Part 6 — INDEX

Absolute, The: Spencer's doctrine of, 70; Bradley's, 191-192; meanings of the word, 201; reference, 312. Activity and Passivity: meaning of, 159-161; confused with cause and effect, 159-161; activity of mind, 162-163. Aesthetics: a philosophical discipline, 242-243. Agnosticism: 202. Aikins: 314. Albert the Great: scope of his labors, 9. Analytical Judgments: defined, 178. Anaxagoras: his doctrine, 4; on the soul, 101. Anaximander: his doctrine, 3. Anaximenes: his doctrine, 3; on the soul, 101. Appearances: doubt of their objectivity, 35; realities and, 59 ff.; apparent and real space, 80-87; apparent and real time, 93-99; apparent and real extension, 113; measurement of apparent time, 128; appearance and reality, Bradley's doctrine, 191-192. Aristotle: reference to Thales, 3; scope of his philosophy, 7; authority in the Middle Ages, 9; on the soul, 102-103. Arithmetic: compared with logic, 225-226. Atoms: nature of our knowledge of, 22-23; also, 65-67; doctrine of Democritus, 194-195. Augustine: on time as past, present, and future, 90 ff.; on soul and body, 104; as scientist and as philosopher, 278. Authority: in philosophy, 291-296. Automatism: the automaton theory, 129-130; animal automatism, 141-142; activity of mind and automatism, 162; references, 308-309. Automaton: see Automatism.

Bacon, Francis: his conception of philosophy, 10. Baldwin: on psychology and metaphysics, 314. Berkeley: referred to, 56; on appearance and reality, 61-63; his idealism, 168-170; his theism, 190-191; references to his works, 310. Body and Mind: see Mind and Body. Bosanquet: his logic, 235. Bradley: his "Absolute," 191-192; reference given, 311. Breath: mind conceived to be, 101.

Cassiodorus: on soul and body, 103-104. Cause and Effect; meaning of words, 118-120; relation of mental and material not causal, 121-126; see also, 132; cause and effect, activity and passivity, 159 ff. Child: its knowledge of the world, 18-19. Cicero: Pythagoras' use of word "philosopher," 2; on immortality, 32. Clifford, W. K.: on infinite divisibility of space, 79-80; on other minds, 135; on mind-stuff, 144-146; his panpsychism, 197-198; his parallelism, 308-309; references on mind-stuff, 309. Common Sense: notions of mind and body, 106 ff.; Reid's doctrine, 171-174; common sense ethics, 236-240. Common Thought: what it is, 18-20. Concomitance: see Mind and Body. Copernican System: 282. Cornelius: on metaphysics, 249. Creighton: 314. Critical Empiricism: the doctrine, 218-219. Critical Philosophy: outlined, 175-180; criticised, 211-218; references, 311. Croesus: 1.

Democritus: doctrine referred to, 4; his place in the history of philosophy, 5; on the soul, 101-102; his materialism examined, 194-195. Descartes: conception of philosophy, 10; on mind and body, 105-106; also, 119; on animal automatism, 141-142; on the external world, 163-168; on substance, 198; his rationalism, 206-209; the "natural light," 208; his attempt at a critical philosophy, 214; his rules of method, 214; provisional rules of life, 301-302; reference given, 306; reference to his automatism, 308; references to the "Meditations," 312. Determinism: 155-159; references, 309-310. Dewey, John: 312-314. Dogmatism: Kant's use of term, 211-212. Dualism: what, 193; varieties of, 202-204; the present volume dualistic, 204; Hamilton's, 312.

Eleatics: their doctrine, 4. Empedocles: his doctrine, 4; a pluralist, 205. Empiricism: the doctrine, 209-211; Kant on, 212; critical empiricism, 218-219. Energy: conservation of, 151-154. Epicureans: their view of philosophy, 7-8; their materialism, 102. Epiphenomenon: the mind as, 162. Epistemology: its place among the philosophical sciences, 247-249. Ethics: and the mechanism of nature, 159-164; common sense ethics, 236-240; Whewell criticised, 238-240; philosophy and, 240-242; utility of, 265-267; references, 315. Evidence: in philosophy, 296-298. Existence: of material things, 56-58; also, 165-192. Experience: suggestions of the word, 58; Hume's doctrine of what it yields, 170-171; Descartes and Locke, 178; Kant's view of, 179; empiricism, 209-211; critical empiricism, 218-219. Experimental Psychology: its scope, 234-235. Explanation: of relation of mind and body, 125-126. External World: its existence, 32 ff.; plain man's knowledge of, 32-36; psychologist's attitude, 36-38; the "telephone exchange," 38-44; what the external world is, 45-58; its existence discussed, 56-58; a mechanism, 147-150; knowledge of, theories, 165-180; Descartes on, 207-208; psychologist's attitude discussed, 230-234. Falckenberg: 311, 316. Fate: 158; literature on fatalism, 309-310. Fichte: on philosophic method, 10; solipsistic utterances, 133. Final Cause: what, 161. "Form" and "Matter": the distinction between, 82-83; space as "form," 82-84; time as "form," 94; Kant's doctrine of "forms," 179; the same criticised, 216-217. Free-will: and the order of nature, 154-159; determinism and "free-will-ism," 155-159; literature referred to, 309-310.

God: revealed in the world, 163-164; Berkeley on argument for, 190-191; Spinoza on God or substance, 199; Descartes' argument for, 208; influence of belief on ethics, 241; conceptions of, 252-253; relation to the world, 253-254; monistic conception of, 312; references, 314. Greek Philosophy: Pre-Socratic characterized, 2-5; conception of philosophy from Sophists to Aristotle, 5-7; the Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics, 7-8. Green, T. H.: 218, 315.

Hamilton, Sir W.: on space, 76; on the external world, 174; also, 182; reference, 311; his dualism, 312; on utility of philosophy, 316. Hegel: his conception of philosophy, 11; an objective idealist, 190. Heraclitus: his doctrine, 4; on the soul, 101. Herodotus: 1-2. History of Philosophy: much studied, 273-274; its importance, 274-281; how to read it, 281-287; references, 316. Hobhouse: on theory of knowledge, 248; reference, 312. Hoeffding: his monism, 200-201; his history of philosophy, 311. Howison: on pluralism, 205. Humanism: 312-313. Hume: his doctrine, 170-171; use of word "impression," 177; influence on Kant, 177-178. Huxley: on other minds, 135, 138; on automatism, 308. Hypothetical Realism: see Realism.

Idealism: in Berkeley and Hume, 168-171; general discussion of the varieties of, 187-192; proper attitude toward, 289-291. Ideas: distinguished from things, 33-36; in psychology, 36-38; Berkeley's use of the word, 168-170; Hume's use of the word, 177. Imagination: contrasted with sense, 45-49; extension of imagined things, 113. Immateriality: of mind, see Plotinus, and Mind. Impression: Hume's use of word, 177. Infinity: infinity and infinite divisibility of space, 73-80; of time, 88-90; also, 95-97; mathematics and, 226. Inside: meaning of word, 55. Interactionism: see Mind and Body. Intuitionalists; defined, 240. Ionian School: 3.

James, W.: on pragmatism, 220-222 and 312-313; on psychology and metaphysics, 230-231; on interactionism, reference, 308; on "free-will," 309-310. Jevons: his logic, 224; on study of scientific method, 256. Jodl: 315.

Kant: on space, 75; his critical philosophy, 175-180; his philosophy criticised, 211-218; references to, 307, 311. Keynes: 314.

Localisation: of sensations, what, 127. Locke, John: on doubt of external world, 32; on substance, 108; on perception of external world, 166-168; his empiricism, 209-210; his attempt at a critical philosophy, 215-216; on innate moral principles, 240; reference to "Essay," 310; his hypothetical realism, 311; treatment of substance, references, 312. Logic; the traditional, 224; "modern" logic, 224-225; Jevons and Bosanquet referred to, 224-225; philosophy and, 225-229; compared with arithmetic, 225-227; deeper problems of, 227; Spencer cited, 228; utility of, 264-265; references, 314. Lucretius: his materialistic psychology, 102.

Mach: 14. Mackenzie: 315. Malebranche: referred to, 142. Martineau: 315. Materialism: primitive man's notion of mind, 100-101; materialism in the Greek philosophy, 101-102; refutation of, 111-132; general account of, 194-197. Mathematics: nature of mathematical knowledge, 23-25; arithmetic compared with logic, 225-226; mathematical relations and cause and effect, 257; mathematical methods, 256-257. Matter: what is meant by material things, 51-58; the material world a mechanism, 147-150. "Matter" and "Form": see "Form" and "Matter." McCosh: on mind and body, 120. Mechanism: the material world a, 147-150; objections to the doctrine, 148-150; mind and mechanism, 151-154; mechanism and morals, 159-164; mechanism and teleology, reference, 310. Metaphysician: on the mind, 111 ff. Metaphysics: psychology and, 230-234; distinguished from philosophy, 244-245; uncertainty of, 247; utility of, 269-272; traditional divisions of, 315. Method: scientific method, 256-259. Middle Ages: view of philosophy in, 8-9. Mill, J. S.: the argument for other minds, 136-138; on permanent possibilities of sensation, 289; his logic, 314. Mind: the child's notion of, 100; regarded as breath, 101; suggestions of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew words for mind or soul, 101; materialistic views of, in Greek philosophy, 101-102; Plato and Aristotle on nature of, 102-103; doctrine of Plotinus, 103; of Cassiodorus, 103; of Augustine, 104; of Descartes, 105-106; modern common sense notions of mind, 106-110; mind as substance, Locke quoted, 108-109; psychologist's notion of, 110-111; what the mind is, 111-114; place of mind in nature, 151-154; minds active, 162-163; see also, Mind and Body, and Other Minds. Mind and Body: is the mind in the body, 115-117; plain man's notion of, 116; interactionism, 117-121; doctrine of Descartes and his successors, 119-120; plain man as interactionist, 120; McCosh quoted, 120-121; objection to interactionism, 121; parallelism, 121-126; its foundation in experience, 123-124; meaning of word "concomitance," 123-125; time and place of mental phenomena, 126-129; objections to parallelism, 129-132; Clifford's parallelism criticised, 130; mental phenomena and causality, 129; double sense of word "concomitance," 131-132; mind and the mechanism of the world, 151-154; mechanism and morals, 159-164; "concomitant phenomena" and attainment of ends, 162; references given on other minds and mind-stuff, 309; see also, Other Minds. Mind-stuff: see Other Minds. Minima Sensibilia: 87. Modern Philosophy: conception of philosophy in, 9-12. Monism: what, 193-194; varieties of, 194-202; narrower sense of word, 198-202. Moral Distinctions: their foundation, 159-164. Muirhead: 315.

Naive Realism: 181. "Natural Light": term used by Descartes, 208. Natural Realism: see Realism. Nature: place of mind in, 151-154; order of nature and "free-will," 154-159. Neo-Platonism: referred to, 8; on the soul as immaterial, 103. Nihilism: word used by Hamilton, 186. Noumena: see Phenomena.

Objective Idealism: 189-190; reference to Royce, 311. Objective Order: contrasted with the subjective, 55. Ontology: what, 315. Orders of Experience: the subjective and the objective, 55; see also, 114. Other Minds: their existence, 133-136; Fichte referred to, 133; Richter quoted, 133; Huxley and Clifford on proof of, 135; the argument for, 136-140; Mill quoted, 136-138; Huxley criticised, 138-140; what minds are there? 140-144; Descartes quoted, 141-142; Malebranche, 142; the limits of psychic life, 142-144; mind-stuff, 144-146; proper attitude toward solipsism, 291. Outside: meaning of word, 55.

Panpsychism: the doctrine, 198; references given, 311. Pantheism: 202. Parallelism: see Mind and Body. Paulsen: on nature of philosophy, 305. Pearson: the "telephone exchange," 38 ff.; on scientific principles and method, 258-259; reference given, 306. Peirce, C. S.: on pragmatism, 219-220. Perception: see Representative Perception. Phenomena and Noumena: Kant's distinction between, 176-180. Philosophical Sciences: enumerated, 13; why grouped together, 13-17; examined in detail, 223-259. Philosophy: meaning of word, and history of its use, 1 ff.; what the word now covers, 12-17; problems of, 32-164; historical background of modern philosophy, 165-180; types of, 181-222; logic and, 225-229; psychology and, 230-234; ethics and, 240-242; aesthetics and, 242-243; metaphysics distinguished from, 244-245; religion and, 250-254; the non-philosophical sciences and, 255-259; utility of, 263-272; history of, 273-287; verification in, 276-277; as poetry and as science, 281-283; how systems arise, 283-287; practical admonitions, 288-303; authority in, 291-296; ordinary rules of evidence in, 296-298. Physiological Psychology: what it is, 234. Pineal Gland; as seat of the soul, 105. Place: of mental phenomena, see Space. Plain Man: his knowledge of the world, 19-20; also, 32-36; his knowledge of space, 73; on mind and body, 106-110; his interactionism, 120. Plants: psychic life in, 143. Plato: use of word "philosopher," 2; scope of his philosophy, 6-7; on the soul, 102-103. Plotinus: the soul as immaterial, 103. Pluralism and Singularism: described, 204-205. Poetry and Philosophy: 281-283. Poincare: referred to, 258. Pragmatism: the doctrine, 219-222; see also, 296-298, 300-303, and 312-314; will to believe, references, 310, 312. Present: meaning of "the present," 97-99. Psychology: psychological knowledge characterized, 25-28; attitude of psychologist toward external world, 36-38; toward mind, 110-111; philosophy and, 230-234; double affiliation of, 234-235; utility of, 268-269; metaphysics and, 313; "rational," 315. Ptolemaic System; 282. Pythagoras: the word "philosopher," 2. Pythagoreans: their doctrine, 4.

Qualities of Things: contrasted with sensations, 51-56.

Rational Cosmology: 315. Rationalism: the doctrine, 206-209. Rational Psychology: 315. Real: see Reality. Realism: hypothetical realism, 168; "natural" realism, 174; general discussion of realism and its varieties, 181-187; ambiguity of the word, 186-187. Reality: contrasted with appearance, 35; in psychology, 36-38; the "telephone exchange" and, 38 ff.; things and their appearances, 59-61; real things, 61-63; ultimate real things, 63-68; the "Unknowable" as Reality, 68-72; real space, 80-87; real time, 93-99; substance as reality, 111; real and apparent extension, 113-114; measurement of apparent time, 128; Bradley's doctrine of reality, 191-192; Clifford's panpsychism and reality, 197-198.

Reflective Thought: its nature, 28-31. Reid, Thomas: doctrine of "common sense," 171-174; references, 310. Religion: philosophy and, 250-254; conceptions of God, 252-253; God and the world, 253-254; see God. Representative Perception: plain man's position, 32-36; the psychologist, 36-38; "telephone exchange" doctrine, 38-44; the true distinction between sensations and things, 45-58; the doctrine of, 165-168; Descartes and Locke quoted, 165-168. Richter, Jean Paul: on the solipsist, 133. Royce: an objective idealist, 311; a monist, 312.

Schelling: attitude toward natural philosophy, 10. Schiller: on "Humanism," 312-313. "Schools": in philosophy, 291-296. Science: philosophy and the special sciences, 12-17; the philosophical sciences, 13 ff.; nature of scientific knowledge, 21-28; compared with reflective thought, 29-31; science and the world as mechanism, 148; the conservation of energy, 151-154; philosophical sciences examined in detail, 223-259; science and metaphysical analysis, 246-247; the non-philosophical sciences and philosophy, 255-259; study of scientific principles, 256-259; verification in science and in philosophy, 275-277; philosophy as science, 281-283. Scientific Knowledge: see Science. Sensations: knowledge of things through, 33-44; sense and imagination contrasted, 45-49; are "things" groups of, 49-51; distinction between things and, 51-56; use of the word in this volume and in the "System of Metaphysics," 306-307. Sidgwick: on Kant, 311. Sigwart: 314. Singularism and Pluralism: described, 204-205. Skeptics: their view of philosophy, 7-8; their doubt of reality, 59; Hume's skepticism, 171. Socrates: use of words "philosopher" and "philosophy," 2; attitude toward sophism, 6. Solipsism: see Other Minds. Solon: 1. Sophists: characterized, 6. Soul: see Mind. Space: plain man's knowledge of, 73; said to be necessary, infinite and infinitely divisible, 73-74; discussion of it as necessary and as infinite, 74-77; Kant, Hamilton, and Spencer quoted, 75-77; as infinitely divisible, the moving point, 77-80; Clifford quoted, 79-80; real space and apparent, 80-87; "matter" and "form," 82-84; extension of imaginary things, 113; place of mental phenomena, 115-117, also, 126-129. Spencer, Herbert: his definition of philosophy, 11; his work criticised, 11-12; on the "Unknowable" as ultimate Reality, 69-70; Spencer as "natural" realist, 174; influenced by Kant's doctrine, 176; his inconsistent doctrine of the external world, 183-184; defective logic, 228; influence of agnosticism, 271; references given, 307, 311. Spinoza: his a priori method, 10; on God or substance, 199; his rationalism, 208; his parallelism, 308; references, 311-312. Spiritualism: the doctrine, 197-198. Stoics: their view of philosophy, 7-8; their materialism, 102. Strong: on other minds, 209; references to, 309, 311. Subjective Idealism: 187-188. Subjective Order: contrasted with objective, 55. Substance: meaning of word, 108; Locke on, 108; mind as substance, 111-112; doctrine of the One Substance, 198-202. Synthetic Judgments: defined, 179. Systems of Philosophy: their relations to each other, 283-287.

Taylor: on other minds, 309. Teleology: what, 163; reference, 310. "Telephone Exchange": doctrine of the external world as "messages," 38-44. Thales: his doctrine, 3. Theism: see God. Theory of Knowledge: see Epistemology. Things: our knowledge of, 18-23; contrast of ideas and, 33-36; same contrast in psychology, 36-38; sensations and things, 45 ff.; existence of, 56-58; contrasted with appearances, 59 ff.; real things, 61 ff.; the space of real things, 80-87. Thomas Aquinas: scope of his labors, 9. Time: as necessary, infinite, and infinitely divisible, 88-90; problem of knowing past, present, and future, 90-93; Augustine quoted, 90-91; timeless self criticised, 92-93; real time and apparent, 93-99; real time as necessary, infinite, and infinitely divisible, 95-97; consciousness of time, 97-99; mental phenomena and time, 126-129. Timeless Self: 92-93. Touch: the real world revealed in experiences of, 61-63. Truth: pragmatism and, 219-222 and 312-314; Whewell on veracity, 238-239; criterion of truth in philosophy, 296-298; also, 300-303.

Ueberweg: 305, 311. Ultimate Reality: see Reality. "Unknowable": as Reality, 68-72; see Spencer. Utility: of liberal studies, 260-263; of philosophy, 363-272.

Verification: in science and in philosophy, 275-277.

Ward, James: on concepts of mechanics, 148. "Weltweisheit": philosophy as, 12. Whewell: his common sense ethics, 236-240; referred to, 315. Will: see Free-will. Will to Believe: see Pragmatism. Windelband: 305. Wolff, Christian: definition of philosophy, 10. World: see External World. Wundt: ethics referred to, 315.