Volume 1 — FOOTNOTES:

[27] Ibid.

Annulosa. Animal invertebrate, oviparous; external integument of a firmer consistence than the internal substance, serving as a general point of attachment to the muscles; eyes immoveable; legs more than four, jointed.

Classes.

1. Crustacea. Gills external; more than eight legs. 2. Arachnida. Gills internal; spiracles; eight legs. 3. Insecta. Tracheæ; spiracles; six to eight thoracic legs.

Capable of eating and walking. Like the perfect insect, except in proportion and number of parts. Except in proportion (Lice, Poduræ, Mites, Spiders, Scorpions, &c). Except in proportion and number (Centipedes, Millepedes). With rudiments of the organs of flight. With oral organs resembling those of the perfect insect (Hemiptera). With oral organs differing from those of the perfect insect (Libellula L., Ephemera L.).

Incapable of eating and walking. Incomplete pupæ. Obtected. Coarctate.

Lamarck divides the pupæ of insects that undergo a metamorphosis into three kinds, which he names—Chrysalis, Mumia, and Nympha.

i. Chrysalis. Under this denomination he includes all inactive pupæ inclosed in an opaque puparium which entirely conceals them. These he further subdivides into two kinds.

1. Chrysalis signata. This term is synonymous with the Pupa obtecta of Linné, or the Chrysalis of Lepidoptera and some Diptera.

2. Chrysalis dolioloides. Equivalent to the Pupa coarctata Linn. peculiar to those Diptera that assume this state in the skin of the larva.

ii. Mumia. All inactive pupæ which are covered by a transparent skin, through which all the parts of the inclosed imago may be seen, subdivided also into two.

1. Mumia coarctata. Corresponding with the Pupa incompleta Linn., which includes the Coleoptera and most of the Hymenoptera.

2. Mumia pseudonympha, confined to the Pupa of Phryganea and some others. This might be named Pupa subincompleta.

iii. Nympha. Under this denomination are included all insects that undergo only a partial metamorphosis, and are active in their pupa state, corresponding with the Pupa semicompleta Linn. and also subsemicompleta MacLeay. See Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 285—.

M. Latreille has started an ingenious idea on this subject with regard to these kinds of metamorphosis, which comprehends both larva and pupa under a distinct denomination: as thus—

Demilarve and Deminymph, synonymous with the Semicomplete Metamorphosis.

Larve and Nymph, answering to Incomplete Metamorphosis.

Caterpillar and Chrysalis, answering to Obtected Metamorphosis.

Vermilarve and Pupa, answering to Coarctate Metamorphosis. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 272.

The part in this work regarded as the mentum, does not in all cases accord with what MM. Latreille, Savigny, &c. have regarded as entitled to that denomination. Thus in Hymenoptera, their Mentum is what we term the Labium, while our Mentum is the small piece upon which that part sits (Plate VII. Fig. 3. a´´). This is called the Fulcrum in Mon. Ap. Angl. (See i. Explan. of the Plates.) Our Mentum may generally be known by its situation between the hinges and base of the Maxillæ.