PREFACE.

The practical portion of the present work has in part already appeared as an article, by one of the authors, in ‘Spons’ Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts.’ Since its publication, however, many and important improvements have been introduced in this, as in other branches of the art of paper-making, which necessitated considerable additions to the original article. It has at the same time been to a great extent re-written, and, as the authors hope, improved.

Our object in writing this book has been to bring before students and others the principles upon which scientific paper-making should be conducted, a concise exposition of which has not, we believe, been hitherto attempted.

Considerable prominence has been given to this aspect of the subject, possibly at the expense of what some may consider more essential details.

A belief in the importance of a thorough scientific training for paper-makers has dictated the style and purpose of the book.

We have not thought it necessary to enter into minute details respecting the construction of machinery, &c.; for these the reader is referred to such works as Hofmann’s Treatise on the Manufacture of Paper.

Much of the scientific portion is here published for the first time. Part of it has already appeared in the form of papers read before various societies.

The chapter relating to the Treatment of Wood formed the subject of an essay, which obtained the prize offered by the Scottish Paper-makers’ Association, in connection with the Edinburgh Forestry Exhibition, 1884.

We would here express our obligations to Messrs. G. and W. Bertram, Messrs. Masson, Scott, and Bertram, Messrs. Rœckner and Co., and others, for their courtesy in furnishing us with the drawings from which the illustrations were prepared; to Dr. C. R. A. Wright, F.R.S., who kindly communicated the substance of the chapter on the Action of Cuprammonium on Cellulose; to Mr. Carl Christensen, for drawings and information regarding the manufacture of mechanical wood-pulp; also to the following friends, among others, who have, in various ways, rendered us important assistance:—Messrs. R. C. Menzies, C. M. King, G. E. Davis, A. Beckwith, and C. Beadle.

Finally, we would tender our thanks to Mr. C. G. Warnford Lock for the care he has bestowed on the editing of the book. The indexing and the Chapter on Statistics are entirely his production.

C. F. CROSS and E. J. BEVAN.

4, NEW COURT, LINCOLN’S-INN, W.C.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE 1

CHAPTER I. CELLULOSE—THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL MEMBERS OF THE CELLULOSE GROUP, WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR NATURAL HISTORY 4

CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FIBRES—MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION 30

CHAPTER III. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANT SUBSTANCES 42

CHAPTER IV. AN ACCOUNT OF THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS 46

CHAPTER V. PROCESSES FOR ISOLATING CELLULOSE FROM PLANT SUBSTANCES 62

CHAPTER VI. SPECIAL TREATMENT OF VARIOUS FIBRES—BOILERS, BOILING PROCESSES, &C. 79

CHAPTER VII. BLEACHING 110

CHAPTER VIII. BEATING 117

CHAPTER IX. LOADING, SIZING, COLOURING, &C. 127

CHAPTER X. PAPER MACHINES, HAND-MADE PAPER 144

CHAPTER XI. CALENDERING, CUTTING, &C. 167

CHAPTER XII. CAUSTIC SODA, RECOVERED SODA, &C. 177

CHAPTER XIII. THE TESTING OF PAPER, MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MICROSCOPICAL 193

CHAPTER XIV. GENERAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR PAPER-MAKERS 205

CHAPTER XV. SITE FOR PAPER-MILL—WATER PURIFICATION 210

CHAPTER XVI. ACTION OF CUPRAMMONIUM ON CELLULOSE—WILLESDEN PAPER 217

CHAPTER XVII. STATISTICS 221

CHAPTER XVIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 229

CHAPTER XIX. ADDENDA 231

INDEX 233

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PAPER-MAKING.