A NEW SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL PHILOSOPHY. PART FIRST.—VOL. II.

Reproduced in Facsimile

BY William Dawson & Sons Ltd. 102 Wigmore Street, London, W.1

and Printed by Henderson & Spalding Sylvan Grove, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.15

This Edition is limited to 1,000 copies

A NEW SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL PHILOSOPHY.

PART FIRST OF VOL. II.

BY JOHN DALTON, F.R.S.

President of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester. Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris, Member of the Royal Academy, Munich, and of the Cæsarean Natural History Society, Moscow; Honorary Member of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh, and of the Philosophical Societies of Bristol, Cambridge, Leeds, Sheffield and Yorkshire.

Manchester:

Printed by the Executors of S. Russell. FOR GEORGE WILSON, ESSEX STREET, STRAND LONDON.

1827.

TO

JOHN SHARPE, Esq. F. R. S.

OF STANMORE, MIDDLESEX, (Late of Manchester,) AS A TESTIMONY OF HIS FRIENDLY REGARD, AND OF HIS LIBERAL ENCOURAGEMENT GIVEN TO THE PROMOTION OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE:

AND TO

PETER EWART, Esq.

Vice-President of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester,

ON THE SCORE OF FRIENDSHIP, BUT MORE ESPECIALLY FOR THE ABLE EXPOSITION AND EXCELLENT ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS, IN HIS ESSAY ON THE MEASURE OF MOVING FORCE,[1]

THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY

THE AUTHOR.

1 Manchester Memoirs, Vol. II. (second series.)

PREFACE.

The work now submitted to the public was begun to be printed in 1817; and the 13th and 14th sections, containing the oxides and sulphurets, were printed off before the end of October of the same year. The printing of the rest of the work to the appendix was finished in September, 1821. One sheet of the appendix was printed at the end of 1823; but no addition was afterwards made till May, 1826; when the printing was resumed, and has been continued to the present time.

It may be asked, what were the motives for such a plan of procedure. To this it may be replied, that soon after the publication of the first volume (in 1810), I began to prepare materials, and to institute experiments, relating to the oxides, &c., with occasional diversions into other departments of chemistry, as circumstances arose. As a great portion of my time was always necessarily engaged in professional duties, and as that part of the work I was about to commence was one running into detail, I thought it would be best to print it as I proceeded, whilst the train of thought and of experiments was fresh in view. The advantage in this case was expected to be partly at least counterbalanced by the loss of discoveries and improvements likely to be made in the interval between the printing and publishing of the several articles. This I was aware of; but as a principal object I had in view was to give the results of my own experience, in the various departments of chemical science, rather than to form the best compilation of Chemistry at the period, this object was most likely to be obtained by the proposed plan. It is true the time the work has been in the press has far exceeded my expectation; notwithstanding this I am not conscious of any very material alterations or additions, which I should wish to make at the present moment.

It affords me great pleasure to acknowledge the assistance I have had during the progress of this volume, from a valuable selection of chemical apparatus, for which I am indebted to the generosity of Mr. Sharpe; also the continued and friendly intercourse with Dr. Henry, whose discussions on scientific subjects are always instructive, and whose stores are always open when the promotion of science is the object.

My present design is to add a second part to this volume, and with that to finish the work. It will consist of the more complex compounds. Acids, and other products of the vegetable kingdom, Salts, &c., will form principal parts. Already I have a stock of experiments on these subjects; but I am not satisfied without exploring this region afresh.

August, 1827.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Part First.

Chap. V.— compounds of two elements.

Page.

Section 13. Metallic Oxides 1

Oxide of Gold 5

——— Platina 11

——— Silver 17

Oxides of Mercury 19

Oxide of Palladium 24

Oxides of Rhodium, Iridium, and Osmium 26

——— Copper 26

——— Iron 28

——— Nickel 34

——— Tin 36

——— Lead 39

Oxide of Zinc 51

Oxides of Potassium 53

——— Sodium 56

Oxide of Bismuth 57

Oxides of Antimony 58

Oxide of Tellurium 62

Oxides of Arsenic 63

——— Cobalt 68

——— Manganese 71

——— Chromium 80

——— Uranium 86

——— Molybdenum 87

——— Tungsten 90

——— Titanium 91

——— Columbium 92

——— Cerium 94

Section 14. Earthy, Alkaline, and Metallic Sulphurets 96

Sulphurets of Lime 99

Sulphuret of Magnesia 111

Sulphurets of Barytes 112

——— Strontites 114

——— Alumine, Silex, Yttria, Glucine and Zircone 114

——— Potash 116

——— Soda 119

Sulphuret of Ammonia 120

Sulphurets of Gold 121

Sulphuret of Platina 123

Sulphurets of Silver 126

——— Mercury 127

Sulphuret of Palladium 131

——— Rhodium 132

——— Iridium 132

——— Osmium 132

Sulphurets of Copper 133

——— Iron 134

——— Nickel 138

——— Tin 139

——— Lead 144

——— Zinc 146

——— Potassium and Sodium 148

——— Bismuth 149

——— Antimony 151

Sulphuret of Tellurium 153

Sulphurets of Arsenic 153

Sulphuret of Cobalt 160

Sulphurets of Manganese 162

Sulphuret of Chromium 163

——— Uranium 164

——— Molybdenum 164

Sulphuret of Tungsten 164

Sulphurets of Titanium, Columbium, and Cerium 165

Section 15. Earthy, Alkaline, and Metallic Phosphurets 166

Phosphuret of Hydrogen 169

Phosphurets of Carbon and Sulphur 184

Phosphuret of Lime 184

——— Barytes 188

——— Strontites 190

——— Gold 191

——— Platina 194

——— Silver 195

——— Mercury 197

——— Palladium 198

——— Copper 199

——— Iron 201

——— Nickel 201

——— Tin 202

——— Lead 203

Phosphurets of Zinc and Potassium 204

——— Sodium and Bismuth 207

——— Antimony and Arsenic 208

Phosphuret of Cobalt 209

——— Manganese 210

Section 16. Carburets 211

——— of Iron ... steel 212-214

Section 17. Metallic Alloys 218

Alloys of Gold, with other metals 222

——— Platina, with other metals 226

——— Silver, with other metals 228

——— Mercury, and other metals: amalgams 230

Triple, Quadruple, &c. amalgams 236

Alloys of Copper, with other metals 238

—— Iron, with other metals 253

Alloys of Nickel and Tin, with do. 254

—— Lead, with do. 258

Triple Alloys, Solders; fusible metal, &c. 263

APPENDIX.

Abstract of De la Roche and Berard’s essay

on the specific heat of gases 268

——— Dulong and Petit’s essays,

On the expansion of air, mercury, glass,

iron, copper, and platina, by heat 272

On the capacities of certain bodies, for heat 274

On the laws of refrigeration 277

On the specific heats of certain bodies 280

Remarks on the above essays 282

New Table of the forces of vapours 298

Table of the expansion of air, and the force

of aqueous and ætherial vapour, adapted

to atmospheric temperatures 299

Applications of the above table 300

Formulæ for determining the proportions of

combustible gases, in mixtures 305

Heat produced by the combustion of gases 309

Absorption of gases by water 309

Fluoric acid—deutoxide of hydrogen 311

Muriatic acid—oxymuriatic acid 313

Nitric acid—compounds of azote and oxygen 315

On ammonia 328

Decomposition of ammonia by nitrous oxide 330

—— —— —— by nitrous gas and oxygen 332

Volume of gases from the decomposition of ammonia 335

Decomposition of ammonia by a red heat 335

Decomposition of ammonia by oxymuriatic acid 335

Sulphuret of Carbon 338

Potassium, Sodium, &c. 340

Alum 341

New table of the relative weights of atoms. 352

Addenda. Steel; mixed gases; expansion of liquids by heat 354

NEW SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL PHILOSOPHY.

CHAP. V.