INDEX
Reading edition
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Acropolis, artificial, 72, 74, 77.
Adobe, 63;
houses, Mexican, 15.
Agriculture, connection with archaic art, 249;
distribution of, 68, 70, 71;
distribution in the New World, 67, 68, 70;
influence on Mayan culture, 73;
invention of, 45, 51-53, 67, 251;
spread and development of, 63, 70, 250.
Ah Puch, Lord of Death, 101.
Alphabet, of Landa, 125.
Altars, Mayan, 84;
Quirigua, 108.
Amulets, archaic figurines as, 61;
gold, 198.
Animals, domestication of, 20, 59, 253.
Annals of Quauhtitlan, 171, 172.
Arch, in Mayan architecture, 79.
Archaic, art, 45-46, 53-57, 58, 75, 244;
art, on borders of Mayan area, 75;
art, local developments of, 63-68;
culture, 187, 249;
culture, distribution of, 63-66, 69;
culture, figures, 60, 61, 62;
figurines, 53-57;
horizon, 45-71;
horizon, extensions of, 63-68;
pottery, 46, 59-61;
sites, 50;
stone sculptures, 61-63.
Architecture, early period of the Mayas, 146;
great period of the Mayas, 147;
historical sequence determined by, 108-109;
Mayan, 77-83;
Mitla, 157, 163-164;
Monte Alban, 159;
period of the League of Mayapan, 149;
transition period, Mayan, 148;
types of, La Quemada, 182-183;
Zapotecan, 159.
Art, archaic, 45-46, 53-57, 75, 244;
archaic, characterization of, 53;
archaic, Colombia, and Venezuela, 66-67;
archaic, local developments of, 63-68;
bat, represented in, 20;
Chorotegan, 190-195;
decorative, Isthmian region, 64, 66;
high development of Mayan, 73;
massive sculptural, 83-84;
Mayan, 89, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150;
Mayan, human figure in, 93-94;
Mayan, sequences in, 106-109;
Mayan, serpent in, 89-93;
motives, Huichol, 37-38;
Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, 188;
Tarascan, 244-245;
Toltecan, influenced by Mayan, 169, 170;
Totonacan, close correspondence to Mayan, 165, 166, 167;
Zapotecan, influenced by Mayan, 159.
Arts, minor, Aztecan, 242-244;
Mayan, 87-89.
Astronomical, base line, Copan, 138;
checks, on correlation with Christian chronology, 136-137;
observatories, Mayan, 137-139.
Astronomy, Mayan knowledge of, 73, 111, 133.
Atlatl, 58, 244.
Atzcapotzalco, 203, 204, 209;
stratification at, 47-48, 169.
Aztecan history, 204-209.
260
Aztecs, 34, 201-249;
and Mayas, compared to Greeks and Romans, 201-203.
B
Baktun, defined, 120.
Bar and dot numerals, 119, 120, 128, 154, 157, 159.
Basketry, Mayan, 88.
Bats, represented in ancient art, 20.
Bells, Aztecan, 241-242;
copper, 187;
copper and gold, 198.
Ben, Mayan day sign, 87.
Birds, Mexico and Central America, 20-21.
Blankets, Mexican, 39, 243.
Brilliant period, Mayan civilizations, 75, 77, 147-148.
Buildings, Mayan, 78;
Mitla, 164.
C
Caban, Mayan day sign, 88.
Cakchiquels, 151, 211.
Calendar, annual, Mayan, 110, 111;
Central American, 163;
ceremonial, Aztecan, 229;
lunar, Mayan, 140-142;
lunar-solar, Mayan, 112;
Mayan, scheme as presented in Codex Tro-Cortesianus, 116;
religious, Aztecan, 235-236;
system, Zapotecan, 156;
Venus, Mayan, 143-145.
Calendar round, Mayan, 117-118.
Calendar Stone, 214, 215-219, 233.
Calpolli, Aztecan, 211, 213.
Cannibalism, 43.
Captives, as represented in Mayan art, 93.
Caribs, characterization of culture, 43.
Caricature, in archaic figurines, 54, 58.
Carving, development in style at Copan, 107;
on Mayan monuments, 108;
stone, at Xochicalco, 179.
Celts, copper, Tarascan, 244;
stone, 63.
Cemetery, at Copilco, 49-51.
Cempoalan, 25, 169, 195.
Cenote, 18;
sacred, at Chichen Itza, 28, 154.
Cephalic index, Mexico and Central America, 44.
Ceremonial, bar, Mayan, 93, 98, 99, 108;
regalia, depicted in Mayan art, 94.
Ceremonies, Aztecan, 234-239;
Mexican, 41.
Chacmool, 170, 194-195, 244.
Chalchuihtlicue, Aztecan Goddess of Water, 232.
Chapultepec, 207.
Chiapanecan languages, 35-36.
Chichen Itza, 28, 110, 139, 149, 150, 170, 173, 179, 188, 244.
Chichimecas, 203-204.
Chicomoztoc, 182, 204.
Chiefs, Aztecan, 210, 213;
Texcoco, 204;
Toltecan, 171;
war, Aztecan, 208-209;
Zapotecan, 161.
Chilam, Balam, Books of, 109-111, 234.
Chimayo blankets, 39.
Cholula, 25, 180-182, 203.
Chorotegan culture, 157, 189-195.
Chronology, archaic horizon, 45-46;
Aztecan, 205;
bases of Mayan, 103-106;
diagram of New World, opposite 253;
Mayan, 250;
Mayan, correlation with Christian, 75, 110-111, 135-136;
Mayan, established by dated monuments and style of sculpture, 104, 106, 107;
Peruvian, 252;
261
Southwestern, 251;
Toltecan, 173.
Cities, Mayan, 75.
Civilization, Mayan, 73-151, 250.
Civilizations, middle, in Mexico and Central America, 153-198.
Clans, kinship, 210-211.
Climate, Mexico and Central America, 13-14.
Cloisonné pottery, 178, 183-184;
San Juan Teotihuacan, 178.
Coatlicue, 215, 221-223.
Codex, Aubin, 205, 206, 208;
Borbonicus, 228;
Magliabecchiano, 230, 236;
Nuttall, 246, 247;
Telleriano-Remensis, 202;
Tro-Cortesianus, 116;
Xolotl, 204.
Codices, Mayan, 128-135, 248;
Mayan gods in, 99, 100, 103;
Mexican, 223;
southern Mexico, 163, 246-247.
Colhuacan, 203, 207;
stratification at, 48-49.
Collectors, specimens in Mexican Hall, 6.
Colonization, Central America, by Spaniards, 22;
Mexico, 29.
Columns, sculptured, at Tula, 179.
Comalcalco, 153.
Commerce, Aztecan objects of, 227.
Composition in design, Mayan, 94-97.
Conquest, history of Spanish, 22-32;
of Mexico, 22-31;
symbol for, 247, 248.
Construction of walls, La Quemada, 182-183;
Mayan, 78, 79, 81, 83;
Mitla, 157-158, 164.
Copan, 19, 72, 74, 77, 83, 85, 138, 139, 141, 146, 147, 188.
Copilco 49, 50.
Cora, 33, 37.
Coronado, 30.
Correlations, dates with style of carving in Mayan monuments, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 124-125;
Mayan and Christian chronology, 135, 136-137.
Cortez, Hernando, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 209, 217, 249.
Crocodile motive, in Chorotegan art, 191, 193;
Isthmian region, 194, 197.
Crops, indigenous and introduced, Mexico and Central America, 21;
principal, Mayan region, 73, 75.
Cross-section, typical, Mayan temple, 76, 78.
Cuauhtemoc, 29.
Cuicuilco, 49, 50, 51.
Cuitlahuac, 27.
Cult, of the quarters, Aztecan, 234;
of Xipe, 189.
Culture, Carib, 43;
Chorotegan, 189-195;
horizons, stratification of, 45-46;
Huichol, 38;
Lacandone Indians, 41;
Mayan, 73-151;
Mosquito Indians, 43;
peoples speaking Uto-Aztecan languages, 34-35;
sequences of, 250-252;
southern Mexico, 245-248;
strata, Atzcapotzalco, 48;
Sumo Indians, 43;
Tarascans, 244-245;
Toltecs, 169-171, 203;
Totonacan, 165-169;
Zapotecan, 156-163.
Cycle, defined, 113.
D
Dances, hunting, Huichol, 38;
Mosquito Indians, 43.
Dates, of dedication, Mayan, 123-125;
early Mayan, 146, 153;
Mayan, 96, 107, 117-118, 122,
262
123;
on National Stone, 218;
Olmeca, 154, 156;
Toltecan, 172-173.
Day, count, Mayan, elements of the, 112-114;
signs, Aztecan, 218, 225-226;
signs, hieroglyphs used on Mayan pottery, 87-88;
signs, Mayan, 112, 125;
signs, Zapotecan, 159.
Death God, Mayan, 101, 116.
Decoration, Mayan buildings, 83;
Mayan pottery, 85, 87-88;
pottery, archaic period, 59, 61.
Decorative motives, Chorotegan art, 190-193;
distribution of, 252.
Dedication, dates of, Mayan, 123-125.
Design, composition and perspective, Mayan, 94-98;
on Leyden plate, 146;
on Mexican blanket, 243;
motives, archaic pottery, 46, 61;
motives, Costa Rica, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197.
Designs, archaic horizon, 64;
on blankets, 39;
developed in negative painting, 184-185;
geometric, at Mitla, 164, 246;
Mayan pottery, 85-88;
polychrome pottery, 87;
realistic, Mayan pottery, 85, 87;
textile, archaic, 58;
textile, Aztecan, 243;
textile, Mayan, 88;
Totonacan sacrificial yokes and paddle stones, 167;
woven, Huichol, 37, 38.
Dogs, domestication of, 58-59.
Donors, collections in Mexican Hall, 6.
Dresden Codex, 101, 128, 130, 134, 141, 142, 143, 145.
Dress, shown in archaic figurines, 57;
Mexico and Central America, 39-41;
modern Mexican, 39.
Drums, Aztecan, 240-241.
Dyes, 253.
E
Early Period, in Mayan history, 146-147.
Earrings, archaic figurines, 57.
Economic contributions, of American Indians, 253.
Ehecatl, God of Winds, 58, 226, 230.
Ek Ahau, war god, Mayan, 103.
Elevations, Mayan buildings, 81-83.
Environment, Mayan, 153;
Mexico and Central America, 13-21.
Ethnology, 36-44, 57-59.
European contact, history of, 22-32.
Exploration, of Central America, by Spaniards, 22;
Mexico, 22, 29.
Eyes, archaic sculptures, 63;
color and Mongoloid tilt, 44;
Totonacan figurines, 165;
types of, on archaic figurines, 56-57, 64.
F
Façade decoration, Mayan, 83-84.
Face numerals, Mayan inscriptions, 121, 126.
Fauna, Mexico and Central America, 20-21.
Feast, in connection with planet Venus, 239;
of the twelfth month, 237-238.
Feasts, Aztecan, 235-239;
Sumo, 43.
Feather mosaics, Aztecan, 243-244;
Tarascan, 244.
Fertility, female figurines associated with, 46, 59, 63.
Fetishes, female, Southwestern Pueblo, 251.
Figurines, archaic, 46, 53-57;
archaic, at Atzcapotzalco, 47;
263
archaic, Colombia and Venezuela, 66-67;
archaic, Isthmian region, 64, 65;
archaic, Nicaragua, 64;
archaic, Salvador, 56, 64;
clay, transition period, 75;
female, Basket-Maker III, 63-64;
female, distribution of, 59, 63-64;
female, Island of Marajo, 67;
pottery, Aztecan, 242;
pottery, San Juan Teotihuacan, 177-178.
Filigree, modern Mexican work, 243.
First Empire, Mayan, 111, 123, 142, 148, 195, 251.
Flageolets, Aztecan, 241.
Flora, Mexico and Central America, 21.
Flores, 28.
Flying façade, Mayan buildings, 83.
Food plants, cultivated by American Indians, 253;
most widely distributed in the New World, 52.
Frescoes, Mitla, 163-164.
Frontier cities, of the northwest, 183-187.
Fruits, native, 21.
Funerary urns, Zapotecan, 159, 160; also frontispiece.
G
Games, ceremonial Toltecan, 170;
sacred, Olmeca, 154.
Genealogical table, Mexican, 230.
Genealogies, Aztecan, 210.
Geography, Mexico and Central America, 13-21.
Geology, Mexico and Central America, 19-20.
Gladiator stones, 219.
Glaze, on modern Mexican pottery, 39.
Glyphs, introducing, 122, 123;
period, Mayan, 121, 123, 126;
supplementary series, 123, 141, 142.
God houses, Huichol, 38.
God of War, Mayan, 103.
God’s eyes, Huichol, 38.
Gods, Aztecan, 225, 229, 231;
beast, Mayan representation of, 99;
in Dresden Codex, 101;
Mayan, 89, 98-103, 135;
Mexican, 58, 229, 230-232;
represented in pottery from San Juan Teotihuacan, 178.
Gold work, ancient, Isthmian region, 66;
Aztecan, 242-243;
in cruciform tombs, 164;
Isthmian, 195-198;
Mayan, 89;
Zapotecan, 160.
Gourd vessels, Tarascan, 245.
Government, Aztecan, 209, 213;
theocratic of the Mayas, 93.
Graves, Isthmian, gold objects found in, 198.
Great Mound, Copan, 147.
Great Period, Mayan history, 147-148.
Great Pyramid, Mexico City, 206, 208.
Grooving, archaic figurines, 56.
Groundplans, Toltecan buildings, 170;
Yaxchilan temples, 77.
Guatuso, 44.
Gums, 253.
H
Haab, defined, 139.
Hablatun, defined, 120.
Hair form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44;
Lacandone, 42.
Headdresses, archaic figurines, 55, 57;
Zapotecan funerary urns, 159-160;
Zapotecan, 42.
264
Head form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44.
Hieroglyphs, Aztecan, of precious stones, 224;
containing phonetic element kin, 127;
decorative use on pottery, Mayan, 87-88;
of the Four Directions, 126, 127;
Mayan, 73, 97, 125-128;
Mayan, Venus and the Moon, 137;
Nahuan, 224;
on stelæ at Monte Alban, 159;
on the Stone of Tizoc, 221;
at Xochicalco, 179;
Zapotecan, 160-161.
History, Aztecan, 204-209;
Chichimecan, 203-204;
cross-section of New World, 249-253;
of European contact, Mexico and Central America, 22-32;
Mayan, 136;
Mayan, recovery of, 103-106;
Mayan, summary of, 145-151;
summary in relation to archaeological evidences, on the archaic horizon, 68, 71;
Toltecan, 171-175;
traditional, southern Mexico, 245-246.
Hochob, 80, 148.
Hokan linguistic stock, distribution of, 36.
Horse, introduction of, 67-68.
Hotun periods, 124.
Houses, adobe, Mexican, 15, 39;
archaic period, 63;
Mayan, 79.
Huastecas, 35, 165.
Huichol, 33, 37.
Huipili, decorated, 40, 41.
Huitzilihuitl, 207, 210.
Huitzilopochtli, 215, 221, 231, 237.
Human, form, carved in stone, archaic period, 61, 63;
form, in Mayan art, 89, 93-94, 106-108.
Hunac Ceel, identification of, 150.
Hunting implements, Lacandone, 41.
I
Ilhuicatl, inferior heavens, 233.
Imix, day sign, Mayan, 87;
first day of formal permutation, 114.
Incense burners, Lacandone, 41.
Incised designs on pottery, 88.
Influence, Aztecan, in Central America, 248-249;
Mayas, on other civilizations, 170;
Mexican, in northern Yucatan, 150.
Initial Series dates, 123, 124, 135, 141, 149.
Inscriptions, hieroglyphic, 103;
hieroglyphic, on Mayan monuments, 123-125;
Mayan, face numerals on, 121;
Mayan, Great Period, 141-148;
Mayan, typical, 122.
Invention of agriculture, in the New World, 45, 51-53, 67, 251.
Irrigation, in the New World, 17, 52-53, 63.
Itzamna, 99, 103, 116.
Ixchel, Goddess of the Rainbow, 103.
Ixtapalapan, 26.
Ixtubtun, Mayan goddess, 103.
J
Jade, carving of, Mayan, 89;
Zapotecan, 160;
work in, Aztec, 243.
Jaguar design, Chorotegan art, 191, 193.
K
Kan, day sign, Mayan, 88;
maize sign, 135.
Katun, defined, 110, 120.
Kukulcan, 150.
L
Lacandone Indians, 35, 41, 151.
Lakes, Mexico and Central America, 17, 18-19.
Land laws, Aztecan, 211.
265
Language, Toltecan, 170;
Totonacan, 165.
Languages, Central America, 239;
Mexico and Central America, 32-36.
La Quemada, 182, 183.
League, Aztecan, 209;
of Mayapan, 145, 149.
Leyden Plate, 146.
Lienzo of Amoltepec, 246.
Linguistic stocks, Mexico and Central America, 32-36.
Lintels, Mayan sculptured, 83, 97;
Zapotecan, with hieroglyphs, 159.
Long count, Mayan, 123, 141.
Long-nosed God, Mayan, 98, 100, 101, 160, 232.
Lunar, calendar, Mayan, 112, 140-142.
Lunar-solar calendar, Mayan, 112.
M
Macuilxochitl, God Five Flower, 248.
Maize God, Mayan, 99, 100, 103.
Maize, distribution of use, 52;
most important food of the New World, 52;
staple, in Mayan region, 75.
Manikin Scepter, 93, 99, 100.
Manioc, cultivation of, 52;
use and preparation by Carib, 43.
Marimba, origin of, 242.
Mask panels, on Mayan structures, 84, 159.
Matlatzincas, 245.
Mayan civilization, 73-151;
linguistic stock, distribution of, 35-36.
Mayas, and Aztecs, compared to Greeks and Romans, 201-203.
Mazatecas, 189.
Medicines, 253.
Metal, ornaments made of, Mayan, 89;
working, technology of, 251-252;
Zapotecan, 145.
Metates, elaborately sculptured, 193.
Metonic cycle, Greeks, 140.
Mexican, Hall, American Museum, 5-6;
influence, period of, in Mayan history, 149-150.
Mexitin, 34.
Mictlan, 163, 233, 234.
Mictlanteuctli, Lord of Death, 233-234.
Middle Period, in Mayan history, 147.
Migrations, Aztecan, 205-207;
indicated by distribution of linguistic stocks, 35-36.
Mitla, 19, 156-157, 163-165, 246.
Mixtecan stock, 35.
Mixtecas, 156, 246.
Moctezuma, 25, 26, 27, 215, 245.
Modeling, archaic figurines, 53, 55-57;
archaic sculptures, 63;
clay, San Juan Teotihuacan, 178.
Modern Period, Mayan history, 150.
Mogotes, Zapotecan burial mounds, 160.
Monkey, in Chorotegan art, 190-191.
Monte Alban, 152, 155, 156, 246.
Month, Mayan, twenty day signs of, 113;
signs, of Mayan year, 115;
signs, Zapotecan, 159.
Months, Aztecan, 227;
Mayan, length of, 115;
Mayan, names of, 115.
Monuments, Mayan, dated, 123-125;
sequence of Mayan determined by style of sculpture, 106-109.
Moon, representations of the, 142.
266
Mosaic, feather, Aztecan, 242;
feather, Tarascan, 244;
masks and ceremonial objects, 89.
Mosquito Indians, 43.
Mound, artificial, at Copan, 77, 147;
at Cholula, 80;
at Cuicuilco, 49, 51.
Mounds, at Atzcapotzalco, 47;
foundation for temples, 77;
Mayan, 146;
at Monte Alban, 152, 157;
Tarascan, 244;
Zapotecan, 160.
Mountains, Mexico and Central America, 14-16.
Music, Aztecan, 240-242.
Musical instruments, Aztecan, 240-241.
Mythology, Aztecan, 204, 217, 229, 232-233;
Mayan and Aztecan, 229.
Myths, cosmogonic, 232-233.
N
Nahuan linguistic stock, distribution of, 33, 203.
Naranjo, 75, 108, 147.
Nasca, 252.
National Stone, Aztecan, 218, 220.
Negative painting, 46, 66, 184-185, 187, 252.
New Fire Ceremony, Aztecan, 218;
Toltecan, 173.
Nezahualcoyotl, 204, 239.
Niquiras, 34.
Nose form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44.
Noserings, on archaic figurines, 57.
Notation system, Mayan, 111, 118-121.
Numbers, Aztecan, 227, 234;
Mayan, 118-121;
Mexican system of, 227-229;
Zapotecan system of, 157.
O
Observatories, astronomical, Mayan, 137-139.
Obsidian, Aztecan ornaments of, 243.
Ochpaniztli, eleventh feast of the year, 236.
Olin, Aztecan day sign, 214, 217, 218.
Olmeca, 154-156, 187.
Ometeuctli, Lord of Duality, 231, 233.
Organization, political, Mayan, 201;
social Aztecan, 209-213.
Ornaments, precious and semi-precious stones, Aztecan, 243;
shown on archaic figurines, 57.
Otomi, 36, 189, 203, 245.
P
Pachtli, twelfth month, Aztecan, 237-238.
Paddle-shaped stones, Totonacan, 167.
Painting, archaic figurines, 57, 64;
archaic pottery, 61;
body, shown on archaic figurines, 58;
on Mayan pottery, 87;
negative, on pottery, 46, 66, 184-185, 187, 252;
Zapotecan pottery, 160.
Palaces, structure of Mayan, 78-79.
Palenque, 75, 76, 83, 146, 156.
Palmate stone, 168.
Pantheon, Mayan, 98-103.
Papantla, pyramid at, 167, 169.
Peregrinations, Aztecan, 205-207.
Peresianus Codex, 128.
Period, defined, in Mayan time count, 113;
glyphs, Mayan, 121, 126.
Permutation system, Aztecan, 238;
Mayan, 111, 113-114.
267
Perspective, in Mayan design, 94, 97.
Peyote worship, Huichol and Tarahumare, 38.
Phonetic use of signs, Mayan hieroglyphs, 125, 127.
Physical types, 42, 44.
Pictographic hieroglyphs, Mayan, 125.
Piedras Negras, 75, 96, 105, 108, 147.
Pima, 36.
Pipiles, 34, 157, 188.
Place names, Aztecan, 225.
Plants, food, cultivation of, in the New World, 51, 249-250.
Poetry, Aztecan, 239-240.
Polychrome pottery, Cholula, 180, 182;
Mayan, 87.
Portraiture, in archaic art, 54, 58;
in Mayan art, 94, 124;
Totonacan art, 166.
Post-Archaic Horizon, 68-71.
Potato, cultivated in Peru, 52.
Pottery, archaic, 46, 59, 61, 165;
Atzcapotzalco, 47;
Aztecan, 215, 242;
from Cholula, 180, 182, 246;
Chorotegan, 191-193;
cloisonné, San Juan Teotihuacan, 178;
at Cuicuilco, 51;
distribution of, 63-64, 69, 70;
Lacandone, 41;
Mayan, 85, 86, 87-88;
Mitla, 164-165;
modern Mexican, 39;
northwestern region of Mexico, 183-184;
polychrome, Cholula, 180, 182;
polychrome, Mayan, 87-88;
San Juan Teotihuacan, 178;
with semi-glaze, 188-189;
Zapotecan, 160.
Pouches, Valiente Indians, 40.
Pre-Archaic Horizon, 68.
Priests, in Mayan art, 93;
Zapotecan, 161.
Protohistoric Period, Mayan history, 145-146.
Pueblo Viejo, 23.
Pulque, 38, 170.
Pyramid, Cholula, 180-181;
Mayan, 78-79;
Monte Alban, 157;
San Juan Teotihuacan, 175-176;
Toltecan, 169, 170.
Q
Quetzalcoatl, 25, 149, 171, 205, 232;
and the Toltec era, 171-175.
Quichés, 151.
Quinatzin, map, 203.
Quirigua, 15, 75, 108, 141.
R
Rank, among the Aztecs, 209-210.
Rattles, Aztecan, 241.
Religion, Aztecan, 229-232;
as evidenced by archaic art, 58;
Isthmian region, 198;
Lacandone Indians, 41;
Mayan, 99-103, 146, 201;
Toltecan, 170;
Zapotecan, 146.
River systems, Mexico and Central America, 17-18.
Roman-nosed God, Mayan, 98, 99, 100.
Roof comb, on Mayan buildings, 76, 83, 109.
Roofs, Mayan buildings, 81.
Rooms, Mayan buildings, 79, 81, 109.
Rubber, uses of, 154.
Ruins, Usumacinta Valley, 18.
Rulers, Toltec, 171.
S
Sacrifices, Aztecan, to the gods, 201;
human, 215, 219, 229;
human, archaic horizon, 59;
human, Aztecan, 229, 234, 235;
268
human, in sacred cenote, 28;
human, shown on sculptures, 188;
human, Toltecan, 179;
human, Zapotecan, 161.
Sacrificial yokes, Totonacan, 167, 168.
Saltillo blankets, 39.
San Andres Tuxtla, 146, 153.
San Blas Indians, 44.
San Juan Teotihuacan, 169, 175-179.
San Miguel blankets, 39.
Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, 187-189.
Sculptural art, massive, 83-84.
Sculptures, archaic, 61-63;
common material for, 19;
developments in, as a check to chronology, 104;
Mayan, Early Period, 146;
Mayan, Middle Period, 147;
San Juan Teotihuacan, 177;
Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, 188;
sequence in style, 106-108;
style, correlated with dates, 124-125;
Tenochtitlan, 242;
at Tula, 179;
wall, at Copan, 83;
Zapotecan, 162.
Second Empire, Mayan, 149, 195.
Seibal, 75, 95.
Seri, 36.
Serpent, archaic pottery, 59, 61;
in Chorotegan art, 190-191;
conventional, of the Mayas, 91, 92-93;
heads, comparison of Mayan and Zapotecan, 156;
heads, on Mayan buildings, 84;
motive, importance in Mayan art, 89-93;
in religion of the Mayas, 98.
Shield stone, Cuernavaca, 216.
Sky God, 102.
Slabs, sculptured stone, from Costa Rica, 192, 193, 194;
Zapotecan, 162.
Smiling faces, Totonacan, 165-167.
Social organization, Aztecan, 209-213.
Songs, Aztecan, 239, 240.
Southern Mexico, culture of, 245-248.
Spear-thrower, Tarascan, 244.
Speech scroll, 188.
Stability, Mayan buildings, 81.
Stature, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44.
Stelæ, Mayan, 84, 106;
Zapotecan, 157.
Stocks, language, distribution of, 32-36.
Stone, collars, Totonacan, 167-168;
great development of building in, Copan and Mitla, 19;
sculpture in, 60-63;
yokes, 167;
Zapotecan art in, 160.
Stratification, archaeological, at Atzcapotzalco, 47-48, 169;
Mexican sites, 45-46, 47-49;
in Salvador, 49.
Structure, two-roomed, Mayan, 79-81.
Subtiaban stock, 36.
Sumo Indians, culture of, 43.
Sun God, Aztecan, 217, 231.
Suns, sequence of, in Aztecan mythology, 233.
Superstructures, on Mayan buildings, 83.
Supplementary series, 123, 141, 142.
Syllables, phonetic use of Mayan, 125, 127.
Symbolism, religious, Mayan, 95, 98, 234.
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T
Talamanca, 44.
Tarahumare, 33, 36.
Tarascan, culture, 244-245;
stock, 35.
Tarascans, 44.
Tattooing, shown on archaic figurines, 56, 58.
Tecpan, 208, 209, 212, 213, 215.
Temple, of the Cross, model of, 76;
enclosure, Tenochtitlan, 212, 213, 215;
structure of Mayan, 78, 79, 81, 83;
of the Sun, Aztecan, 217;
at Xochicalco, 179.
Temples, Mayan, 78-83, 109, 146, 150;
Mitla, 163-164;
Tenochtitlan, 212, 213, 215;
Toltecan, 170;
Zapotecan, 157.
Tenochtitlan, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 47, 209, 210, 213, 219, 242.
Teocentli, sacred maize, 51, 52.
Teonanacatl, peyote, use of, 38.
Teotihuacan, 157.
Teotleco, twelfth month, Aztecan, 237-238.
Tepanecas, 47, 205, 209.
Tepehuane, 33, 36.
Teswin, 38.
Teteocan, 233.
Teteoinnan, 236.
Texcoco, 172, 195, 203, 204, 209, 239.
Textile, art, Cora and Huichol, 37;
art, Mayan, 88;
decoration, Aztec, 243;
designs, on archaic effigies, 58.
Tezcatlipoca, feast of, 26.
Tikal, 75, 83, 146, 148.
Time, count, Aztecan, 205;
Mayan, 111;
Toltecan, 172;
Zapotecan, 161, 163.
Time-relations, in New World culture, 249-252.
Tizoc, stone of, 209, 215, 219-221.
Tlachtli, Mexican ball game, 170, 179.
Tlacopan, 209.
Tlaloc, God of Rain, 58, 178, 215, 230, 231.
Tlalocan, 234.
Tlappaneca, 189.
Tlaxcala, 25, 27, 34, 44, 209.
Tlotzin, map of, 203.
Toltec, era, and Quetzalcoatl, 171-175.
Toltecs, 110, 149, 154, 156, 169-171, 203, 232.
Tomb, cruciform, near Mitla, 158, 164.
Tonalamatl, Aztecan, 113, 228, 238-239.
Tonatiuh, the Sun god, 217, 221, 231.
Topography, Mexico and Central America, 14-19.
Totonacan, culture, 165-169;
stock, 35.
Totonacs, 187.
Toxcatl, Aztecan month, 235.
Traditions, Colombia and Peru, 250;
Mayan, 104.
Transition Period, Mayan history, 148-149.
Trees, Mexico and Central America, 21.
Tribes, Indian, Mexico and Central America, 33, 34, 35, 36.
Tribute, lists, Aztecan, 243;
roll, 200, 245;
taken by Toltecs, 171.
Tripod vessels, archaic period, 59.
Tro-Cortesianus Codex, 128.
Tropical year, 139.
Tula, 169, 173, 179.
Tulum, 150, 151.
270
Tun, defined, 139.
Tuxtla Statuette, 146, 153.
Turquoise, Aztec work in, 243.
Two-Headed Dragon, 93, 100, 101, 102, 105, 108.
Tzendals, 44.
Tzintzuntzan, Tarascan capital, 244.
Tzolkin, defined, 113, 115, 117, 118;
in Dresden Codex, 133-135;
origin of, 113;
permutation table, 114.
U
Uayeb period, Mayan, 115.
Uaxactun, 139, 146, 148.
Uinal, lunar month, 112.
Universe, Aztecan conceptions of the, 232-234.
Urns, Zapotecan funerary, 159-160.
Uto-Aztecan languages, distribution of, 33-35.
Uxmal, 149, 150;
House of the Governor at, 82.
V
Vault, Mayan buildings, 79.
Venus, Aztecan festivals in connection with, 239;
calendar, Mayan, 143-145, 146.
Viceroys, Spanish, in Mexico, 31.
Vigesimal system of counting, Mayan, 118, 119.
Volcanoes, Mexico and Central America, 16, 19.
W
Wall construction, La Quemada, 182-183;
Mayan, 76, 79, 81-83;
Mitla, 161, 164.
War God, Aztecan, 219, 237;
Mayan, 103.
War, importance in Aztecan organization, 209-210;
Toltecan, 170-171.
Weapons, shown in archaic figurines, 58.
Weaving, shown in archaic figurines, 57-58;
Cora and Huichol, 37;
Lacandone, 41;
Mayan, 88;
Tarascan, 244.
Whistles, Aztecan, 241.
Writing, hieroglyphic, Mayan, 73;
Mayan and Aztecan, 125-128;
Mexican, 223-229.
X
Xcalumkin, 134.
Xipe, 178, 189, 232, 236.
Xkichmook, 84.
Xochicalco, 157, 179.
Xochimilco, 48, 207.
Xolotl, 204.
Y
Yatacas, Tarascan mounds, 244.
Yaqui, 44.
Yaxchilan, 75, 83, 94, 102.
Year, bearers, Cuicatecan, 246, 247;
conventional, Mayan, 114-117;
length of Mayan, 112;
Mayan, the true, 139-140;
symbol, southern Mexico, 245.
Yellow fever, presence in Central America, 148.
Yokes, sacrificial, 167;
designs on, 167, 168.
Yum Kaax, Lord of the Harvest, 103.
Z
Zapotecan stock, 35.
Zapotecs, culture of, 44, 156-163.
Zero, invention of sign for, Mayas, 119.
Zotzils, 211.
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