INDEX.

Abbey lands, disposition of in Germany, 434, 437, 439

in England, 454, 482

in Scotland, 508

confiscated in France, 589

in Italy, 609-10

Abbo, St., of Fleury, his martyrdom, 153

Abbot of Langdon, case of, 451

of Crossed-Friars, case of, 457

of Walden, his marriage, 463

Abbots, their marriage, in Hungary, 401

execution of English, 457

Abelard, his description of monachism, 264

his marriage, 269

his “Sic et Non,” 316

his answer to Heloise, 348

on abuse of confessional, 350

Abingdon, Abbey of, 167

Absalom of Scania, 252

Absolution, purchasable, in Manichæism, 44

marketable value of, in Rome, 356, 428

mutual, of guilty priests, 428

by partner in guilt, 346, 575-7, 633

Abstinence from women in pagan priesthood, 49

Abstinentes, heresy of, 33

Abuse of confessional (see Confessional).

Abyssinian church, customs of, 92

Accomplice, immunity of, 291

Acephali, 109, 115

Adalbero of Metz ordains sons of priests, 154

Adam de la Halle on Alexander IV., 334

Adam de Marisco, his labors, 292

Adela of Flanders, seeks to enforce celibacy, 260

Adela of Flanders, miraculous cure of, 404

Adelaide of Savoy, her interposition asked, 203

Adolph of Nassau, Archb. of Mainz, 412

Adorateurs de Jésus, 613

Adrian I. asserts the morality of his clergy, 135

Adrian VI., his views on priestly marriage, 422

reproaches Diet of Nürnberg, 424

on Luther’s abrogation of celibacy, 432

Adulphe, frère, case of, 637

Adulterous wives of priests to be put away, 39

of Huguenot pastors, 498

Adultery, clerical, habitual, 247

immunity for, 447

toleration of, in Mexico, 565

less objectionable than marriage, 627

Ælfric, St., of Canterbury, his canons, 172

Æneas Sylvius (see Pius II.).

Africa, celibacy urged on, 66

introduction of celibacy in, 73

immorality in, 81

married bishops in, 89

Donatist monks in, 107

Agapetæ, scandals of, 41, 50, 54, 78

forbidden by Council of Elvira, 50

by Council of Ancyra, 54

by Council of Nicæa, 54

by Emp. Honorius, 55

Agde, Council of, in 506, 80

Age, minimum, for vows in early church, 100, 105

under Council of Trent, 587

in France, 585

in Tuscany, 587

under Pius IX., 611

for ordination under Council of Trent, 624

for resident women, 626

Agen, Manichæism in 1100, 207

Agnes, Empress, deprived of regency, 201

Agrippa, Cornelius, on the clergy, 415

on licenses to sin, 428

on character of Roman prelates, 429

Agudi, Father, case of, 607

Ain-Traz, Synod of, in 1835, 91

Aix, Council of, in 1850, 626

Aix-la-Chapelle, proportion of clergy in, 631

Council of, in 817, 138

in 836, 137

Alain de l’Isle on clerical morals, 321

on Waldenses, 374

Alberic, Cardinal, and the heretics, 370

Alberic of Marsico, his crimes, 153

Alberic of Ostia, Legate to England, 281

Albero of Liége permits priestly marriage, 247

Albero of Mercke, heresy of, 196

Albero of Verdun, his efforts at reform, 264

Albert II. (Emp.) fines concubinary priests, 396

Albert of Bavaria asks for clerical marriage, 531, 539

Albert of Brandenburg embraces Lutheranism, 366

founds kingdom of Prussia, 434

Albert of Hamburg on chastity, 181

his measures of reform, 189

Albert of Mainz seeks to restrain priestly marriage, 419

his proposed marriage, 434

Albigenses, heresy of, 207

attacked by St. Bernard, 331

their tenets, 367

Alby, extent of heresy in, 370

Council of, in 1850, 626

Alcobaça, Abbot of, head of Order of St. Michael, 365

Alcuin on disorders of Saxon nunneries, 165

Aldebert of Le Mans, licentiousness of, 264

Aldhelm, St., on virginity, 162

Alemanni, unchastity of, 118

Alexander II. seeks archbishopric of Milan, 209

his election to Papacy, 200

his estimate of Damiani, 186

suppresses the Liber Gomorrh., 188

he enforces the reform, 202

his discouragement, 204

he protects the Jews, 205

his two missions to Milan, 213

he authorizes war against marriage, 215

he sends legation to Milan, 217

his efforts in Spain, 303

his letter to William the Conqueror, 272

his death, 206

enforcement of celibacy attributed to him, 225

Alexander III. on married canons, 270

his efforts in England, 281

his endeavors at reform, 319, 321

he inclines to priestly marriage, 325

he confirms Order of St. James, 364

on hereditary transmission, 516

Alexander IV., his reforms, 333

on corruption of laity by priesthood, 350

Alexander VI., his character, 345

he grants marriage to Portuguese orders, 365

his patience with Savonarola, 386

he reforms the Benedictines, 403

Alexander VII. defines solicitation, 575, 576

Alexandria, disorderly monachism in, 106

Alfonso the Wise on origin of celibacy, 28

forbids priestly marriage, 308

Alfonso VI. (Castile) asks for a legate, 304

Alfonso VIII. of Leon, 306

Alfonso I. (Portugal) founds orders of Avis and St. Michael, 365

Alfonso I. (Naples) collects tax on concubines, 399

Alfred on chastity of nuns, 166

Allocution Acerbissimum, 609

Alphonso Liguori, St., on clerical corruption, 587

Altmann of Passau, his mission to Constance, 229

his enforcement of celibacy, 230

Alva, Duke of, enforces reception of Council of Trent, 553

Alvarez Pelayo, on Spanish clergy, 311

Amalfi (see Melfi).

Amandus of Maestricht, case of, 126

Amandus, papal legate to Spain, 304

Amboise, edict of, in 1562, 499

Ambrose, St., admits disregard of celibacy, 67

condemns Jovinian, 69

priestly marriage attributed to him, 250

Ambrose of Camaldoli, 393

America, Spanish church in, 563-66

(See, also, United States and Canada.)

Ammonius Saccas, 39

Ammonius, St., his fortitude, 188

Anabaptists, the, 438

Anaclet, antipope, enforces celibacy, 342

Anastasius (Emp.), revolts against, 107

Anathema, nature of, 640

for disbelief in celibacy, 536

Ancarano, his opinion as to priests’ concubines, 339

Anchorite, estimate of chastity of, 348

Ancyra, Council of, in 314, regulates priestly marriage, 51

forbids agapetæ, 54

on vows of celibacy, 97

Andrea of Vallombrosa on Milanese clergy, 210

Andreas of Lunden on concubines, 197

Andrew of Tarentum, case of, 123

Angelric of Vasnau, case of, 142

Angers, clergy of, their demoralization, 394

Anglican bishops, regulations for their marriage, 489

Anglican clergy, popular contempt for, 476

restrictions on their marriage, 489

flexibility of their faith, 490

evil influences on their marriage, 494

their position, 497

Anglican Church, the, 444-497

Queen Elizabeth’s estimate of, 491

Anglican priests, manual of confessional for, 634

Anglican ritual, marriage service in, 476

Anglo-Irish church, disorders of, 298

Anglo-Saxon church, celibacy enforced, 162

disorders of, in 10th century, 147, 167

Angoulême, case occurring in, 269

Anjou, Council of, in 453, 79

in 1262, 1291, 1312, 332, 350

Ann of Cleves, her marriage, 470

Annates, increase of, by the Popes, 412

withdrawn by Henry VIII., 450

Anomalies, ethical, 269, 347, 627

Anse, Council of, in 990, 156

Anselm, St., on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

his reforms, 273

his death in 1109, 278

Anselmo di Badagio (see Alexander II.).

Anselmo, St., of Lucca, his persecution, 222

Antealtaria, Abbot of, 308

Anthony, St., retires to the desert, 97

Anthony of Ephesus, crimes of, 85

Anthony of Prague enforces Tridentine canons, 534

heresy encouraged by corruption, 556

Antichrist, anticipation of, 394

Antidicomarianitarians, heresy of, 69

Antioch, Council of, 42

Antisacerdotalism of Vigilantius, 71

mediæval, 370 sqq.

Antoin, married canons of, 270

Antonelli, Cardinal, imprisons Panzini, 602

his daughter, 631

Antwerp, Synod of, in 1610, 557, 562

Apel, John, punished for marrying, 424

Apocalypsis Goliæ, 284

Apollinaris of Rhodes, 118

Apollo, celibacy of priestess of, 50

Apology for Confession of Augsburg, 436

Apostle, Junia the, 60

Apostolical canons on digami, 37

permit priestly marriage, 39

marriage honored in, 48

Apostolical constitutions on digami, 37

permit priestly marriage, 39

order of widows in, 42

honors rendered to marriage, 48

Apostolical Letter, Multiplices inter, 602

Apostoloci, heresy of, 97

Apotactici, heresy of, 33, 44

Appeals discountenanced at Trent, 538

Appeals to Rome, immunity caused by, 139

their effect, 322

forbidden by Alex. IV., 334

Ap Rice and the Abbot of Walden, 463

Aquinas, St. Thomas, on origin of celibacy, 28

on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

on vows, 321

on absolution by guilty confessors, 575

Arab monachism, nature of, 102

Arabic version of Nicene canons, 53

Aranda, Council of, in 1473, 400

Archembald of Sens, his evil courses, 153

Arechis of Beneventum, law of, 127

Aretino, abuses in church of, 147

Arfastus of Thetford, 272

Arialdo, St., seeks archbishopric of Milan, 209

raises question of priestly marriage, 211

is excommunicated, 212

procures excom. of Archbp. Guido, 216

his martyrdom, 217

Arianism, celibacy under, 120

Arith, Wm., on clerical disorders, 501

Arles, Council of, in 314, 51

in 441, 69, 79, 105

Armagh, hereditary archbishops of, 296

Armagh, Council of, in 1854, 626

Armenia, hereditary priesthood in, 90

Armenia, Council of, in 1362, 90

Arnald of Brescia, heresy of, 195

Arnaldo de Peralta, his reforms, 309

Arnolfo, a reformer, fate of, 341

Arran, Regent, favors the Reformation, 507

Artemis, virgins for priestesses of, 50

Arthur of Britanny a canon of Tours, 307

Articles, Thirty-nine, clerical marriage in the, 490

Articles, Forty-two, clerical marriage in the, 475, 490

Articles, the Six, enacted by Parliament, 467

heretics burnt under them, 458

their modification, 471

repealed in 1547, 472

popular call for their restoration, 475

revived under Mary, 478

repealed under Elizabeth, 487

Artois, Council of, in 1025, 369

Arundel of Canterbury on Lollardry, 381

Asceticism, unknown to early Jews, 21

in Brahmanism and Buddhism, 23

in Essenism, 25

not encouraged by Christ, 25

tendency to, in Ebionism, 27

tendencies of St. Paul, 31

Asceticism, commencement of, in the church, 31

repressed by the church, 32

of heretics, 33

stimulated by the heresies, 34

and by influence of Buddhism, 35

growth of, in the church, 36

stimulated by neo-Platonism, 39

and by Manichæism, 45

combated by the church, 48

overcomes all resistance, 49

still voluntary in 4th century, 58

becomes obligatory, 59

reproved by Council of Gangra, 61

voluntary in the East, 84

severity of, in Armenia, 90

of monachism, 97

instances in 11th century, 227

spreads among the laity, 241

of Irish church, 160, 296

neglect of, in Spain, 307

mediæval, 347, 359

of military orders, 362

of Albigenses, 368

of Fraticelli, 377

of Wickliffe, 381

of Hussites, 383

exclusion of women from monasteries, 404

influence of, on solicitation, 574

in modern times, 612

Aschaffenburg, Council of, in 1292, 196

Ashera, worship of, 21

Assembly, National, secularizes church property, 589

legalizes clerical marriage, 590

Assermentés priests, 590

Assideans, 24

Astorga, Bishop of, on Council of Trent, 539

Athanasius on priestly marriage, 58

Athenagoras on morals of Christians, 33

on second marriage, 36

on asceticism, 103

Athravas, hereditary functions of, 23

Atto of Vercelli on female ministration, 60

on dilapidation of property, 146

on married priests, 152

Attys, worship of, 50

Augsburg, the Confession of, 436

Augsburg, Council of, in 10th century, 55

in 952, 149

in 1548, 514, 525

in 1567, 561

in 1610, 549

Augsburg, Diet of, in 1518, 416

in 1530, 435

in 1548, 441, 524

in 1551 and 1555, 443

Augsburg Formula of Reformation, 524, 526, 528

Augustin of Canterbury, 161

Augustin, St., on Jewish high-priesthood, 22

on marriage, 47, 314

on marriage of nuns, 104

on Manichæism, 46

his testimony as to Jovinian, 70

he enforces celibacy, 74

on temporary nature of vows, 97

on wandering monks, 102

on danger of female residence, 138

Augustin, Rule of, adopted by military orders, 362, 363

Augustinians of Gloucester, suppression of, 457

of Nürnberg, secularization of, 425

of Saxony, revolution of, 420

Aunts, residence of, forbidden, 138, 628

Aurelius, St., enforces celibacy, 73

Auricular confession, commencement of, 566

Ausch, Congrès fraternel in 1793, 593

Ausch, Council of, in 1851, 626

Australia, Council of, in 1844, 633

Austrasia, reforms in, 130

Austria, enforcement of celibacy in, 251

efforts for clerical marriage in, 601

civil marriage in, 605

monastic orders in 1859, 615

Autun, Council of, in 690, 80

Auvergne, Council of, in 535, 80

Auxerre, Council of, in 578, 80

persecution of celibacy in, 593

Availles, case occurring at, in 1817, 635

Avellano, monks of, 186

Avesbury, nunnery of, its morals, 282

d’Avesnes, case of the, 323

Avignon, residence of popes in, 342

Council of, in 1594, 560

in 1725 and 1849, 626

Avila, his casuistry, 578

Avis, order of, 365

Avranches, Council of, in 1172, 319

Ayenbite of Inwyt, 348

Azzo, Archbishop of Milan, 218

Babueus grants marriage in orders, 92

Babueus excommunicates Barsuma, 92

Bachelors ineligible to episcopate, 38

Badegisilus of Le Mans, 118

Baden, petitions for clerical marriage in 1828, 601

Bahia, Council of, in 1707, 626

Baithusin, hereditary priesthood of, 22

Bale, Bishop, his writings, 473, 480

Bâle, Council of, 395

reconciles the Hussites, 382

clerical marriage suggested in, 406

canons of, affirmed in Scotland, 1559, 505

revived in Germany, 528

Balsamon on legislation of Greek church, 87

Baltimore, Councils of, in 1829, 1843, 633

in 1840, 627

in 1866, 627, 633

Bamburg, troubles of, in 1431, 395

Synod of, in 1491, 196

morals of clergy in 1505, 431

Bandello, Bishop, his novels, 430

Bangor, morals of clergy of, 463, 494

Baptism by immoral priests invalid, 162

repetition of, refused, 163

Baptisma igneum, 438

Barbarians, the, and the Church, 117-25

superior morality of, 82

Bardsey, Culdees of, 301

Bari, military bishops of, 180

Barnabite college at Monza, case of, 621

Baronius on Gregory of Nazianzum, 58

Barrios, Bish. of Santafé, regulations of, 563

Barsuma of Nisibi, case of, 92

Barsumas, Abbot, at Ephesus, 107

Bartelot, John, case of, 457

Bartholomew of Bracara, his demand for reforms, 534

Basil, St., his strictness, 84

Basilica of Leo the Philosopher, 87

Basilides, heresy of, 34

Bastardy increased by celibacy, 629, 631

Bathing, promiscuous, 41, 42

Baumgartner, Aug., his speech at Trent, 518

Bavaria, marriage of nuns forbidden, in 772, 135

demand for clerical marriage in, 442, 531, 536

clerical marriage after C. of Trent, 554

immorality of clergy, 16th cent., 548

abuse of confessional in, 570

proportion of clergy in, 631

Beards, clergy insist on wearing, 553

Beatoun, Cardinal, his immorality, 503

his proclamation of 1540, 511

Bede on Aaron’s linen breeches, 65

on the rule of celibacy, 161

Beggars’ Petition, the, 453

Beggars, legislation against, under Henry VIII., 455

Begghards, the, 376

Beguines, condemnation of, 377

Belgium, monastic orders in, 615

clerical attacks on public schools, 623

clerical morality in, 629

Bellarmine on story of Paphnutius, 57

his defence of celibacy, 581

Beltis, 21

Benchor, oratory of, 295

Benedict VIII. enforces celibacy, 178

Benedict IX., character of, 179

he sells the papacy, 184

is reinstated as pope, 187

Benedict XIV. approves of Savonarola, 386

on abuse of confessional, 577

Benedict of Camin on clerical morals, 401

Benedict the Levite on residence of female relations, 138

Benedict, St., of Nursia, 111

his example followed, 246

salvation procured by him, 335

rule of, becomes universal, 131

supplemented by Louis-le-Débonnaire, 136

adopted by military orders, 362

Benedictine order, saints in, 113

its services to civilization, 357

its morals in 15th century, 403

Benefices held by tenure of chastity, 311

bestowal of, on servants, 515

hereditary (see Hereditary Transmission).

Benefit of clergy for married priests, 291

extended to concubines, 339

Benevento, Council of, in 1693, 574, 626

Benzo, his account of Hildebrand, 197

his use of the term Paterins, 212

on Nicolitism, 238

Berenger of Tours on priestly marriage, 256

Bernald of Constance on Paphnutius, 56

Bernard, St., reforms effected by him, 265

miracle wrought by him, 266

on barbarism of Ireland, 296

his hymn on St. Malachi, 297

on dissolution of priestly marriage, 316

his defence of marriage, 331

on influence of papal court, 346

on the Albigenses, 368

on the Petrobrusians, 370

on Manichæan abhorrence of marriage, 545

Bernard of Font-Cauld on Waldenses, 374

Bernard of Tiron preaches reform, 258

Bernhardi, Bart., marries in 1521, 419

Bernhardus Baptisatus, his sermon, 391

Bertrand, St., of Comminges, miracle by, 269

Berytus, Synod of, in 448, 82

Besançon, Synod of, in 1707, 562, 576

Beverege, John, burnt, 510

Beza, Theod., on marriage in Anglican church, 489

Bèze, charter to monastery of, 265

Bhagavad-gita, the, 92

Bhikshus and Bhikshunis, Bhuddist, 94

Bigamy of priests in 10th century, 167

in 11th century, 172, 181

in 12th century, 247

caused by celibacy, 278

penalties of, for clerical marriage, 598

Bigorre, legalized concubinage in, 197

Bilio, Card., author of the Syllabus, 604

Bisantio of Bari, 180

Bishops, marriage of (see Marriage).

Bishops to be husbands of one wife, 38

number of digamous, 37, 159

their morality in Coptic church, 93

witnesses required for their chastity, 131

they are nominated by the Merovingians, 118

are held responsible for diocesan property, 123

their power increased by institution of canons, 135

wer-gild for their godsons, 162

their military character in 10th century, 153

in 11th century, 180

they are attacked by Damiani, 198

their lukewarmness as to celibacy, 233

penalties for tolerating priestly marriage, 242

their wives rank as countesses, 259

their children eligible to ordination, 298

female intercourse forbidden to them, 303

they sell licenses to sin, 389, 432, 559

concubinary, punishment for, at Trent, 538

opposing clerical marriage exiled, 594

their restoration of celibacy in France, 595

Irish, poverty of, 297

Bishops, Anglican, regulation for marriage of, 489

position of their wives, 495

Bishoprics, hereditary, in Britanny, 259

in Ireland, 296

created from English monasteries, 459

Blacater, Bishop, persecutes Lollards, 501

Bloodletting of monks, 138

Bohemia, priestly marriage in 11th century, 243

enforcement of celibacy in, 246

marriage in post-Tridentine church, 554

Waldensian refugees in, 375

Begghards in, 377

Hussitism in, 383

Orthodox Brethren in, 385

Bois-le-duc, Synod of, in 1571, 562

in 1612, 558

Boisset, permission to marry refused to him, 597

Bologna, Cossa as Legate in, 344

Bologna, Council of Trent transferred to, 442, 521

Bonaventura, St., on absolution, 346

on abuse of confessional, 350

on dilapidation of church property, 407

Boniface IX., legalized simony under, 398

he relaxes the rule of Fulda, 404

Boniface of Canterbury, 290

Boniface of Lausanne, his fate, 341

Boniface, St., his scruples as to Frankish clergy, 128

he reforms the Frankish clergy, 131

attempts on his life, 133

on infanticide caused by celibacy, 137

on Anglo-Saxon church, 163

he founds Abbey of Fulda, 404

Bonizo of Piacenza, martyrdom of, 222

Bonn, Old Catholic Synod of, in 1878, 604

Bonner, Bishop, deprives married priests, 478

his visitation of London, 479

scandals concerning him, 486

Bonosus, his heresy, 68

Books of canon law burned by Luther, 418

Bora, Catharine von, marries Luther, 425

Bordeaux, Councils of, in 1583, 1624, 560

in 1850, 626

Borgia, Roderic, his character, 345

Boseteha, wife of Cosmo of Prague, 245

Bosnia, heretics of, 369

Bossaert d’Avesnes, case of, 323

Bossu d’Arras, Le, on Alex. IV., 334

Bossuet, his probable marriage, 582

Botoa, monastery of, 306

Bougaud, Abbé, on dangers to the church, 638

Bourges, Council of, in 1031, 179

in 1528, 515

in 1584, 560

in 1800, 595

in 1850, 626

Bourne, Sir John, complains of Chapter of Worcester, 491

his quarrel with Sandys, 496

Boussard, Geoffroi, on origin of celibacy, 29

on dispensing power, 407

Boutaric on droit de marquette, 355

Bouthors on droit de marquette, 355

Boyer on droit de marquette, 354

Bracton on position of concubines, 197

Braga, Councils of, in 563, 572, and 675, 80

Brahmanism, asceticism of, 23

Branda, Cardinal, his reforms, 392

Brazil, suppression of monasteries in, 609

Brecislas of Bohemia, 243

Bremen, Council of, in 1266, 253

Breslau, Council of, in 1279, 252

in 1416, 338

in 1580, 555

Brethren of the Cross, 385

Brethren, Orthodox, 385

Bribes to avert suppression of monasteries, 454

Brice, St., case of, 77

Bridfrith, his life of St. Dunstan, 166

Bristol, see of, created, 460

Britanny, church of, 120

priestly marriage in, 259

heresies in, 371

British clergy, their corruption, 159

church, discipline of, 160

in 9th century, 171

Brixen, schismatic Synod of, in 1080, 238

orthodox Synod, in 1603, 562

Brothels kept by prelates, 429

frequented by priests, 586

de Brou-Laurière, case of, 600

Bruges, Synod of, in 1693, 562

Brunhilda, appeal of Gregory I. to, 124

Bruno of Toul created pope, 187

Bruno St., reforms effected by, 265

founds the Grande Chartreuse, 404

Brunswick, chapter of, in 1476, 400

Brut y Tywysogion on married clergy, 171

Bruys, Pierre de, his heresy, 370

Bucer insists on priestly marriage, 441

Buddha, Sankhyism of, 23

his legend, 35

death of his mother, 68

Buddhism, its influence on Christianity, 34

its connection with Manichæism, 44

its system of monachism, 94

Bulgaria, Manichæism transmitted through, 207

Bulgarian church, rules for, 141

Bull, Papal, Exsurge Domine, 418

Ad canonum, 516

Cum primum, 548

Horrendum, 548

Ad Romanum, 549

Quæ ordini, 549

Postquam verus, 550

Quemadmodum sollicitus, 552

Cum sicut nuper, 568

Universi Dominici gregis, 569

Etiam pastoralis, 577

Sacramentum pœnitentiæ, 577

Auctorem fidei, 587

suppressing English monasteries, 447-9

excommunicating Henry VIII., 455

defining Cardinal Pole’s powers, 478

reconciling England, 483

Burckhardt of Worms on celibacy, 178

his instructions to confessors, 566

Bure, Idelette de, Calvin’s wife, 498

Burghley endeavors to restrain Q. Elizabeth, 492

Burgos, Council of, in 1080, 304

Burial, Christian denied to married priests, 192

Burial, Christian, denied to concubines, 310

Burmah, number of monks in, 95

Burnet, Bishop, on the English monasteries, 451

on the Beggars’ Petition, 453

Burning alive threatened for married priests, in 1524, 423

Butler, John, on marriage of clergy, 466

Cabassut on Apostolical canons, 49

Cadalus, his election as antipope, 200

his cause embraced by Milan, 215

Cadam, Transaction of, 439

Cadière, Catherine, case of, 579

Cæsarea, Synod of, about 360, 61

Cæsarius, St., of Arles, Rule of, 112

on marriage of nuns, 111

Cæsarius of Heisterbach on influence of priesthood, 346

Cain Patraic, the, 159

two classes of bishops in, 295

Caisho, priest of, his case, 485

Calabria, celibacy enforced in, 76, 320

Calatrava, knights of, marriage permitted to, 364

Calini, Archbp., his reports from Trent, 534

Calixtins, the, 383

Calixtus I., his laxity, 37

Calixtus II., on Manichæism, 208

he enforces celibacy in France, 267

his consequent unpopularity, 268

he declares marriage dissolved by orders, 313

on abuse of confessional, 567

Calixtus, his work on celibacy, 583

Calne, Council of, in 978, 170

Calvi, Donato, on religious orders, 96

Calvin, his confession of faith, 498

his marriage, 498

Calvinism, 498-513

its discipline, 498

clerical marriage a matter of course, 498, 510

Calvinist converts, marriage of, 499

Camaldoli, monks of, 183

their demoralization, 393

Cambrai, Manichæism in 1025, 207

Hildebrandine doctrine punished, 236

Council of, in 1025, 208

in 1550, 528

in 1565 and 1567, 559

in 1631, 560

in 1661, 576

Camin, Synods of, in 1454 and 1492, 402

Campeggi, Card., persecutes married priests, 423

heresy justified by clerical immorality, 430

assists in suppression of English monasteries, 449

Canada, duration of vows in, 613

modern Councils of, 626-7, 633

Canonical age for resident women, 626

Canons, Apostolical (see Apostolical).

Canons regular, institution of, 134

of Fécamp, expulsion of, 155

discussion concerning their marriage, 263

Canons are forced to cloistered life, 265

marriage of, in 12th century, 270

hereditary in England, 272

replace Culdees in Scotland, 300

laxity of their rule, 307

of Compostella, reform of, 305

demoralization of, in 15th cent., 399

their unclerical habits, Germany, 14th century, 340

of Brunswick in 1476, their morals, 401

of Lausanne, their demoralization, 429

of Munster, refuse to be reformed, 548

of Milan, their contest with St. Charles Borromeo, 550

Canterbury, Christ Church, in 11th cent. 171

number of married clergy in, 489

“Capacities” given to ejected monks, 455

Capito, Wolf. Fab., persecutes married priests, 420

is married, 423

Caprara, Legate, on married priests, 596

Capua, Council of, in 389, 68

Caraffa, Card., on need of reformation, 522

Cardinalate, childlessness a prerequisite, 550

Cardinal’s college, founded by Wolsey, 447

Carinthia, enforcement of celibacy in, 233

Carloman seeks to reform the church, 128, 130

enters Monte Casino, 134

Carlostadt advocates priestly marriage, 419

favors the Anabaptists, 438

Carlovingian alliance with the church, 128

civilization, its disappearance, 143

Carmelites, corruption of, 353, 587

Carnarvonshire, complaints of priests in, 400

Carpocrates, heresy of, 34

Carracioli, Bishop of Troyes, married, 499

Carterius, Bishop, case of, 37

Carthage, immorality in, 82

Council of, in 348, 100

in 390, 73

in 397, 73

in 398, 49, 73

in 401, 74

in 411, 107

in 419, 74

Carthusian asceticism, 359

Carthusians of London resist Henry VIII., 450

Cashel, Archb. of, on children of bishops, 297

Cashel, Council of, in 1171, 298

in 1853, 633

Cassander, G., on clerical marriage, 542

Cassianus, heresy of, 33

Cassianus, St., Rule of, 101, 110

Cassiodorus relates the story of Paphnutius, 57

Caste, priestly, dangers of creating, 225

Castel-Fuerte, Marques del, 565

Castration of Galli, 50

Castro, Alfonso de, heresy justified by clerical wickedness, 430

Casuistry applied to solicitation, 571, 575, 576

its effect on morality, 578

Catarini, Card., and the Vatican Council, 604

Catarino, Ambrogio, 418

Cathari, heresy of, 207, 367

Catharine von Bora, 425

Catherine de Medicis on reception of Council of Trent, 546

her efforts for clerical marriage, 559

Catholicism, observances borrowed from Buddhism, 35

from Mazdeism, 44

Catholics, persecution of, in Scotland, 512

Caumont, case of married priest of, 258

Cavour introduces civil marriage in Sardinia, 605

suppresses monasteries in Sardinia, 609

Céle-dé, or Culdee, 299

Celestin III. on vows and marriage, 321

on hereditary priesthood, 326

Celestin (pseudo) on abuse of confessional, 567

Celibacy, its influence on history, 19

its post-apostolical origin admitted, 27

not favored in Apost. Constitutions, 48

its enforcement by Council of Elvira in 305, 50

not required by Council of Nicæa, 53

its first enforcement, 64

opposition to it, 67

attributed to Gregory I., 124

and to Gregory VII., 224

its necessity to the church, 193, 225

deprecated by Alexander III., 325

its final enforcement, 330

its results, 331-361

Wickliffe’s opinion of it, 379

condemned by Lollards, 381

maintained by Hussites, 384

not observed by Orthodox Brethren, 385

nor by Brethren of the Cross, 385

evils attributed to, 394

is deprecated in 15th century, 405

is denounced by Luther, 418

is the main obstacle to reunion, 544

is made a point of faith in 1528, 515

and by Council of Trent, 536, 640

and by the Inquisition, 603

attacked in the 18th century, 582

persecuted in French Revolution, 593

reëstablished after the Terror, 595

modern policy of the church, 602-4

is likely to be maintained in the future, 607, 608

modern influence of, 638

Celibates, disabilities of, removed, 99

Celsus of Armagh, 296

Celtic churches, original purity of, 295

Cenobitic life, commencement of, 97

Ceres, celibacy of priestesses of, 50

Cereza, father, of Monza, 621

Cesarini, Cardinal, on revolt against church, 395

Ceylon, number of monks in, 95

Chalcedon, Council of, in 451, 107

Chalons, Council of, in 649, 80

in 813, 567

in 893, 142

Chantries, English, absorption of, 459

Charibert, his laws on forcible marriage, 120

Charity of the monastic orders, 358

Charity in modern church, 612, 616

religious organization of, in France, 615

Charlemagne, his efforts to reform the church, 134, 135

Charles, Archduke, asks for clerical marriage, 544

Charles Borromeo, St., his reforms, 550-2

Charles-le-Chauve on appellate jurisdiction of Rome, 139

Charles the Lame imposes fines on concubinage, 339

Charles Martel oppresses the church, 129

his punishment, 130

Charles IV. (Emp.) urges reform, 340

Charles V. (Emp.), his policy in 1530, 435

he temporizes with the Reformation, 439, 440

he issues the Interim, 441

he demands dispensations for married priests, 442

he accepts the Reformation, 443

his demands for Council of Trent, 519

he objects to its transfer to Bologna, 521

on the reforms of Paul III., 522

he seeks to reform the German church, 524

Charles VII. (France) fines concubinary priests, 396

Charles IX. (France) asks for clerical marriage, 533, 641

Charles de Valois intervenes in Flanders, 323

Charter-House, monks of, their fate, 450

Charter of Oswalde’s Law, 169

Charters of 1814 and 1830, 600

Chartier, Alain, on condition of church, 394

Chartreuse, strictness of rules of, 404

Chassidim, 24

Chastity, estimate of, by Cassianus, 102

feudal tenure by, 153, 311

gift of, to be obtained by seeking, 331, 530, 536

gift of, assured by Council of Trent, 624

sacrifice of, 21

vows of, their introduction, 41

their perversion, 127

required for holy orders, 179

in military orders, 362

maintained in the Six Articles, 468

papal dispensation for, 535, 642

never dispensed for, 611

prelates at Trent sworn to support, 533

Châtillon, Cardinal de, his marriage, 499

Chaucer on priest’s children, 338

on corrupting influence of priests, 351

Chavard, Abbé, case of, 601

on age of ordination, 624

Chelsea, Council of, in 787, 164

Chepstow, Abbess of, accuses Dr. London, 457

Cheregato, Legate, on priestly immunity, 424

Chertsey, monastery of, reformed, 169

Chester, see of, created, 460

Childebert, his laws on forcible marriage, 120

Child-bearing, importance of, among the Jews, 21

Child-bearing, St. Paul’s estimate of, 31

Children cause ineligibility to episcopate, 87

and to cardinalate, 550

Children of ecclesiastics (see Hereditary transmission).

in tenth century, 145, 146, 148, 149

ordained by Adalbero of Metz, 154

disabilities of, in 11th century, 179

yet openly provided for, 181

ineligibility of, 184

refused preferment by Henry III., 187

admitted by Alexander II., 205

declared infamous in 1266, 253

openly acknowledged in Normandy, 258

have claims on paternal benefice, 265

disallowed in England in 1102, 274

their ordination permitted in 1107, 276

refused in 1144, 281

universal in 13th century, 285

forbidden in 1237, 288

universal in Spain, 304, 305, 311, 400

favored by dispensing power, 321

forbidden by Celestin III., 326

rendered heritable by Fred. II., 335

fruitless efforts to prevent it, 327-8

legislation of Clement VII., 616

papal dispensation for, 517

regulations in Scotland, 1559, 505

of Council of Trent, 538

of Pius V., 548

of Synod of Augsburg, 1610, 549

of Salzburg, 1616, 554

of Osnabruck in 1625, 558

of apostate priests in France, 500

of priests by slaves emancipated, 563

of knights of Spanish orders, 364

of Anglican priests legitimated in 1552, 476

legitimated under Elizabeth, 488

held illegitimate, 494, 496

China, development of Buddhism in, 95

Christ, his toleration of Essenism, 25

Christ Church College founded by Wolsey, 447

Christians, puritanism of early, 32

Christians, heretics of Bosnia, 369

Christianity, purifying influence of, 354

Chrodegang of Metz, Rule of, 134

Chrysostom, St. John, on virginity, 85

Church, morals of (see Morals).

the Ante-Nicene, 31

the Latin, its influence, 17

its temporalities endangered by marriage, 63, 123

extension of its jurisdiction, 139

growth of its independence, 143

it is a protector of the weak, 182

necessity of celibacy to it, 193

its responsibility, 355

enmity against it in 15th cent., 394, 395

its growth under Pius IX., 608

its superiority to the State, 618

its modern claims, 639

lands, question of, in Reformation, 437, 439

fate of, in England, 454

Church lands, fate of, in Scotland, 508

in France, 589

in Italy, 609

Churches, confessions only to be heard in, 574

Churching of wives of priests forbidden, 595

Cincinnati, Council of, in 1861, 627

Cipriani, Gius., on clerical morality, 632

Circester, Synod of, in 1289, 350

Circumcelliones, 107, 109

Cirita, Juan, St., case of, 111

Cistercian order, relaxation of, 403

Cistercian Rule adopted by knights of Calatrava and Avis, 364, 365

Cities, monks not allowed to enter, 108

Civil marriage, 605-7

practical control of church over, 607

Civil power invoked to remove concubines, 559, 560

Civilization promoted by monachism, 113, 357

Clarembald, Abbot, his morals, 281

Clares, barefooted, in Paris, 612

Claude of Evreux essays reform, 560

Claude of Macon essays reform, 515

Claustrals, Franciscan, 402

Clemanges on condition of church, 343, 388, 389, 390, 394

Clement II. appointed by Henry III., 184

endeavors to suppress simony, 185

Clement III. on self-mutilation, 40

on children of bishops, 297

enforces the canons, 326

Clement IV. enforces celibacy in Austria, 251

and in Denmark, 253

Clement VII. maintains the claims of the church, 435

his bulls to Wolsey, 448

on hereditary transmission, 516

Clement III. (Antipope) on concubinage, 238

his death in 1100, 242

Clement of Alexandria on heresies, 33

on the Virgin, 68

Clement, Bishop, case of, 132

Clément of Versailles on clerical marriage, 594

Cléonique, frère, case of, 620

Clergy worse than laity, 168, 265, 282, 428-31, 530, 552

it corrupts the laity, 340, 353, 388, 504, 518, 532, 560, 629

Clergy, Anglican, position of, 497

French, become antagonistic to Revolution, 589

their present position, 637

Spanish, their rudeness, 302

resistance of, to celibacy, 202, 212, 222, 228, 231

statistics of, in modern times, 588, 593, 630

Clermont, Council of, in 1095, 263

in 1130, 314

Cleves, Duke of, demands clerical marriage, 531

Climène, frère, case of, 637

Clotair I., laws on forcible marriage, 120

Clotair II. on monastic excesses, 115

Clovesho, Council of, in 747, 164

Cnut the Great, his laws, 173

Cochin China, abuse of confessional in, 578

Cochlæus, John, on Confession of Augsburg, 542

Code civile, clerical marriage under, 597

Cœur de Jésus, society of, 613

Coklaw, Thomas, marriage of, 509

Colet, John, his work, 445

Colloquy of Poissy in 1561, 559

Cologne, Council of, in 1146, 208

in 1260, 338

in 1306, 377

in 1307 and 1310, 340

in 1423, 393

in 1527, 514

in 1536, 518

in 1548, 526

in 1549, 1550, 1551, 527

in 1651, 562

in 1662, 558, 562

in 1860, 1863, 627, 633

Manichæism in 1146, 207

condemnation of Lolhard in, 377

clerical marriage forbidden in 1548, 530

proportion of clergy in, 631

Archbishop of, asks for clerical marriage, 539

Coloman, King, enforces celibacy, 249

Columba, St., his labors, 126

his mission to Scotland, 160

Comedians forbidden to perform in nunneries, 527

Commendone, Legate, promises clerical marriage, 531

Comminges, miracle occurring in, 269

Communion, refusal of, in Belgium, 623

Communion in both elements in early church, 44

refused to laity, 45

demanded by the Hussites, 384

by Emperor Ferdinand, 530

by Bavaria, 536

by Charles IX., 641

granted to Germany, 541

withdrawn, 543

Comparative merits of virginity and marriage, 46, 47, 318, 347

settled by Council of Trent, 536, 641

Compiègne, marriage of priests in, 270

Compostella, Council of, in 1056, 303

in 1113, 303, 306

canons of, 302

their reform, 305

Compurgation, immunity gained by, 140

Concordat of 1516 with France, 428

of 1801, 595

clerical marriage under it, 596-98

monastic orders forbidden, 613

Concubinage, punishment of, by Justinian, 87

is worse than marriage in Milan, 210

is more venial than marriage in orthodoxy, 349, 627

is recognized as a necessity, 353, 389

its punishment under the Six Articles, 468

in Anglican Church, 494

its recognition asked for, 527

its punishment at Trent, 538

Concubinage in the modern church, 626-32

(See, also, Licenses to Sin.)

Concubinarians ineligible in Saxon Church, 162

proportion of, among the clergy, 519

Concubines of clergy in Spain, 121, 517

priests compelled to keep them, 310, 388

priests fined for not keeping them, 389

they acquire legal position, 339

they do not count in digamy, 349

are liable to death under the Six Articles, 468

are not punished at Trent, 539

secular aid invoked for their removal, 559, 560

Concubines, their position in middle ages, 196

Condom, persecution of celibacy, 593

Confessio Goliæ on celibacy, 290

Confession of Augsburg, 436, 443

Confession of Faith, Calvinistic, 498

Confession not good against accomplice, 291

Confession, auricular, commencement of, 566

dispensation from, 428

Confessional, abuse of, in middle ages, 311, 350, 352

in Germany, 16th century, 432

in nunneries, 523

acknowledged at Trent, 534

in post-Tridentine Church, 566-80

in Italy, 18th century, 586, 588

in modern times, 632-7

testimony of Ernest Renan, 625

Confessionals, regulations concerning, 574, 632

Confessors, guilty, absolution by, 575-7

protection accorded to them, 570, 633

Confiscation of estates of married priests, 87

Congregations, religious, subjected to the State, in 1760, 585

Conjo, convent of S. Maria of, 307

Conrad, King of Lombardy, 220

Conrad, Legate, holds Council of Mainz, 337

Conrad of Mainz on the Hussites, 384

Conrad of Prague, the Hussite, 384

Conrad of Wurtzburg on morals of clergy, 424, 431

Consenza, Council of, in 1579, 553

Conseyo de la Suprema on solicitation, 569, 571

Consilium de emendanda ecclesia, 516, 522, 549

put into the Index, 523

Constance, enforcement of celibacy in, 229

assembly of, in 1094, 243

Council of, in 1415, deposes John XXIII., 343

its failure, 390

Synod of, in 1567, 430, 562

in 1609, 557, 562

Bishop of, defends his clergy, 340

Constance of Burgundy, her influence, 304

Constantine assembles the C. of Nicæa, 52

encourages monachism, 99

Constantine Copronymus, persecution of monks by, 90

Constantine (Pope) threatens Witiza, 121

Constantine of St. Symphorian, 154

Constantinople, Council of, in 381, 84

in 400, 85

in 680, 88

Constitutions, Apostolical (see Apostolical).

Constitution of 1791, clerical marriage in, 591

Contarini, Cardinal, on need of reformation, 522

on evils of celibacy, 561

Continence overbalanced by pride, 32

Continence, vows of (see Chastity).

Convention, National, supports clerical marriage, 594

Convents (see Monachism).

Converts from Catholicism, marriage of, 499, 500

Convocation of 1547 approves of clerical marriage, 472

of 1554 enforces celibacy, 480

of 1557, its legislation, 485

Coptic Church, customs of, 92

Corella, affair of, 572

Corruption of laity by clergy, 265, 350, 518, 548

Cosmo of Prague, case of, 245

Cossa, Balthazar, his crimes, 343

Cotta, Landolfo, seeks archbishopric of Milan, 209

is excommunicated, 212

his life threatened, 213

his death, 215

Councils, revision of their proceedings at Rome, 628

of France, in 1797 and 1800, 595

Countesses, bishop’s wives rank as, 259

Cournand, Abbé, proposes clerical marriage, 590

his marriage, 591

Courtenay of Canterbury on Wickliffe, 379

Courtesans in Rome, necessity for, 550

Court of Augmentations, the, 454

Courts, mixed, for married priests, 257

Cowl, Luther’s wearing of the, 421

Cows as source of episcopal revenue, 297

Cox, Bishop, on Q. Elizabeth’s Injunctions, 492

Cozza, Card., on abuse of confessional, 575

Cranach, Lucas, his portraits of Catharine von Bora, 425

Cranmer on immunity for adultery, 447

intercedes for Thomas Patmore, 462

urges priestly marriage on Henry VIII., 463

opposes the Six Articles, 467

his marriages, 469

encourages priestly marriage, 472, 473

prepares the Forty-two Articles, 475

his children claimed as slaves, 190

Creed of Piers Ploughman, 352

on Carmelites, 353

on sacerdotal powers, 355

on Franciscans, 376

Cremona, reform of priesthood in, 217

Cromwell, bribes tendered to, 454, 460

he favors priestly marriage, 463

he mitigates the Six Articles, 470

his fall, 471

Crossed-Friars, case of Abbot of, 457

Culdees, 299

their disappearance, 300

Cullagium (see Licenses).

Culm, Synod of, in 1745, 562

Cumad espuc, or virgin bishop, 295

Cunegunda, St., her asceticism, 176

Cunha, Rod. à, on solicitation, 571

Cunibert of Turin, laxity of, 203

Cuno of Ratisbon, 184

Cuthbert of Canterbury reforms Saxon Church, 164

Cuthbert of London prohibits the Beggars’ Petition, 453

Cuyck, Bish., on corruption of Church, 557

Cynog, Book of, priestly marriage in, 294

Cyprian, St., on vows of continence, 41, 42

on martyrdom and virginity, 46

Cyril, St., his use of monachism, 106

Cyrillus converts Bohemia, 244

Dabralis of Spalatro, degradation of, 188

Daimbert of Sens, his negligence, 263

Dalmatia, priestly marriage in 10th century, 149

in 11th century, 188

relaxation of canons in, 204

enforcement of celibacy in, 250

Dalmatia, Synod of, in 1194, 250

Damasus I. asserts sacerdotal celibacy, 64

on marriage of nuns, 103

Damasus II., his pontificate, 187

Damhouder, Josse, on character of clergy, 557

Damiani, St. Peter, his early career, 186

his character, 193

on troubles of abbots, 154

he urges Clement II. to reform, 185

and Leo IX., 188

his Liber Gomorrhianus, 188

is forced to leave his retreat in 1057, 192

on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

he stigmatizes wives of priests, 196

he endeavors to reform the prelates, 198

he confutes the Tuscan chaplains, 199

on election of Cadalus, 200

on heresy of sacerdotal marriage, 201

his continued efforts, 202

his motives and arguments, 204

his mission to Milan, 213

Damnation for dissidence on celibacy, 640

Dampierre, case of the, 323

Dancing mania, cause assigned to, 351

Danes, effect of their incursions, 139

Danes, Pierre, his repartee at Trent, 413

Darius, Silvester, papal collector, 417

Daughters (see Children).

Davanzati, Bishop, favors clerical marriage, 583

Daviaux of Bordeaux prohibits clerical marriage, 597

David I., his reforms, 300

Dax, Council of, in 1585, 560

Daylight, confessions only to be heard during, 574

Deaconesses, ordination of, forbidden, 60

their marriage punished, 96

Deacons allowed to marry, 39

their marriage forbidden, 86

Deans of Friesland, 254

Death penalty for marrying a nun, 100

for marriage under Six Articles, 468

for celibacy in 1793, 593

Debra, Abbé, case of, 635, 637

Decretals, False, on clerical chastity, 136

Decretum Gratiani, compilation of, 317

denies apostolic origin of celibacy, 28

De la Croix, deputy, on unmarried priests, 592

De la Sallé, Abbé, 617

Demeter, worship of, in Athens, 50

Democratic element in the Church, 226

Denis, St., mistaken relics of, 217

Denmark, position of concubines in, 197

enforcement of celibacy in, 253

Dens, Peter, on Italian morality, 631

Denunciation, duty of, by seduced women, 576, 633

Denunciations, Edict of, 569

Desforges on clerical marriage, 582

Desiderius of Monte Casino, 180

Devonshire rebels demand the Six Articles, 469

Devotees permitted to return to the world, 41, 97

Diabolic possession of priests’ wives, 235

Diaconate, women admitted to, 60

Diaz de Luco, on dissolution of marriage, 317

on concubinage, 517

on abuse of confessional, 568

Diego Gelmirez, his reforms, 305

Diet, German, complaints of, in 1510, 411

Diet of Hungary, in 1498, 401

Diether of Mainz, case of, 412

Digami, ordination of, forbidden, 37, 86, 89, 123

their prevalence in British Church, 159

in 10th century, 148

condemned by Council of Spalatro, 149

ineligible in Anglo-Saxon Church, 162

recognition of, in 11th century, 202

not allowed in Milan, 210

condemned in Hungary, 249

condemned by some of the German reformers, 426

Digamy, concubines do not count in, 349

rule of, ridiculed by Luther, 418

Dilapidation of church property, 123, 145, 147

Dimitri of Dalmatia assumes the crown, 250

Dingolfing, Council of, in 772, 135

Dionysius of Corinth on asceticism, 34

Dionysius, King, founds Order of Jesus Christ, 365

Disabilities of married priests, 294

Dispensations, papal, evil influence of, 397

sale of, 321, 322, 345, 398, 516, 517, 522

power of, debated, 407

for unchastity, 131

for marriage, sale of, 522

for married priests, 442

from confession, 428

from vows of chastity, 535, 642

refused by Pius IX., 611

in favor of priests’ children, 505, 516, 549

Divorces of married priests in England, 470, 478

Dogma, celibacy, a matter of, 641

Döllinger and the Old Catholic movement, 604

Dominicans, influence of, 375

admitted to France in 1840, 614

Donati, Girolamo, attempts to murder St. Charles, 551

Donatist heresy condemned, 107

revived by Theodore of Canterbury, 162

by Nicholas II., 194

by Gregory VII., 227

by Innocent II., 246

condemned by Lucius III., 195

and by St. Anselm, 288

revived by the heretics, 368, 374, 379, 383

Döringk on sale of indulgences, 397

Dorothea of Denmark, marriage of, 434

Dortmund, Council of, in 1005, 155

Down, St. Malachi’s episcopate of, 296

Dracontius, case of, 58

Dress, clerical, regulated at Constance, 391

Drogo of Terouane persecutes Watten, 260

Droit de marquette, 354

Dualism in Manichæism, 43

of the Albigenses, 208, 367

Dublin, Councils of, in 1186 and 1217, 298

Du Fail, Noël, on clerical corruption, 561

Dumonteil, case of, 600, 641

Dunbar, Bishop, his immorality, 503

Dunstan, St., takes the vows, 166

his miraculous preservation, 171

Dupanloup, Bishop, on the Syllabus, 642

Du Pin, Louis Ellies, on clerical marriage, 581

Duprat, Cardinal, his efforts at reform, 515

Durand, William, advocates clerical marriage, 405

Durham, Council of, in 1220, 288

Eadmer on results of celibacy, 278

East Anglia, defence of monasteries in, 170

Eastern church, divergence of, 83

its rules as to celibacy, 86

its monachism, 106

Easter, different computations of, 161, 163

Ebionim, or Poor Men, 27

accused of immorality, 34

Ebrard, his history of Watten, 260

Ecclesiastical procedure, immunity caused by, 140

Ecclesiastics, children of (see Children).

immorality of (see Morals).

Ecgberht of York, his Penitential, 163

Eck, Dr., his conference with Melanchthon, 440

Edgar the Pacific, penitence imposed on, 167

his reformatory zeal, 169

Edict of Denunciation, priestly marriage in, 536

solicitation in, 569

Edinburgh, Council of, in 1549, 504

in 1559, 505

Edith, Queen of Edward the Confessor, 175

Edmund I. on immorality of priests, 166

Education, monastic influence on, 358, 616-21

secularization of, in France, 623

Edward and Guthrun on immorality of clerks, 166

Edward the Martyr supports Dunstan, 170

Edward the Confessor, his virginity, 175

Edward, Bishop of Scaren, 279

Edward VI., his accession, 472

his funeral services, 477

Egara, Council of, in 614, 80

Eggard of Sleswick, his fate, 402

Eggs, punishment for eating, in Lent, 511

Egypt, purity required of priests, 50

neglect of celibacy in, 85

Egyptian monachism, commencement of, 97

Ejection of married priests, 594

Elect, Manichæan, 46

Election of popes limited to Roman clergy, 200

Eleuchadio, Abbot of Fiano, 180

Elfhere of Mercia supports the married priests, 170

Elfritha, her intrigues against Edward, 170

Elizabeth, Queen, her hesitation as to priestly marriage, 487

her assent to it, 488

her continued repugnance, 489, 493

her insolence to Mrs. Parker, 491

her Injunctions of Ipswich, 492

Elna, Council of, in 1027, 303

Elphege of Winchester and St. Dunstan, 166

Elvira, Council of, in 305, on digami, 37

celibacy introduced by, 50

on morals of nuns, 99

Emancipation of nuns in 1523, 425

Emancipatore Cattolico, the, 606

Embden, Count of, promotes marriage of nuns, 435

Embrun, Council of, in 1727, 626

Emanuel, King, grants marriage to military orders, 365

Emo of Wittewerum on priestly marriage, 254

Empire, Roman, licentiousness under, 32

Emser, Jerome, his epithalamium on Luther, 426

Encratitians, heresy of, 33, 44

Encyclical, papal, Mirari vos, 601

Qui pluribus, 602

Incredibili afflictamur, 609

Neminem latet, 611

Encyclicals of Leo XIII. on civil marriage, 605

Enforcement of celibacy in 4th century, 67-82

by Gregory I., 123

in 8th century, 131

attributed to Gregory VIII., 224

difficulties attending it, 229

in 12th century, 245

in Bohemia, 246

in Germany, 247

in Hungary, 249

in Poland, 251

in Sweden, 252

in Denmark, 253

in France, 255

in Normandy, 257

in Flanders, 261

by Calixtus II., 268

in England, 273

in Ireland, 296

in Scotland, 300

in Spain, 304

by Innocent III., 327

finally successful, 330

by Henry VIII., 468

by Queen Mary, 480

by Council of Trent, 536

after the Terror, 595

Engelheim, Council of, in 948, 149

England, disorders caused by Anglo-Saxon priests, 147

Saxon period, 159

celibacy at first enforced, 162

introduction of marriage in 9th century, 166

disorders in 10th century, 167

reformation attempted, 168

its failure, 172

church under Cnut the Great, 174

under Edward the Confessor, 176

position of concubines in, 197

heresy in 1166, 207

enforcement of celibacy in, 271

marriage still prevalent in 13th century, 285

hereditary benefices, 272, 281, 282, 285

excitement caused by introduction of celibacy, 289

priestly marriage becomes obsolete, 291

delay in enforcing the canons, 318, 320

marriage of priests’ children, 338

Hali Meidenhad, 347

Begghards in, 378

Wickliffe and Lollardry, 379

demoralization in 15th century, 394, 399

restrictions on papal power in 1517, 417

the reformation in, 444 sqq.

Dr. Geddes’s modest apology, 584

case of Shaw v. Starr and Kennedy, 611

Council of Westminster in 1852, 626

English bishops in Sweden, 278

priests in Ireland, 298

Enham, Council of, in 1009, 172

Éon de l’Étoile, 371

Epaone, Council of, in 513, 60

in 517, 80

Ephraem Syrus on Manichæism, 44

Epiphanius on Ebionites, 27, 34

his Manichæan tendencies, 48

on agapetæ, 54

on female ministration, 60

on the Antidicomarianitarians, 69

on non-observance of celibacy, 84

on temporary nature of vows, 97

Episcopissa, 152

Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, 413, 414, 415

Erasmus on religious immorality, 356

his relation to the reformation, 414

on indulgences, 417

on priestly marriage, 432

on abuse of confessional, 567

Erchenbald on infanticide, 137

Erfurt, Synod of, in 1074, 231

Eriberto of Milan, his episcopate, 208

Erlembaldo, St., popular chief of Milan, 209

assumes leadership of Paterins, 215

his death, 219

Ermeland, Synod of, in 1497, 402

in 1577, 562

Ernest of Magdeburg, his cynicism, 398

Erskine, Lord, characterized by Knox, 508

Escobar, his casuistry, 578

d’Espeisses, President, on Italian morals, 552

d’Espense, Claude, on virginity of the Virgin, 69

on clerical morality, 559

Essenes, asceticism of, 25

Ethelred the Unready, state of England under, 171

Ethelwold of Winchester, his reforming zeal, 168

Eucharist, modified by Manichæism, 44

Eucherius, St., his vision, 130

Eugenius II. on concubinage, 196

Eugenius III. dissolves marriage of priests, 315

convicts Éon de l’Étoile, 372

Eugenius IV. permits marriage to Knights of Calatrava, 364

orders Council of Bâle dissolved, 395

Eulalius condemns Eustathius, 61

Euphronius of Autun, 79

Euphronius of Tours, 119

Euron, Abbey of, its reform, 264

Eusebius condemns priestly marriage, 51

Eustathius, heresy of, 61

Eutychianism of monastic order, 107

Evangelical Doctor, Wickliffe the, 382

Evenus of St. Melanius, 259

Evreux, Synod of, in 1576, 560

Excalceati, heresy of, 33

Excommunication, effectiveness of, 134

Exemptions conferred on ecclesiastics, 99

Exeter, Bishop of, on children of priests, 286

case of subdeacons of, 320

Expilly on number of French clergy, 593

Expulsion of monks in early times, 101

Exuperius, St., favors Vigilantius, 71

Fabre, Bishop, of Montreal, 613

Fah-Hian, his account of Buddhist monachism, 95

Faith, celibacy as a point of, 515, 536, 603, 640

clerical marriage as a point of, 490

False Decretals on clerical chastity, 136

Faricius of Abingdon, case of, 227

Fasting in penance, 160

Fauchet of Bayeux on clerical marriage, 594

Faustinus on separation of wives, 74

Faustus the Manichæan, 46, 75

Fécamp reformed by Richard the Fearless, 155

Feini, civilization of, 295

Felix of Nantes, case of, 119

Fellows, University, celibacy of, 492

Felony, priestly marriage is, in Six Articles, 468

Ferdinand (Emp.) asks use of cup for Bohemia, 384

demands a general Council in 1522, 424

tolerates Protestantism, 439

on German monasteries, 452

on clerical immorality, 519, 529

his demands suppressed at Council of Trent, 535

asks for clerical marriage, 530-2, 539

Ferdinand of Aragon supports Ximenes, 402

Ferdinand IV. (Naples), his reforms, 583

enacts civil marriage, 607

Fermo, Council of, in 1726, 626

Ferrers, Alex., case of, 502

Ferry of Orleans, his murder, 334

Ferry, Jules, on political influence of monachal education, 618

enforces laws against unauthorized orders, 621

his secularization of education, 623

Feudal system, independence of, 182

tenure by chastity, 153

Fifteenth century, demoralization of, 388

Fischer, Fred., punished for marrying, 424

Fish, Simon, his Beggars’ Petition, 453

Flamen Dialis, second marriage forbidden to, 36

Flanders, enforcement of celibacy in, 259

case of Bossaert d’Avesnes, 323

character of post-Tridentine church, 557

troubles arising from solicitation, 576

Florence, Synod of, in 1057, 191

in 1573, 553

congregation of bishops in 1787, 587

Florentines reject their bishop in 1060, 195

Fluviano, Antonio, Grand Master of St. John, 366

Focaria, introduction of the term, 283

Fontaneto, Council of, in 1058, on priestly marriage, 212

Forcheim, Diet of, in 1077, 236

Formal vows dissolve marriage, 321

Formulas, insincerity of Latin, 642

Forret, Thomas, burnt, 510

Forster, Andreas, his defence of celibacy, 583

on celibacy as a point of faith, 641

Fortescue, Sir John, on priestly marriage, 318

Fox of Winchester unable to restore discipline, 447

France, celibacy first introduced in 384, 64

difficulty in enforcing it, 76

popular desire for it, 77

constant legislation required, 79

morals of, in 4th century, 81

monasticism in 7th century, 115

state of church under the Merovingians, 118

in 8th century, 128

in 9th century, 136

in 10th century, 146, 152, 155

Council of Bourges in 1031, 179

council of Rheims in 1049, 189

heresies in 11th and 12th centuries, 207, 367-75

enforcement of celibacy in, 255

morals of clergy in 12th century, 264

persistence of priestly marriage, 270, 318, 319, 320

efforts of Maurice de Sully, 322

results of celibacy, 331

demoralization in 15th cent., 394, 399

heresy of Jean Laillier, 408

Concordat of 1516, 428

the Sorbonne refuses a conference with Melanchthon, 440

condition of church in 16th cent., 515

clerical marriage asked of Council of Trent, 533, 641

reception of Council of Trent refused, 546

character of post-Tridentine church, 559

abuse of confessional, 570, 576

case of la Cadière, 579

question of marriage reopened in 18th century, 581

corruption in 18th century, 585

the church during the Revolution, 588-95

National Council in 1797, 595

clerical marriage under the Concordat, 596-8

varying policy as to clerical marriage, 599-601

monachism in modern times, 613-6

education by monachism, 617-20

reaction against monachism, 621-3

morality of clergy in, 625

modern councils held in, 626, 633

prosecution of clerical offenders, 635-6

position of clergy in, 637

Francis, St., of Assisi, on obedience, 103

his annual visits to Purgatory, 335

his exaltation of poverty, 376

Francis de Sales, St., on choice of confessor, 578

Francis I. favors League of Schmalkalden, 438

Melanchthon submits Articles to him, 440

Franciscans, their corruption, 350, 352, 353, 376

their influence, 375

reformed by Ximenes, 402

their resistance to Henry VIII., 451

of Bavaria on abuse of confessional, 570

Fraticelli, the, 376

Frederic of Lorraine created pope, 192

Frederic I. on sons of clergy, 326

his visit to Fulda, 404

Frederic II. on Milanese heresies, 211

on children of ecclesiastics, 335

Frederic of Saxony protects married priests, 419

acts as sponsor to child of priest, 422

still considers himself a Catholic, 423

Frères de la Sainte-Croix, 617-8

Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes, 617, 619-20

Frérots, the, 376

Fressanges, Mdlle., case of, 600

Freysingen, Council of, in 1440, 396

Frideswide, St., treatment of her remains, 484

Friesland, enforcement of celibacy in, 254

Fringe, John, case of, 318

Fritzlar, Council of, in 1246, 337

Froude, Mr., on Henry VIII. and the Six Articles, 468

Fructuosus, St., of Braga, his rule, 115

Fuero Juzgo, clerical celibacy in, 121

Fuess, Wolfgang, his marriage, 422

Fulbert of Chartres on military bishops, 152

Fulbert of Paris and Heloise, 269

Fulda, Abbey of, its strictness, 404

Future life, unknown to early Jews, 21

doctrine of, introduced, 24

Gaeidhil, conversion of the, 159

Gall, St., his labors, 126

Galli, castration of, 50

Gallicia, Council of, on discipline, 308

first nunnery in 1129, 307

Gangra, Council of, in 362, 61

Gardiner, Bishop, celebrates mass for Edward VI., 477

sits in judgment on married bishops, 479

scandals concerning him, 486

Gaudin, Abbé, defends clerical marriage, 583

his marriage, 591

Gaul (see France).

Gauthier of Ponthoise, 256

Gea Eurysternus, priestesses of, 50

Gebhardt of Constance, election of, 229

Gebhardt of Eichstedt created pope, 184, 191

Gebhardt of Ratisbon, 184

Gebhardt of Salzburg ordered to enforce celibacy, 227

Gebizo enforces celibacy in Dalmatia, 250

Geddes, Dr., on celibacy, 584

Gelasius I. on second marriages, 36

on marriage of nuns, 110

Gelasius of Cyzicus on Paphnutius, 57

Genebaldus of Laon, case of, 119

Genoa, civil marriage valid in, 606

Geoffrey of Chartres fails in his reforms, 265

Geoffrey of Llanthony, case of, 227

Geoffrey of Rouen enforces celibacy, 268

Geoffrey of Tuscany, his chaplains, 199

George of Saxony persecutes married priests, 419

Gerard of Angoulême, case of, 269

Gerard of Cambray on Manichæans, 208, 369

Gerard of Florence created pope, 192

Gerard of Lorsch, his inquiries, 148

Gerard of Munster assists Friesland deans, 254

Gerard of Nimeguen on clerical morality, 429

Gerard of Sabina, his reforms, 339

Gerbert of Aurillac on celibacy, 157

Germain, his charter to Bèze, 265

Germany, virtue of Teutonic tribes, 82

reforms attempted by Carloman, 128

condition of church in 10th century, 148, 154

Council of Mainz, in 1049, 189

heresies in 11th and 12th centuries, 207

enforcement of celibacy by Gregory VII., 230

triumph of schism in 11th century, 241

continuance of priestly marriage, 243

rebellion of Henry V., 244

impossibility of enforcing the canons, 247, 318

hereditary priesthood in 12th century, 326

children of ecclesiastics, 13th century, 336

testamentary provisions for, 337

condition of monachism, 15th century, 340

Marian, or Teutonic Order, 366

Waldensian heresy, 375

the Hussites, 382

Orthodox Brethren, 382

Brethren of the Cross, 382

Cardinal Branda’s reforms, 392

demoralization in 15th century, 393, 400

the Reformation, 410

demoralization in the 16th century, 429, 432

success of the Reformation, 443

morals of the monasteries, 452

reforms attempted by Charles V., 524-8

corruption of the clergy, 529-32, 542-3

demand for clerical marriage, 530-44

clerical marriage refused, 545

post-Tridentine immorality, 548-56

abuse of confessional, 570, 576

demand for clerical marriage in 18th century, 583

in 19th century, 601, 604

civil marriage, 605

monachism in Austria, 615

modern councils held in, 626-7, 633

census of ecclesiastics, 630-1

Geroch of Reichersperg on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

on disregard of canons, 317

Gerson on origin of celibacy, 29

on abuse of confessional, 350

on concubinage as a necessity, 353

on clerical immorality, 389

Gervilius of Mainz, case of, 130

Gervinus of St. Riquier, 176

Ghaerbald of Liége, his canons, 135

Gieus de Robin et de Marion, 351

Gilbert, papal legate in Ireland, 296

Gilbert of Chichester on abuse of confessional, 350

Gilbert de la Porrée, condemnation of, 315

Gildas, description of British clergy, 159

Giles Cantor, his heresy, 385

Giovanni Gualberto, St., 183

Giraldus Cambrensis on origin of celibacy, 28

on the Irish church, 297, 298

his struggle for St. David’s, 283

on married priests, 285

on dispensations, 322

he deprecates celibacy, 325

on residence of relatives, 332

Girard, Father, case of, 579

Girona, Council of, in 517, 80

in 1068, 303

in 1078, 304

in 1197, 373

in 1257, 1274, 310

Glastonbury, Abbey of, 167

Gloucester, Augustinians of, their suppression, 457

See of, created, 460

Gnesen, clerical marriage in, 251

Synod of, in 1577, 555

Gnostics, heresy of, 33, 43

Gobel of Paris, 594, 599

Godric, St., case of, 111

Godsons of bishops, wer-gild for, 162

Godstow, the last of English abbeys, 459

Golias Episcopus, 279

Gomorrhianus Liber, 188

Gonsalvo, Reginaldo, on solicitation, 569

Goodacre, Anne, case of, 512

Goslar, Manichæism at, in 1052, 207

Gotefrido of Tuscany installs Victor II., 191

Gotefrido, Archbishop of Milan, 218

Gotfrid of Wurtzburg, his will, 337

Goths, Spanish, their immorality, 120

Grace, the Pilgrimage of, 455

Gran, Synod of, in 1099, 249

in 1382, 1450, 1480, 401

in 1858, 627

Grandchildren cause ineligibility to episcopate, 87

Grandier, Urban, case of, 581

Gratian on origin of celibacy, 28

on dissolution of priestly marriage, 317

on nature of anathema, 640

Gratian of Rouen on clerical marriage, 594

Great Malvern, prior of, his offer, 454

Greece, influence of, on the Jews, 25

Greek church, its divergence from Rome, 83

its rules as to celibacy, 86

its present customs, 91

tolerated by Rome, 327, 328, 640

abuse of confessional in, 577

of Bohemia, 244

Grégoire of Blois, 598

Gregory I. on marriage, 47

his monastic reforms, 113

his enforcement of celibacy, 122

forged epistle of, 137

his conversion of England, 161

on indissolubility of marriage, 314

legend related by him, 349

Gregory II. forbids marriage of nuns, 127

his advice to Boniface, 128

on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

Gregory VI. purchases the papacy, 184

miracle at his obsequies, 187

Gregory VII. condemns the story of Paphnutius, 56

condemns the epistle of St. Ulric, 150

adopts the heresy condemned at Gangra, 61

accompanies Leo IX. to Rome, 187

his increasing influence, 191

his character and aims, 193

his activity under Nicholas II., 196

he refuses ordination to illegitimates, 205

his mission to Milan, 213

his excommunication, 219

he urges Erlembaldo to persevere, 220

his exertions in Lucca, 222

his election as pope, 223

his enforcement of celibacy, 227

his action in Dalmatia, 250

in France, 256

in Normandy, 258

in Britanny, 259

overlooks England in his reforms, 271

his efforts in Spain, 304

his death, 239

enforcement of celibacy attributed to him, 224

legends concerning him, 226

results of his theocracy, 345

his doctrine revived by the heretics, 368, 374, 379, 383

Gregory VIII. prevents abolition of celibacy, 325

Gregory IX. on Neapolitan clergy, 335

Gregory X. on corrupting influence of prelates, 351

deposes Henry of Liége, 336

Gregory XIII. complains of married priests, 554

Gregory XV. on abuse of confessional, 569

Gregory XVI. represses clerical marriage, 601

Gregory of Nazianzum on priestly marriage, 58

Gregory of Tours on nominations of bishops, 118

on enforcement of celibacy, 120

Gregory of Vercelli, case of, 190

Grey-Friars of Perth, their luxury, 509

Grillandus, case reported by, 431

Grindal, Archbishop, revives the Nicene canon, 494

on position of married clergy, 496

Grosseteste, Robert, his reforms, 292

on papal court, 342

Guala, Cardinal, constitutions of, 332

Gualo of Paris, his uncertainty, 263

Guarino of Modena, oath of chastity required by, 153

Guastalla, Council of, in 1106, 244

Guibert de Nogent, case of, 262

Guiberto of Ravenna on concubinage, 238

his death, 242

Guido, Cardinal, enforces celibacy in Austria, 251

and in Denmark, 253

Guido di Valate appointed to See of Milan, 209

penance imposed on him, 214

is driven from Milan, 216

resigns the archbishopric, 218

Gulielmus Appulus on Nicholas II., 197

Gunzo Grammaticus, 148

Gwentian code on sons of priests, 294

Gyrovagi, 109

Haarlem, Synod of, in 1564, 554

Habit, monastic, salvation insured by, 335

Hali Meidenhad, 286, 347

Halifax, Council of, in 1868, 627, 633

Hamburg, reform undertaken at, 189

Council of, in 1406, 335

Hamerer, Dr., on clerical corruption, 557

Hamilton, Patrick, the Scottish protomartyr, 506

Hamilton, Catherine, her escape, 506

Hamilton, Archbp., his character, 503, 505

Hanno of Cologne, his canonization, 201

Hardouin of Angers on morals of clergy, 394

Heads of colleges, position of their wives, 495

Helena of Adiabene, 22

Heliodorus of Trica, rigor of, 86

Helisacar, Abbot, strict rules of, 404

Heloise reforms Convent of St. Mary, 264

denies her marriage, 269

Helsen on clerical morality, 629

on abuse of confessional, 633

Helvidius, his heresy, 68

Henke, his edition of Calixtus, 583

Henrician heretics, 370

Henry II. (Emp.) on sons of priests, 155

his asceticism, 176

he enforces celibacy, 178

Henry III. (Emp.), his desire for reform, 184

urges Clement II. to reform, 185

creates Bruno of Toul pope, 187

makes Gebhardt of Eichstedt pope, 191

persecutes heretics, 207

appoints Guido di Valate, 209

his death, 192

Henry IV. (Emp.), accession of, 192

offers made to him in 1061, 200

his humiliation at Canosa, 219

he expels Altmann of Passau, 230

he protects married priests, 237

but condemns priestly marriage, 239

his triumph over the church, 241

his final overthrow, 244

Henry V. (Emp.), his successful rebellion, 244

failure of negotiations with him, 267

Henry I. (France), attempt to enforce celibacy under, 179

Henry III. (France), his edicts of pacification, 500

Henry I. (Eng.), his speculation in priestly marriage, 276, 280

he enforces celibacy, 278

Henry V. (Eng.), his persecution of Lollards, 381

he attempts a reform, 394

Henry VIII. favors League of Schmalkalden, 438

joins in suppression of monasteries, 448

assumes supremacy of the church, 450

completes suppression of monasteries, 454

is excommunicated by Paul III., 455

his plans for use of monastic property, 459

he maintains celibacy, 461, 466

negotiates with German reformers, 466

persecutes married priests, 467

is responsible for the Six Articles, 468

objects to council held at Mantua, 520

his death, 472

Henry of Lausanne, the heretic, 370

Henry III. of Liége, 336

Henry of Ravenna adheres to Cadalus, 201

Henry of Salzburg on priestly immorality, 247

Henry of Speyer, his remonstrances, 233

Hepburn, Bishop, his immorality, 502

Hera, celibacy of priestess of, 50

Heracles, Thespian, celibacy of priests of, 50

Héraudin of Châteauroux on clerical marriage, 594

Hercules, Gaditanian, chastity of priests of, 50

Hereditary tendency in Greek church, 91

in Latin church of 10th century, 105

its dangers, 225

Hereditary priesthood allowed by Alex. II., 205

Hereditary transmission, in Poland, 13th century, 252

in Friesland, 254

in Normandy, 12th century, 258

in Britanny, 12th century, 259

in France, 12th century, 265

forbidden by C. of Rheims in 1119, 267

in England, in 11th century, 272

in 12th century, 281, 282

in 13th century, 285

in Ireland, 296, 298

among Culdees, 299

in Spain, in 11th century, 304

its persistence in 12th century, 321, 322, 326

condemned by IVth Lateran Council, 327

persists in Livonia, 336

in Pomerania, in 15th century, 402

in 16th century, 505, 516

in post-Tridentine church, 549

Heresies, the, 367

encouraged by clerical immorality, 334

Heresy of sacerdotal marriage, 201

of concubinarians condemned in 1666, 558

abuse of confessional is, 568

opposition to celibacy is, 515, 603, 640

Lutheran, justified by clerical corruption, 430, 514, 516, 518, 527, 529, 548, 556 sqq.

Heretics, persecution of, in 4th century, 70

on corruption of priesthood, 352

to be condemned, not contented, 536

Herluca, her visions, 236

Hermann, Bishop of Prague, 243

Hermann von Wied of Cologne, 518

Hermann, King, condemns priestly marriage, 239

Heydeck, Baron of, his marriage, 434

High Commission, Court of, 490

Hilarion introduces monachism in Palestine, 97

Hildebert of Le Mans, his efforts at reform, 264

Hildebrand (see Gregory VII.).

Hildebrandine doctrine as to sinful priests, 224

its treatment at Cambray, 236

is enforced in 12th century, 246

becomes obsolete in 12th century, 248, 275

is adopted by the heretics, 368, 374, 379, 383

is condemned in 15th century, 382

but is enforced by laity, 392

Hildesheim, Synod of, in 1652, 562

Hilles, Richard, on the Six Articles, 471

Himerius of Tarragona on celibacy, 65

Hincmar of Rheims on appellate jurisdiction of Rome, 139

endeavors to enforce the canons, 141

Hiouen-Thsang on Buddhist monachism, 95

Hippolytus of Portus on digami, 37

Hof, immorality of priests of, 428

Holland, reception of C. of Trent in, 553

Homicide, unchastity punished as, 169

Honorius (Emp.) on residence of women, 55

he persecutes Jovinian, 70

his edict of 420, 77, 79

Honorius I. reproves Scottish clergy, 161

Honorius II. enforces celibacy in England, 279

morality of Rome under, 341

Honorius III. endeavors to reform the Scottish church, 301

confirms Order of St. James, 364

Honorius II. (antipope), his election, 200

Honorius of Autun on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

Hooper, Bishop, on effect of the Six Articles, 471

his visitation of Gloucester, 476

Horn, Bishop, on position of married clergy, 496

Horne on married clerks, 291

Hosius, Bishop, on celibacy, 529

Hospitallers, the, 362, 366

suppressed in England, 458

Hostility to the church in 15th century, 394, 395

Hoya, Bishop of Munster, 548

Hubert, Abbot, marriage of, 142

Huesca, Council of, in 598, 80

Hugh of Grenoble, his asceticism, 227

Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, on clerical morals, 282

Hugh of Lyons (Die) endeavors to enforce celibacy, 256

is reproved by Gregory VII., 258

his efforts in Britanny, 259

Hugh, Archbishop of Rouen, character of, 155

Hugh of Rouen on priestly marriage, 318

he controverts heresy, 371

Hugo of Constance, Zwingli’s demand on, 421

Hugo of Silva Candida at Council of Girona, 303

Hugo, Cardinal, his speech at Lyons, 342

Huguenots, priestly marriage among, 498

toleration of their marriages, 499

Humbert of Silva Candida on Greek errors, 191

on simony, 201

Humphrey, Lawrence, on Richard Smith, 474

on position of married clergy, 496

Hungary, introduction of celibacy in, 248

clerical immorality in 15th cent., 401

discussion of celibacy in 18th cent., 584

effort for clerical marriage in 1866, 603

National Synod of, in 1822, 626

Huss, John, on sacraments of sinful priests, 196

his heresy, 382

causes of its success, 395

Hutten, Ulric von, 415

Hyde, Council of, in 975, 170

Hydroparastitæ, 44

Hypatia, murder of, 106

Ibas of Edessa, case of, 82

Iceland, rights of illegitimates in, 197

Idelette de Bure, 498

Ignatius, St., on abstinence from marriage, 32

Illegitimates ineligible to priesthood in Coptic church, 93

in Latin church, 205

Illegitimacy of children of ecclesiastics, 86

of Anglican clergy, 494, 496

Immorality arising from vows of celibacy, 41

less reprehensible than marriage, 145, 201, 627

favors shown to, 320

Immorality of church (see Morals).

Immunity caused by appellate power of Rome, 139

by forms of ecclesiastical procedure, 140

for adultery by priests, 447

Impostures of relics and miracles, 458

Ina, King, Dooms of, 162

Incest caused by celibacy, 138, 278, 331, 555, 628

common in Ireland, 297, 298

price of absolution for, 428

diminished by marriage, 182

clerical marriage held to be, 628

Indelibility of priesthood, 314

India, influence of, on the Jews, 23

Indians, relations of priests with, 563

their hatred of Christianity, 564

Indulgences in Manichæism, 44

marketable value of, 356

sale of, 397

opposition to, 417

Infallibility decreed by Vatican Council, 608

Infanticide resulting from vows of continence, 42, 100, 137

tradition as to, 124

Infessura, his character of Sixtus IV., 344

Influence of celibacy on civilization, 225, 357

political, of modern monachism, 617-18

Injunctions of Queen Elizabeth, 489

Innocent of Rhodez, 118

Innocent I. on priestly marriage of widows, 39

makes no reference to Nicene canon, 55

condemns the Bonosiacs, 68

condemns Vigilantius, 72

enforces celibacy in Calabria, 76

on marriage of nuns, 104

Innocent II. dissolves marriage of priests, 315

his enforcement of celibacy, 246

Innocent III. enforces celibacy 251, 252, 286, 327, 332

reforms convent of S. Agatha, 265

on hereditary benefices, 266, 286, 298

condemns Bossaert d’Avesnes, 323

decisions rendered by him, 324

on digamy, 349

confirms Order of St. James, 364

converts heretics of Bosnia, 369

his hesitation as to the mendicant orders, 375

Innocent IV. enforces celibacy in Sweden, 253

his judgment for d’Avesnes, 323

permits hereditary priesthood, 336

promotes Henry of Liége, 336

his enmity to Grosseteste, 342

Innocent VIII., his character, 345

orders visitation of English monasteries, 399

Inquisition, the, denounces priestly marriage, 556

condemns heresy of concubinarians, 558

abuse of confessional confided to, 568

its decrees on solicitation, 575

its modern procedure in such cases, 633

its tenderness to clerical delinquents, 570

case of Father Mena, 579

its merciful treatment of nuns, 588

its condemnation of Panzini, 602

it defines celibacy a matter of faith, 603, 642

its justification by the church, 618

Insabbatati, 373

Insermenté clergy, 590

Interdict laid on Milan, in 1074, 219

Interim, recognition of marriage in the, 441

Investitures, question of, 218

Ipswich, injunctions of, by Q. Elizabeth, 491

Ireland, character of its early church, 76, 159

enforcement of celibacy in, 295

monasticism of its church, 297

corruption introduced by the English, 298

priestly marriage in 16th century, 299

suppression of monasteries in, 461

morality of clergy in, 625

modern Councils of, 626, 633

Isabella of Castile supports Ximenes, 403

Isidor of Pelusium on neglect of celibacy, 86

Isidor, St., of Seville on monastic impostors, 115

Isidorian forgeries, relaxation of canon in, 136

Isis, vow of continence made by, 50

Italy, enforcement of celibacy in 384, 69

resistance to celibacy, 76

morals in 4th century, 81

St. Benedict of Nursia, 111

monachism reformed by Gregory I., 113

state of church in 6th century, 122

in 8th century, 127

Charlemagne and the Roman clergy, 135

state of church in 10th century, 144

Ratherius of Verona, 146, 150

Atto of Vercelli, 147, 152

Guarino of Modena and Alberic of Marsico, 153

Silvester II., 157

state of church in 11th century, 180

San Giovanni Gualberto, 183

Henry III. and the papacy, 184

St. Peter Damiani, 185

vain attempts at reform, 190

Damiani and Hildebrand, 192

Council of Melfi, in 1059, 197

schism of the Lombard clergy, 200

the antipope Cadalus, 201

failure of the reform, 204

the reform in Milan, 207-221

troubles in various cities, 222

Synod of Melfi, 242

Calabria, priestly marriage in 12th century, 320

Greek church in South, 328

children of ecclesiastics, 335

privileges accorded to concubines, 339

morality of papal court, 341

Savonarola, 386, 398

demoralization in 15th cent., 393, 399

in 16th century, 430, 549-52

clerical marriage proposed in 18th century, 583

corruption in 18th century, 586-8

case of Panzini, 602

civil marriage, 605

followed by clerical marriage, 606

suppression of monastic orders, 609

Barnabite college at Monza, scandal of, 621

modern councils held in, 626-7

number of clergy in, 630

morality of clergy, 631

Ivo of Chartres on the canons, 263

he reproves immorality, 264

Izeshne sacrifice, 44

Jacobines, number of, 92

Jainas, the, 35

Jalikiah, its church independent of Rome, 302

James of Jerusalem, a Nazirite, 25

the brother of Jesus, 68

James IV. (Scotland) protects Lollards, 501

James V. (Scotland), his parliament of 1542, 503

James VI. (Scotland), his baptism, 505

Jameson, Margaret, her marriage, 509

Jane of Flanders, 323

Janizaries, celibacy required of them, 19

Jarnsida, rights of illegitimates in, 197

Jean de Rély on morals of church, 399

Jephthah, daughter of, 21

Jerome, St., on the origin of celibacy, 28

on Buddha, 34

on Manichæism, 46

on marriage, 47

on agapetæ, 54

on heresy of Bonosus, 68

of Jovinian, 70

of Vigilantius, 72

on clerical morality, 78

on observance of celibacy, 85

on early monachism, 97

on immorality of nuns, 100

on difficulty of virginity, 624

Jerome of Prague on Huss, 382

Jerusalem, effect of its capture, 326

Jesuits, they protect their erring members, 579

their influence on morality, 578

their expulsion from New Grenada, 609

they endeavor to enter France, 614

their recent growth, 615

their suppression in France in 1880, 621

Jesus Christ, Order of, 365

Jews, their relation to asceticism, 21-6

their polygamy, 38

Jodocus of Lubec as deputy of papal legates, 442

John IV. on Anglo-Saxon monachism, 163

John XII., his vices, 144

John XIII. condemns priestly marriage, 150

ejects canons of Winchester, 168

John XXII. and the Fraticelli, 377

his taxes of the penitentiary, 428

John XXIII., his crimes and deposition, 343

convokes Council of Constance, 390

his sale of dispensations, 398

John, King (Eng.), speculates on priests’ wives, 283

John of Alexandria, his strictness, 123

John the Baptist, Essenism of, 25

John of Crema, his misadventure, 279

his Scottish reforms, 300

John the Evangelist condemns the Nicolites, 34

John of Frankfort, independence of, 397

John of Jerusalem, rule of, 101

John of Leyden permits polygamy, 438

John of Liége, his murder, 336

John of Lisieux fails in his reforms, 265

John Merlaw of Fulda relaxes the rules, 404

John of Nicklaushausen, his heresy, 405

John of Oberwesel, 407

John of Pirna, 378

John of Rouen enforces celibacy, 256

John of Salisbury reforms his canons, 265

John of Saxony, his treatment of monasteries, 435

John of Schweidnitz, his death, 378

John of Utrecht reforms the nunneries, 340

Jonas, Justus, on Luther’s marriage, 425

Joseph II. (Emp.), his reforms, 583

Jovian on marriage of nuns, 100

Jovinian on Manichæism, 46

his resistance to celibacy, 69

Judah and Tamar, 21

Judhaël of Dol, his marriage, 259

Julian (Emp.) on Syrian asceticism, 50

Julian, Cardinal, legate to Ireland, 298

Julius II. approves of Savonarola, 386

Julius III. defends Savonarola, 386

grants powers to Cardinal Pole, 478

his bull of indulgence to England, 482

he reconvokes the Council of Trent, 521

on treatment of Lutherans at Trent, 521

Julius of Wurzburg argues against clerical marriage, 535

Junia the apostle, 60

Junqua, Abbé, case of, 601

Jurisdiction, appellate, effects of, 140

temporarily surrendered, 334

Jus primæ noctis 354

Jus spolii enforced by Robert the Frisian, 260

Justification by works, doctrine of, 115

in Calvinism, 498

in Scotland, 506

Justin Martyr on morals of Christians, 33

denounces second marriages, 36

approves of mutilation, 40

Justinian, legislation of, 86

regulates monachism, 108

Katherine of Arragon divorced, 450

Katz, his work on celibacy, 584

Keledeus, or Culdee, 299

Killore, John, burnt, 510

King’s College enriched by Henry VIII., 448

Kirkaldy of Grange, 503

Kirkham, Walter, of Durham, prohibits marriage, 290

Knade, James, first married priest of Reformation, 419

Knox, John, his denunciation of Catholics, 506

he justifies Beatoun’s murder, 507

his Book of Discipline, 508

his disputation with Wynrame and Arbuckle, 510

his confession of faith, 512

Koch of Wiesbaden, case of, 601

Kokkius, Doctor, on clerical morals, 396

Kolderup-Rosenvinge, his text of Cnut’s laws, 174

Kopp, Leonhard, emancipates nuns, 425

Krishna, similarity of, to Christ, 92

Kyle, Lollards of, 501

Lacordaire obtains admission of Dominicans, 614

Lactantius condemns asceticism, 48

reprobates monachism, 98

Ladak, number of monks in, 95

Ladislas II. introduces celibacy in Hungary, 248

Lætitia, Madame, patroness of charitable orders, 613

Lagréze on droit de marquette, 355

Laillier, Jean, his heresies, 408

Laity corrupted by the clergy, 265, 346, 350, 429, 430, 518, 533, 586, 629

in favor of priestly marriage, 252, 423

in favor of celibacy, 235, 465, 496

require pastors to keep concubines, 310, 353, 388

their assistance invoked by the church, 194, 232, 256, 257, 261, 559, 560

their asceticism in 11th century, 241

Lambert of Artois enforces celibacy, 262

Lambertini, Countess, case of, 631

Lanciski, Synod of, in 1197, 251

Lands of Church in German Reformation, 434, 437, 439

in England, 454, 482

in Scotland, 508

in France, 589

in Sardinia, 609

in Italy, 610

Lanfranc, moderation of his reforms, 272, 273

Langdon, case of Abbot of, 451

Langdon, Rev. W. ‭C., on clerical morality, 632

Langlande on foreign prelates, 290

on venality of officials, 293

on the church, 444

Languedoc, Manichæism in, 208

Lanssac, his instructions at Trent, 517

on clerical marriage at Trent, 533

Lanzo of Milan, 209

Laodicea, Council of, in 352, 36, 60

Laon, case of subdeacon of, 324

La Réole, monks of, kill St. Abbo, 153

Lasteyrie on clerical corruption, 585

Lateran, first Council of, in 1123, 313

second Council of, in 1139, 315

fourth Council of, in 1215, 327, 567

fifth Council of, in 1516, 413, 428

Latimer, Bishop, concerned in bribing Cromwell, 454

on unworthy promotions, 456

his imprisonment, 469

Latin clerks in Greek church, 329

Laurentius Gallus, 349

Lausanne, clergy of, drive out their bishop, 341

popular complaints in 1533, 429

case of clerical marriage in, 601

Lawney and the Duke of Norfolk, 469

Lay communion in both elements, 44

wine withdrawn from, 45

demanded by the Hussites, 384

demands for it in 16th century, 530, 536, 641

conceded to and withdrawn from Germany, 541, 543

Lazarists, 613-4

Lead, value of, in English monasteries, 459

League of Schmalkalden founded, 438

Le Bas, number of ecclesiastics of France, 593

Lebret, Président, absolves Girard, 580

Legacies to church restricted, 63

Legitimation of priests’ children, in 1552, 476

under Elizabeth, 488

letters of, in Scotland, 506

Leibnitz, his negotiations with Bossuet, 582

Leigh, Thomas, on morals of laity, 464

Leighton, Dr., his report of monasteries, 451

Leith, Articles of, 511

Le Mans, bishop of, the son of a priest, 205

Synod of, in 1248, 350

Leo I. on priestly marriage of widows, 39

on communion in one element, 44

he enforces celibacy, 76

on virginity of nuns, 104

on disregard of vows, 105

on concubinage, 196

Leo III. dispenses St. Swithin, 165

Leo. VIII. permits ordination of priests’ sons, 148

approves statutes of St. Martin of Tours, 404

Leo IX., his entry in Rome, 187

he commences reform, 188

endeavors to reform the Greek church, 191

on priestly marriage in Lucca, 222

his death and canonization, 190

Leo X., his character, 413

he honors Savonarola, 386

is replied to by Diet of Augsburg, 416

he excommunicates Luther, 418

his efforts at reform, 428

his thanks to Henry VIII., 463

Leo XIII. denounces civil marriage, 605

Leo and Anthemius, their laws on monachism, 108

Leo the Isaurian persecutes monks, 90

Leo Marsicanus on Alberic, 153

Leo the Philosopher, legislation of, 87

forbids marriage in orders, 90

on monachism, 109

Leon, Council of, in 1114, 307

Leonistæ, the, 67

Leopold of Tuscany endeavors to reform nunneries, 573, 586

Leptines, Synod of, in 743, 131

Lerida, Council of, in 523, 80

Leslie, Norman, murders Cardinal Beatoun, 503

Levirate marriage among the Jews, 21

Levites, hereditary functions of, 22

Levitical rule of virgin marriage, 38

maintained in Milan, 210

Leyden, John of, 438

Lhassa, number of monks in, 95

Liber Gomorrhianus, 188

Libya, married bishops in, 89

Licentiousness better than marriage, 145, 201, 628

Licenses to sin, first allusion to, in 1080, 257

sale of, in Denmark, 253

condemned by Lateran Council, 327

continued in England, 278, 280, 284, 289, 293

in France, 332

in Germany, 337

in Naples, 339

condemned by Council of Bâle, 396

continued throughout 15th century, 312, 389, 401

in 16th century, 428, 432, 433, 462, 526, 528, 559

Liége, Manichæism, in 1025, 207

priestly marriage in 12th century, 247

heretics in, 371

Bishop of, on clerical corruption, 530

Council of, in 1131, 246, 314

in 1548, 526, 530

Lignana, Girolamo, his attempt to murder St. Charles, 551

Lillebonne, Council of, in 1080, 257

Lima, Councils of, in 1552-1601, 563-5

Limitation on vows in France, 613

Lincoln, case of subdeacon of, 321

Lindet of Evreux, his marriage, 591

Link, Wences., his marriage, 422

Lippomani condemns Orzechowski, 541

Lisieux, case of archdeacon of, 349

Council of, in 1055, 256

Litchfield, Saxon Bishop of, 272

visitation of diocese of, 452

Livonia, hereditary priesthood in, 336

Livres de Jostice et de Plet, 321

Llorente on abuse of confessional, 569, 572-3

Lodi, turbulence of married priests at, 202

Loi Falloux of 1850, 614, 617

Lolhard, Walter, 377

Lollards, the, 381

of Kyle, 501

Lombardo-Venitia, number of clergy in, 630

Lombardy independent of Rome, 219

submits to Rome, 221

Loménie of Sens, his marriage, 591

London, Dr., his career, 457

on false relics, 458

on permission of marriage of nuns, 466

on ejected monks, 469

London, married priests deprived in 1554, 478

enumeration of married priests in, 489

Council of, in 1075, 272

in 1102, 273

in 1108, 277

in 1126, 279

in 1129, 280

in 1200, 288

in 1237, 288

in 1268, 291

Lords, House of, delays priestly marriage, 472

Loretto, Episcopal Convention of, in 1850, 626

Lorraine, Cardinal of, his instructions at Trent, 533

endeavors to enforce chastity, 559

Lothair (Emp.) aids to enforce celibacy, 246

visits Fulda, 404

Louis-le-Débonnaire on monastic impostors, 115

his reforms, 136

prohibits phlebotomy to monks, 138

Louis-le-Gros, his charter to St. Cornelius, 270

Louis IX. arbitrates for the d’Avesnes, 323

Louis XII. and relics of St. Denis, 217

Louis XV. reforms monastic orders, 585

his arrests of brothel-haunting priests, 586

Louis-Philippe adverse to monachism, 614

Louvain, University of, urges reform, 529

Synod of, in 1556, 541

in 1574, 561

Loyola, his reformation of Spain, 517

Luanus, monasteries founded by, 160

Lucca, priestly marriage in, 222

Lucius II. on hereditary priesthood, 281

Lucius III. on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

on hereditary benefices, 322

confirms the Order of the Temple, 363

condemns the Waldenses, 373

Lucretia Borgia, 345

Ludegna, Juan, his disputation on priestly marriage, 535

Luna, Doña Agueda de, 572

Lunden, Archbishop of, on priestly marriage, 252

Lupus of Troyes on celibacy, 79

Lupus, Christian, on Paphnutius, 57

on Tridentine canons, 640

Luther, his place in the Reformation, 413

his ninety-five propositions, 417

his gradual progress, 418

he hesitates as to priestly marriage, 420

he approves of priestly marriage, 422

his marriage, 425

his opinions on marriage, 426

he opposes the Anabaptists, 438

he fraternizes with Orthodox Brethren, 385

he reprints Caraffa’s “Concilium,” 523

Sir Thomas More’s assault on him, 440

Lutheranism caused by clerical immorality, 514, 516, 518, 527, 529

its spread in Bohemia, 384

Lutherans, the, adopt the Waldenses, 375

they object to Council held at Mantua, 520

their treatment at Trent, 521

they decline further participation, 522

Luxury, uses of, 358

Lyons, Poor Men of, 373

Lyons, effect of papal court on, 342

suppression of unauthorized orders in, 622

Council of, in 583, 80

in 1274, 328, 336, 351

in 1528, 515

in 1850, 626

Lyons, Huguenot Synod of, in 1563, 38, 499

Macaulay, Lord, on Anglican clergy, 497

Macedonia, celibacy enforced in, 86

Macliaus of Britanny, case of, 119

Macon, Council of, in 581, 80, 119

Mæsse-þegnes, wer-geld of, 173

Magdeburg Centuriators, their mistake, 162

Council of, in 1403, 353

troubles of, in 1431, 395

Mahavira, legend of, 35

Mahue of S. Sulpice, case of, 592

Maiden Bradley, prior of, his morals, 458

Maillard, Olivier, his sermon, 399

Mainardo, Card., his mission to Milan, 217

Mainerio Boccardo, will of, 221

Mainz, enforcement of celibacy in, 230

revolt against Rodolf of Swabia, 236

Diet of, in 1085, 239

annates of, 412

Archbishop of, asks for clerical marriage, 539

Council of, in 888, 138

in 1049, 189

in 1075, 231

in 1225, 337

in 1261, 338, 376

in 1527, 423

in 1549, 528

Majorian, laws of, respecting nuns, 105

Malachi, St., his reforms, 296

his death, 297

Malatesta, Carlo, interferes with concubinage, 339

Mallet, Abbé, case of, 635

Malone, Malachi, on dispensations, 541

Malta, Knights of, 362, 366

suppressed in England, 458

Manasses of Rheims, his violent measures, 261

Mancio of Chalons, his indecision, 142

Manes, career of, 43

Manfredonia, Council of, in 1567, 553

Manichæism, influence of, 43

indulgences and Eucharist in, 44

revival of, in 11th century, 207

prevalent in Milan, 211

opposed by St. Bernard, 331

of Albigenses, 367

Manigold of Veringen, case of, 235

Mansfeld, married priest of, 419

Mantua, Council of, in 1053, 190

in 1067, 202

Council of Trent to be held at, 519

Mapes, Walter, his satirical verses, 289

Mar Aba prohibits priestly marriage, 92

Marcellin, Abbé, on droit de marquette, 354

Marcian (Emp.) restricts monachism, 107

Marcion, heresy of, 33

Marcus, heresy of, 33

Margaret of Flanders, case of, 323

Margaret of Parma delays reception of Council of Trent, 547

Mariana on married clergy of Spain, 303

Marian Order, 366

Marien, frère, case of, 637

Marillac, Bishop Charles de, on clerical discipline, 559

Marino, a married priest, 180

Marino of Ostia condemns priestly marriage, 149

Marisco, Adam de, 292

Marozia, her power, 144

Marquardo dei Susani on celibacy, 547

Marquette, droit de, 354

Marriage exalted by Christ, 26

in Apostolic Constitutions and Canons, 48

abstinence from, among early Christians, 32

heresies condemning, 31

orthodox condemnation of, 45

depreciation of, by Chrysostom, 86

comparative merit of, 46, 47, 318, 347

abhorrence of, by Manichæans, 43

by Albigenses, 208, 367

orthodox embarrassment concerning, 369

disregard of, in 11th century, 182

in Ireland, 295, 297, 298

Wickliffe’s view of, 381

permitted to those under vows, 100

not dissolved by monastic vows, 114

indissoluble in early church, 314

dissolved by orders and vows in 12th century, 313

effect of vows upon, 321

worse than licentiousness, 145, 201, 628

clerical, is incest, 628

sacrament of, inferior to ordination, 642

of Martin Luther, 425

of Albert of Brandenburg, 434

of converts to Calvinism, 499

in orders forbidden, 39, 77

persisted in 80

forbidden in the East, 86

custom of Greek church, 89, 90

permitted among Nestorians, 92

anathematized at Trent, 536

in Spanish military orders, 363, 364

Marriage of abbots, Hungary, 15th century, 401

Marriage of bishops, prohibited in orders, 39

in 4th century, 58

in Greek church, 87, 91

practised in Africa, 89

in Frankish Gaul, 119

in Gothic Spain, 121

in 8th century, 132

in 10th century, 154, 155

in 11th century, 181, 189, 197, 198

separated from their wives in Hungary, 249

in Ireland, 295

treatment of, under Mary, 479

Marriage of deaconesses punished, 96

Marriage of monks permitted in 4th century, 58

forbidden by Justinian, 108

and by Gregory I., 113

St. Bernard on, 316

common in 9th century, 139

in 12th century, 324, 326

in 14th century, 340

in 15th century, 401, 403

in Reformation, 420

dispensations refused them, 442

Marriage of nuns a capital crime, 100

is binding, 103, 104, 105

common in 5th century, 110

in 7th century, 115

in Merovingian France, 120

in Gothic Spain, 121

in Italy, in 8th century, 127

forbidden in 8th century, 132, 135, 137

common in 9th century, 139

in 10th century, 163, 166

in 14th century, 340

in 15th century, 403

in Reformation, 425, 435

under Henry VIII., 466

in France in 1581, 500

in French Revolution, 593

Marriage of priests in early church, 27-30, 48

restricted to single marriage, 37

and with virgins, 38

forbidden in orders, 39

forbidden in Manichæism, 45