illustration of growth, 28
Aphides, absence of fertilization in reproduction, 44
Appetence and aversion, 343, 384
Apus, 46
Aquatic organisms, respiration in, 4; sense of smell in, 256
Arago, M., observation on turnspit dog, 404
Arctic hare and fox, 84; animals, colours of, 165; fox, cunning of, 366
Argyle, Duke of, on humming-birds, 110
Artemia salina and milhausenii, 164
Artistic faculties and natural selection, 484; products, evolution of, 489
Association a tendency to integration, 183; perceptual and mimicry, 202; and recognition marks, 203
Ateles, 210
Atmosphere, relations of animals and plants to, 15
Attacus, 179
Attention, 342
Attidæ, 208
Auditory apparatus in man, 262
Aurelia, life-cycle of, 45
Australian mammals and others convergent, 117
Automatic action, 415
Available advantage, 188, 211
Aversion and appetence, 343, 384
B
Baboon, experiments with, 352
Bacilli attacked by leucocytes, 439
Bacillus violaceus, 80
Bailey, Mr. E. H. S., on taste, 251
Balbiani on Chironomus, 137
Balistes, 179
Barrett, Mr. W. F., on sensitive-flame experiment, 298
Barrier, geographical, 99; time, in physiological isolation, 105
Barrington, The Hon. Daines, on song of linnet, 454
Bateson, Mr. W., on lateral line, 252; on fishes hunting by scent, 256; on smell in shrimps, etc., 260; on hearing in fishes, 264; on hearing in Anomia, 265; on sight in fishes, 286; on rockling and sole, 352; on fascination in fishes, 388
Bats, tabulated measurements of wing-bones of, 65-73; wings, fortuitous variations in, 235; experiment with, 247
Beauty, standard of, 206; sense of, 407
Beaver, change of habit in, 445
Beccari on gardener bower bird, 408
Becker, Alexander, on variations in the balance of life, 112
Bees, divergent development of, 58; cuckoo, 90; latency in, 228; sense of taste, 253; sense of smell, 257; smell-hollows, 259; eyes and eyelets of, 289; intelligence of, 357; colour preferences in, 408; homing faculty in, 428; neuter insects, 440
Beetles of Madeira, 81; stag-, variability of male, 180; observations on dung-, 368
Begging in dogs, 345
Berkeley, Bishop, quoted, 475
Bert, M. Paul, limits of sensibility to light, 296
Bidie, Mr. George, anecdote of cat, 370
Binet, M., "Psychic Life of Micro-organisms," 360
Birds, influence of food-yolk on development of, 56; divergence among, 97; breeding area of comparatively restricted, 101; humming, Duke of Argyle on, 110; destruction of eggs of, 189; game-, white and black crossed, 225; taste in, 251; smell in, 256; hearing in, 264; sight in, 284; colour-vision in, 285; gardener bower, 408; humming, nests of, 408; perfect instincts of prœcoces, 424; love antics of satin bower, 450; nests of, 453; song of, 454
Blochmann on the development of the drone, 153
Blood, circulation of, 22
Body as distinguished from reproductive cells, 131
Boll and Kühne, Messrs., on retinal purple, 276
Bolton, Miss Caroline, on the bat, 247
Bombus muscorum, 90; lapidarius, 91
Bombyx quercus, 258
Bower bird, 408, 450
Brain, 31; decreased, of rabbits and ducks, 171; a microcosm, 491
Brehm's, Thierleben, quotation from, 405
Brine shrimp, modified by salinity of water, 164
Brooks, Prof. W. K., his modification of pangenesis, 134; on the greater variability of the male, 237
Brown, Prof. Crum, on sense of acceleration, 270
Browne, Sir J. Crichton, on ducks, 171
Budding, reproduction by, 42; in relation to heredity, 128
Bull, "Favourite," prepotent, 227; reversion in, 229
Bunyan, John, on gateways of knowledge, 311
Butler, Mr. Samuel, on organic memory, 62, 475
Butterfly, protective resemblance in, 86; mimicry in, 87
C
Camel, wounded, 392
Canary, crested, 225; nest building of, 453
Capon, taking to sitting, 228
Capuchin monkey, Miss Romanes's observation on, 367; sympathy in, 397
Carlyle, quoted, 331, 335
Carp at Potsdam, 265
Carter, Dr. Brudenell, quoted, 285
Caste, idea of, in dog, 400
Cat, effect of African climate on, 164; defining its percept, 339; communication, 345; intelligence of, 370; and mouse, 399; punishing kitten, 405
Caterpillars, protective resemblance in, 82
Cattle of Falkland Islands, 203
Causation, 327
Cell, diagram of animal, 10; controlled explosions in, 31
Cessation of selection, effects of, 172
Chætodon, 83
Chætogaster limnæi, reproduction of, 42
Chaffinch, nest of New Zealand, 454
Chamæleon, 286
Chance, 236
Change of conditions, 163
Characters, specific, 110
Charbonnier, Mr, Henry, measurements of bats, 63
Chattock, Mr. A. P., his experiments on colour-vision, 280; letter to, on dog and picture, 341
Cheshire, Mr., on smell-hollows in bees, 259
Chickens' aversion to protected caterpillars, 352; perfectly instinctive activities, 424
Chironomus, reproductive cells of, 137
Choice, 458
Circulation of the blood, 22
Classification, 323
Clifford, W. K., on human consciousness, 341; on the eject, 476; on "world-consciousness," 479
Clover and bees, 113
Clytus arietis, 87
Cockchafer, smell-hollows of, 259
Cockerell, Mr., on variations in snails, 75; on effects of moisture, 239
Cockroach, diagram of trachea or air-tubes of, 3; sense of taste in, 253; sense of smell in, 258
Cocoon, collective, 429
Colobus, 210
Colour, protective resemblance in, 82; warning of inedibility, 82; dependent on humidity, 164; direct action of climate on, 164; development of, 202; blindness, 273, 279; phenomena of, 278
Combination, organic, hypothesis of, 150, 240
Communication in dogs, 345; in bees, 358
Compensation of growth, 155
Competition, elimination through, 89
Concept, 325, 326
Conception, 325
Conceptual conduct and evolution, 488
Condor, rate of increase of, 57
Conduct, 463; influence of thought and æsthetics on, 483; conceptual, and natural selection, 488
Congruity, principle of, 486
Conjugation in protozoa, 39; of ovum and sperm-cell, 42
Consciousness, 32; and consentience, 326, 362; as a criterion of instinct, 432
Consentience, 326, 362
Construct and construction (mental), 312; three stages of, 324; inevitable nature of, 332; in mammals, 338
Continuity of reproductive cells, 131; germ-plasm, 138; cellular, 142; in mental development, 373
Convergence, phenomena of, 117
Co-ordinants, 303
Cope, Prof., on the effects of use, 210; and Hyatt, Prof., on retardation and acceleration, 221
Correlated variation, 59, 216
Corti, organ of, 263
Coryne, Prof. Weismann on, 139
Couch, Mr., on goldfinch song, 454
Crab, protective resemblance in, 87; hermit, 195; habit of decking itself, 457
Crayfish, smell in, 259; auditory organ of, 266
Crossing, effect on reversion, 230
Cruelty in cat, objective, 400
Crustacea, eyes of, 292
Ctenomys, 194
Cuckoo, the name onomatopoetic, 322; habits intelligent, 436; ejecting young birds, 437
Curiosity in prong-horn, 339
Cuttlefish, eyes of, 293
Cyclas, 265
Cycloptera speculata, locust resembling leaf, 86
D
Dallinger, Dr., his temperature-experiments on monads, 147
Danais, 203
Daphnids, absence of fertilization in reproduction of, 45; colour-vision in, 292, 296; leucocytes of, 439
Darwin, Charles. Natural selection and the struggle for existence, 77; divides the principle of selection into three kinds, 78; on selection of flowers and fruits by insects, 93; on sexual selection, 94; on prevention of free crossing in breeding, 99; on differential fertility, 104; on London rats, 106; on Galapagos archipelago, 109; on diverse adaptation, 111; on the influence of old maids on clover crops, 113; on the influence of parent on offspring, 122; on the co-ordinating power of her organization, 125; hypothesis of pangenesis, 131; on fur of arctic animals, 165; changes of structure attributed to use and disease, 171; on blindness of tuco-tuco, 194; on the principle of economy, 194; on sexual selection, 198; on preferential mating, 204; on evolution of flowers, 205; on co-ordinated variations in the elk, 213; on acceleration, 222; on ancon sheep, 226; on prepotency, 227; on reversion, 229; on the effects of crossing, 230; on fortuitous variation, 236; on the subordination of the conditions to the organism, 236; on the greater variability of male, 237; on attention in monkeys, 342; on brain of ant, 358; on gestures of anger and rage, 389; on pleasures and pains of animals, 394; on bravery of a monkey, 396; on Abyssinian baboons, 405; on sense of humour in the dog, 406; on neuter insects, 440; on selection of oxen, 441; on acquisition of fear of man by birds, 443; on satin bower bird, 450
Death, natural introduction of, 186, 193
Deceit in dogs, 400
Degeneration, 183
Desert animals, inconspicuousness of, 89
Descartes on pineal gland, 288
Desire, 460, 463
Destruction, indiscriminate, as opposed to elimination, 76
Development of organisms distinct from growth, 6; reproduction and, 36; is differential growth, 49; of a vertebrate, diagrammatic account of, 51; comparative, of some vertebrates, 220
De Vries, 132, 159
Differentiation in protozoa, 40; in metazoa, 41; during development, 49; of reproductive cells, 143; and integration, 183; of tissues, 232
Difflugia, 360
Dimorphism in larvæ, 187
Discrimination in the sense of touch, 245; hearing, 262; sight, 275; its fundamental nature, 338; in sea-anemone, 359
Disease, elimination by, 80
Display, 207
Disuse, panmixia and, 189; negative and not positive, 196; use and, 209
Divergence among birds, illustrated from Wallace, 97; through diverse adaptation, 111
Dixon, Mr. Charles, effects of climate on the colours of birds, 164; on chaffinch nests, 454
Dog, effect of Indian climate on, 164, 167; greyhounds in Mexico, 167; sense of smell in, 255, 338; vague percept of, 339; and the feelings of other animals, 340; and pictures, 341; powers of communication, 344; swimming rivers, 365; cleverness of, 367; sympathy in, 397; idea of caste, deceit, 400; endurance of pain, 402; sense of justice in, 404; punishing pup, 405; sense of humour in, 406; swimming a deferred instinct in, 423; turning round to make a couch, 444
Dog-fish, sense of smell in, 257
Domestication, variations effected by, 171, 215; crossing and reversion, 230
Doris tuberculata, 84
Dreaming, 341; and the animistic hypothesis, 495
Dromia vulgaris, 457
Drones developed from unfertilized ova, 45; second polar cell extruded, 153
Dubois, M., on Proteus, 294
Ducks, Sir J. Crichton Browne on, 171; Dr. Rae on instinctive wildness of, 435
Duration of life, 186
E
Eagle, sclerotic plates of, 437
Ear, 263
Earthworm, respiration in, 4, 24; regeneration of lost parts, 41; sensitive to light, 293; outward projection in, 359
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 81
Ecitons, 427
Economy, principle of, 194
Education of ants, 428; of young animals, 455
Egg and hen, problem of, 130
Egg-cell and sperm-cell, diagram of, 13; conditions which determine production of, 60
Eggs, influence of food-yolk on mode of development of, 56; destruction of birds, 189
Ego, or self, 475
Eimer, Prof., on inhabitants of Nile valley, 165; on Helix hortensis, 226; on instinct, 436; on differential dread in birds, 444
Eject, meaning of, 476
Elaboration, 183
Elephant, rate of increase of, 57; intelligence of, 363, 369; use of tools by, 370; vindictiveness in, 401
Elimination, as opposed to selection, 79; its three modes, 80; as a factor in the origin of instinct, 447; of ideas through incongruity, 486; as applied to the intellectual faculties, 497
Embryology negatives preformation, 50
Emotions exemplified, 382; the expression of, 385; three orders of, 391; in vertebrata, 395
Encystment, 38, 49
Ends and means, 371
Energy, relations of animals and plants to, 16
Ennomos tiliaria, caterpillar, protective resemblance of, 85
Environment, direct effects of on the organism, 163; changes of, in relation to the organism, 183; are effects of direct or indirect? 233; instances of effects of, 238
Equus, 118
Eristalis tenax, 87
Ethics in animals, 413
Euplæa, 203
Evolution of older writers, 50; and revolution, 119; organic, 177; meaning of term, 182; mental, 464; organic and mental not continuous, 488; interneural, 490
Excrement of birds, resemblance of spider to, 90
Excretion, an essential life-process, 3, 29
Expectation, 327
Experience dependent on memory, 305
Expression of the emotions, 385
Eye, structure of in man, 274; in mole, 284; pineal, 287; in insects, 288; facetted, 289; in crustacea, 292; in molluscs, 292; four types of, 294
F
Fabre, M., on Sitaris, 439
Facetted eye, 289
Factors of phenomena, laws of, 61
Falkland Islands, cattle of, 102; birds of, 443
Fear, dread and terror, 387; instinct of, 443
Feelings of animals, 8, 378
Female. See Sex-differentiation.
Female and male insects, differences between, 179; vigour expended on offspring, 238
Fertilization, nature of, 42; absent in parthenogenetic forms, 44
Fertility, differential, Darwin and Romanes on, 104; of hybrids, 105
Fetishism, its natural genesis, 492
Fischer, Dr. Emil, on smell, 254
Fish, respiration in, 24; protective resemblance in, 83; amount of food-yolk in eggs of, 220; skate and turbot compared, 220; sense of taste in, 252; sense of smell in, 256; sense of hearing in, 264; sense of sight in, 286; fascination in, 388; love-antics of, 450
Fisk, Rev. G. H. R., on sympathy in cat, 397
Fission, a process of cell-division, 37; in protozoa, 38; in metazoa, 41
Flight, instinctive nature of, 425
Flourens, M., on function of semicircular canals, 269
Flowers and fruits, selection of, 93; evolved through insect agency, 206
Folliculina, 360
Food-stuffs, relations of animals and plants to, 15; nature of and digestion of, 25
Food-yolk, influence of, on development, 55; the result of parental sacrifice, 57
Forbes, H. O., on Javan spiders, 90
Forel, M., on taste of ants, 253; on vision of daphnids, 296; on happy family of ants, 428
Form-characteristics of animals, 2
Fortuitous variation, 235
Fosterage and protection, 219; result of female self-sacrifice, 238
Fothergill, Mr., on dogs swimming rivers, 364
Fowl, variations in, attributed by Darwin to use, 171; crossing of, 227, 230
Fox, cunning of, 366
Francis, Mr. H. A., 90
Fritsch, Dr., Fig. of skull of Melanerpeton, 288
Frog, development of, 6; arrest of life in, 21; respiration in, 24; fishing, or angler-fish, 91; modified development of, 214; effects of simple stimulus on, 305
Fruits and flowers, selection of, 93
G
Gabet, Messrs. Huc and, on Llama cow, 333
Galapagos Archipelago, species and varieties in, 99; climate of, 109
Gallus bankiva, 230
Galton, Mr. Francis, on the coloration of the zebra, 84; his modification of pangenesis, 135; numerical estimate of inheritance, 150, 192; his investigations on twins, 169; on blended characters, 225; on the steps of evolution, 227
Ganglia, 31
Gannet, rate of increase of, 57
Gas-engine, analogy of, 30
Gautier, Théophile, his cat, 264
Geddes, Prof. Patrick, and Thomson, J. A., on anabolism and katabolism, 44; quoted, 50, 137, 237
Gemmules, pangenetic, 131
Generations, alternation of, 46
Generic idea, 326
Geographical barriers a means of segregation, 99
Geological changes, influence on natural selection, 113
Germ-plasm, continuity of, 138; convenience of, 140
Gills of mussel, 4; as respiratory organs, 24
Giraffe, co-ordinated variations in, 212
Glacial epoch, effects of, 113
Gland, pineal, 288
Goldfinch, song of, 454
Goldschneider, on temperature-sense, 249
Gould, Dr., on humming-birds' nests, 408
Graber, Dr., on colour-sensitiveness of earthworm, 293
Grant, Mr. G. L., on New Zealand sparrows, 445
Grasshopper, auditory organ of, 266
Gregarina, reproduction in, 38
Grenacher, Dr., experiment on moth's eye, 290
Grouse, white plumage in, due to reversion, 229
Grove, Sir W. R., on antagonism, 394
Growth of organisms, 5; illustration of a deer's antler, 28; law of, after mutilation, 126
Guidance distinguished from origin, 242
Guillemot, eggs of, 410
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on landshells of Sandwich Islands, 109; on tendency to divergence, 151
Guppy, Mr., on crab of Solomon Islands, 87
H
Habits of animals, 415
Habitual activities, 420; sense of satisfaction in performance of, 421
Haeckel, Prof., plastidules of, 125; theory of perigenesis, 159
Halictus cylindricus, 90
Hamerton, Mr. P. G., on the ignorance of animals, 333
Hamilton, Sir Wm., quoted, 470
Hancock, Mr. John, on instinct of cuckoo, 437
Hasse, E., on bumble-bees, 259
Hauser, on cockchafer, 259
Haycroft, Mr. J. B., on taste, 250
Hearing, sense of, 261
Heliconia, 203
Helix, nemoralis and hortensis, variation of, 75, 217, 226, 239
Helmholtz, Von, on colour, 277; on local signs of retina, 308
Hen and egg, problem of, 130
Hensen, on shrimps, 266
Herbert, Prof. T. M., quoted, 471
Herdman, Prof., on sea-slug (Doris), 84; his modification of pangenesis, 135; on warning coloration in nudibranchs, 252
Heredity, an organic application of the law of persistence, 62; and the origin of variations, 122; in protozoa, 123; and regeneration of lost parts, 124; failure of, 192; and instinct, 435
Hering, Edward, on organic memory, 62, 475
Heron, Sir R., on crossing rabbits, 225
Herschell, Sir John, on colour, 277
Hertwig, Richard, observations on Infusoria, 39
Hicks, on Capricorn beetle, 267
Hicks' organ, 267
Hickson, Dr., Fig. of eye of fly, 290
Hipparion, 118
Hippopotamus, instinctive activities in, 423
Holland, Sir Henry, on inheritance, 223
Homing faculty of bees, 428
Horse, two different evolutions of, 118; effects of use on digits of, 210; sense of pain in, 392
Howse, Prof., antennule of crayfish, 259
Huber, Pierre, on smell in bees, 257; judgment and instinct, 452
Huc and Gabet, Messrs., on Llama cow, 333
Huggins, Dr., his dog Kepler, 396
Humming-birds, 110
Humour, sense of, in dog, 406
Huxley, T. H., on limitation of variations, 151; on neurosis and psychosis, 465
Hyatt, Prof., on acceleration and retardation, 221
Hybrids, fertility of, 105
Hydra, reproduction of, 14, 41; diagram of, 43; artificial division of, 124; budding in, 128; sexual reproduction of, 129
Hydra tuba, and medusa of aurelia, 45
Hydroids, development of, 46; Weismann on, 139
Hymenoptera, antennary structures of, 297; instincts of social, 441, 448
I
Ichneumon fly, instinct of, 430
Ichthyosaurus, pineal eye of, 288
Icteridæ, 454
Idea of an object, 313
Ideas, conceptual, their environment, 485; the law of their evolution, 486
Idealism, 474
Ignorance of animals, 333
Image, inverted in retina, 311
Imagination, constructive, 325
Imitation as a factor in habit or instinct, 443, 453
Immortality of protozoa, 12
Incongruity, elimination by, 486
Increase, law of, 58
Incubation, instinct of, 434
Individuality, a tendency to differentiation, 183
Inference, conscious and unconscious, 328; in animals, 361
Infertility of isolated forms, 108
Infusoria, reproduction in, 39
Inheritance, exclusive, a means of isolation, 104; of variations, 223; of acquired habits, 435; of acquired increments of intellectual faculty, 497
Inhibition, 385; as a condition of volition, 459
Innate capacity, 422; its importance, 429
Insects, tracheal respiration of, 3, 24; wingless, of Madeira, 81; of Kerguelen Island, 81; mimicry and protective resemblance in, 85, 88; segregation by colour, 101; antennæ of, 178; mouth-organs of, 179; and the evolution of flowers, 206; sense of touch in, 248; taste in, 253; smell in, 257; hearing in, 266; sight in, 288; perceptual powers of, 357; neuter, 440
Instinct and available advantage, 211; consideration of, 415; perfect, imperfect, and incomplete, 422; deferred, 423; blind prevision in, 429; gratification in performance of, 430; consciousness and, 432; primary and secondary, 434; three factors in the origin of, 447; as influenced by intelligence, 452; by imitation, 453; by education, 455; as distinguished from intelligence, 457
Instinctive emotion, 390, 395
Integration and differentiation, 183
Intellectual development, 486
Intelligence involved in selection, 95; distinguished from reason, 330, 365; lapsed, 435 involved in instinct, 440; as influencing instinct, 452; criteria of, 456
Interbreeding and intercrossing, 97
Interneural evolution, 490
Interpretations of nature, genera and species of, 492
Isle of Man, tortoiseshell butterfly of, 81
Isolates, 322, 364
Isolation, organic, or segregation, 99; mental, or abstraction, 322
J
Jaeger, Dr., on crossing of pigs, 230
Jenkins, Mr. H. L., on the elephant, 363
Judgment, 330
K
Kallima paralecta, leaf-butterfly, 86
Kant, quoted, 476
Katabolism, a disruption or explosive process, 32
Kea, of New Zealand, 446
Keimplasma. See Germ-plasm
Kentish plover, 83, 217
Kepler, Dr. Huggins's dog, 396
Kerguelen Island, wingless insects of, 81
Kinesis, 467
Kingfishers, 446
Kirby and Spence, localization of smell in insects, 258; on hearing in a moth, 267; on instinct of ichneumon fly, 430
Kittens, instinctive antipathy to dog, 396
Klein, Mr. S., on Bombyx quercus, 258
Kühne, Messrs. Boll and, on retinal purple, 276
L
Labyrinthodont amphibia, pineal eye in, 288
Lamont, on reindeer, 392
Lane, Dr. Arbuthnot, on influence of certain trades on structure, 169
Langley, Prof., On ætherial vibrations, 299
Language, 322; the instrument of analysis, 349; its origin and effects, 374
Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, his description of perigenesis, 159; on blind cave-fish, 194
Lapsing of intelligence, 435
Larden, W., on the Rhea, 89; on instinct in a snakelet, 424
Larmarckian school, 209
Larvæ, dimorphism in, 187
Latency, phenomena of, 227
Lateral line of fishes, 252
Leaf-butterfly, 86
Lee, Mr. Arthur, on communication in cat, 345
Leptalis, 87
Leroy, on abstract notion of danger in fox, 348
Leucocytes, role of, 439
Lewes, G. H., 437, 462
Leydig, on antennule of crayfish, 259
Life, duration of, due to natural selection, 186
Life-area, expansion and contraction of, 114
Limits of vision, 281; of sensation, 299
Limnæus truncatulus, 48
Lincecum, Dr., on habits of Texan ants, 425
Linnet, song of, 454
Lion, observation on, 400
Liver-fluke, life-history of, 47
Local signs, 308
Localization, 307; in animals, 338; in medusa, 359
Locke, on difference between man and brute, 349
Logos makes man human, 375
Lonbiére, on instincts of Siamese ants, 449
Lotze, quoted, 379
Lubbock, Sir J., "Senses of Animals," 246; sense of smell in ants, 258; auditory organ of ant, 267; on Hicks's organ, 267; on colour-sense in dog, 283; in insects, 291; in Daphnia, 292; on limits of colour-vision, 296; on antennary structures in hymenoptera, 297; on power of communication in dog, 345; in ants, 358; on colour preferences in bees, 407; on instinct of play and sympathy in ants, 414; on homing faculty in bees, 428; on sitaris, 439
Lucanus cervus, 180
Ludicrous, sense of, in dog, 406
Lumsden, Sir Harry, on partridges, 398
Lyell, the necessary precursor of Darwin, 121
M
Mach, Prof., on Macula acustica, 271
Machetes pugnax, 110, 178
Mackennal, Mr. Alexander, observation on a cat, 405
Maclagan, Miss Nellie, on sympathetic action in dog, 398
Madeira, wingless insects of, 81
Male, See Sex-differentiation
Male and female insects, differences between, 179; greater variability in, 237; vigour and vitality of, in secondary sexual characters, 237
Malle, Dureau de la, on starling, 455
Mammals, respiration in, 21; early nutrition of, the result of parental sacrifice, 57; convergence in, 117; sense of smell in, 255; hearing in, 263; sight in, 283; perceptions of, 338
Man, elimination by physical circumstances, 81; alternation of good and bad times, 117; reversion in, 229
Mann, Mrs., on sympathetic action of dog, 397; anecdotes of dogs, 406
Mantis, protective and aggressive resemblance in, 90
Marsupials of Australia, 117
Martineau, Dr., on wants, 382
Materialism, 464, 471
Mathematical faculty and natural selection, 484
Maupas, M., observations on infusoria, 39
Mayer, on mosquito, 267
McCook, Dr., sense of smell in ants, 258; habits of Texan ants, 425
McCosh, Dr., quoted, 391
Means and ends, 371
Medusa, 46; sense of hearing in, 265; eyes of, 293; localization by, 359
Melanerpeton, 288
Meldola, Prof. R., 239
Memory, the revival of past impressions, 304; organic, Butler and Hering on, 62
Mental evolution, 464
Mercier, Dr. Charles, on the criteria of intelligence, 456
Merrifield, Mr., experiments on moths, 238
Metabolism, 32
Metakinesis, 467
Metamorphosis and transformation, 7
Metaphyta, 15
Metazoa, 15
Methona, 87
Miall, Prof., Fig. of touch-hair of an insect, 248
Mice, white and grey, crossed, 225
Microbes, elimination among, 80
Micrococcus prodigiosus, 81
Microstomum lineare, reproduction in, 42
Mimicry, 87; as evidence of perceptual association, 202, 351
Mind, out of what evolved? 464
Mineral crystals, analogy of, 240
Mitchell, James, his delicate sense of smell, 255
Mivart, Prof. St. George, on Saturnia, 163; on common-sense realism, 316; on ideas, etc., 320; on "practical intelligence," 362; on man and brute, 374; on consciousness and consentience, 461
Modifiability of individual organism, 163
Modifications of antennæ and mouth-organs of insects, 178
Mole, eye of, 284
Mollusks, variety of, 178; sense of smell in, 260; hearing in, 265; sight in, 292
Monads, reproduction of, 38; temperature experiments with, 147
Mongrelization, 168
Monistic hypothesis, 465
Monkey, ateles and colobus digits of, 210; examining marsupial pouch, 340; attention in, 342; capuchin, intelligence of, 367
Monospora bicuspidata, 439
Moore, Mr. Thomas, on hybrids between Amherst and golden pheasants, 106
Mosaic vision, 291
Mouth-organs of insects, 179
Muciparous canals of fishes, 298
Müller, Prof. Max, "Science of Thought," 325; on percepts, 375; on language and thought, 376; paraphrased, 467; on materialism, 471
Murex, 292
Mus rex and imperator, 100
Musical and artistic faculty, 484
Mussel, freshwater, gills of, 4; olfactory organ of, 260
Mutilation, law of growth after, 126; not the best kind of evidence of transmitted modifications, 162
N
Nägeli, 159
Naish, Mr. John G., on the cockatoo, 354
Natural selection, variation and, 61; two modes, elimination and selection proper, 79; and the effects of use and disuse, 174; not to be used as a magic formula, 184; and instinct, 445; and human thought, 484
Nerves, briefly described, 246; afferent and efferent, 303
Nestor notabilis, 446
Nests of bower-bird and humming-bird, 408; instinctive building of, 453
Nettleship, Mr., on a lion, 400
Neural processes, environment of, 491
Neurosis and psychosis, 465
Neuter insects, 440
New Zealand sparrow, 445; parrot, 446; chaffinch, 454
Nichols, on taste, 251
Noctule, 66
Noiré, on concepts, 325
Nomada solidaginis, 90
Norris, Mr. W. E., quoted, 420
Noumena, or "things in themselves," 470
Nucleus of animal cell, 10; as controlling formative process in, 124
Nutrition in illustration of the process of life, 25
O
Object, nature of, 313, 437
Ocelli in insects, 288
Oecodoma cephalotes, 213
Onchidium, 293
Optogram, 276
Organic combination, hypothesis of, 150, 240
Organic evolution, 177; as basis of comparative psychology, 336
Organic growth, 5
Organism, unity of, as regards body and germ, 161; relation of, to environment, 183
Organization, co-ordinating power of, 125; of bodily and mental activities, 419
Origin, distinguished from guidance, 242
Origin of species, 242
Origin of organic variations, 231; of metakinetic or mental variations, 496
Ornithoptera, 179
Otoliths, 265, 271
Owen, Sir Richard, suggested germinal continuity, 135
Oyster-embryo set free early, 56; variation of Mediterranean, 164
P
Pachyrhyncus orbifex, 87
Pagurus prideauxii, 457
Pain, massive and acute, 379; capacities of animals for, 391
Pangenesis, 182
Panmixia and disuse, 189
Papilionidæ, 202
Paradise, birds of, 202
Paranucleus in protozoa, 39
Paramœcium, reproduction in, 39
Parasites, how they feed, 5
Parental sacrifice in birds and mammals, 57; its limits, 186
Parrot, intelligence of, 353
Parthenogenetic forms, no second polar cell in, 153; the drone an exception, 153
Parus palustris, 164
Peal, Mr. S., on use of tools by elephant, 370
Peckham, Mr. G. W., on love-antics of a spider, 208, 450
Pecten, 293
Pelagic animals, colours of, 83
Penzoldt, Dr., on smell, 254
Percept, 325, 326
Perception, 311, 324; in animals, 339
Perceptual association, 202
Perigenesis of the plastidule, 159
Peripatus, 142
Persistence, law of, 61
Pheasant, hybrids between Amherst and golden, 106; golden, hen with cock's plumage, 228
Phengodini, 223
Phenomenal nature of object, 315, 320, 331
Photographic psychology, 320, 326
Phrynocephalus mystaceus, 90
Physiological isolation, 104
Physiological and psychological activities, 304; series, 386, 417
Picton, Mrs. E., on Skye terrier, 398
Pigeons, correlated variations in, 216; silky fantail prepotent, 227
Pigs, intestines of, 171; crossing of, 226, 230
Pike, teeth of, 437
Pineal gland, 196, 288
Pipistrelle, wing of, 64
Pipits as illustrating divergence, 97
Pitch, musical, 261
Plasm, 10
Plasmogen, 10
Platyglossus, 83
Play, instinct of, 450
Pleasure and the special senses, 243; massive and acute, 379; capacities of animals for, 391
Plecotus auritus, 68
Plesiosaurus, pineal eye of, 288
Ploss, Herr, on sex-differentiation in man, 59
Plover, Kentish, 83, 217
Polar cells, extrusion of, 51; and variation, 153
Postponement of action, 385
Poulton, Mr. E. B., on colours of animals, 84; on Phrynocephalus mystaceus, 90; on caterpillars and chrysalids, 165; dimorphism in larvæ, 187; observations on edibility of caterpillars, 212; "Theories of Heredity," quotation from, 214; on the eating of unpalatable insects, 445
Predominant defined, 349; and language, 374
Preferential mating, a means of segregation, 102; and sexual selection, 197
Preformation and evolution of older writers, 50
Prepotency, 227
Presentations of sense, 318
Previous sire, effect of, 168
Prevision as a criterion of intelligence, 457
Principles, mechanical, 368
Process of life, 20
Progress, or continuous adaptation, 119; adaptation to more complex circumstances, 183
Pronghorn, curiosity in, 339
Proposition, 329
Protective resemblance and mimicry, 82; general resemblance, 83; variable resemblance, 84; special resemblance, 86; to another organism, 87; coloration, a means of segregation, 101
Protection, fosterage and, 219
Proteus, sensitive to light, 294
Protista, 15
Protohippus, 118
Protophyta, 15
Protoplasm, 10
Protozoa, nature of, 15; transmission of acquired faculty in, 147; origin of metazoan variations in, 156; psychology of, 360
Psithyrus rupestris, 90
Psychological and physiological activities, 304; series, 386, 417
Psychoses and neuroses, 465
Ptarmigan, on colour of, 165
R
Rabbit, brain of, 171; Angora crossed, 225; one-eared, 226; deprived of long lip-hairs, 247; papilla foliata of, 250; effects of superabundant food on, 394
Rae, Dr., on dogs swimming rivers, 364; on "abstract reasoning" in the fox, 366; on wild and tame ducklings, 435
Rage and anger, 389
Ramsay, Dr. Wm., on smell, 255
Rats of Solomon Islands, 100; of the London Docks, 106; at South Kensington, 115
Rayleigh, Lord, on colour-blending, 283; on sensitive-flame experiments, 298;
Reality, meaning of term, 314
Reason distinguished from intelligence, 330, 365; as defined by Mr. Romanes, 372
Recepts, 326, 368
Recognition-marks, 103; involve perception, 351
Reconstructs and reconstruction (mental), 318
Reflex action, 415; and instinct, 422
Regeneration of lost parts, 41; in relation to heredity, 124; law of growth concerned in, 126
Reindeer wounded, 392; change of habit in, 445
Remnants or vestiges, 196
Reproduction, nature of, 13; and development, 36; in the protozoa, 38; in the metazoa, 41; by budding, 42; sexual, 42; peculiar modifications of, 45; developmental, 143
Reproductive cells, continuity of, 131
Resemblance, protective, 82; aggressive, 90
Respiration an essential life-process, 3; in illustration of the process of life, 21
Retardation and acceleration, 221
Retina of man, 274; of birds, 284
Retinal purple, 276
Revenge, 401
Reversion, 191
Revolution and evolution, 119
Rhea, neck resembling snake, 88
Rhinolophus ferri-equinum, hipposideros, 65
Rhyme-association in parrot, 356
Ribot, M., on attention, 343
Richardson, Mr. Charles, on railway servants killed by train, 388
Riley, Prof., on Phengodini, 223
Romanes, Prof. G. J., on physiological isolation, 104; on the cessation of selection, 190; on the failure of heredity, 192; on the reversal of selection, 193; on sense of smell in dog, on colour-sense in chimpanzee, 283; on ideas, 326; on dog cowed by noise, 340; on abstract ideas in animals, 348; on parrot, 353; on localization and discrimination, 359; examples of animal intelligence considered, 362; on abstract ideas in the capuchin, 368; definition of reason, 372; on strange attachments in birds, 396; on some emotions in animals, 400; on endurance of pain in dogs and wolves, 402; on sense of humour in dog, 407; on indefinite morality in animals, 413; definition of instinct, 422; on education of ant, 428; on homing faculty of bees, 428; on consciousness and instinct, 432; summary of his conclusions on instinct, 434; on instincts of Siamese ants, 449; his psychological scale, 478; on the world as an eject, 479
Rotation, sense of, 269
Rotifers, absence of fertilization in reproduction, 45
Roux, on extirpation of cleavage-cell of frog's egg, 214
Rowell, G. A., on "Beneficent Distribution of Pain," 392
Ruffs, variability of males, 110, 178
Russell, Mr. W. J., on smell in the dog, 255
S
Saitis pulex, 450
Salinity of water, effects of, on brine-shrimp, 164
Salmon, new variety of, in Tasmania, 99
Saturnia, modification of, by changed food, 163; carpini (emperor moth), 258
Savages, fetishistic belief in, 494
Schaub, Mr., observations on a terrier, 405
Schmankewitsch on Artemia, 164
Sclater, Mr. W. L., on mimicry in an insect, 88
Sedgwick, Mr. Adam, on development of peripatus, 142
Seebohm, Mr. H., on birds' eggs, 410
Segregation, 99
Selection, as compared with elimination, 79; illustrated, 92; artificial, 172; cessation of, 190; reversal of, 193; sexual, or preferential mating, 197, 452; as a factor in the origin of instinct, 447; as applied to the intellectual faculties, 498
Selenia, illunaria, and illustraria, 238
Self, the, or ego, 475
Self-consciousness, 460
Semicircular canals, 262, 269
Senility, introduction of, 184
Sensation defined, 305, 324
Sense-feelings of animals, 393
Senses of animals, 243; organic and muscular, 244; touch, 245; temperature-sense, 249; taste, 250; smell, 253; hearing, 261; sight, 272; contact and telæsthetic, 249; problematical, 297
Sensibility, 385; variations of, 449
Sensitive, special use of the term, 9
Sensitiveness and sensibility, 385
Sentiments, 391; in animals, 403
Sex-differentiation, 58
Sexual union of ovum and sperm a source of variations, 149; characters, secondary, 197; selection, 197
Shame in monkey, 402
Sheep, Youatt on, quoted, 455
Shells, land, of Sandwich Islands, 99
Shipp, Captain, experiment on an elephant, 401
Sight, sense of, 272
Sitaris, instinct of, 438
Skertchly, Mr. S. B. J., on leaf-butterfly, 86
Slave-making ants, 425
Smell, sense of, 253
Smerinthus ocellatus, 165
Smith, Mr. G. Munro, on elimination among microbes, 80
Snail, variations in banding of shells, 75; sense of smell in, 260; auditory sac, 265; eye of, 292; spiculæ amoris of, 450
Snakes, mimicry in, 88
Snipe, drumming of, 448
Sollas, Dr. W. J., on regeneration of tentacle in snail, 127
Somatic, or body-cells, 193
Sommering, Fig. of semicircular canals, 270
Spalanzani, his experiments on bats, 248
Spalding, Douglas, on instinctive emotions, 395; on perfect instincts of chicken, 424; on deferred instinct in swallow, 425
Sparrows in New Zealand, 445
Specific characters, utility of, 110; constancy of, 111
Spencer, Mr. Baldwin, Fig. of pineal eye, 288
Spencer, Mr. Herbert, law associated with his name, 37; physiological units, 125, 153; on lap-dogs, 195; on the Irish elk and giraffe, 212; on diminution in ear-muscles, 215; definition of pleasure and pain, 381; on æsthetics, 412; on instinct and reflex action, 422
Sperm-cell and egg-cell, 13; conditions which determine production of, 60
Sphex, instinct of, 429, 456
Spiders, hunting, mimicry in, 89; Javan, Mr. H. O. Forbes on, 90; love-antics of, 208, 450; ocelli of, 289
Spinoza, quoted, 61, 379, 460
Sponges, reproduction of, 41, 42
Spongilla, reproduction of, 46
Spore-formation, reproduction by, 38
Squirrel of Sarepta, 113
Stag-beetles, variation in males of, 180
Star-fish, embryo set free early, 56
Starling, modified song of, 455
St. John, observations on a retriever, 400
Stenorhynchus, 457
Sterility, how developed, 108
Stewart, Mr. Duncan, on sympathy in cat, 398
Stimuli, 302
Strange, Mr., on love-antics of satin bower-bird, 450
Striped ancestor of Equidæ, 230
Struggle for existence, 79; variations in the intensity of, 112
Sturge, Miss Mildred, on the parrot, 355
Stylonichia, observations of M. Maupas on, 39
Sully, Mr. James, on concepts, 325; on propositions, 329; on judgment and reason, 330; on emotion, 390; on æsthetic sense of beauty, 411
Sutton, Mr. Bland, on hen pheasant like the male, 228; on the action of leucocytes, 439
Swallow and swift, convergence in, 117; cliff, of United States, 445
Swayne, Mr. S. H., on the elephant, 369
Symbolic nature of mental products, 314
Symonds, Mr. J. A., on "world-consciousness," 478
Sympathy in animals, 397
T
Tameness, instinctive, 435
Tanner, Miss Agnes, on a thrush, 398
Tasmanian salmon, 99
Taste, standard of, 95, 205; sense of, 250
Teeth of pike, 437
Temperature-sense, 249
Terror, 387
Thaumalia picta and amherstiæ, 106
Thekla, instinct of, 430
"Things in themselves," or noumena, 470
Thomas, Mr. Oldfield, on rats of Solomon Islands, 100
Thomson, Mr. J. A., Prof. Patrick Geddes, and, on anabolism and katabolism, 44; quoted, 50, 137, 237; his "History and Theory of Heredity," 35
Thought, 482
Thrush, hearing in, 264; sympathy in, 398
Thunberg on young hippopotamus, 423
Tissues of the body, 20
Tooke, Mr. Hammond, on egg-eating snake, 88
Tools, use of, by animals, 370
Touch, sense of, 245
Transformation and metamorphosis, 7
Transparency of some marine organisms, 83
Treat, Mrs., her experiments on caterpillars, 59
Tricks, 355
Trionyx, 181
Trochus, 292
Tuco-tuco, 194
Turner, Sir Wm., on New Guinea natives, 169
Turkey, instinctive emotion in the, 395
Twins, Mr. Galton's investigations on, 169
Tylor, Alfred, on coloration in animals and plants, 201
U
Udders, enlarged, of cows, 215
Ultra-violet rays, 296
Unicellular organism. See Protozoa
Unity of organism, 161, 234
Use and disuse, 146, 209
Utility of specific characters, 110
V
Vanessa urticæ, 165
Varanus benegalensis, 288
Variation, correlated, 59; and natural selection, 61; tabulated by A. R. Wallace, 63; in wing-bones of bats, 63; advantageous, neutral, and disadvantageous, 95; in climatal and geographical conditions, 112; secular, in climate and life area, 113; effect of good times and hard times on, 114; heredity and the origin of, 122; a source of, in use and disuse, 146; sexual union, a mode of origin of, 149; in definite directions, 151; produced by extrusion of second polar cell, 153; protozoan origin of, 156; due to the action of environment, 163; to the effects of use and disuse, 168; to domestication, 171; in male stag-beetles, 180; in mating preferences, 205; co-ordinated in Irish "elk" and giraffe, 212; nature of, 216; in amount of developmental capital, 221; inheritance of, 223; origin of, 231; limitations of, 232; fortuitous, in bat's wing, 235; definite direction of, 238; in limits of colour-vision, 281; in habits and instincts, 445, 456; in mental evolution, 496
Vertebrata, diagrammatic account of development of, 51
Verworn, Dr., on protozoa, 440
Vespertilio mystacinus, 70
Vesperugo leisleri, 65
Vesperugo noctula, 67
Vesperugo pipistrellus, 69
Vigour and vitality, application of, in male, 237; in female, 238
Vindictiveness, 401
Vision, 272; mosaic, 291
Volition, 459
Volucella bombylans, 90
Voluntary and involuntary activities, 416
Vorticella, 38
W
Waelchli, Dr., on colour-globules in birds, 284
Wallace, Mr. A. R., tabulations of variations, 63; on tortoiseshell butterfly of Isle of Man, 81; on protective colours in fishes, 83; on divergence among birds, 97; on recognition-marks, 102; on papilionidæ of Celebes, 165; on the dull colours of hen birds, 199; on origin of secondary sexual characters, 200; and A. Tylor on physiological guidance, 201; on preferential mating, 203; on reversion in grouse, 229; on migration in birds, 428; on nest-building in birds, 453; on the song of birds, 455; on materialism, 464; on mathematical and artistic faculties, 484, 497
Walker, R., on reversion in bull, 229
Ward, Mr. J. Clifton, on dog, 345
Warning-coloration, 82; involves perception, 351
Warren, Mr. Robert Hall, a dog anecdote, 344
Wasp, use of antennæ, 291
Waste and repair essential life-processes, 8
Water, changes of salinity in, 164
Water-ousel, 446
Waterton, Charles, 256
Watson, "Reasoning Power of Animals," 369
Webb, Dr., his operation on an elephant, 369
Weber, on musical discrimination, 309; on muscular sensation in eye, 310
Weir, Mr. Jenner, on nest-building in birds, 453
Weismann, Dr., on continuity of germ-plasm, 138; on distinctness of germ-plasm from body-plasm, 140; on meaning of second polar cell, 153; on protozoan origin of variations 156; on the introduction of senility and death, 184; on the distinction of birds' eggs, 189; on the effects of panmixia, 190; on acceleration, 222; his views applied to instinct, 438; the intellectual faculties, 497
Westlake, Miss Mabel, on the parrot, 353
Whiskered bat, 70
White, in arctic forms, 165; Mr. Poulton on production of, 202; in grouse, instance of reversion, 229
Wildness of birds, instinctive, 435
Will, F., on taste in bees, 253
Wilson, Sir Charles W., on wounded camels, 392
Wilson, Edward, measurements of bats, 63
Wing-bones of bats, measurement of, in illustration of variation, 63
Words, "understanding" of, by animals, 347
Wrasse, keenness of vision of, 287
X
Xiphocera, 179
Y
Youatt "On Sheep," 455
Young, Thomas, his colour-vision theory, 277
Yung, his experiments on tadpoles, 59
Z
Zebra, inconspicuousness of, in dusk, 84
Zuyder Zee, new variety of herrings in, 99
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