Front matter (continued 2)

Male puparium elongated, the pellicle at one end; a longitudinal carina, or keel, appears in the middle.

Groups of spinnerets, five.

Mr. Comstock (Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 85) remarks that, when the pellicles of the female of this genus are marginal, it might be difficult to distinguish it from Chionaspis, as the male puparia are alike in both. As regards the species observed hitherto in New Zealand this difficulty has not occurred.

10. Diaspis Boisduvalii, Signoret; Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1868, p. 433.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 200; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 23.

(Plate IV., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium oval, nearly circular, flattish; colour, yellowish-grey; diameter, about ¹/₁₂in.

Male puparium elongated, white, with a strong median keel, and with the edges raised so as to appear like two other keels; length, about ¹/₂₀in. The male puparia frequently occur massed in great numbers, and covered with white hairs and fluff.

Adult female rather elongated, oval, or somewhat pear-shaped; the body corrugated, the cephalic portion smooth. At each side, on a level with the rostrum, or a little above it, is a protruding lobe, which is characteristic. Colour, light-yellow. Abdomen ending in two lobes, not prominent, and with a depression between them; beyond the lobes are many serrations, with small lobelike projections and spiny hairs. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group with five to eight orifices[L]; the two upper side groups with twenty to twenty-five; lower side groups, fifteen to twenty. A few scattered single spinnerets.

Adult male very small, about ¹/₄₀in. in length; colour, reddish-yellow; antennæ of ten joints, all with hairs except the two first; femora and tibiæ slender, tarsi thick at the base, and tapering to the claw; digitules, fine hairs. The first and second pair of legs appear somewhat widely separated, owing to the length of the coxæ.

Habitat—On several hothouse plants, Christchurch and Wellington; and on wattle in gardens, Wellington.

A European insect. The curious projections at the side, near the head, of the female, and the arrangement of the male puparia above mentioned, sufficiently distinguish this species.

11. Diaspis rosæ, Sandberg.

Aspidiotus rosæ, Sandberg; Abhand., priv. Boh., No. 6, p. 317.

Diaspis rosæ, Signoret, loc. cit., 1869, p. 441.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 201.

(Plate IV., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium nearly circular, white, often aggregated in masses; diameter, about ¹/₁₂in. Pellicles, marginal.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated; length, about ¹/₂₀in.

Adult female deep-red in colour, elongated, the body deeply segmented. Cephalic region very large, smooth. On each segment of the body several spiny hairs. Abdomen ending in two conspicuous lobes with a depression between them, and some spiny hairs. Five groups of spinnerets, but the lateral groups are almost continuous; uppermost group with about twenty orifices; in the lateral groups, fifty to sixty orifices. No single spinnerets.

Adult male orange-red in colour; antennæ ten-jointed, with several hairs on all but the first two joints; feet slender, hairy; digitules, fine hairs. The spike is somewhat long.

Habitat—On rose-trees, Governor's Bay, Canterbury-Napier.

A European species, stated by Mr. Comstock to attack, in America, blackberries and raspberries, besides the rose.

The deep-red colour and abnormally-large cephalic segment of this insect distinguish it from all others.

12. Diaspis santali, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 122.

(Plate IV., Fig. 7.)

Female puparium yellowish-grey in colour, sometimes with a greenish tinge; outline oval; very convex; pellicles at one end, black, inconspicuous; length of puparium, about ¹/₁₅in.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated; pellicle, black; length, about ¹/₂₅in.

Adult female orange-red in colour, peg-top shaped; the abdominal segment very small as compared with the rest of the body, and the two next segments overlap it. Abdomen ending in two conspicuous, prominent, median lobes, and at each side of them two semi-circular depressions: several branched and serrated hairs in the region of these lobes. There are no groups of spinnerets. There is no wide depression of the edge between the median lobes.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Santalum cunninghamii (Maire), Te Aute, Hawke's Bay; and on pear, plum, and other fruit-trees at Whangarei, having probably spread from native plants.

The carinated male puparium distinguishes this species from Aspidiotus. The absence of spinnerets is curious.

Genus: MYTILASPIS, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female and male puparia similar, or nearly similar, in shape, but the male puparium is smaller. Puparia elongated, generally more or less mussel-shaped or pyriform, usually convex, more or less curved; pellicles at one end. Male puparia not carinated. Five groups of spinnerets in the female, but the groups are sometimes continuous.

13. Mytilaspis cordylinidis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 195.

(Plate V., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium pure white, elongated, very narrow; usually straight, sometimes curved; pellicles yellow, at one end; length, about ¹/₈in.; breadth, about ¹/₃₀in.

Male puparium similar to that of the female, but much smaller; length, about ¹/₂₀in.

Adult female pale yellow in colour, elongated, distinctly segmented. Rudimentary antennæ on the cephalic segment. A few fine hairs at the edges of the segments. Abdomen ending in two lobes with a small median depression; several serrated scaly hairs, and a few spines. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost groups, seven or eight orifices; upper lateral group, fourteen to twenty; lower lateral group, twenty to twenty-five. A great number of single spinnerets.

Adult male doubtful; very minute and difficult to detect. Antennæ apparently short and tibiæ large.

Habitat—On Cordyline australis and C. indivisa, Phormium, Gahnia, Astelia, Eucalyptus, &c., throughout the islands; but the chief habitat seems to be C. australis (the common cabbage-tree), on which it is often very abundant.

This species may at first sight be mistaken for Fiorinia stricta, described below, which also infests Cordyline and Phormium; but, on inspection, it will be seen that the puparium of the Mytilaspis is much whiter, and the pellicles yellow, those of F. stricta being black. An examination of the second pellicles of the two species will, of course, at once distinguish them.

14. Mytilaspis drimydis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 196.

(Plate V., Fig. 3.)

Female puparium elongated, often straight, sometimes curved; colour, dirty-white or brown; pellicles at one end; length, about ¹/₁₂in.

Male puparium similar, but smaller.

Adult female dull-red in colour, elongated, not very distinctly segmented. Abdomen ending in a number of small lobes, of which the four median are the largest; several fine hairs between the lobes; no groups of spinnerets, but a very great number of single ones, which are scattered on the segments as far up as the rostrum. Many of these protrude as short thick tubes with serrated or fringed extremities. On the cephalic segment are a few spiny hairs and two rudimentary antennæ.

Adult male red in colour; antennæ of ten joints; tarsi somewhat large. Both antennæ and feet have numerous hairs. Digitules, fine.

Habitat—On Drimys colorata, Water of Leith, Dunedin, from which it has spread to other native plants.

15. Mytilaspis epiphytidis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 21.

(Plate V., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium flat, pyriform, brown in colour, thin; length, about ¹/₁₁in.

Male puparium narrower than that of the female, and a good deal darker, being sometimes almost black; length, about ¹/₂₀in.; not carinated.

Adult female dark-grey in colour, elongated, segmented. Abdomen ending in two median lobes; along the edge several deepish curvilinear incisions, between which are some strong spines. Five groups of spinnerets: lower pair with fourteen to sixteen orifices; upper pair, twelve to sixteen; uppermost group, four to six.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Astelia cunninghamii, Wellington.

16. Mytilaspis leptospermi, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 215.

(Plate V., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium flat, elongated, irregularly pyriform, light-brown in colour; length, about ¹/₁₂in. The secretion forming the puparium is mixed with bark-cells of the tree, arranged longitudinally.

Male puparium narrower than that of the female, and darker in colour.

Adult female greyish-green, elongated, segmented; abdomen ending in six lobes, of which the two median are conspicuous and somewhat large and floriated, the rest very small. Five groups of spinnerets: the upper group with about fifteen openings; the others with from twenty-five to thirty-five. Single spinnerets none, or very few.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Leptospermum scoparium (manuka), Wellington; Canterbury; Auckland. The puparia are often numerous on the loose scaly bark of the tree.

17. Mytilaspis metrosideri, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293.

Female puparium white, pyriform. Female in all stages dark-coloured; in last stage nearly black. General outline resembling M. drimydis, but the abdomen is much sharper and more pointed, with a finely-serrated edge, ending in three minute, pointed lobes, joined by a scaly process. Spinnerets in an almost continuous arch, which may be resolved into five groups; seventy or eighty openings; several single spinnerets. The rudimentary antennæ can be made out.

The young female has an elongated oval outline, little corrugated. The feet, digitules, antennæ, &c., resemble those of M. pomorum. The abdomen is like that of the adult, without the groups of spinnerets.

Male unknown, but puparium smaller and rather darker in colour than that of the female.

Habitat—On Metrosideros robusta (rata), Wellington, and probably elsewhere. It is not common.

18. Mytilaspis phymatodidis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292.

Female puparium flattish, pyriform, dirty-white or brownish; length, about ¹/₁₂in.

Male puparium similar, brown.

Adult female greyish, elongated, segmented. Rudimentary antennæ visible. Abdomen ending in two lobes with a median depression: several scaly and serrated processes, and some spiny hairs. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group, six to nine orifices; upper side groups, ten to fourteen; lower pair, fifteen to twenty: several single spinnerets.

Male unknown.

Habitat—On Phymatodes billardieri, Wellington; Auckland.

In outward appearance the female resembles M. pomorum, but the puparium is quite different, and the abdominal characters also differ.

19. Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouché.

Aspidiotus pomorum, Bouché; Ent. Zeit. Stett., 1851, XII., No. 1.

Aspidiotus conchiformis, auctorum; nec Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 2,221.

Aspidiotus pyrus-malus, Kennicott; 1854, Acad. Science of Cleveland.

Aspidiotus juglandis, Fitch; Ann. Rep., N.Y. State Ag. Soc., 1856; nec Signoret, loc. cit., 1870, p. 95.

Aspidiotus falciformis, Bärensprung; Journ. d'Alton et Burm., 1849.

Mytilaspis pomicorticis, Riley; Fifth Rep. State Entom., Missouri, p. 95.

Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouché), Signoret; loc. cit., 1870, p. 98.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 192.

The common apple-scale.

(Plate V., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium usually brown,[M] sometimes white; elongated, mussel-shaped, convex, slightly curved, sometimes straight; length, about ¹/₁₀in.

Male puparium not known in New Zealand. In America it is stated[N] to be small, "straight or nearly so, and with the posterior part joined to the remainder of the scale by a thin portion which serves as a hinge."

Adult female greyish, yellowish, or white; elongated, segmented. Rudimentary antennæ present. At the edge of each segment two or three strong spines. Abdomen ending in two large lobes, with two others much smaller on each side; the median lobes are trifoliated. Between and beyond the lobes some spines. Five groups of spinnerets; numbers of orifices variable (see below); a few single spinnerets.

Male unknown in New Zealand and Europe, doubtful in America. Colour stated by Riley (Fifth Missouri Report, p. 95) as "translucent corneous-grey."

Habitat in New Zealand—On apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, lilac, ash, thorn, sycamore, cotoneaster, and other plants, passim.

An introduced European species, known in America and elsewhere as the "oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple." It is the commonest, apparently, of the Diaspidinæ; and does great damage in orchards.

This species has been referred to by many writers under the specific name "conchiformis;" some authors include it under the genus Aspidiotus, others under Coccus, and one—Réaumur—under Chermes. In the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, February, 1885, Mr. A. Michael refers to it as Coccus (Mytilaspis) pomicorticis.

The groups of spinnerets have been stated above to be "variable." The following table shows the numbers observed in specimens from different trees in New Zealand:—

—— Uppermost Groups. Upper Side Groups. Lower Side Groups.

Apple 17 17 14

Plum 20 17 17

Lilac 17 19 16

Ash 10 12 9

Cotoneaster 7 15 10

A very minute white Acarid (mite) has been observed frequently under the puparia of this species, among the eggs. The eggs, in most cases so observed, were shrivelled and dead. Mr. A. Michael, in the paper above mentioned ("Notes on Tyroglyphidæ") refers to an Acarus found in America in 1873, also in puparia of M. pomorum, by Mr. Riley, and expresses doubts whether or not it fed upon the insect; yet he says, "A Tyroglyphus not ordinarily predatory might regard a Coccus as suitable for gastronomic purposes."

20. Mytilaspis pyriformis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 194; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 215; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 22.

(Plate V., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium light-brown, elongated, pyriform, flat; length, averaging ¹/₁₀in. (sometimes reaching ¹/₈in.); breadth, averaging ¹/₁₅in. (reaching ¹/₁₂in.); texture, thin. The second pellicle is comparatively large.

Male puparium smaller and narrower, brown, not carinated.

Adult female yellowish-brown or greyish; elongated, segmented; on the segments are a few spiny hairs. Abdomen ending in several lobes, of which the two median are much the largest. Spinnerets in a continuous arch, containing sixty to seventy orifices. Many single spinnerets. Several scaly hairs between the lobes.

Adult male orange-coloured, about ¹/₃₀in. long. Antennæ 10-jointed. Digitules, long fine hairs. Sheath of the penis long.

Habitat—On Dysoxylon spectabile and Atherosperma Novæ Zælandiæ, Wellington; on Coprosma, Riccarton Bush, Canterbury.

In the female puparium and in the length of the abdominal spike of the male this species resembles M. buxi, Bouché (Signoret, loc. cit., 1868, p. 93), but differs in all other respects.

Genus: CHIONASPIS, Signoret.

Female puparium usually white, elongated; pellicles at one end; generally flat.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated; pellicle at one end.

Groups of spinnerets, five (in one American species, six); rarely wanting.

21. Chionaspis citri, Comstock; 2nd Rep., Dep. of Entom., Cornell Univ., 1883.

Chionaspis euonymi, Comstock (in part); Ag. Rep., 1880, p. 313.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., p. 1884, p. 23.

(Plate VI., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium dirty blackish-brown, with a grey margin; elongated. "There is a central ridge from which the sides slope like the roof of a house" (Comstock).

Male puparium white, narrow, carinated.

Adult female yellowish-white, elongated, segmented. Abdomen ending in six lobes, of which the two median are the largest: these two are divergent. Along the edge some spines. No groups of spinnerets: a few single ones.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On oranges sold in the shops, imported from Sydney.

This insect, apparently an importation from America, was not observed prior to 1884, and occurs as yet only sparingly, mingled with A. coccineus, from which it is easily distinguished by its elongated puparium.

22. Chionaspis dubia, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 216.

(Plate VI., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium white, flat, elongated, pyriform, very thin; the pellicles rather small; length, about ¹/₁₂in.

Male puparium white, elongated, rather oval; very slightly carinated above; on the under-side are two longitudinal keels.

Adult female yellow, elongated, segmented; the abdominal segments somewhat deep. Abdomen ending with a median depression; terminal lobes inconspicuous (absent?). Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group, six to ten orifices; the rest, ten to fifteen.

Adult male reddish in colour. Antennæ hairy, 10-jointed, the first two joints very short. Feet normal, with four long, fine digitules. At the base of the abdominal spike is a somewhat large tubercle. Haltere of normal form, but the terminal seta is very long, four times as long as the thick basal portion, and has no terminal knob. Thoracic band conspicuous. The thorax is somewhat long, so that there is a considerable distance between the first and second pairs of legs.

Habitat—On Coprosma, Rubus, Asplenium, Pellæa, Riccarton Bush and North Kowai River, Canterbury; Auckland.

The female puparium resembles that of C. aspidistræ (Signoret) and C. populi (Bärensprung), but the abdominal segment of the female differs from both.

23. Chionaspis dysoxyli, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 22.

(Plate VI., Fig. 3.)

Female puparium thin, flattish, pyriform, white in colour, with a faint pink tinge when the egg-mass beneath shows through it; length, about ¹/₁₂in. The second pellicle is comparatively large.

Male puparium white, narrow, carinated; length, about ¹/₃₆in.

The insect affects principally the leaves of the plant, and the puparia are usually clustered thickly along the midrib.

Adult female yellowish-red, elongated, segmented; but not very deeply. Abdomen ending in a broken curve, with many curvilinear incisions. There are fourteen lobes, of which the two median are the largest; separated from them by a spine on each side are two others rather smaller; then another spine and a short open space; and then three smaller lobes and another spine; another space, and then a single small lobe, followed by a spine. Five groups of spinnerets: lower pair with twelve to fourteen orifices; upper pair with seven to ten; uppermost group, four to six. A few spiny hairs are on the edge of the abdomen.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Dysoxylon spectabile (Kohe-kohe), Wellington; Hawke's Bay; Auckland.

The large white puparia of this insect do much to spoil the appearance of Dysoxylon, one of the most showy-leafed plants in New Zealand.

24. Chionaspis minor, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 33.

(Plate VI., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium white, small, not more than ¹/₁₅in. in length, usually less; it is narrower and less pyriform than is usual in the genus, and is often bent in the middle; pellicles yellow.

Male puparium white, narrow, elongated, carinated, about ¹/₃₀in. in length.

Adult female elongated; segmented, but not deeply; colour, dark-brown. Abdomen ending in six small lobes, of which the two median—the largest—are closely contiguous. Between them and the next pair is a spine; then beyond the second pair another spine, a space, and a third pair of very small lobes; after a long space there is another spine. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group with twelve to fourteen orifices; upper pair, fourteen to seventeen; lower pair, eighteen to twenty-four: many single spinnerets.

Adult male not known.

Habitat—On Parsonsia, Hawke's Bay; on Rhipogonum scandens (supplejack), Wellington; Canterbury; Otago.

The small puparia and the contiguous abdominal lobes of the female distinguish this species.

Genus: POLIASPIS, Maskell; N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293.

Female puparia elongated; pellicles at one end. Male puparia narrower, elongated, pellicle at one end. Female with more than five groups of spinnerets; abdomen without fringe.

In the kindred genus, Leucaspis, Targioni-Tozzetti (Signoret, loc. cit., 1868, p. 101), the abdomen has a continuous fringe of long spines, and the groups of spinnerets vary in number from five to eight.

25. Poliaspis media, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293.

(Plate VI., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium white, elongated, pyriform, slightly convex; length, about ¹/₁₈in.

Male puparium elongated, narrow, white, doubtfully carinated.

Adult female elongated, segmented; greenish-white; length, about ¹/₂₄in. Rudimentary antennæ visible. Abdomen ending with a median depression, and inconspicuous lobes; several scattered spiny hairs. Eight groups of spinnerets: four, containing each from twenty to thirty orifices, are placed in opposite pairs, the fifth, with four to six orifices, being between the upper pair; above these, three other groups form an arch, the two outer ones having eight to ten openings, the middle one three to five. Many single spinnerets.

Adult male of a bright scarlet or deep-orange colour. The antennæ, covered with longish hairs, have ten joints, the first two very short and thick; the next five long, equal, and cylindrical; the eighth and ninth somewhat shorter; the tenth fusiform, and as long as the seventh. The legs are rather long; the femur thick, the tibia more slender, broadening towards the tarsus, which is about one-third as long as the tibia, and narrows sharply down to the claw. Both tarsus and tibia are hairy. The digitules are fine hairs.

Habitat—On Veronica, sp., and Leucopogon Fraseri, North Kowai River, Canterbury; on Cyathodes acerosa, Wellington; on ferns, Napier.

Genus: FIORINIA, Targioni-Tozzetti. Uhleria, Comstock; 2nd Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 110.

Female puparium elongated; first pellicle small, at one end; second pellicle very large, entirely covering the insect, and almost extending to the edges of the puparium.

Male puparium elongated; smaller and narrower than that of the female; sometimes carinated; pellicle at one end.

Mr. Comstock proposes the name "Uhleria" for this genus, because Professor Targioni, establishing his genus for the species to which he originally gave the name of Diaspis fioriniæ, changed at the same time the specific name to "pellucida." This, Mr. Comstock says, necessitates now an entirely new generic name.

Targioni's nomenclature has been followed here, as likely to lead to less confusion.

26. Fiorinia asteliæ, Maskell.

Diaspis gigas, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 201; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 217; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 24.

Uhleria gigas, Comstock; 2nd Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 111.

(Plate VI., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium elongated, flat, roughly pyriform or ovate, thin; the secretion is yellowish-brown or dirty-white, but is scarcely noticeable, on account of the second pellicle; length variable, from ¹/₁₂in. to ¹/₈in.; breadth, about ¹/₁₆in. First pellicle small, at one end. Second pellicle, very large, almost filling the puparium, roughly pyriform; abdominal region segmented; cephalic region large, oval; abdominal segments tapering, exhibiting at the extremity either minute serrations, floriated lobes, or tusk-like lobes, or a smooth curve; the first abdominal segment sometimes produced into roundly-triangular lobes.

Male puparium flattish, elongated; length, from ¹/₁₀in. to ¹/₈in.; white, thin; roughly pyriform, but narrower than that of the female; central portion slightly convex, seeming on the under-side to have two keels; not carinated above.

Adult female yellow or brown; segmented; at first elongated, the cephalic region comparatively large, but during gestation shrinking up until the insect assumes the form of Aspidiotus. Abdomen ending in a minutely-serrated edge, with several small simple lobes, between which are longish spiny hairs. Spinnerets in an almost continuous arch, containing seventy to a hundred orifices; several single spinnerets.

Adult male yellow, slender. Antennæ, ten-jointed, as long as the body; each joint except the two first long and hairy; the last joint fusiform. Feet, long and slender; digitules, fine hairs. Abdominal spike, slender, not very long, springing from a small tubercular base.

This is a variable insect in size, colour, edge of abdomen, and spinnerets. On the bark of Pittosporum eugenioide a variety has the extremity of the second pellicle richly floriated, other features remaining as above. It has not been thought advisable to erect all these varieties into different species.

The male pupa, in its earlier state, is elongated, segmented, and may be mistaken for a female of Mytilaspis drimydis; but differs in its greyish-yellow colour, and also in the form of the puparium.

Habitat—On Atherosperma Novæ Zælandiæ; Astelia cunninghamii; Coprosma, sp. var.; Pittosporum eugenioide, &c.; Wellington; Canterbury; Hawke's Bay; Otago; Nelson; Auckland.

The puparia of this insect are frequently covered by a species of torulaceous (?) fungus which spreads over the leaf they are on in a thin, brown sheet.

27. Fiorinia grossulariæ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 123.

Female puparium irregularly oval, being formed chiefly by the second pellicle, with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion; length, about ¹/₂₀in.

Adult female elongated; segmented; the cephalic end slightly prolonged into a compressed cylinder. Segments bearing at the edge three sharp spines. The edge of the abdominal segment is much broken by serrations, and ends in two broadish median lobes, with two smaller lobes on each side. Several sharp, long spines are set in pairs along the serrated edge. Five groups of spinnerets, the three upper forming a continuous arch. Colour of insect, dark-grey.

Adult male and puparium unknown.

Habitat—On gooseberries, Amberley, Canterbury.

A doubtful species.

28. Fiorinia minima, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 122.

Female puparium flat, elongated, oval; length, about ¹/₃₆in. First pellicle, comparatively large; the second almost fills the puparium.

Male puparium rather longer than that of the female, but much narrower; carinated.

Adult female elongated; segmented; colour, pink. The abdominal segment somewhat long, the edge broken by a number of deepish curvilinear serrations, and ending in two inconspicuous median lobes, with three others, much smaller, on each side. From the serrations spring some hairs. There are five groups of spinnerets, but the three upper ones, almost or quite conjoined, form a nearly-continuous arch, containing forty to fifty orifices; the two lower groups have fifteen to twenty. There are several single spinnerets. The adult insect, before gestation, nearly fills the space covered by the second pellicle; after gestation it shrinks up into very small compass at the cephalic end of the puparium.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Brachyglottis repanda; Panax arboreum, Port Hills, Canterbury.

Differs from the European species, F. pellucida (Targioni), in its extremely-minute size, in the serrations of the abdomen, and the number of its hairs. Also in F. pellucida the young female larva has two tubercles between the antennæ, which are not seen in F. minima.

29. Fiorinia stricta, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 124; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 24.

(Plate VI., Fig. 7.)

Female puparium elongated, narrow, with sides almost straight and parallel; length, about ¹/₁₁in.; breadth, about ¹/₅₀in. Colour of secretion, white, but seeming black, as the second pellicle shows through it. First pellicle, black, small, at one end; the cephalic portion prolonged in a slightly-cylindrical form. Second pellicle, very long, filling the puparium; black; entire for most of its length, but at the abdominal extremity cut across by transverse divisions forming narrow radiating segments; extreme edge semi-circular, sharply serrated. Texture, horny, hard, and strong.

Male puparium elongated, narrow, like that of the female; length, about ¹/₁₂in.; colour white; pellicle, black, at one end; not carinated.

Some puparia, both male and female, are found slightly curved.

Adult female small, elongated, segmented; length, about ¹/₃₀in., shrivelling at gestation. Cephalic portion compressed, cylindrical. Abdomen somewhat elongated, ending in a number of sharp-pointed, triangular, tooth-like lobes, between which may be made out a few (four?) very minute, roundly-triangular lobes. Five groups of spinnerets, the three upper groups almost joined in an arch; in the arch, forty to fifty orifices; in the two lower groups, ten to fifteen.

Adult male, brown. Antennæ, ten-jointed; each joint except the first two long and hairy; on the last joint one hair longer than the rest, and ending in a knob. Legs, slender; claw, very thin; digitules, fine hairs.

Habitat—On Dendrobium, sp., Hedycarya, sp., Hawke's Bay; Phormium tenax, Cordyline australis, Astelia cunninghamii, Muhlenbeckia, sp., Wellington; Canterbury; Nelson.

Group II.—LECANIDINÆ.

Female insects flat, convex, or globular; elongated or circular; naked, or covered with waxy, horny, glassy, cottony, or felted secretion forming a covering or test. Adults sometimes apodous and without antennæ. Abdomen in all stages exhibiting a more or less defined cleft, and, above or beside it, on the dorsal surface, two more or less conspicuous, roughly triangular, lobes. Mentum usually monomerous or dimerous.

Male larvæ resembling females. Male pupæ covered with a test of secretion, waxy or glassy. Male adults not greatly differing from Diaspidinæ; abdominal spike usually short and thick.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.

Subdivision I.

Insects covering themselves with a secretion, composed chiefly of waxy, horny, or glassy matter

Lecanodiaspidæ.

Test of female horny, partly formed of the second pellicle

Lecanochiton.

Test of female waxy, with a single fringe of broad segments at the edge

Ctenochiton.

Test of female glassy, elevated, striated with air-cells

Inglisia.

Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Test of female waxy, produced into radiating branches

Vinsonia.

Test of female waxy, without fringe or branches

Ceroplastes.

Test of female waxy, elevated, not striated with air-cells

Fairmairia.

Tests agglomerated in a waxy mass containing colonies of insects, male and female

Carteria.

Test of female absent; tests of males aggregated in a waxy mass

Ericerus.

Subdivision II.

Female insects naked

Lecanidæ.

Females propagating without ovisac, arboreal

Lecanium.

Females constructing ovisac, arboreal

Pulvinaria.

Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Females propagating without ovisac, subterranean, retaining feet and antennæ

Lecanopsis.

Females propagating without ovisac, subterranean, losing feet and antennæ

Aclerda.

Note.—The genus Physokermes, Targioni-Tozzetti, is placed by Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 87) amongst those which here form this subdivision; but there seems to be no sufficient distinction between it and Lecanium.

Subdivision III.

Insects covering themselves with secretion of cottony or felted matter

Lecano-Coccidæ.

Secretion felted, scarcely apparent on adult female, conspicuous on male pupæ and female of early stages; edge fringed

Eriochiton.

Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Secretion felted, appearing only in the last stage, after gestation

Signoretia.

Secretion felted, forming a nearly complete sac on adult female before gestation

Lecanodiaspis.

Secretion felted, forming complete sac on adult female

Philippia.

Secretion cottony, covering adult female only after gestation

Lichtensia.

Secretion cottony, forming a complete sac on adult female before gestation

Eriopeltis.

Subdivision I.—LECANODIASPIDÆ, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female insects exhibiting in all stages the abdominal cleft and lobes. Larvæ free, naked, active. Females after the first metamorphosis constructing over themselves a carapace, shield, or (as called herein) test, of glassy, waxy, or horny secretion. Test apparently homogeneous, really in most cases formed of aggregated segments over the insect, and prolonged beyond the body in a flat single fringe of separate, more or less triangular or quadrate, segments. Fringe not always present or conspicuous in all stages. Males, after first metamorphosis, constructing a test of similar character but varying form.

This subdivision, when first established by Targioni-Tozzetti, included only the four genera Pollinia, Asterolecanium, Planchonia, and Lecanodiaspis, all of which are apodous in the adult stage of the female. In this work the two first of these are included in a new group, Hemi-Coccidinæ; Planchonia belongs to the group Coccidinæ; Lecanodiaspis is left in the present subdivision. For the reasons leading to these changes, and the inclusion in this subdivision of insects retaining the feet in all stages, see N.Z. Transactions, Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207, and Vol. XVI., 1883, pp. 125-128.

Genus: LECANOCHITON, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 222.

Test of adult female horny in texture, formed partly of secretion, partly of the pellicle of the second stage; abdominal cleft and lobes normal.

30. Lecanochiton metrosideri, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 222; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 129.

(Plate VII., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female brown, hard, horny-looking, convex, slightly elongated, open beneath, loosely attached to twigs by the edges; at the top is the pellicle of the second stage, which is flat, and gives the test the appearance of an overturned basket, of which the pellicle is the foot. Length of test about ¹/₁₅in. Remains of the thin white test of the second stage may sometimes be seen on the pellicle.

Test of the male small, white, glassy, elongated, convex.

The young insect, extremely minute, naked and active, is flat, oval, brown, or rather reddish, usually found at the tips of young shoots or on leaves. The antennæ have six joints; on the last joint are several hairs, amongst which is one excessively long, slightly knobbed. Foot normal; the joints hairy; upper digitules fine knobbed hairs, lower pair a little broader.

In the second stage the female is scarcely altered: the antennæ and feet remain as before; but there is a test, white, waxy, very thin, covering the dorsal surface, and extending a little beyond the edge in an irregular fringe. On the edge also are a number of protruding spinneret tubes, glassy, white, cylindrical, either curved or straight: a few of these tubes protrude on the surface of the back.

Adult female dark-brown in colour, filling the test; convex above, flat beneath. Rostrum comparatively large; mentum probably monomerous. Antennæ short, thick, atrophied; seven-jointed, but the joints are much confused; on the last joint some hairs. Feet absent. Four rows of rather large spinnerets radiate from the median region of the dorsum to the edge, and along these, on the lower side of the test, are corresponding narrow lines of white cottony secretion.

This insect is viviparous, the young being sheltered awhile by the mother, whose under-side becomes concave during gestation.

Adult male dark-red; length, about ¹/₄₀in. Antennæ of ten joints, of which the two first are very short; the third much longer and expanded at the end; the fourth more than twice as long as the third; the remainder about equal in length to the third, but thicker and rounder, being almost moniliform. All but the first two joints bear hairs. Foot normal; digitules fine hairs.

Habitat—On Metrosideros robusta (Rata), Milford Sound; Bluff Harbour. On M. tomentosa (Pohutukawa), Auckland.

A peculiar species, easily identifiable by the presence of the second pellicle on the female test.

Genus: CTENOCHITON, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 208.

Test of female waxy, with a single fringe of tooth-like, more or less broad, segments round the edge.

Test of male waxy or glassy, with similar fringe.

The edge of the body, in the second stage of the female, usually presents a wavy appearance, formed by a series of reentering curves. This is perhaps most conspicuous in Ct. perforatus.

The antennæ of the adult female have six or seven joints. It is often very difficult to determine the number, as the third joint exhibits frequently a shallow circular depression or ring which may easily be mistaken for a division.

During gestation the female, which at first fills the test, shrivels up at one end into a shapeless mass requiring maceration in potash to restore the original form for examination. The test thus becomes almost filled with eggs.

The presence of the fringe, which is noticeable in every species of this genus at some time or other, distinguishes it from Ceroplastes and Vinsonia. In Ctenochiton viridis the test is not to be made out in the adult stage but is clearly visible in the second stage of the female, and it is present, with the characteristic fringe, for the male.

31. Ctenochiton depressus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 132.

(Plate VII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female flat, nearly circular, thin, waxy, greyish-coloured; fringe inconspicuous or sometimes absent. No perforations or rows of air-cells. Diameter, about ¹/₇in.

The fringe is more conspicuous in the test of the second stage.

Test of male elongated, narrow, flat beneath, slightly convex above, white, glassy, thin and brittle, with a conspicuous fringe of which the segments are truncato-triangular. The test is divided into tessellations, the median row of which is quadrangular, with two series of pentagonal divisions between it and the fringe. Near the abdominal extremity a transverse narrow slit cuts the test in two, leaving a small segment at the extreme end apparently separate. Length of the test about ¹/₁₄in.

Adult female filling the test, but shrivelling after gestation; colour brownish or grey. Antennæ of six joints, the third being the longest, and, as is commonly the case in the genus, often appearing like two. On the last joint a few long hairs. Foot normal; the upper digitules are fine hairs, the lower pair only a little broader. Anal ring and lobes normal.

In the second stage the usual wavy edge is conspicuous; the test is thin, glassy, with normal fringe. Antennæ and feet normal. The insect is somewhat thick, with yellowish colour.

Young insect normal.

Adult male yellowish-red in colour, about ¹/₂₅in. in length, exclusive of the wings. General form normal. Antennæ long, with ten joints, all long and equal, except the two first, which are very short: all the joints have several hairs. Legs normal, but the tibiæ are very long and slender, and only a little thickened at the tip; tarsi somewhat thick; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike long, and very slightly curved.

Habitat—On Plagianthus, Cyathea, &c.; Hawke's Bay.

This insect resembles, to the naked eye, somewhat nearly Ctenochiton perforatus, but the female differs in the absence of the curious perforations in the test of that species, and in the shorter and thicker antennæ, with also more long hairs on the last joint. The test of the male is also different.

32. Ctenochiton elæocarpi, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 26.

(Plate VII., Fig. 3.)

Test of adult female oval, nearly circular, black in colour, divided into hexagonal and pentagonal segments which are not conspicuous, and of which the median series forms a very slightly elevated ridge somewhat lighter in colour. The test is only slightly convex. The fringe is very long and conspicuous, the segments tooth-like. Diameter of test, exclusive of the fringe, reaches ¹/₆in.

Test of male unknown.

Test of second stage of female white, waxy, not homogeneous, but built up of a number of loosely-aggregated tubuliform plates, somewhat resembling those of the genus Orthezia, Bosc. The fringe of this test is longer than in that of the adult, the teeth curling in different ways. Length of test and fringe, sometimes ¹/₈in.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling at gestation. Colour black. Antennæ somewhat long, of seven joints; a few hairs on the last joint. Foot normal; upper digitules strong and thick, lower pair very broad. On the skin are a number of large oval spots which appear to be the orifices of spinneret tubes.

Female of the second stage wanting the usual wavy edge of the genus. Round the edge of the body is a row of sharp conical spines set closely together. Antennæ of six somewhat confused joints. Feet normal.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Elæocarpus dentatus (hinau), Wellington.

The large size, black colour, and very conspicuous fringe of the adult female test, and the white loose test of the second stage, distinguish this species, especially from Ct. fuscus.

33. Ctenochiton elongatus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 212.

(Plate VII., Fig. 4.)

Test of adult female elongated, narrow, convex. Length sometimes reaching ¹/₃in., width about ¹/₁₀in. Fringe not always conspicuous; the segments quadrate outwardly. Test divided into quadrangular divisions. Colour whitish, but often blackened by fungoid growths.

Test of male unknown.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Edge of the body wavy. Stigmatic spines long and conspicuous. Antennæ seven-jointed. Feet normal; lower digitules absent (?).

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Geniostoma ligustrifolium, Auckland; on Dendrobium sp., Hawke's Bay; on Earina sp., Wellington.

Easily recognized by the great length and narrowness of the female test.

34. Ctenochiton flavus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 130; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 26.

(Plate VII., Fig. 5.)

Female test golden, waxy, flat beneath, convex above; outline circular or slightly elliptical, with a fringe of broadly triangular segments round the edge. Apex of the test an irregular elongated mass of wax, the remainder divided into two concentric series of plates, the inner series pentagonal with sharp angles, the outer pentagonal with rounded angles and with the outer side forming the base of the segments of the fringe. The inner series forms often irregular lumps of wax. Diameter of test sometimes reaching ¹/₉in. The colour is often hidden by black fungoid growths.

Test of male much narrower than that of the female, having an irregularly rectangular edge with deep curvilinear depressions. It is glassy, white and shining, flat beneath and elevated above, and marked with numerous horizontal striæ. The upper central portion is sometimes flat, sometimes an irregular mass of the glassy secretion. On the lower side there is often a plate of secretion, so that the pupa is almost entirely enclosed.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling up after gestation: it is consequently flat beneath, convex above, with general outline of Lecanidinæ. The spiracular spines are very long and conspicuous; from their base a double row of minute circular spinneret orifices runs as far as the spiracle, with two or three outlying ones at the base of the spine; and a single row of the same kind of orifices runs across the body to the spiracle on the other side. Along the edge of the body there is a series of conical sharp spines; and scattered all over are many tubular projecting spinnerets. The abdominal cleft is deep, and the two lobes are conspicuous on the dorsal side; these lobes are not smooth, but irregular, and each bears at the end three or four strong spines. The antennæ have six joints; but the third joint often looks like two on account of the false division or depressed ring: the last joint has several long hairs. Feet normal; the upper digitules fine long hairs, the lower pair very broad. The anal ring bears a number of long hairs, of which eight seem to be conspicuous. The colour of the insect is a golden brown; diameter averaging ¹/₁₂in.

The second stage of the female is normal of the genus, showing the wavy outline, somewhat strongly marked in many specimens, but not conspicuous in others. The spiracular spines are prominent, and a row of conical spines runs round the edge of the body, as in the adult. The test is at first very thin and brittle, and with a fringe of broad, shallow segments; but afterwards becomes thicker, and in the end, before the change to the final stage, it approaches almost the form of the waxy test of an adult Ceroplastes.

The young insect is normal.

The adult male is normal of the genus. The legs are very long and slender; the four digitules are fine hairs. At the extremity of the tibia there is a strong spine. Abdominal spike, or sheath of the penis, slightly curved, with a seta on each side of its basal tubercle. Antennæ of ten joints; the first two very short, the rest longer and equal. On the last joint are several long hairs, of which three are knobbed.

Habitat—On Brachyglottis repanda, Panax arboreum, Leptospermum scoparium (manuka), Elæocarpus dentatus (hinau); Wellington.

The species is distinguishable by the shape and colour of the test and the arrangement of the spinnerets, in the adult female. The tests of the second stage may sometimes be taken for adult Ceroplastes rusci, Linn.; but can be easily distinguished on examination of the enclosed insect.

35. Ctenochiton fuscus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 131.

(Plate VII., Fig. 6.)

Test of the adult female elliptical in outline, flat below, convex above, the elevation being greater than usual; almost black in colour, composed of a thin dark waxy secretion. The fringe is conspicuous, and has the appearance of teeth, the segments being sharply triangular and set closely together. Length of test sometimes nearly ¹/₄in., breadth ¹/₇in., height ¹/₁₀in. Inside of the test whitish.

Test of male glassy, white, elongated, slightly convex.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Antennæ short, probably seven-jointed, but the joints are confused; on the last joint several hairs. Foot having the tibia expanded at the extremity; upper digitules strong and thick, lower pair ending in conspicuously broad plates. On the edge of the body a row of conical spines. Colour almost black.

In the second stage the female is less wavy in outline than in other species of the genus, and in its later period is somewhat thick, with the edges turned inwards. Feet normal; digitules fine. Antennæ short and thick, with six joints, of which the third and fourth are the longest; on the last joint some long hairs. The abdominal lobes are irregularly triangular.

Young insect normal.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Brachyglottis repanda, Panax arboreum; Port Hills, Canterbury (Dry Bush).

Distinguished by its large size, great convexity, and black colour, which is not due to fungoid growths, although these, as usual, accompany it.

36. Ctenochiton hymenantheræ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25.

(Plate VIII., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female waxy, circular, convex, dirty-white, yellow, or brownish, formed of a number of hexagonal or octagonal segments, which are also convex, giving it a rough appearance. Fringe not very conspicuous. Diameter of test, about ¹/₁₂in.

Test of male glassy, dirty-white, oval, segmented, slightly convex, segments of fringe small. Length, about ¹/₁₆in.

Adult female yellowish-brown, filling the test. Antennæ of six joints, of which both the second and third seem sometimes double. Foot normal; upper digitules long fine hairs, lower pair broad. The spiracular spines are strong and conspicuous. The skin is divided into segments corresponding with those of the test, the divisions being marked by lines of spinneret orifices which are small and simple.

In the second stage the usual wavy edge of the genus is not generally apparent.

Adult male somewhat thick and short. Antennæ of nine joints, the first short and thick, the remainder long and nearly equal; each joint after the first has many nodosities, from which spring longish hairs. Foot long and slender, especially the tibia. Digitules fine hairs. Thoracic band inconspicuous. Abdominal spike short and blunt.

This species is usually accompanied by a great quantity of very black fungus covering and rendering unsightly the whole plant on which it lives.

Habitat—On Hymenanthera crassifolia, Evans Bay, Wellington.

This insect seems to be intermediate between C. piperis and C. depressus, differing from both in the rugose female test and the distribution of the spinneret orifices.

37. Ctenochiton perforatus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 280; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 130.

(Plate VIII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female white, waxy, circular, nearly flat, brittle, thin except at the edge. Fringe thin, segments broadly triangular. Diameter nearly ¹/₆in. The test is divided by narrow lines of minute spots, corresponding to the spinneret orifices of the insect, into rows of pentagonal or hexagonal segments. The interior segments are only dotted, but the exterior row exhibits curvilinear series of small perforations or air-cells arranged in slightly radiating rows, which extend also to the corresponding segments of the fringe.

The test of the second stage of the female is very thin and filmy, waxy, flat, slightly elongated; the fringe as in the adult; but there are no perforations or air-cells. Length, about ¹/₁₄in.

Test of male waxy, thin, slightly elongated, rather convex; length, about ¹/₁₅in. Fringe and air-cells as in the female test. At the abdominal end is a joint or hinge separating the last segment.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation; colour greyish or greenish-white. General appearance somewhat leathery. Rows of minute oval spinnerets run round the edge and across the body, corresponding with the divisions of the test. Antennæ of six joints, the third joint being the longest, and seeming double on account of the depressed ring: on the last joint some hairs. Feet normal, with somewhat thick coxæ and femora: upper digitules long; lower pair narrow. Anal ring with eight hairs. A row of scattered small hairs runs round the edge of the body.

Female of second stage very thin and transparent, seeming like a bluish-green film. The wavy edge is conspicuous. Antennæ of six joints.

Adult male yellowish. Antennæ nine-jointed, every joint except the first bearing several hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules not long, lower pair fine hairs. Thoracic band conspicuous and long. Abdominal spike short.

Habitat—On Pittosporum eugenioide, P. tenuifolium, Panax arboreum, Coprosma lucida, Rubus, &c., Riccarton Bush, Christchurch; Nelson; Dunedin; Wellington.

38. Ctenochiton piperis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 218; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25.

(Plate VIII., Fig. 3.)

Test of adult female circular, convex, regularly tessellated in hexagonal segments; fringe not very regular, sometimes almost or quite absent; waxy, somewhat thick; diameter, about ¹/₁₅in. Colour variable; outer parts white, yellow, or greenish-white, central segments purplish.

Test of second stage of female waxy, very thin, flat, with fringe of broadly triangular segments: no air-cells. Length, about ¹/₃₀in.

Test of male elongated, convex, glassy, segmented. Length, about ¹/₂₀in. Slightly coloured like that of the female.

Adult female filling the test. Colour corresponding with that of the test. At gestation the under-side becomes hollow, and the young are sheltered beneath it for awhile. Antennæ seven-jointed; on the last joint several hairs. Feet normal; lower digitules rather broad. Round the dorsal surface, half-way between the centre and the edge, is a row of swellings[O] or tubercles.

Female of second stage elongated, the cephalic portion narrower than the abdomen; flat, thin; edge wavy; stigmatic spines rather stout; a few small spines on the edge. Antennæ six-jointed; feet normal.

Young insect of normal form, but with numerous minute wrinkles on the edge of the body.

Adult male greenish-yellow; antennæ nine-jointed. Foot normal, with somewhat thick tarsus. Penis ending in a round, somewhat large knob.

Habitat—On Piper excelsum (kawakawa); Auckland, Hawke's Bay, Wellington.

The regularly-circular form and coloured segments of the female test, and the tubercles of the dorsum, distinguish this species.

39. Ctenochiton viridis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 211; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 24.

(Plate IX., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female absent or fragmentary; very thin, waxy, white, divided into pentagonal or hexagonal segments, each of which exhibits numerous concentric wavy curves, crossed by straight lines radiating from the centre;[P] the segments are separated by double lines of minute spots, corresponding to the spinneret orifices of the insect. No air-cells. Fringe seldom visible.

Test of female of second stage very thin, white, waxy, flat, divided into segments with concentric curves and radiating lines as in the adult. Fringe of broad segments. No air-cells. Length, about ¹/₁₅in.

Test of male glassy, white, elongated, slightly convex, divided into segments similarly marked to those of the female. Abdominal segments separated from the test by a transverse line, or hinge. Length, about ¹/₆in.

Adult female bright-green in colour, thick, elongated or pyriform, the cephalic portion somewhat acuminate; length sometimes reaching ¹/₂in. It produces a conspicuous depression in the leaf, in which the body is partially buried. Antennæ of six joints (apparently seven, but the third joint shows the false division or depressed ring), often atrophied. Feet normal, coxæ and femora thick. After gestation the insect frequently becomes brown, covered with a mass of white mealy or felted secretion.

Female of the second stage thin, filmy, translucent; flat, elongated, with wavy outline; colour green; length, about ¹/₂₀in. Antennæ of six joints.

Adult male greenish-yellow; length, about ¹/₁₅in. Antennæ of nine joints. Feet normal; digitules absent. A strong spine at the extremity of the tibia.

Habitat—On Panax arboreum, Coprosma lucida, Hedycarya dentata, Atherosperma Novæ-Zælandiæ, Rubus australis; Canterbury, Otago, Wellington, Nelson, Auckland, Hawke's Bay.

This is probably the largest known species of the Lecanidinæ. Its size and bright-green colour in the adult state clearly distinguish it. The female of the second stage resembles nearly that of Ct. perforatus, but is somewhat thicker, and the markings of the segments of the test are different.

Genus: INGLISIA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 213.

Test of female glassy, elevated, striated with radiating rows of air-cells. Fringe not always present in the adult stage.

In the genus Fairmairia, Signoret, there is also an elevated test, but it is waxy, and exhibits no air-cells, and has no fringe in any stage.

40. Inglisia leptospermi, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 220; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 27.

(Plate IX., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female white, glassy or waxy, elongated, convex above, flat and open beneath, formed of several agglutinated segments, each segment more or less convex or conical, median segments usually five in number; at the edge an irregular fringe, but the fringe is often absent. Average length of test, ¹/₁₀in. The marginal segments sometimes assume the form of small cones, as if a number of secondary tests were attached to the principal one. All the segments are marked with striæ radiating from the apex of each: the striæ, which are composed of air-cells, widen from the apex to the base.

Test of the male white, glassy, elongated, convex, not unlike that of the female, but with a longer fringe; it has also its posterior segment divided from the rest by a transverse slit or hinge; average length, about ¹/₁₅in.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation; colour brown; abdominal lobes yellow, conspicuous. The flat under-surface is smooth; the dorsum divided by large corrugations, each segment corresponding to one in the test. Antennæ of seven joints, of which the third is the longest, the fourth, fifth, and sixth the shortest; a few hairs, especially on the last joint. Feet normal; the tibia is somewhat thin, and has one spine or hair at its tip. Digitules normal; upper pair long knobbed hairs, lower pair very broad.

The female in the second stage is also convex above, flat below, but is less thick than the adult, and has not the corrugations. General form elongated-oval; the abdominal lobes are not, as usual, smooth, but approach by irregularity the anal tubercles of the Coccidinæ, and like them bear a few hairs. The anal ring has eight hairs. Antennæ of six joints. Feet normal; digitules as in adult. On the skin are several scattered, circular, very minute spinnerets; the stigmatic spines are long and conspicuous, and along the edge runs a row of conical hairs or spines.

Adult male yellowish-green in colour, the body slender and tapering. From the abdomen spring two very long white cottony setæ, one on each side of the spike, which is straight and short. Antennæ of ten joints; the first two short, the rest long, thin, and hairy. Of these, the seventh, eighth, and ninth are the shortest; on the last joint three long knobbed hairs. Feet slender, hairy; digitules normal. Thoracic band inconspicuous.

Habitat—On Leptospermum scoparium (manuka); Christchurch, Kaiapoi, Wellington, Auckland. It affects the twigs of the plant, and not the leaves.

41. Inglisia ornata, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 27.

(Plate X., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female reddish-brown, the base more or less oval, the rest elevated in a cone and ending in a prominence standing up like a more or less sharp horn; sometimes there are two of these horns. The test is formed of a number of polygonal segments, each slightly elevated, and all are marked with the radiating striæ peculiar to the genus. There is a fringe of sharply triangular segments, also striated. Average length of test, about ¹/₆in., but specimens attain a length of ¹/₄in.; height, about ¹/₁₀in.

Test of second stage generally resembling that of the adult, but smaller and less conical, and more tinged with green; and at the edge a number of short spinneret tubes may be seen protruding.

Test of the male elongated-oval, convex, but wanting the prominent horn of the female, glassy, white tinged with yellowish-brown, composed of segments marked with conspicuous striæ. Length, ¹/₁₂in. Fringe often present, but irregular; often absent.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling after gestation. It exhibits the horn, or two horns, as in the test. Antennæ of seven joints, the third joint showing the false division noted in other species of Lecanodiaspidæ. Feet normal; upper digitules strong and thick, lower pair rather broad. Along the edge of the body is a row of sharp lanceolate spines set closely together, and the spiracular spines are long and conspicuous. A double or triple row of minute circular spinnerets marks the divisions corresponding to the segments of the test. Colour of the insect greenish, turning brown after gestation. The abdominal lobes are brown.

In the second stage the female resembles generally the adult; but the antennæ have six joints, and amongst the marginal spines are some very much larger than the rest.

The young larva is flat and oval, and at the margin shows a fringe of long glassy pointed tubes, springing from the marginal spines.

The adult male is about ¹/₂₀in. in length (exclusive of the wings), brownish or reddish-yellow in colour, the wings hyaline and iridescent, with red nervures. Antennæ of ten joints, on the last of which are, amongst others, three long knobbed hairs. Foot with a spine at the extremity of the tibia; digitules fine hairs. At each side of the abdominal spike springs a strong seta, from which extends a white cottony pencil, as long as the body of the insect. The penis is a long soft cylindrical tube covered with minute recurved spines. Thoracic band short and narrow.

Habitat—On Elæocarpus dentatus (hinau), Leptospermum scoparium (manuka); Wellington.[Q]

This is a handsome species: the colour and the horns of the test are clear distinctions.

42. Inglisia patella, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 213; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 219.

(Plate X., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female conical or limpet-shaped, white, glassy, slightly elongated, striated with rows of air-cells radiating from the apex, and increasing in size to the edge. Length of test, about ¹/₁₄in.; height, about ¹/₄₀in. The edge is usually very wavy.

Test of male similar, but a little smaller and more elongated.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Colour greenish-yellow. Edge wavy, corresponding to the curves of the test. Antennæ very short, six-jointed; on the last three joints some hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules very long, lower pair narrow. On the edge of the body is a row of spines, of which each alternate one is conical, the remainder club-shaped; the edge seems double or ribbon-like, and inside it is a row of spinnerets, beyond which is a narrow line of short regular curves. Abdominal cleft wide and circular above, the extremities almost meeting. Anal ring with eight long hairs.

Female of second stage flattish, elongated, wavy-edged; not exhibiting alternate conical and clavate spines.

Young larva naked, flat, active; round the edge a row of clavate spines, but no conical spines. Length, about ¹/₅₀in.

Adult male greenish-yellow; length, ¹/₂₄in. Antennæ of ten joints, all except the first bearing hairs. Foot normal; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike about half the length of the abdomen, with two long white setæ springing from the basal tubercle.

Habitat—On Coprosma lucida, Riccarton Bush, Christchurch; Drimys colorata, (plentifully) on hill above Lyttelton; Atherosperma, Wellington.

A very pretty little species, clearly distinguished by the form of the test and the alternate spines of the adult female.

Subdivision II.—LECANIDÆ.

Female insects naked in all stages; form variable; apodous in adult stage, or retaining the feet; viviparous or oviparous, with or without attached ovisac; abdominal cleft and lobes always present. Male pupæ in some cases covered with waxy secretion.

Genus: LECANIUM, Illiger.

Females naked, flat or convex; viviparous or oviparous; propagating without ovisac; arboreal.

Dr. Signoret (loc. cit., 1873, p. 396) divides the genus into six series, as follows:—

(1.) Species flat, usually viviparous; example, L. hesperidum.

(2.) Species more or less convex, elongated; example, L. persicæ.

(3.) Species more or less globular, the skin tessellated; example, L. aceris.

(4.) Species more or less globular, the skin perforated with oval markings; example, L. hemisphæricum.

(5.) Species rugose, with dorsal keels; example, L. oleæ.

(6.) Species globular, with cleft beneath for attachment to twigs; example, L. emerici.

The following are the only species reported as yet in New Zealand; but the genus is so widely spread and the species are so numerous that doubtless many others will hereafter occur in this country.

43. Lecanium depressum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Catal. (1868), 37, 8; Stud. sul Coccin., 29.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 206.

(Plate XI., Fig. 1.)

Adult female elongated, somewhat acuminate at the cephalic end, slightly convex; reddish-brown; skin marked with two dorsal keels and numerous irregular tessellations, finely punctate. Antennæ of eight joints; on the first two and the last three joints some hairs. Feet normal, rather long; one of the lower digitules is larger than the other. Length of insect, about ¹/₁₀in.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand—On plants in greenhouses; Christchurch, Wellington. In Europe, on Ficus, in hothouses.

This insect belongs to Signoret's fifth series.

44. Lecanium hemisphæricum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Stud. sul Coccin., 27.

Chermes filicum, Boisduval (1867), 336; Targioni, Catal., 1868, 38, 17.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.

(Plate XI., Fig. 2.)

Adult female hemispherical, with broad flattened edges; reddish-brown; diameter, about ¹/₁₅in. Skin regularly marked with oval perforations; no keels. Antennæ of eight joints. Feet normal, thin. Anal ring with eight hairs.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand—On Camellia, Hutt Valley, Wellington; in Europe, on Dracæna australis; in America, on various greenhouse plants (Comstock). Query—Does the European habitat denote an Australian origin?

This insect belongs to Signoret's fourth series.

45. Lecanium hesperidum, Linnæus.

L. hesperidum, Linnæus, Syst. Nat., 1735, II., 739, 1; Faun. Suec., 1746, 1015.

Coccus hesperidum, various authors.

Calymnatus hesperidum, Costa, Nuov. Osserv., 1835?

Calypticus hesperidum, Costa, Faun. Ins. Nap. Gall-insect., 1837, 8, 1; Lubbock, Proc. Roy. Soc., IX., 480; Beck, Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1861, 47, &c.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 205.

The Holly and Ivy Scale.

(Plate XI., Fig. 3.)

Adult female naked; yellow, brown, or reddish; flat or slightly convex; elongated; skin smooth, sparsely punctate; length averaging ¹/₁₀in., but specimens reach sometimes ¹/₅in. Antennæ of seven joints; a few hairs on most, but the seventh has several. Abdominal cleft and lobes normal. Feet normal. On the edge of a body a row of small hairs, not set closely together. Viviparous; at gestation the under-side becomes concave, forming a shelter for the young; and this cavity is often of a blood-red colour. On the under-side may be seen sometimes four cottony trails starting from the region of the four stigmata.

Young larva reddish-brown; oval, flat; antennæ of six joints. From the abdominal lobes spring two long setæ.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand—Everywhere, on ivy, holly, camellia, orange, laurel, myrtle, box, and many other plants out of doors or in greenhouses. In Europe, chiefly on ivy and oranges, but frequently on other plants. In America on many plants.

This is the commonest of the Lecanidæ in this country; it may be distinguished from L. mori (below) by its flatness and sparse punctuation.

This insect belongs to Signoret's first series.

46. Lecanium hibernaculorum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Catal. (1868), 37, 9.

Chermes hibernaculorum, Boisduval, Ent. Hort., 1867, 337.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207.

Adult female nearly globular; naked; reddish-brown; diameter about ¹/₉in.; at gestation the body becomes simply an inverted bag covering the eggs and young. The insect appears to be partly oviparous, partly viviparous. Antennæ of eight joints. Feet normal. Skin pretty regularly marked with oval perforations.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand—On various greenhouse plants, Christchurch. In Europe on Brexia, Phajus, &c.

The insect belongs to Signoret's fourth series, and may perhaps be only a large variety of L. hemisphæricum.

47. Lecanium maculatum, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 400.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207.

Adult female naked; flat, elongated; dorsal skin marked with a median row of rather large oval spots reaching from the abdominal cleft to the region of the rostrum. Length, about ¹/₁₅in. Colour yellowish-brown. Antennæ of seven joints. Feet normal.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand—On Bavardia, in hothouses, Christchurch. In Europe on ivy.

This insect belongs to Signoret's first series: the dorsal spots distinguish it from L. hesperidum.

48. Lecanium mori, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 407.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.

(Plate XI., Fig. 4.)

Adult female naked; elongated, convex; reddish; length, about ¹/₉in. Skin smooth, without spots, tessellations, or keels. Antennæ of seven joints. Feet normal.

Adult male unknown: pupa covered by a white, elongated, segmented, glassy test.

Habitat in New Zealand—On Alsophila Colensoi and other ferns, Botanical Gardens, Wellington. In Europe on mulberry, &c.

The insect belongs to Signoret's second series.

49. Lecanium oleæ, Bernard.

Chermes oleæ, Bernard, Mem. d'Hist. Nat. Acad., 1872, 108.

L. oleæ, Signoret, loc. cit., 1873, p. 440.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 28.

The "Black Scale."

(Plate XI., Fig. 5.)

Adult female naked; semi-globular; dark-brown, sometimes almost black. Skin marked by one longitudinal and two transverse keels, not very conspicuous. Diameter, about ¹/₁₅in. Antennæ of eight joints. Feet normal. Anal ring with six hairs.

Young insect flat, elongated, reddish-brown. The keels are more conspicuous than in the adult. Skin marked with numerous oval perforations.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand—On camellia, Cassinia leptophylla (tauhine), and other plants, Wellington; Hawke's Bay; on various native trees, Whangarei. In Europe on olive. In America (where it is called the "black scale") on oranges and very many other plants.

This insect belongs to Signoret's fifth series.

A European species, L. cycadis, Boisduval, is said by Dr. Signoret to closely resemble L. oleæ, the only difference apparently being the possession of nine-jointed antennæ. This character is so exceptional in the genus that it perhaps may be but doubtful.

Genus: PULVINARIA, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female insects naked, arboreal, constructing an ovisac. Male pupæ in cottony or waxy sacs.

50. Pulvinaria camellicola, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 32.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207.

(Plate XII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female yellowish- or reddish-brown, naked, slightly convex, elongated; skin smooth, with puncta; length variable, from about ¹/₇in. to ¹/₉in. Antennæ (according to Signoret) with sometimes six, sometimes seven, joints. Abdominal cleft and lobes normal. The insect excretes a narrow, white, cylindrical cottony ovisac, which is conspicuous on the leaf of the plant, and the brown body of the female can be seen at one end of it. The eggs in this ovisac are numerous, perhaps some hundreds.

Larva and second stage of female flat, oval, yellowish-brown.

Male pupa covered with a waxy, elongated test as in the genus Ctenochiton, but there is no fringe and the segments of the test are not conspicuous; the test is oval and convex.

Adult male yellowish-grey, the head rounded, with an anterior protuberance. Two dorsal and two ventral eyes, and two ocelli. Antennæ of ten joints, all hairy. Feet exhibiting only two digitules, the upper pair. Abdominal spike short, with two longish setæ on each side, each pair of which are covered with cotton which is produced into a long white conspicuous cauda.

Habitat—On camellia. In the South, chiefly in greenhouses. In the Hutt Valley, Wellington, camellias in the open air are much subject to it.

The female of this species is not unlike Lecanium hesperidum, but the formation of the white ovisac is a clearly distinguishing character. In late summer the female often drops off to the ground, leaving only the ovisac observable on the leaf.

Subdivision III.—LECANO-COCCIDÆ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.

Female insects covering themselves with a secretion of cottony or felted matter, forming more or less complete sacs. Male insects (where known) covered with similar secretion.

Genus: ERIOCHITON, Maskell.

Secretion white, felted, formed of threads issuing from prominent spiny spinnerets; inconspicuous or absent on adult female, thicker on male pupa. Abdominal cleft and lobes present in all stages of female.[R]

[This genus contains the insect named hitherto Ctenochiton spinosus.]

51. Eriochiton hispidus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIX., 1886, p. 47.

(Plate XIII., Fig. 1.)

Secretion of female white, thin, felted, formed of thin threads excreted from the numerous prominent spiny spinnerets, the threads becoming more or less matted over the dorsal surface. At the edge each thread corresponds to a spine, but has not the feathery form exhibited in the next species, E. spinosus, being more tubular. On the adult female the covering is often not to be detected, or presents only fragmentary portions; it is best observed on the female of the second stage.

Secretion of the male pupa white, felted, thick, covering the insect all over, and exhibiting at the edge a small fringe. At first sight the test, being obscurely segmented, presents somewhat the appearance of a Dactylopid. Length of the felted mass, about ¹/₁₆in.

Larva normal, flat, elliptical, active, exhibiting the usual abdominal cleft and lobes. Dorsal surface covered with spines, excreting a thin white mass of tubes and a tubular fringe.

Female of the second stage more or less elliptical, slightly convex, brown in colour beneath the thin white felted covering, which usually presents a segmented appearance, due to the transverse rows of prominent spinnerets. Body covered thickly on the dorsal surface with spines, which are subcylindrical, the ends rounded, springing from tubercular bases. On the ventral surface many smaller spiny hairs. Abdominal cleft normal, the lobes large. Mentum probably monomerous: the tip bears several hairs. Antennæ of six somewhat hairy joints. Feet with rather large femora; the lower digitules are fine hairs. Anogenital ring bearing numerous hairs.

Adult female elliptical, convex, hollow beneath, brown in colour, usually affecting the twigs and branches of the plant in preference to the leaves. Apparently naked, but on close inspection found to retain at least portions of the thin felted covering. Dorsal surface covered with great numbers of spines similar to those of the second stage; ventral surface with many small spiny hairs. Antennæ of seven joints. The feet have large coxæ and femora; the tibia is only about half as long as the tarsus; the lower digitules are only fine hairs.

Adult male of normal form of Lecanidinæ: colour brown. On the head are six visual organs: two dorsal eyes, two ventral, and two ocelli. Antennæ reddish, ten-jointed; the second joint a good deal thicker than the rest, the second, third, and fourth joints the longest; the last three moniliform; all the joints hairy. On the five last joints are several hairs with knobbed extremities. Feet slender, hairy; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike short and rather broad. On each side of the base of the spike is a tubercle bearing a pair of longish setæ; each pair of setæ becomes enclosed in a long white cottony thread, and the two threads form conspicuous "tails," as is common with most males of the Coccid family.

Habitat—On Olearia Haastii, Botanical Gardens, Wellington. This is an alpine plant cultivated in the Gardens, and the insect probably came with it from the mountains.

This species is distinguished from E. spinosus by the great number of spiny spinnerets on the dorsum of the female and by the tubular character of the fringe.

The curious and exceptional character of a tibia shorter than the tarsus in the adult female, as observed above, is found only in this genus and some Acanthococcidæ.

52. Eriochiton spinosus, Maskell.

Ctenochiton spinosus, Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 212; Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 218; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25.

(Plate XIII., Fig. 2.)

Test of female white, thin, formed of felted threads excreted from spiny spinnerets; inconspicuous at all stages, and often absent on the adult, but distinguishable on the larva and the second stage. The excreting spinnerets are almost all at the edge of the body, and the fringe is formed of feather-like segments, each segment corresponding to a spine.

Test of male white, thick, felted, oval, and convex; length, about ¹/₁₆in. Fringe as in the female.

Adult female dark-brown, sometimes almost black; slightly elongated, convex, affecting almost altogether the twigs and branches in preference to the leaves. Average length, about ¹/₉in. Antennæ of seven joints: on the last joint some hairs. Feet with the tibia about half as long as the tarsus (see note above, under the genus). On the edge of the body is a row of conspicuous spines, subcylindrical or subconical, with tubercular bases; and on the dorsum, in some specimens, may be seen a few others on the median region.

Female of second stage brown, elongated-elliptical, slightly convex. Antennæ six-jointed. Marginal spines as in the adult, but no dorsal spines. Length, about ¹/₂₅in.

Larva red, flattish, elliptical; marginal spines as in adult, conspicuous. Antennæ of five joints. Abdominal lobes large.

Adult male brown, rather more slender than in E. hispidus. Antennæ of ten joints, all hairy; the second joint much thicker than the rest. The last three joints are not so globular as in E. hispidus. On the last five joints are several knobbed hairs. Feet slender, hairy; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike shortish, broad: at each side of the base a tubercle bearing a pair of longish setæ enclosed in a long filament of white cotton. Eyes four; ocelli two. Length of body, exclusive of spike, about ¹/₂₅in.

Habitat—On Atherosperma Novæ-Zælandiæ, Melicope ternata, Elæocarpus dentatus, Wellington; Muhlenbeckia adspersa, Sumner Road, Lyttelton; Port Hills, Christchurch; and Wellington.

Distinguished from E. hispidus by the feather-like segments of the fringe, and by the almost complete absence of dorsal spines on the female. The male is apparently almost identical.

Group III.—HEMICOCCIDINÆ.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.

Larvæ presenting at the extremity of the abdomen two conspicuous protuberances, or "anal tubercles," as in the following group, Coccidinæ; abdominal cleft and lobes absent.

Adult females exhibiting the abdominal cleft and lobes of Lecanidinæ. Insects naked or covered with secretion.

The formation of this group has been necessary to include certain insects, e.g., Kermes, which are evidently intermediate between the Lecanidinæ and the Coccidinæ, exhibiting at various stages the characters of each.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.

Subdivision I.

Adult females naked or covered with horny secretion, without fringe

Kermitidæ.

Adult females globular

Kermes.

Subdivision II.

Adult females covered with a test of glassy or waxy secretion

Cryptokermitidæ.

Test hard, waxy, with single fringe

Pollinia.

Test hard, waxy, with double fringe

Asterolecanium.

None of the insects belonging to this group have as yet been reported as occurring in New Zealand.

As regards the name "Kermes" included in the foregoing list, see N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 17.

Group IV.—COCCIDINÆ.

Adult females variable in form and colour; body segmented, the segments more or less conspicuous; naked, or covered with secretion which is mealy, cottony, felted, or waxy; active or stationary. No abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes; abdomen ending in two more or less conspicuous protruding processes, or "anal tubercles." Mentum, when present, bi- or triarticulate.

Larvæ exhibiting anal tubercles as in adult.

Adult males of general form of the family: abdominal spike usually short. Antennæ usually of ten joints. Eyes often facetted.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.

Subdivision I.

Adult females stationary; naked, or covered with cottony or felted secretion; antennæ of not more than seven joints; anogenital ring with six or eight short hairs; anal tubercles conspicuous. Eyes of male not facetted

Acanthococcidæ.

Adult female enclosed in closely-felted or waxy sac with double glassy fringe; apodous and without antennæ

Planchonia.

Adult females enclosed in a felted sac without fringe; retaining feet and antennæ

Eriococcus.

Adult females naked; retaining feet and antennæ

Rhizococcus.

Genera not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females lying on cushion of cotton; apodous and without antennæ

Nidularia.

Adult females lying on cushion of cotton; retaining feet and antennæ

Gossyparia.

Adult females enclosed in a cottony sac; apodous; with or without antennæ; excreting from the abdomen a very long cottony appendage

Antonina.

The genus Acanthococcus, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 34), is here united to Eriococcus; and the genus Capulinia, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 27), to Antonina.

Subdivision II.

Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion; antennæ of from six to nine joints; anogenital ring conspicuous, with several long hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous. Eyes of male sometimes facetted

Dactylopidæ.

Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; anogenital ring with six hairs; naked, or covered with meal or cotton

Dactylopius.

Adult females having antennæ of nine joints; covered with cottony secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs; upper digitules of foot absent

Pseudococcus.

Genera not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females having antennæ of six joints; covered with mealy secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs

Ripersia.

Adult females having antennæ of nine joints; anogenital ring with eight hairs; upper digitules of foot present

Puto.

Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; covered with plates of waxy secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs. Eyes of male facetted

Orthezia.

The genera Westwoodia and Boisduvalia, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, pp. 337, 338), are here united to Dactylopius.

Subdivision III.

Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females active, covered with mealy secretion; antennæ of seven joints; no hairs on anogenital ring. Eyes of male not facetted

Coccidæ.

Adult females having antennæ of seven joints; no hairs on anogenital ring

Coccus.

Subdivision IV.

Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, waxy, or cottony secretion; antennæ of ten or eleven joints; anterior pair of feet similar to the rest; anogenital ring without hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous. Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli

Monophlebidæ.

Adult females with elongated antennæ of eleven joints; covered with mealy or cottony secretion; with or without ovisac; rostrum present

Icerya.

Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; naked, or covered with cottony or mealy secretion; rostrum absent

Cœlostoma.

Genera not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females having antennæ of eleven joints; naked. Males with several long processes, or tassels, on the abdominal segments

Monophlebus.

Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; naked. Males without tassels

Leachia.

Adult females with conical antennæ of eleven joints; covered with cotton

Ortonia.

Adult females with antennæ of ten joints. Males bearing a long mass of silky hairs on the last abdominal segment

Callipappus.

Adult females with antennæ of ten joints; covered with secretion, partly cottony, partly plates of wax

Walkeriana.

The genera Drosicha, Walker (list of Homop. Suppl., 1858, 306, 1) and Guerinia, Targioni-Tozzetti (Signoret, loc. cit., 1875, p. 356) are here united to Monophlebus.

The genus Llaveia, Signoret (loc. cit., 1875, p. 370), is omitted, its affinities being doubtful.

Subdivision V.

Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females with antennæ of variable number of joints; anterior pair of feet abnormally enlarged, deformed; rostrum, mentum, and buccal apparatus absent. Eyes of male facetted

Porphyrophoridæ.

Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; covered with mealy or cottony secretion

Porphyrophora.

Adult females with antennæ of seven joints; covered with waxy or calcareous secretion

Margarodes.

Subdivision I.—ACANTHOCOCCIDÆ.

Female insects exhibiting in all stages the anal tubercles. Young larvæ free, naked, active. Females of second stage active, covered with thin cottony secretion. Adult females stationary; naked, or either resting on or covered with a thick cottony or felted secretion. Anal tubercles in all stages conspicuous, bearing terminal hairs. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with fine short hairs. Body distinctly segmented.

Male pupæ enclosed in cottony or felted sac. Abdominal spike of adult usually short, with a curved appendage.

Genus: PLANCHONIA, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1868, p. 282.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 223.

Adult females enclosed in a sac, or test, of secretion so closely felted as to appear waxy; round the edge of the sac a double fringe of glassy tubes; apodous; antennæ absent. Anal tubercles present in all stages.

The differences between this genus and Asterolecanium (see above under Lecanidinæ) are not to be made out from external examination of the sac, nor without close investigation. It is possible, indeed, that Asterolecanium should be removed from the Lecanidinæ and united with Planchonia.

53. Planchonia epacridis, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 224.

(Plate XII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female closely felted, smooth, hard, semi-transparent; flat beneath, convex above; elongated-oval, tapering towards the posterior end; completely enclosing the insect except at extreme posterior end, where there is a small orifice; colour partly green, partly yellow. Round the edge a fringe of long white glassy tubes in double row, one row over the other. Average length, exclusive of fringe, about ¹/₁₆in.

Test of male unknown.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Antennæ absent, but represented by circular rings, each bearing four hairs. Feet absent. Anal tubercles small, setiferous. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with six fine short hairs. Mentum uni-articulate; rostral setæ short. Round the edge of the body a row of figure-of-8 spinneret orifices; on the dorsal surface many circular spinnerets and a number of protruding tubes.

Female of second stage elongated, flattish; colour, reddish-brown; length, about ¹/₂₀in. Antennæ absent, represented by rings, as in adult. Feet absent. Anal tubercles as in adult. Spinnerets and fringes as in adult.

Young insect elongated-oval, tapering towards anal extremity, flat; anal tubercles clearly distinguishable, setiferous. Antennæ of five joints; the last joint clavate and bearing hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules fine hairs; lower digitales absent. Colour reddish-brown; on the dorsal surface many scattered figure-of-8 spinnerets, from which spring long, curling, white, glassy tubes. Length of insect, about ¹/₄₀in.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Leucopogon Fraseri, Amberley and Sumner, Canterbury; on Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) (sparingly), Nelson.

A very pretty little species, resembling in outward appearance Asterolecanium quercicola, Signoret, but much smaller, and distinguishable by the presence of the anal tubercles.

Genus: ERIOCOCCUS, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Signoret, loc. cit., 1874, p. 29.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1879, p. 218.

Adult female enclosed in an elongated sac of white or yellow felted cotton; body elongated, segmented; anal tubercles conspicuous; feet and antennæ present; several rows of conical spines on dorsal surface. Antennæ of six joints.

54. Eriococcus araucariæ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 134.

Rhizococcus araucariæ, Comstock; Rept. of Entom., U.S. Agric. Dept., 1881, p. 339.

(Plate XIV., Fig. 1.)

Sac of adult female white, cottony, elongated, often aggregated in masses; length, about ¹/₁₀in.

Sac of male similar, but much smaller.

Adult female elongated-oval, convex, segmented; colour yellowish; anal tubercles brown, conspicuous. Length of insect, about ¹/₁₂in. Antennæ of six joints, with some hairs. Feet normal. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with eight short hairs. On the edge of the body a row of conical spines (spinnerets). After gestation the insect loses its regular oval outline, shrivelling up at one end of the sac.

Young larva and female of second stage similar to adult, but smaller.

Adult male, "a delicate fly-like creature, with two large wings and a pair of long waxen filaments projecting from posterior part of the abdomen; these filaments are very conspicuous, being white, and longer than the body of the insect. Colour of body white, with many irregular markings" (Comstock, loc. cit.).

Habitat in New Zealand—On Araucaria excelsior (Norfolk Island pine), Governor's Bay, Canterbury. In America, on same plant.

This insect is not greatly different from E. buxi, Signoret; but the sac differs, and there are a few distinguishing characters in the form of the antennæ and feet.

55. Eriococcus hoheriæ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 298; Vol. XIX., 1886.

(Plate XIV., Fig. 2.)

Sac of adult female white, cottony, irregularly elliptical, slightly convex, often aggregated in masses; frequently so covered with black fungus as to present the appearance of a minute gall.

Sac of male white, convex, smaller and more elongated than that of the female.

Adult female elongated-oval, convex, red in colour; length, about ¹/₃₀in. Body segmented, tapering rapidly to the posterior extremity; the cephalic segment occupying more than half the length. Anal tubercles conspicuous, apparently two, but on close inspection found to be four, brown in colour; two of them bear longish setæ; all the four are much corrugated and bear many short spiny hairs. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with eight fine hairs. Antennæ of six short joints, tapering. Foot as if atrophied, the joints small and swollen; digitules all fine hairs. On the body are many small conical spines, which are most numerous on the last two abdominal segments.

Larva free, active, red in colour, flattish, elongated, tapering to the abdominal extremity; length, about ¹/₅₀in. Body segmented; anal tubercles two, conspicuous, setiferous, with some short hairs. Antennæ of six joints; feet normal.

Adult male red, about ¹/₂₀in. long; wings rather narrow, hyaline. Antennæ ten-jointed, hairy. Feet normal. Abdominal spike short, thick, and accompanied by a curved appendage; at each side a tubercle bearing longish setæ.

Habitat—In crevices (and sometimes on surface) of bark of Hoheria angustifolia, on hills above the town of Lyttelton. About midsummer individuals may be found which have just completed their sac and have not yet become coated with the black fungus.

The peg-top form and the four anal tubercles of this insect distinguish it from all others of the genus.

56. Eriococcus multispinus, Maskell.

Acanthococcus multispinus, Maskell; N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 217; Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.

(Plate XV., Fig. 1.)

Sac of adult female yellow, felted, elongated-oval. Length, about ¹/₂₀in. Abdominal extremity open.

Sac of male similar to that of the female.

Adult female pinkish in colour, elongated-oval, convex, filling the sac, shrivelling at gestation; segmented, segments not conspicuous. Length, about ¹/₂₅in. Anal tubercles brownish, conspicuous, setiferous. Anogenital ring small, with eight fine hairs, which are often glued together by cottony secretion, forming a pencil between the tubercles. Antennæ of six joints. Feet having the tibia shorter than the tarsus;[S] digitules fine hairs. On the dorsal surface are a great number of conical spines, of which the largest are arranged in six longitudinal rows; from the spines sometimes protrude some cottony tubes with an expansion a little below the tip.

Young larva free, active, elongated-oval, flattish; spines as in adult.

Adult male orange-red in colour; length, about ¹/₂₅in. Antennæ of ten joints. Abdominal spike short, thick, with a curved appendage. Feet normal.

Habitat—On Rubus australis, Riccarton Bush, Canterbury; on Knightia excelsa, Cyathodes acerosa, Wellington.

The very numerous conical spines distinguish this species from that known as Acanthococcus aceris, Signoret, the European species.

There seems to be no sufficient reason why the genus Acanthococcus should have been separated from Eriococcus, and they have been here reunited. The only difference mentioned by Signoret is the colour and texture of the sac, an unimportant character in this case.

57. Eriococcus pallidus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.

(Plate XV., Fig. 2.)

Sac of adult female yellowish-white, elongated-oval, convex, closed at both ends. Length, about ¹/₉in.

Sac of male unknown.

Adult female greenish-grey, turning to brown after gestation; filling the sac; shrivelling at gestation. Anal tubercles rather large and conspicuous. Anogenital ring small, with eight (sometimes six?) fine short hairs. Antennæ of six joints. Feet normal, slender; lower digitules narrow and rather long. Body segmented; segments not very distinct. On the middle of each segment a transverse row of small slender conical spines not set closely together. Very many small scattered oval spinneret orifices.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Myoporum lætum (ngaio), Elæocarpus dentatus (hinau), &c.; throughout the Islands.

Allied to E. buxi, Signoret (European), and E. multispinus, ante: but different from both in colour, in the arrangement of the spines and spinnerets, and in the form of the antennæ.

Genus: RHIZOCOCCUS, Signoret.

Adult females naked, usually stationary; body segmented; anal tubercles conspicuous. Antennæ of six or seven joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with fine hairs.

Male pupa enclosed in a cottony sac.

Mr. Comstock proposes (Ann. Rept. of Entom., U.S. Agric. Dept., 1881, p. 339, note) to include in this genus all the species of Eriococcus. The organic difference disclosed by the formation of a sac in that genus and the absence of a sac in Rhizococcus seems to render the separation of the two necessary.

58. Rhizococcus celmisiæ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 135.

(Plate XVI., Fig. 1.)

Adult female deep red in colour, elongated-oval, convex above and flattened below; length about ¹/₁₁in. The segments of the body are not very distinct. The abdomen ends in two large and conspicuous anal tubercles, each of which bears one strong and fairly long terminal seta and three other spines. The anal ring has eight hairs. Antennæ of six joints, sometimes looking like seven. Mentum doubtfully dimerous. The four digitules of the foot are long fine hairs. The tibia is a little shorter than the tarsus.[T] The trochanter bears one long hair and two short ones. A few large conical spines (spinnerets) are scattered over the body, and a row of smaller ones, like hairs with tubercular bases, runs transversely on each segment; also some circular spinnerets. At the edge of the body, all round, is a row of the large conical spines, which are set in groups of three on the posterior segments, of four or five on the median segments, and almost continuous on the head. When the insect is alive these spines are often agglutinated with cottony secretion so as to give the appearance of a short fringe. The four spiracles are somewhat large and circular.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Celmisia sp., Southern Alps, Canterbury.

Differs from the European R. gnidii in size, colour, and habitat, that species living on the roots of grass, while the New Zealand insect is arboreal. There are also differences in the foot and in the arrangement of the spines and hairs.

It is possible that this insect may, in its latest stage, construct a sac: in that case, it would belong to Eriococcus.

59. Rhizococcus fossor, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 136.

(Plate XVI., Fig. 2.)

Female naked in all stages, but the adult usually buried in a pit.

Male pupa enclosed in a white, elongated, cottony sac, which is about ¹/₂₀in. long.

Adult female greenish-yellow in colour, sometimes brown, stationary; sometimes resting on the leaf, usually partly enclosed in a circular pit; almost circular in outline, flat beneath and slightly convex above; length, about ¹/₁₅in. In the last stage, after gestation, it becomes dark-brown. The cephalic part is smooth; the remainder segmented. The abdomen ends in two very small anal tubercles, which are nevertheless somewhat conspicuous on account of their brown colour. Between them there protrudes a long thick pencil of white cotton. Antennæ short, with six joints, the last joint bearing several long hairs. Feet very small; the femur rather thick; the tibia is shorter than the tarsus by about one-third; the four digitules are long fine hairs. The anal tubercles have not terminal setæ; anal ring inconspicuous. A row of a few conical spines, set far apart, runs round the edge of the body, but none elsewhere, nor any circular spinnerets. There is no sign of a sac in any stage.

Female of the second stage oval, flatter than the adult, and of a rich golden colour; length, about ¹/₄₀in. The segments of the body are somewhat more distinct than in the adult. The anal tubercles are proportionately larger, and bear terminal setæ. Antennæ longer than in the adult, with six joints. Feet also longer. All round the edge runs a row of conical spines, set more closely than in the adult; and from each of these springs a long curly tube of white cotton, making a kind of fringe to the body; each tube is a little dilated at the end, and then tapers to a narrow point. The base of each conical spine is a somewhat large tubercle.

Young larva free, active, elongated, slightly convex, tapering to the anal extremity; colour yellow; length, about ¹/₆₀in. Antennæ as in adult, with six joints. Feet somewhat large. Anal tubercles thick, conspicuous, setiferous, with one short hair. On the edge of the body a row of conical spines set far apart, and on the dorsum four other longitudinal rows.

Adult male red in colour, about ¹/₃₀in. long. Antennæ of nine joints, all bearing hairs; the last joint nearly globular. Feet slender; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike short, thick, with sometimes a curved appendage. A rather strong seta on each side of the base of the spike.

As a rule, the adult female is nearly buried in a circular depression, or pit, formed in the leaf, and with the wall of the pit somewhat curled over it. On the other side of the leaf is a corresponding elevation, of a brown colour. Diameter of pit, about ¹/₁₈in. The abdominal pencil of cotton and the anal tubercles of the female usually protrude at the edge of the pit, probably to attract the male. After gestation, the female disappears within the pit, and the young larvæ are also sheltered in it for a while.

Sometimes two females inhabit the same pit.

The females which are not in pits are generally of a dark-red, or brown, colour.

Habitat—On Santalum Cunninghamii (maire), Te Aute, Hawke's Bay.

A very distinct species, easily distinguishable by the pits on the leaves.

Subdivision II.—DACTYLOPIDÆ.

The "Mealy-bugs."

Female insects active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion. Body segmented. Antennæ of from six to nine joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring large, usually conspicuous, with several long hairs. Anal tubercles small, inconspicuous.

Males of general form of the family. Eyes sometimes facetted, usually granular.

Genus: DACTYLOPIUS, Costa.

Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; anogenital ring with six hairs. Naked, or more usually covered with mealy or cottony secretion.

Male pupa enclosed in cottony sac.

60. Dactylopius alpinus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138.

(Plate XVII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female dark-purple in colour, producing a rich red tint in alcohol; body segmented, convex, slightly elongated, stationary; enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion. Length, about ¹/₇in. Internal substance very oily. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, thick, with broad bases. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules long fine hairs; lower digitules somewhat broader. Antennæ of eight joints. On the dorsum a number of tubular projecting spinnerets, and others circular. On each of the last three abdominal segments a row of large conical spines.

Female of second stage dark-brown, active, elongated, segmented, flatter than the adult; length, about ¹/₂₀in. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, setiferous. A few conical spines on the posterior segments. Antennæ of six joints. A thin mealy secretion on the body.

Young larva dark-brown, naked, active, elongated, segmented; length, about ¹/₄₀in. Antennæ of six joints. Anal tubercles thick, broad, and more conspicuous than in the adult. A few small spines on the dorsum.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Veronica sp., Upper Waimakariri Valley, Southern Alps.

A species easily distinguished by its cottony sac, its rich colour in alcohol, and its conical spines. It would seem to be intermediate between Rhizococcus and Dactylopius.

61. Dactylopius calceolariæ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138.

(Plate XVII., Fig. 2.)

Adult female dull-pink in colour, elongated, distinctly segmented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion; length variable, from ¹/₈in. to ¹/₄in. Very short cottony appendages sometimes along the edge of the body. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, bearing fine hairs, from which spring two long cottony filaments. Anogenital ring large, with six long hairs which are often glued together by white cotton, forming a pencil between the anal tubercles. Interior substance very oily. Antennæ of eight joints, each bearing hairs. Mentum triarticulate, with a few hairs at the tip. Feet normal.

Female of second stage similar, but smaller. Antennæ of six joints. Anal tubercles somewhat more conspicuous than in the adult.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On Calceolaria, Christchurch; Danthonia, Stewart Island; Phormium tenax, Christchurch.

The large size, and the absence of long cottony marginal appendages, distinguish this species from the European D. adonidum.

62. Dactylopius glaucus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 219; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30.

(Plate XVII., Fig. 3.)

Adult female green, sometimes brownish-red, elongated, distinctly segmented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion. Length, averaging ¹/₁₄in. Body oval, tapering somewhat to the posterior extremity. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, each bearing fine hairs and a long cottony filament. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs often forming with cotton a protruding pencil. A few cottony appendages sometimes round the edge of the body, often absent. Antennæ of eight joints, each bearing hairs. Feet normal; lower digitules rather broad.

Sac of male pupa narrow, cylindrical, white, cottony, open at the posterior end. Length, about ¹/₈in.

Adult male about ¹/₂₀in. long; brown, covered when newly hatched with white meal. Body rather thick; abdominal spike short. Antennæ of ten joints, hairy; the last eight joints equal to each other. Feet slender, hairy; upper digitules long, fine; lower digitules short.

Habitat—On Panax, Rubus, Coprosma, Pittosporum, Piper excelsum, &c.; throughout the Islands: also frequently on fruit-trees.

A species more nearly resembling the ordinary "mealy bug," D. adonidum, than any other in New Zealand; but differing in colour, in the absence of long marginal appendages, and in the form of the foot and antennæ.

63. Dactylopius poæ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 220.

(Plate XVIII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female pink, covered with thin white meal; slightly elongated, sometimes globular; flat beneath, convex above; segmented, the segments indistinct. Length reaching about ¹/₁₀in. Antennæ of eight joints, very short. Feet normal, very short; upper digitules short, lower digitules absent (?). Anal tubercles extremely small and inconspicuous; each has three conical spines, but no hairs. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs. On the dorsum are numbers of small circular spinnerets.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat—On the common tussock grass, Poa anceps (australis?), Mount Grey Downs and Port Hills, Canterbury; either just above the ground, or more often an inch or two below the surface.