Chapter X · (continued 2)
Reading edition
Babylonians, the, xv
Badajoz, 421, 423
Badis, 428
Badi‘u ’l-Zaman ai-Hamadhánú, 328, 329, 331
Badr, battle of, 158, 174, 175
Badr, freedman of ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman the Umayyad, 405, 406
-Baghawi, 337
Baghdad, xxviii, xxix, 131, 182, 254, 255-256, 290-293, 303, 307, 313, 314, 315, 326, 338, 340, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362, 365, 369, 376, 380, 382, 385, 387, 392, 399, 412, 415, 418, 431, 441, 444-446, 447, 449, 450, 458, 461, 465, 466
Baghdad, history of its eminent men, by -Khatib, 355
Baha’u ’l-Dawia (Buwayhid), 267, 314
Bahdala (tribe), 87
Bahira, the monk, 148
Bahman (Sasanian), 457
Bahram Gor (Sasanian), 40, 41
-Bahrayn (province), 107, 108, 186
Bahri Mamelukes, the, 447
Baju, 445
-Bakharzi, 348
Bakil (tribe), 12
Bakr (tribe), xix, 55-60, 61, 69, 70, 76, 93, 107, 109, 113, 114, 242
-Bakri (geographer), 357, 428
Balaam, 73
-Baladhuri (historian), 280, 349
-balagh al-akbar, 371
Balak, 73
-Bal‘ami, 265, 352
Balaq (mountain), 17
Balkh, 232, 233, 259, 361, 385
-Balqa, 63
Banat Su‘ad, the opening words of an ode, 119, 127, 327
Banu ’l-Ahrar, 29
Banu Hind, 58
Banu Khaldun, 437
Banu Musa, 359
Banu Nahshal, 243
Baptists, name given to the early Moslems, 149
baqa, mystical term, 390
Baqqa, 36
-Baramika, 259. See Barmecides, the
Barbier de Meynard, 13, 15, 37, 195, 259, 350, 352, 353, 380, 457
Bardesanes, 364
Barmak, 259
Barmakites, the. See Barmecides, the
Barmecides, the, 255, 259-261, 262, 293
Barquq, Sultan (Mameluke), 452
Bashama, 119
Bashshar b. Burd, 245, 277, 290, 373-374, 375
-basit (metre), 75
-Basra, xxiv, 127, 133, 134, 186, 189, 195, 202, 209, 210, 215, 222, 223, 225, 226, 233, 242, 243, 246, 273, 281, 293, 294, 329, 331, 336, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 369, 370, 374, 377, 378
Basset, R., 327
-Basus, 56
-Basus, the War of, 55-60, 61, 76, 107, 114
-Batiniyya (Batinites), 381, 382, 402. See Isma‘ilis, the
-Battani, 361
-bayan, 283
-Bayan al-Mughrib, 407
Bayard, 191
Bayazid of Bistam, 391, 460. See Abu Yazid al-Bistami
Baybars, Sultan (Mameluke), 447, 448
-Baydawi, 145, 179
bayt (verse), 74, 77
Baytu ’l-Hikma, at Baghdad, 359
-Bazbaz, 60
Bedouin view of life, the, 136
Bedouin warfare, character of, 54, 55
Bedouin women, Mutanabbi's descriptions of, 310
Benu Marthadim, 11
Berber insurrection in Africa, 405
Berbers, the, 204, 274, 405-409, 413, 420, 423, 424, 429-432, 442, 443
Berbers, used as mercenaries, 407
Berlin Royal Library, 8, 12
Bevan, Prof. A. A., 46, 80, 129, 151, 166, 168, 199, 205, 239, 244, 253, 356, 373, 374, 375
Beyrout, 238, 469
Bibliographical Dictionary, by Hajji Khalifa, 456
Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, 356
Bidpai, the Fables of, 330, 346
Bilqis, 18
-Bimaristan al-‘Adudi, 266
Biographies of poets, 346, 347, 348
Birnam Wood, 25
-Biruni (Abu Rayhan), 269, 280, 361
Bishr b. Abi Khazim (poet), 86
Bishr al-Hafi, 228
Bishr b. -Mu‘tamir, 369
Bistam, 391
Blick, J. S., 184, 249, 258
Black, the colour of the ‘Abbasids, 220, 262
Black Stone in the Ka‘ba, the, 63, 274, 319, 467
Blunt, Lady Anne, 88, 101
Blunt, Wilfrid, 88, 101
Bobastro, 410
Boer, T. J. de, 433
Bohlen, 308, 312
Bokhara, 203, 265, 275, 360
Book of Examples, the, by Ibn Khaldun, 437
Book of Sibawayhi, the, 343
Book of the Thousand Tales, the. See Hazar Afsan
Book of Viziers, the, 458
Books, the Six Canonical, 337
Boswell, 144, 313, 452
Brethren of Purity, the, 370-372
British Museum, the, 12, 402
Brockelmann, C., 205, 236, 237, 308, 328, 339, 346, 349, 449, 459, 468, 469
Browne, Prof. E. G., 29, 42, 185, 217, 218, 230, 247, 251, 258, 265, 272, 275, 290, 329, 346, 362, 375, 381, 383, 394, 399, 445
Bruuml;nnow, R. E., 32, 35, 49, 51, 209, 210
Brutus, 252
Bu‘ath, battle of, 170
Buddha, 297, 298
Buddhism, 373, 375, 390, 391. See Nirvana
-Buhturi (poet), 130, 316, 324
Bujayr b. ‘Amr, 58
Bukhara. See Bokhara
-Bukhari, 144, 146, 151, 337
Bulaq, 469
Bunyan, 212
Burckhardt, 95, 465, 466, 467
Burd, 373
-Burda, 326, 327
-burda (the Prophet's mantle), 327, 366
Burji Mamelukes, the, 447
Burns, Robert, 450
burnus, the, a mark of asceticism, 210
Burton, Sir Richard, 459
Busir, 326
-Busiri (poet), 326, 327
Buthayna, 238
Butrites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 297
Buwayhid dynasty, the, 264, 266-268, 271, 275, 303, 338
Byzantine Empire, the, 3, 29, 46, 171, 255, 261, 269, 359
C
Cadiz, 405
Cæsar, 252
Cætani, Prince, 149, 155, 156, 171
Cairo, 275, 350, 394, 395, 437, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 458, 461, 464, 469
Caliph, the, must belong to Quraysh, 207
Caliph, name of the, mentioned in the Friday sermon, 263, 264; stamped on the coinage, 264; title of, assumed by the Fatimids, 271; by the Umayyads of Spain, 412
Caliphs, the, -Mas‘udi's account of, 354
Caliphs, the ‘Abbasid. See ‘Abbasids, the Caliphs, the Orthodox, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193
Caliphs, the Umayyad. See Umayyad dynasty, the
Calpe, 204
Campbell, D., 360
Canaanites, the, 3
Canonical Books, the Six, 337
Capuchins, the, 228
Carmathians, the, 272, 274, 322, 324, 371, 375, 381, 467. See Fatimid dynasty; Isma‘ilis
Carmona, 437
Casanova, P., 371
Caspian Sea, the, xxviii, 21, 264, 266, 350, 352, 391
Castile, 422, 437
Castles of -Yemen, the, 24
Catharine of Siena, 233
Cathay, xxv
Caussin de Perceval, 32
Cave-dwellers of Khurasan, the, 232
Celibacy condemned by Muhammad, 224
Cemetery of the Sufis, the, at Damascus, 463
Ceuta, 405, 412, 423, 434
Ceylon, 352
Chagar Beg, 275
Charles the Hammer, 204
Charter, the, drawn up by Muhammad for the people of Medina, 173
Chaucer, 289
Chauvin, Victor, 214
Chenery, T., 244, 328, 332, 333, 336
Chihrazad, 457
China, 203, 352, 419, 444
Chingiz Khan, 444
Christian poets who wrote in Arabic, 138, 139
Christianity in Arabia, 117, 137-140; in Ghassán, 51, 54, 123; at -Hira, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 123, 124, 138; in Najran, 26, 27, 124, 137; in Moslem Spain, 407, 411, 412, 413, 414-415, 431, 435, 441
Christianity, influence of, on Muhammadan culture, xxii, 176, 177, 216, 221, 231, 389, 390
Christians, Monophysite, 51
Christians, supposed by Moslems to wear a girdle, 461
Christians at the Umayyad court, 221, 240, 241
Chronology of Ancient Nations, the, by -Biruni, 361
Church and State, regarded as one by Moslems, 170, 182, 197
Chwolsohn, 363
Classicism, revolt against, 287-289
Cleopatra, 34
Coinage, Arabic, introduced by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201
Commercial terms derived from Arabic, 281
Companions of the Prophet, biographies of the, 144, 356, 456
Confession of faith, the Muhammadan, 403
Conquests, the early Muhammadan, work on the, 349
Constantinople, xxix, 29, 45, 52, 84, 104, 318, 362, 412
Cordova, 131, 341, 347, 406-411, 412, 413-415, 418, 420-426, 428, 434, 435
Cordova, the University of, 420
Courage, Arabian, the nature of, 82
Criticism of Ancient and Modern Poets, 283-289
Cromwell, 189
Crusade, the Third, 275
Crusaders, the, 331, 447
Cruttenden, 8
Ctesiphon, 47, 48, 210. See -Mada’in
Cureton, 211, 216, 341
D
Dabba (tribe), xix -Dahab al-‘Ijli, 44
Dahis (name of a horse), 61
Dahis and -Ghabrá, the War of, 61, 62, 114, 116
-dahriyyun, 381
da‘i (missionary), 249, 272
-Daja‘ima, 50
-Dajjal (the Antichrist), 216
dakhil, 95
Damascus, xxi, xxviii, 13, 46, 51, 53, 54, 111, 181, 104, 195, 202, 203, 207, 235, 240, 241, 242, 244, 247, 252, 255, 274, 304, 313, 335, 340, 374, 386, 399, 408, 451, 462, 463
-Damigh, 375
Daniel, 162
Dante, 360, 404
dapir (Secretary), 257
Daqiqi, Persian poet, 265
Daraya, 386
Darius, 256
Darmesteter, J., 217
Daru ’l-Rum (Constantinople), 362
Daughters, the birth of, regarded as a misfortune, 91, 156
Daughters of Allah, the, 135, 156
Davidson, A. B., 82
dawidar (dawadar), 445
Daws Dhu Tha‘laban, 27
-Daylam, 266
Dead Sea, the, 249
Decline of the Caliphate, 257, 263
Derenbourg, H., 54, 122, 123, 194, 260, 331, 445, 454
Dervish orders, the, 393
Desecration of the tombs of the Umayyad Caliphs, 205
-Dhahabi (Shamsu ’l-Din), historian, 339, 446, 454
Dhamar‘ali Dhirrih, 10
Dhu ’l-Khalasa, name of an idol, 105
Dhu ’l-Khursayn (name of a sword), 96
Dhu ’l-Majaz, 114
Dhu Nafar, 66, 67
Dhu ’l-Nun al-Misri, 386-388, 389, 460
Dhu ’l-Nusur (surname), 2
Dhu Nuwas, 12, 26-27, 137, 162
Dhu Qar, battle of, 69, 70
Dhu l-Qarnayn, 17, 18
Dhu ’l-Quruh (title), 104
Dhu Ru‘ayn, 25, 26
Dhu ’l-Rumma (poet), 246
Dhu ’l-‘Umrayn, nickname of Ibnu ’l-Khatib, 436
Dhu ’l-Wizaratayn (title), 425
Dhubyan (tribe), xix, 61, 62, 116, 117, 121
Diacritical points in Arabic script, 201
Di‘bil (poet), 261, 375
Dictionaries, Arabic, 343, 403, 456
Didactic poem by Abu ’l-‘Atahiya, 300
Diercks, 360
Dieterici, F., 270, 305, 307, 308, 310, 312, 313, 371
dihqan, 291
Diminutives, 396, 449
din (religion), 178, 287
Dinarzad, 457
Dinarzade, 457
-Dinawar, 346
-Dinawari (historian), 251, 349
Dinazad, 457
Diodorus Siculus, 3
Dionysius the Areopagite, 387, 389
-Dira‘iyya, 466
Dirge, the Arabian, 126
dithar, 152
Divan-i Shams-i Tabriz, 298
Divine Right, the Shi‘ite theory of, 214, 271
diwan (collection of poems), 127, 128
Diwan (Register) of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188
Diwans of the Six Poets, the, 128
diya (blood-wit), 93
-Diyárbakri (historian), 445
Dog, the, regarded by Moslems as unclean, 445
Doughty, E. M., 3
Dozy, 214, 399, 407, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 420, 422, 424, 428, 429, 431, 465, 467
Drama, the, not cultivated by the Semites, 328
Drinking parties described in Pre-islamic poetry, 124, 125, 167
Droit du seigneur, le, 4
dubayt (a species of verse), 450
Dubeux, 352
Duka, T., 390
Dumas, 272
Dumyatu ’l-Qasr, 348
Duns Scotus, 367
Durayd b. -Simma, 83
Durayd b. Zayd b. Nahd, 75
Durratu ’l-Ghawwas, 336
Duwalu ’l-Islam, 446
Dvorak, R., 304
Dyke of Ma’rib, the, 2, 5, 14-17, 50, 63
Dynasties of the ‘Abbasid period, 264-276
E
Eber, xviii
Ecbatana, 129, 328. See Hamadhan
Ecstasy, 387, 393, 394
Edessa, 331, 358
Egypt, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 4, 5, 132, 184, 186, 193, 215, 268, 274, 275, 307, 323, 326, 327, 350, 354, 355, 358, 387-390, 399, 419, 432, 434, 442, 443, 447, 448, 450, 451, 454, 460, 461, 464, 466, 468
Egypt, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184
Egypt, History of, by Ibn Taghribirdi, 454
Eichhorn, xv
Elegiac poetry, 126, 127
Elephant, the Sura of the, 68
Elephant, the year of the, 28, 66, 146
Eloquence, Arabian, 346, 347
Emanation, Plotinus's theory of, 393
Emessa, 304
Emigrants, the. See -Muhajirun
Encomium of the Umayyad dynasty, by -Akhtal, 242
Epic poetry not cultivated by the Arabs, 325
Equality of Arabs and non-Arabs maintained by the Shu‘ubites, 279, 280
Equites Thamudeni, 3
Erotic prelude, the. See nasib
Erpenius, 355
Essenes, the, 224
Euphrates, the, xv, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 53, 110, 113, 186, 189, 192, 196, 256, 418, 443, 449
Euting, Julius, 9
F
Fables of beasts, considered useful and instructive, 330
-Fadl, the Barmecide, 260
-Fadl b. al-Rabi‘, 293
-Fahl (surname), 125
Fahm (tribe), 81
Fairs, the old Arabian, 135
-Fakhri, 187, 188, 194, 203, 260, 331, 445, 454
Fakhru ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267
Fakhru ’l-Mulk, 340
Falcon of Quraysh, the, 407, 417
-falsafa (Philosophy), 283
fana (dying to self), 233, 390, 391
fanak, 53
faqih, 464
faqir (fakir), 230, 464
faqr (poverty), 230
Farab, 360
-Farábi (Abu Nasr), 270, 360, 393
-Farazdaq (poet), 196, 238, 239, 240, 242-244, 245, 246
-Farghani, 361
Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 386
-Farqadan (name of two stars), 35
-Farra, 343
Farrukh-mahan, 45
Fars (province), 266
Fathers, the Christian, 341
-Fatiha, 143
Fatima, daughter of -Khurshub, 88
Fatima, daughter of the Prophet, 183, 218, 250, 251, 258, 267, 274
Fatima (mother of Qusayy), 64
Fatima, a woman loved by Imru’u ’l-Qays, 106
Fatimid dynasty, the, 217, 265, 268, 269, 271-275, 322, 371, 412
-Fatra, 152
Fawatu ’l-Wafayat, 449, 452
Fayiasufu ’l-‘Arab (title), 360. See -Kindi
Faymiyun (Phemion), 26
Ferdinand I of Castile, 422
Ferdinand III of Castile, 434
Ferdinand V of Castile, 441
Fez, 436
Fihr (tribe), xix
-Fihrist, 13, 142, 345, 359, 361-364, 387, 457
-Find, 58, 60, 84
-fiqh (Jurisprudence), 283; denoting law and theology, 339, 420, 465
Firdawsi, Persian poet, 265, 269
Firuz (Firuzan), father of Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385
Firuz, a Persian slave, 189
-Fúrúzábádí (Majdu ’l-Din), 403, 456
Fleischer, 400, 404
Flint, Robert, 441
Fluegel, G., 142, 297, 362, 364, 459
Folk-songs, Arabic, 238, 416-417, 449-450
Fons Vitæ, 428
Foreigners, Sciences of the, 282, 283
Forgery of Apostolic Traditions, 145, 146, 279
Forgery of Pre-islamic poems, 133, 134
France, 9, 412, 469
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 434, 441
Free schools, founded by Hakam II, 419
Free-thought in Islam, 283, 284, 298, 345, 460. See Mu‘tazilites and Zindiqs
Free-will, the doctrine of, 223, 224
Freytag, G. W., 16, 31, 48, 50, 55, 73, 89, 91, 109, 129, 292, 373
Friedlaender, I., 428
Frothingham, 389
-Fudayl b. ‘Iyad, 232, 233, 385
-fuhul, 138
Fukayha, 89
-funún al-sab‘a (the seven kinds of poetry), 450
Fuqaym (tribe), 28
-Fusul wa-’l-Ghayat, 318
Fususu ’l-Hikam, 400, 401, 402
-Futuhat al-Makkiyya, 400, 464
Future life, Pre-islamic notions of the, 166
G
Gabriel, 63, 141, 150, 267
Galen, 358
Galland, 458
Gallienus, 33
Gaulonitis, the, 53
Gaza, 5
Geber, 361
Geiger, 162
Genealogy, Muhammadan, xx
Genealogy, treatise on, by Ibn Durayd, 343
Genesis, Book of, xv
Geographers, the Moslem, 356, 357
George -Makin, 355
Georgians, the, 445
Germany, 8, 412
Gesenius, 8
-Ghabrá (name of a mare), 61
-Gharid, 236
-Ghariyyan, 43
Ghassán, xxii, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 121, 122, 138, 139, 158, 332
Ghassanid court, the, described by Hassan b. Thabit, 53
Ghassanids, the, 33, 49-54, 122
Ghatafan (tribe), xix, 61
-Ghawl, 119
ghayba (occultation), 216
Ghayman (castle), 24
Ghayz b. Murra, 117
Ghazala, 339
-Ghazali, 230, 234, 277, 338-341, 380-383, 393, 431, 463
Ghazan, 446
Ghaziyya (tribe), 83
Ghazna, 268-269, 355
Ghaznevid dynasty, the, 265, 268-269, 271, 275
ghiyar, 461
Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud (Seljuq), 326, 329
-Ghulat (the extreme Shi‘ites), 216
Ghumdán (castle), 24
Gibb, E. J. W., 443, 460
Gibb, H. A. R., 470
Gibbon, 439
Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), 204, 414
Glaser, E., 9, 15
Gnosis, the Sufi doctrine of, 386, 387
Gnosticism, 389, 390
Gobineau, Comte de, 320
Goeje, M. J. de, 179, 180, 253, 256, 257, 287, 322, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356, 366, 371, 409
Goethe, 97
Gog and Magog, 18
Golden Meadows, the. See Muruju ’l-Dhahab and -Mas‘udi
Goldziher, Ignaz, xx, xxii, 10, 18, 30, 73, 90, 119, 145, 177, 178, 199, 200, 221, 225, 246, 278, 279, 280, 285, 287, 289, 297, 298, 315, 344, 345, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 379, 390, 409, 431, 433, 466
Gospel, the, 165, 171
Grammar, Arabic, the origin of, 202, 278, 282, 341-343, 363
Grammars, Arabic, 343, 456
Granada, 421, 424, 428, 431, 434, 435-437, 441, 442, 447
Gray, T., 77
Greece, 131, 296, 361, 434
Greece, the influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 220, 221, 229, 266, 358-361, 363, 369, 370, 386, 388
Greek Philosophers, the, 341, 363
Green, the colour of the ‘Alids, 262
Grimme, H., xv, 10
Gruuml;nert, M., 346
Guadalquivir, the, 422
Guest, A. R., 453
Guillaume, A., 360
Guirgass, 251
Guyon, Madame, 233
H
Haarbruuml;cker, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297
Habib b. Aws. See Abu Tammam
hadarat, mystical term, 402
-Hadi, the Caliph, 260, 373
Hadiqatu ’l-Afrah, 449
-hadith (Traditions of the Prophet), 132, 134, 143-146, 201, 247, 258, 348. See Traditions of the Prophet
Hadramawt (province), 1, 5, 42
Hadrian, 137
Hafsa, 142
Hafsid dynasty, the, 442
Hagar. See Hajar, wife of Abraham
Hajar (in -Bahrayn), 94, 96
Hajar, wife of Abraham, xviii, 63
-Hajjaj b. Yusuf, 200, 201-203, 209, 213, 244
Hajji Khalifa, 456
-Hakam I (Spanish Umayyad), 409
-Hakam II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 419
hakim (philosopher), 387
hal, mystical term, 387
Halbatu ’l-Kumayt, 417
Halévy, Joseph, 9
Halila, 56
Halima, daughter of -Harith al-A‘raj, 50
Halima, the battle of, 43, 50, 51, 125
Halima, the Prophet's nurse, 147
-Hallaj. See -Husayn b. Mansur
Halle, 8
Ham, xv
hama (owl or wraith), 94, 166
Hamadhan (Ecbatana), 129, 292, 328, 333
-Hamadhánú, 328. See Badi‘u ’l-Zaman
Hamal b. Badr, 61, 88
-Hamasa, of Abu Tammam, 55, 57-61, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92, 93, 98, 100, 126, 129-130, 136, 137, 199, 213, 324, 331
-Hamasa, of -Buhturi, 130, 324
hamasa (fortitude), 79, 326
Hamat, 454
-Hamaysa‘ b. Himyar, 12
Hamdan, 19
Hamdan Qarmat, 274
-Hamdani (geographer), 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 24
Hamdanid dynasty, the, 268, 269-271, 291, 303
Hamilton, Terrick, 459
Hammad al-Rawiya, 103, 113, 128, 132-134, 344
Hammer, J. von, 308, 316, 396, 459
Hamza of Isfahan (historian), 14, 280
Hanbalites, the, 376, 462
handasa (geometry), 283
Hani’, a chieftain of Bakr, 69
Hanifa (tribe), 183
Hanifs, the, 69, 149, 150, 170, 318
Hanzala of Tayyi’, 44
haqiqat, mystical term, 392
haqiqatu ’l-haqa’iq, mystical term, 403
-haqiqatu ’l-Muhammadiyya, mystical term, 403
-haqq, mystical term, 392
Haram (tribe), 331
Harim b. Sinan, 61, 116, 117, 288
-Hariri, author of the Maqamat, 329-336
-Harith al-Akbar. See -Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq
-Harith b. ‘Amr (Kindite), 42, 44, 103, 104
-Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq (Ghassanid), 50
-Harith al-A‘raj (Ghassanid), 43, 50, 54, 125. See -Harith b. Jabala
-Harith b. ‘Awf, 61, 116, 117
-Harith b. Hammam, 330, 331, 333
-Harith b. Hilliza (poet), 44, 100, 109, 113-114, 128
-Harith b. Jabala (Ghassanid), 43, 50, 51, 52. See -Harith al-A‘raj
-Harith al-Ra’ish, 17
-Harith b. Surayj, 222
-Harith b. ‘Ubad, 58, 50
-Harith the Younger (Ghassanid), 50
-Harith b. Zalim, 85
-harj, 249
Harran, 221, 358, 361, 462
Harran, the bilingual inscription of, xxii Hartmann, M., 450, 468
Harun al-Rashid, the Caliph, xxix, 255, 258, 259, 260-261, 262, 277, 283, 292, 293, 296, 298, 343, 345, 347, 366, 367, 368, 373, 385, 388, 458, 459
Harura, 208
Harwat, 11
hasab, 100
Hasan (Buwayhid), 266
-Hasan of -Basra, 208, 222, 223, 225-227, 230, 243, 244, 294
-Hasan b. Ahmad al-Hamdani, 11. See -Hamdani
-Hasan b. ‘Ali, the Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276. See Nizamu ’l-Mulk
-Hasan b. ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 216, 297
-Hasan al-Burini, 396
-Hasan b. -Sabbah, 445
Hashid (tribe), 12
Hashim, 65, 146, 250
-Hashimiyya (Shi‘ite sect), 220, 251
Hassan b. Thabit (poet), 18, 52, 53, 54, 127
Hassan (son of As‘ad Kamil), the Tubba‘, 19, 23, 25
Hatim of Tayyi’, 85-87, 288
Hawazin (tribe), xix Hayy b. Yaqzan, 433
Hayyum, 19
Hazar Afsan (Hazar Afsana), 363, 457-458
-Haziri (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 348
Hazzu ’l-Quhuf, 450
Hebrew language, the, xvi
Hebrews, the, xv
Hellespont, the, xxix
Helpers, the. See -Ansar
Hengstenberg, 102
Heraclius, 52
Heresies of the Caliph -Ma’mun, 262
Herodotus, 353
Hierotheus, 389
hija (satire), 73, 294
-Hijaz, xvii, 3, 21, 62, 63, 64, 69, 137, 149, 150, 215, 340, 395, 398, 399, 465, 466
-Hijr, the inscriptions of, xxi, 3
-Hijra (Hegira), xxv, 158, 171
-Hilla, 449
Hilyatu ’l-Awliya, 338
himaq (a species of verse), 450
Hims, 304
Himyar (person), 14
Himyar (people), xxv, 1, 6, 10, 17, 24, 25, 26, 429
Himyarite kings, the, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17-27. See Tubba‘s, the
Himyarite language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi, 6-11
Himyarite Ode, the, 12, 13
Himyarites, the, xviii, xx, xxi, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 23, 26
Hind, mother of Bakr and Taghlib, 58
Hind (a Bedouin woman), 46
Hind, daughter of -Nu‘man III, 46, 47
Hind, wife of -Mundhir III, 44, 45, 110
Hinwam (hill), 20
-Hira, xxii, xxiii, 29, 33, 34, 37-49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 69, 70, 85, 87, 103, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 121, 122, 124, 138, 139, 189, 244, 439
Hira, Mount, 150
Hirran, 11
Hirschfeld, H., 151
Hisham (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 206, 224, 243
Hisham I (Spanish Umayyad), 347, 409
Hisham II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 421
Hisham b. Muhammad al-Kalbi, 38, 39, 40, 348
Hisn Ghurab, 8
Historians, Arab, 11-14, 144, 247, 348-356, 420, 428, 435-440, 452-454
Historical studies encouraged by the Umayyads, 247
History, the true purpose of, 437; subject to universal laws, 438; evolution of, 439, 440
History of the Berbers, by Ibn Khaldun, 429, 435
History of the Caliphs, by -Suyuti, 455
History of Islamic Civilisation, by Jurji Zaydan, 435
History of Old and New Cairo, by -Suyuti, 455
Holy Ghost, the, 150
Holy War, the, enjoined by the Koran, 174
Homer, the Iliad of, translated into Arabic verse, 469
Homeritæ, the, 5
Hommel, F., xv, 1
Honour, Pre-islamic conception of, 82-100
Horace, 326
Hospitality, the Bedouin ideal of, 85
House of the Prophet, the, 250. See ‘Ali b. Abi Talib; ‘Alids; Shi‘ites.
Houtsma, Th., 193, 242, 329, 349
Huart, C., 468
Hubal (name of an idol), 64 Hubba, 64
Hud (prophet), 2
Hudhalites (Hudhaylites), 22, 128. See Hudhayl
Hudhayla b. Badr, 61
Hudhayta b. al-Yaman, 142
Hudhayl (tribe), xix, 64, 98, 99, 100
Hughes, G., 80
Hujr (Kindite), 42
Hujr, father of Imru’u ’l-Qays, 104
Hulagu, xxix, 182, 444-446
Hulayl b. Hubshiyya, 64
-Hullat al-Siyara, 418
Hulton, 8
hulul (incarnation), 396, 402
Hulwan, 292
Humani, 457
-Humayma, 249
Hunayn b. Ishaq, 359
hur (houris), 167
Hurmuz (Sasanian), 47
Hurufis, the, 460
-Husayn, son of ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 196, 197, 198, 216, 218, 243, 466
-Husayn b. Damdam, 117
-Husayn b. Mansur -Hallaj, 363, 375, 399
Husnu ’l-Muhadara, 455
-Hutay’a (poet), 127, 131, 261
Huzwa, 398
Hypocrites, the. See -Munafiqun
I
Iamblichus, 389
‘Ibad, the, of -Hira, 38, 39, 138
Ibadites (a Kharijite sect), the, 211
-‘Ibar, by -Dhahabi, 339
Ibnu ’l-Abbar, 418, 424
Ibn ‘Abdi Rabbihi, 102, 347, 420
Ibn Abi Du’ad, 376
Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355
Ibn Abi Ya‘qub al-Nadim, 362
Ibn Abi Zar‘, 429
Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 435
Ibn ‘A’isha, 236
Ibnu ’l-‘Alqami, 445
Ibnu ’l-‘Amid, 267
Ibn ‘Ammar (poet), 422, 424
Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi. See Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi
Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, the Cadi, of Seville, 399
Ibnu ’l-A‘rabi (philologist), 128
Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454
Ibnu ’l-Athir, 203, 205, 253, 355-356, 376, 379, 420, 429
Ibn Bajja, 361, 434
Ibn Bashkuwal, 426, 434
Ibn Bassam, 422, 434
Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434
Ibn Durayd, 253, 280, 343
Ibnu ’l-Farid. See ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid
Ibn Hajar, 456
Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya. See Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya
Ibn Hani (poet), 419, 420
Ibn Hawqal, 356
Ibn Hayyan, 428
Ibn Hazm, 222, 341, 402, 423-428
Ibn Hisham, 17, 22, 23, 63, 64, 69, 144, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 166, 170, 173, 175, 349
Ibn Humam, 105
Ibnu ’l-‘Idhari, 407, 428, 429
Ibn Ishaq, 69, 144, 146, 149, 156, 247, 349
Ibn Jahwar, 424
Ibnu ’l-Jawzi, 355
Ibn Jubayr, 357, 434
Ibn Kabsha, nickname of Muhammad, 166
Ibn Khalawayh, 271
Ibn Khaldun, 32, 228, 229, 277, 278, 288, 289, 350, 353, 429, 435, 437-440, 443, 452
Ibn Khallikan, 129, 132, 190, 213, 224, 234, 245, 261, 266, 267, 276, 288, 295, 308, 312, 326, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355, 357, 359, 360, 377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, 451-452
Ibn Khaqan, 425, 434
Ibnu ’l-Khatib, the Vizier, 413, 435, 436, 437
Ibn Khidham, 105
Ibn Khurdadbih, 356
Ibn Maja, 337
Ibn Malik of Jaen, 456
Ibn Mukarram (Jamalu ’l-Din), 456
Ibn Muljam, 193
Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 330, 346, 348, 358
Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz (poet), 325
Ibn Nubata (man of letters), 61
Ibn Nubata, the preacher, 271, 328
Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355, 370, 387
Ibn Qutayba, xviii, 35, 49, 50, 51, 75, 77, 105, 117, 145, 202, 223, 257, 277, 280, 286, 287, 288, 289, 293, 294, 345, 346
Ibnu ’l-Qutiyya, 420
Ibn Quzman, 417
Ibn Rashiq, 71, 288
Ibnu ’l-Rawandi, 375
Ibn Rushd, 341, 361, 432, 434
Ibn Sab‘in, 434
Ibn Sa‘d, 144, 256, 349
Ibnu ’l-Sammak, 261
Ibnu ’l-Sikkit, 343
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 265, 266, 341, 360, 361, 393
Ibn Sirin, 244
Ibn Surayj, 236
Ibn Taymiyya, 371, 462, 463, 465, 466
Ibnu ’l-Tiqtaqa, 454
Ibn Tufayt, 361, 432, 433, 434
Ibn Tumart, 431-432
Ibnu ’l-Wahshiyya, xxv
Ibnu ’l-Wardi, 455
Ibn Zaydun (poet), 419, 424-426
Ibn Zuhr, 434
Ibrahim (Abraham), xviii, 63. See Abraham
Ibrahim (‘Alid), 258
Ibrahim b. Adham, 232
Ibrahim b. Hilal al-Sabi, 328
Ibrahim of Mosul, 261
Idol-worship at Mecca, 62-64
Idris, 264
-Idrisi (geographer), 357, 434
Idrisid dynasty, the, 264
Ihya’u Ulum al-Din, 230, 234, 338, 340
-Iji (Adudu ’l-Din), 456
ijma‘, 460
ikhlas, 164
Ikhmim, 387
-Ikhtiyarat, 128
Ikhwánu ’l-Safa, 370-372, 388
-Iklil, 6, 12, 13, 24
-ilahiyyun, 382
Iliad, the, xxii, 325, 469
Il-Khans, the, xxix, 446
Il-Makah, 11
‘ilmu ’l-hadith (Science of Apostolic Tradition), 283
‘ilmu ’l-kalam (Scholastic Theology), 283
‘ilmu ’l-nujum (Astronomy), 283
‘ilmu ’l-qira’at (Koranic Criticism), 283
‘ilmu ’l-tafsir (Koranic Exegesis), 283
‘ilq, 101
‘Imadu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266
‘Imadu ’l-Din al-Katib al-Isfahani, 348, 355
Imam (head of the religious community), 210
Imam, the Hidden, 216-217, 371; the Infallible, 220, 432
Imam-Husayn, a town near Baghdad, 466. See Karbala
-imam al-ma‘sum, 432
Imamites, the, 251
Imams, the Seven, 217, 273
Imams, the Shi‘ite, 214-220
Imams, the Twelve, 217
Imamu ’l-Haramayn, 339, 379
iman (faith), 222
Imru’u ’l-Qays (poet), 42, 84, 85, 101, 102, 103-107, 128, 136, 246, 289
India, 4, 17, 268, 341, 352, 361, 389
India, History of, by -Biruni, 361
India, the influence of, on Moslem civilisation, 361, 389, 390
India, Moslem conquests in, 203, 268
Indian religion, described by -Shahrastani, 341
Indus, the, xxiv, 203, 264
Infanticide, practised by the pagan Arabs, 149, 243
Initiation, the Isma‘ilite degrees of, 273
Inquisition (mihna) established by -Ma’mun, 368, 369
-Insan al-Kamil, the Perfect Man, 402
Inscriptions, the Babylonian and Assyrian, xxv, 4
Inscriptions, Himyarite. See Inscriptions, South Arabic
Inscriptions, Nabatæan, xxv, 3
Inscriptions, South Arabic, xvi, xxi, xxvi, 6-11
Inspiration, views of the heathen Arabs regarding, 72, 73, 152, 165
Intellectual and Philosophical Sciences, the, 282
Ionia, the dialect of, xxiii
-‘Iqd al-Farúd, 102, 131, 347, 420
Iram, 1
-‘Iraq, 34, 38, 42, 123, 132, 142, 201, 202, 207, 208, 243, 244, 255, 262, 266, 273, 303, 350, 419, 445. See Babylonia
-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba, 456
Isabella of Castile, 441
Isaiah, 151
Isfahan, 14, 131, 268, 280, 326, 347, 355, 419
Isfandiyar, 330, 363
Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili, 261, 362, 418
Ishaq b. Khalaf, 92
Ishmael. See Isma‘il
Isidore of Hispalis, 198
Islam, meaning of, 153; cardinal doctrines of, 163-168; formal and ascetic character of, 168, 224; derived from Christianity and Judaism, 176, 177; pagan elements in, 177; opposed to the ideals of heathendom, 177, 178; identified with the religion of Abraham, 62, 177; a world-religion, 184
Isma‘il (Ishmael), xviii, 63, 64
Isma‘il (Samanid), 265
Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267. See -Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad
Isma‘il b. Naghdala, 428
Isma‘ilis, the, 217, 272-274, 363, 371, 372, 381, 420, 445
isnad, 144, 278, 352
-Isnawi, 339
Israel, 73
Istakhr, 356
-Istakhri, 356
istifa, 228
Italy, 412, 414, 441
Ithamara (Sabæan king), 4
-Ithna -‘ashariyya (the Twelvers), 217
I‘timad, name of a slave-girl, 422
-Itqan, 145, 455
ittihad, 402
‘iyar, 297
Iyas b. Qabisa, 53
‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461
J
Jabal Tariq (Gibraltar), 204
Jabala b. -Ayham (Ghassanid), 50, 51, 52, 53, 54
-Jabariyya (the Predestinarians), 224
Jabir b. Hayyan, 361, 387
jabr (compulsion), 224, 297
Jacob, G., 74, 76
Jadala (tribe), 429
Jadhima al-Abrash, 34, 35, 36, 40
Jadis (tribe), 4, 25
Jaen, 456
Ja‘far, the Barmecide, 260
Ja‘far, son of the Caliph -Hadi, 260
Jafna, founder of the Ghassanid dynasty, 50
Jafnites, the. See Ghassanids, the
Jaghbub, 468
Jahdar b. Dubay‘a, 59
-jahiliyya (the Age of Barbarism), xxvi, 30, 31, 34, 71, 90, 158, 287
-Jahiz, 267, 280, 346-347, 375
jahiz, 346
-Jahiziyya (Mu‘tazilite sect), 346
jahl, meaning 'barbarism', 30
Jahm b. Safwan, 222
-Jahshiyari (Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. ‘Abdus), 458
Jalalu ’l-Din Khwarizmshah, 444
Jalalu ’l-Din al-Mahalli, 455
Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, Persian poet, 298, 393, 404
Jallaban, 293
-Jamhara fi ’l-Lugha, 343
Jamharatu Ash‘ari ’l-‘Arab, 130
-Jami (‘Abdu ’l-Rahman), Persian poet, 229, 284, 386, 433
-Jami‘, by -Tirmidhi, 337
-Jami‘a, 371
Jamil, 238
Jandal, 245
Janissaries, the, 413
-Jannabi, 375
-Jaradatan (name of two singing girls), 2
Jarir (poet), 205, 238, 239, 240, 242, 244-246
Jassas b. Murra, 56, 57
-Jawf, 9
Jawhar, 429
-Jawlan, 54
Jerusalem, 169, 177, 233, 275, 340, 355, 357
Jesus, 215, 216
Jews, the, 341. See Judaism
-Jibal (province), 292, 356, 445
Jibril (Gabriel), 150
jihad, 430
Jinn, the, 72, 112, 119, 152, 165
jinni (genie), 165
Jirjis -Makin (historian), 355
John of Damascus, 221
John of Ephesus, 52
Johnson, Dr., 286, 313
Joktan, xviii
Jones, E. R., 433
Jones, Sir William, 102, 452
Jong, P. de, 366
Jordan, the, 446
-Jubba’i, 377, 378
Judaism, established in -Yemen, 23, 137; zealously fostered by Dhu Nuwas, 26; in Arabia, 137-140, 149, 158, 170-172, 173, 176, 177; in Spain, 415, 428, 429; in Sicily, 441
Judaism, influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 176, 177, 215, 216
-ju‘iyya (the Fasters), 232
Juliana of Norwich, 233
Junayd of Baghdad, 228, 230, 392, 465
Junde-shapur, 358
Jurhum (tribe), xviii, 63, 117
Jurjan, 339
Jurji Zaydan, 435
Justinian, 43, 51, 104, 358
Justinus (Byzantine Emperor), 27, 52
-Juwayni (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 339, 379
Juynboll, 257, 262, 268, 350, 369
K
Ka‘b (tribe), 246
Ka‘b b. Zuhayr (poet), 119, 127, 327
-Ka‘ba, 63, 64, 65, 67, 101, 117, 154, 155, 157, 164, 169, 177, 198, 319, 400, 403, 467
Ka‘bu ’l-Ahbar, 185
-Kadhdhab (title of Musaylima), 183
Kafur (Ikhshidite), 306, 307
Kahlan, 14
-Kalabadhi, 338
-kalam (Scholasticism), 363, 378
Kalb (tribe), 199, 405
kalb, 445
Kalila and Dimna, the Book of, 346, 363
-Kamala (title), 88
-kamil (metre), 75
-Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir, 355, 379, 429. See Ibnu ’l-Athir
-Kamil of -Mubarrad, 92, 131, 202, 226, 227, 237, 244, 343
kanwakan (a species of verse), 450
Karbala, 196, 198, 208, 216, 218, 243, 466
Kariba’il Watar, 10
-Karkh, a quarter of Baghdad, 267, 385
kasb, 379
Kashfu ’l-Zunun, 456
-Kashshaf, 145
katib (secretary), 257, 326
Kawadh (Sasanian), 42
Kerbogha, 446
Khadija, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157
-khafif (metre), 75
Khalaf, 421
Khalaf al-Ahmar, 97, 134, 293, 344
Khalid b. -Mudallil, 43
Khalid b. -Walid, 184
Khalid b. Yazid, 358
khalifa (Caliph), xxvii, 175
-Khalil b. Ahmad, 75, 285, 343
Khamir (village), 19
-Khamriyya, by Ibnu ’l-Farid, 396
khamriyyat, 294
khanaqah (monastery), 229
-Khansa (poetess), 126, 127
Kharidatu ’l-Qasr, 348
khariji (Kharijite), 209
Kharijites, the, 193, 207, 208-213, 221, 222, 239, 248, 259, 428
Kharmaythan, 360
-Khasib, 373
khatib, 271
-Khatib, of Baghdad, 355
-Khatim b.‘Adi, 94, 96
-Khawarij. See Kharijites, the
-Khawarnaq (castle), 40, 41
-Khaybar, 50
-Khayf, 237
Khazaza, battle of, 5
-Khazraj (tribe), 170
Khedivial dynasty, the, 468
Khidash b. Zuhayr, 95, 96
Khindif, xix
-Khitat, by -Maqrizi, 453
Khiva, 361, 444
Khizanatu ’l-Adab, 131
Khuda Bukhsh, S., 279
Khuday-nama, 348
Khulafa al-Rashidun, xxvii. See Caliphs, the Orthodox
Khurasan, xxviii, 129, 132, 220, 221, 232, 233, 239, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256, 258, 263, 265, 266, 275, 303, 339, 341, 379, 390, 391, 419, 444
Khurasan, dialect of, 339
khuruj (secession), 209
Khusraw Parwez. See Parwez
khutba, 263, 328
Khuza‘a (tribe), 63, 64, 65
Khuzayma (tribe), xix
Khuzistan, 266, 274, 293, 358
Khwarizm, 357, 361, 444
-Khwarizmi (Abu ‘Abdallah), 361
-kibrit al-ahmar, 399
Kilab (tribe), 246
Kilab b. Murra, 64
-kimiya (the Philosophers' Stone), 401
Kimiya’u ’l-Sa‘adat, 340
-kimiya’un (the Alchemists), 364
Kinana (tribe), xix, 64
Kinda (tribe), xviii, 42, 43, 69, 85, 103, 104, 360
-Kïndi, 288, 360
-Kisa’i (philologist), 261, 343
Kisra (title), 45
Kitabu ’l-Aghani (the Book of Songs), 19, 26, 31, 32, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 102, 104, 109, 110, 123, 124, 131, 134, 138, 139, 150, 200, 205, 216, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 270, 279, 291, 292, 297, 345, 347, 374, 419
Kitabu ’l-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, 338
Kitabu ’l-Akhbar al-Tiwal, 349
Kitabu ’l-Amali, 131
Kitabu Ansabi ’l-Ashraf, 349
-Kitab al-Awsat, 353
Kitabu ’l-‘Ayn, 343
Kitabu ’l-Badi‘, 325
Kitabu ’l-Bayan wa-’l-Tabyin, 347
Kitabu ’l-Falahat al-Nabatiyya, xxv Kitabu Futuhi ’l-Buldan, 349
Kitabu ’l-Hayawan, 346, 375
Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar, by Dhahabi, 339
Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar, by Ibn Khaldun, 437
Kitabu, ’l-Ibil, 345
Kitabu ’l-Ishtiqaq, 343
Kitabu ’l-Kamil fi ’l-Ta’rikh, 355. See -Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir
Kitabu Khalq al-Insan, 345
Kitabu ’l-Khayl, 345
Kitabu ’l-Luma‘, 393
Kitabu ’l-Ma‘arif, xviii, 202, 223, 224, 345, 346
Kitabu ’l-Maghazi, by Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247
Kitabu ’l-Maghazi, by -Waqidi, 144
-Kitab al-Mansuri, 265
Kitabu ’l-Masalik wa-’l-Mamalik, 356
Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal, by Ibn Hazm, 341, 427, 428
Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal, by -Shahrastani, 341. See -Shahrastani
Kitabu ’l-Muluk wa-akhbar al-Madin, 13
Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara, 75, 78, 105, 117, 257, 293, 346
Kitabu ’l-Ta‘arruf li-Madhhabi ahli ’l-Tasawwuf, 338
Kitabu ’l-Tabaqat al-Kabir, 144
Kitabu ’l-Tanbih wa-’l-Ishraf, 353, 354
-Kitab al-Yamini, 355
Kitabu ’l-Zuhd, 247
Koran, the, xvii, xx, xxii-xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 1, 2, 3, 15, 17, 18, 27, 68, 74, 91, 102, 119, 132, 134, 141-143, 144-152, 154-156, 158, 159-168, 169, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 187, 192, 201, 203, 207-212, 215, 221, 223, 225, 231, 234, 235, 237, 247, 249, 273, 277, 278, 279, 282, 284, 287, 294, 318, 327, 329, 330, 342, 343, 344, 363, 365, 368, 369, 375, 378, 379, 397, 398, 403, 408, 417, 433, 449, 454, 455, 460, 461, 462, 463, 467
Koran, the, derivation of, 159; collection of, 142; historical value of, 143; arrangement of, 143, 161; style of, 159, 318, 368; not poetical as a whole, 160; held by Moslems to be the literal Word of God, 159, 235; heavenly archetype of, 151, 163, 368; revelation of, 150-152, 159; designed for oral recitation, 161; commentaries on, 144, 145, 351, 455; imitations of, 318, 368, 375; dispute as to whether it was created or not, 262, 368, 369
Koran-readers (-qurra), the, 209, 210, 277
Kosegarten, 128
Krehl, L., 151, 360
Kremer, Alfred von, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 101, 139, 140, 220, 221, 225, 233, 279, 281, 302, 304, 316, 318, 321, 323, 324, 360, 373, 379, 383, 399, 439
-Kufa, xxiv, 38, 70, 127, 133, 134, 186, 189, 193, 196, 198, 202, 207-210, 215, 218, 219, 229, 250, 253, 291, 293, 296, 304, 342, 343, 344
-Kulab, battle of, 253
Kulayb (tribe), 244, 245
Kulayb b. Rabi‘a, 5, 55, 56, 57, 76, 93
Kulayb b. Wa’il, 110. See Kulayb b. Rabi‘a
Kulthum b. Malik, 110
-Kumayt (poet), 138
kunya (name of honour), 45, 50, 112
-Kusa‘i, 244
Kuthayyir (poet), 216
-kutub al-sitta (the Six Books), 337
-Kutubi, 449, 452
L
La Fontaine, 469
Labid (poet), 50, 109, 119-121, 128, 139, 140
Lagrange, Grangeret de, 396, 417
Lahore, 268
Lakhmites, the, of -Hira, 33, 38, 39-49, 54, 69
Lamis (name of a woman), 82
Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Ajam, 326
Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Arab, 79, 80, 89, 134, 326
Lamta (tribe), 429
Lamtuna (tribe), 429
Lane, E. W., 53, 164, 448, 459
Lane-Poole, Stanley, 264, 275, 371, 432
-Lat (goddess), 135, 155
Lata’ifu ’l-Minan, 464
Latifi (Turkish biographer), 460
Laus duplex (rhetorical figure), 311
Law, Muhammadan, the schools of, 283, 284, 363, 465; the first corpus of, 337
Lawaqihu ’l-Anwar, 225, 226, 392
-Lawh al-Mahfuz, 163, 378
Layla, mother of ‘Amr b. Kulthum, 44, 109, 110
Layla, the beloved of -Majnun, 238
Le Strange, G., 256, 356, 357
Learning, Moslem enthusiasm for, 281
Lees, Nassau, 386
Leo the Armenian, 359
Letter-writing, the art of, 267
Lexicon, the first Arabic, 343
Library of Nuh II, the Samanid, 265, 266; of Hakam II, the Spanish Umayyad, 419
Linguistic Sciences, the, 282
Lippert, 370
Lisanu ’l-Arab, 456
Lisanu ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-Khatib. See Ibnu ’l-Khatib
Literary culture despised by the Arabs, 278
litham, 423
Littmann, Enno, 73
Logos, the, 403
Lollards, the, 374
Longland, 450
Loth, O., 1
Lourdes, 382
Love, Divine, the keynote of Sufiism, 231; two kinds of, 234; an ineffable mystery, 387; hymn of, 396; in Sufi poetry, 234, 397, 398, 402, 403
Loyalty, as understood by the heathen Arabs, 83-85
Lucian, 319
-lugha (Lexicography), 283
Luhayy, 63
Lull, Raymond, 404
Lu’lu’, 304
Luqman b. ‘Ad (king), 2, 14
-Luzumiyyat, 315, 316, 319, 323, 324
Luzumu ma la yalzam, 315. See -Luzumiyyat
Lyall, Sir Charles, 32, 54, 71, 75, 82, 89, 92, 97, 101, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 125, 129, 139, 140, 149
M
Ma’ al-Sama (surname), 41
Ma’ab, 63
ma‘ad (place of return), 215
Ma‘add, xix, xx, 112
Ma‘arratu ’l-Nu‘man, 313, 314, 323
-Ma‘arri (Abu ’l-‘Ala), 448. See Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri
Ma‘bad (singer), 236
Ma‘bad al-Juhani, 224
Macbeth, Arabian parallel to an incident in, 25
Macdonald, D. B., 273, 378, 382, 433
Macedonia, 276
Machiavelli, 439
Macoraba, 5, 62
Madagascar, 352
-Mada’in (Ctesiphon), 29, 33, 46, 47, 48. See Ctesiphon
Mada’in Salih, 3
-madh al-muwajjah, 311
-madid (metre), 98
madih (panegyric), 78, 294
Madinatu ’l-Salam, 255. See Baghdad
Madrid, 420
mafakhir, 100
maghazi, 247
-Maghrib, 460
Magi (Magians), the. See Zoroastrians, the
Magian fire-temple at Balkh, the, 259
Mahaffy, J. P., 82
Mahdi, the, 216, 217, 248, 249, 274, 431
-Mahdi, the Caliph, 103, 128, 257, 258, 296, 343, 367, 373, 374, 418
-Mahdiyya, 274
Mahmud (Ghaznevid), 268-269, 355
Mahra, dialect of, xxi
Maimonides, 434
Majdu ’l-Din al-Fúrúzábádú. See -Fúrúzábádú -Majmu‘ al-Mubarak, 355
-Majnun, 238
majnun, 165
Malaga, 410, 421, 428, 434
Malik (boon companion of Jadhima), 35
Malik (brother of Qays b. Zuhayr), 61
Malik the Azdite, 34
Malik, the slayer of -Khatim b. ‘Adi, 94, 95
Malik b. Anas, 284, 337, 366, 408
-Malik al-Dillil (title of Imru’u ’l-Qays), 104
-Malik al-Kamil (Ayyubid), 395, 434
-Malik al-Salih Najmu’l-Din (Ayyubid), 447
Malik Shah (Seljuq), 275, 276, 326, 340
-Malik al-Zahir (Ayyubid), 275
-Malik al-Zahir Baybars. See Baybars, Sultan
Malikite books burned by the Almohades, 433
Malikite school of Law, the, 408
Mameluke dynasty, the, xxix, 442, 446, 447, 448, 453, 464
Mamelukes, the, 413
mamluk, 447
-Ma’mun, the Caliph, 92, 129, 255, 257, 262, 283, 284, 302, 343, 358-359, 361, 368, 369, 373, 388
Manat (goddess), 135, 155
Mandeville, Sir John, xxv
Manfred, 441
-Manfuha, 124
Mani (Manes), 364, 375
Manichæans, the, 218, 297, 341, 372-375. See Zindiqs, the
-Mansur, the Caliph, 128, 206, 252, 253, 255, 257, 258-259, 291, 314, 337, 346, 349, 358, 373, 407
Mansur I (Samanid), 265, 352
-Mansur Ibn Abi ‘Amir, 412, 413, 426
Mantle Ode (-Burda), the, 326, 327
maqama, 328
-Maqamat, of Badi‘u ’l-Zaman al- Hamadhani, 328, 329
-Maqamat, of -Hariri, 329-336
Maqamu Ibrahim, 63
-Maqdisi. See -Muqaddasi
-Maqqari, 399, 401, 413, 418, 419, 427, 436, 454
-Maqrizi (Taqiyyu ’l-Din), 453
-Maqsura, 343
Marabout, modern form of murabit, 430
Marasidu ’l-Ittila‘, 357
marathi, 294
Marathon, battle of, 174
Marcion, 364
Margoliouth, Prof. D. S., xxiv, 183, 267, 314, 316, 317, 319, 357, 469
Mariaba, 5
Ma’rib, 2, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 50. See Dyke of Ma’rib
Maridin, 449
ma‘rifat (gnosis), 386
Marinid dynasty, the, 442
Mariya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41
Mariya (name of a handmaiden), 46, 47
Mariya of the Ear-rings, 50
Marj Rahit, battle of, 199
Marr al-Zahran, 95
Marriage, a loose form of, prevailing among the Shi‘ites, 262
Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385, 386, 388
Marwan I (Umayyad Caliph), 199
Marwan II (Umayyad Caliph), 181, 251, 253, 347
-Marzuqi (philologist), 128
Masabihu ’l-Sunna, 337
Masaliku ’l-Mamalik, 356
-mashaf, 294
Mashhad -Husayn, 466
Maslama b. Ahmad, 420
Masruq, 28
Mas‘ud, Sultan, 329. See Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud
-Mas‘udi, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267, 349, 352-354, 387, 456
Materia Medica, by Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434
mathalib, 100, 280
Mathnawi, the, by Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, 404
-Matin, 428
matla‘, 309
matn, 144
Mauritania, 412
-Mawa‘iz wa ’l-I‘tibar fi dhikri ’l-Khitat wa ’l-Athar, 453
-Mawali (the Clients), 198, 207, 219, 222, 248, 250, 278, 279, 373
-Mawali (the Clients), coalesce with the Shi‘ites, 198, 219, 220, 250; treated with contempt by the Arabs, 219, 248, 278, 279; their culture, 248; their influence, 278, 279
mawaliyya, a species of verse, 450
-Mawardi, 337, 338
Mawiyya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41
Mawiyya, wife of Hatim of Tayyi’, 87
-Maydani, 31. See Proverbs, Arabic
Maymun b. Qays. See -A‘sha Maysun, 195
Mazdak, 42, 258, 364
Mazyar, 375
Mecca, xviii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, 2, 3, 5, 6, 22, 28, 53, 62, 63, 64, 65-68, 101, 102, 114, 117, 146, 150, 154-156, 158, 169, 171, 174, 175, 196, 198, 202, 236, 249, 274, 319, 339, 340, 395, 396, 429, 431, 434, 439, 466, 468
Mecca, Pre-islamic history of, 62; attacked by the Abyssinians, 66-69; submits to the Prophet, 64, 175
Mecca, the dialect of, xxiii
Meccan Revelations, the, 464. See Futuhat al-Makkiyya
Meccan Suras of the Koran, the, 160-168
Media, 356
Medina (-Madina), xxvi, xxvii, 3, 21, 22, 49, 50, 52, 62, 71, 84, 150, 157, 158, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 186, 188, 198, 208, 209, 236, 241, 243, 337, 339, 365, 466, 468
Medina, Suras of the Koran revealed at, 175, 176
Mediterranean Sea, the, 5, 255, 275, 404, 412, 444
Merv, 252, 346
Merx, A., 384, 389
Mesopotamia, 35, 186, 238, 240, 269, 355, 358, 385, 388, 411, 446
Messiah, Moslem beliefs regarding the, 215-217, 248, 249. See Mahdi, the
Metempsychosis, the doctrine of, 267
Metres, the Arabian, 74, 75
Mevlevi dervish order, the, 393
mihna, 368
-Mihras, 124
Mihrgan, Persian festival, 250
Milton, 212
Mina, 119
Minæan language, the, xxi
Minæans, the, 7
minbar (pulpit), 199
Minqar, 57
Miqlab (castle), 24
Miracles demanded by the Quraysh from Muhammad, 165; falsely attributed to Muhammad, 166
-Mi‘raj (the Ascension of the Prophet), 169, 403
Mir’atu ’l-Zaman, 355
Mishkatu ’l-Masabih, 337
Misr (Old Cairo), 394
misra‘ (hemistich), 74
-Mishar, 455. See -Muzhir
Moguls, the Great, xxix, 444
Moliere, 469
Monasticism, alien to Islam, 225
Mongol Invasion, the, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 272, 277, 326, 443, 444-446
Mongols, the, 254, 264, 275, 442, 443, 462. See Mongol Invasion, the
Monte Cristo, 469
Montrose, 191
Mordtmann, 9
Morocco, 264, 341, 423, 424, 430, 431, 442
Moses, 165, 172, 185, 215, 273, 397
Moslem, meaning of, 153
Moslems, the first, 153
Moslems, the non-Arabian. See -Mawali
Mosul (-Mawsil), 261, 269, 281, 326, 355, 362, 399, 445, 454
-Mu‘allaqat, 77, 82, 101-121, 128, 131, 416, 459
Mu‘awiya b. Abi Sufyan (Caliph), xxviii, 13, 119, 181, 191, 192, 193, 194-195, 196, 206, 207, 208, 213, 214, 222, 256, 377, 407, 426
Mu‘awiya b. Bakr (Amalekite prince), 2
Mu‘awiya, brother of -Khansa, 126
Mu’ayyidu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267
-Mubarrad (philologist), 92, 131, 202, 226, 237, 244, 343, 344
Mudar b. Nizar, xix, 252
Mudar, the tribes descended from, xix
-Mudhhabat, -Mudhahhabat, 101
-Mutaddal al-Dabbi (philologist), 128, 133, 343
Mufaddal b. Salama, 31
-Mufaddaliyyat, 90, 128, 343
-Mughammas, 69
muhajat (scolding-match), 238
-Muhajirun (the Emigrants), 171, 209
Muhalhil b. Rabi‘a, 58, 76, 109, 110
-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra, 239
-Muhallabi, the Vizier, 267, 347
Muhammad, the Prophet, xxiii, xxvi-xxviii, 3, 10, 15, 18, 27, 30, 51, 62, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 86, 87, 105, 124, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 141-180, 181-183, 186-188, 190-193, 201, 202, 207-209, 213-218, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 249, 250, 251, 257, 258, 267, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 318, 327, 330, 341, 342, 348, 349, 355, 356, 380, 383, 392, 400, 403, 420, 428, 433, 449, 455, 462, 463, 465, 467
Muhammad, question whether he could read and write, 151; his attitude towards the heathen poets, 159, 212, 235; his aim in the Meccan Suras, 160; his death, 175; his character, 179, 180; biographies of, 144, 146, 247, 349; poems in honour of, 124, 127, 326, 327, 449; mediæval legend of, 327; identified with the Logos, 403; pilgrimage to the tomb of, 463; his tomb demolished by the Wahhabis, 467
Muhammad (‘Alid), 258
Muhammad (Seljuq), 326
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 465-467
Muhammad b. ‘Ali (‘Abbasid), 251
Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, 466, 468
Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. -Sanusi, 468
Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya, 216, 218, 220
Muhammad b. -Hasan, the Imam, 217
Muhammad b. Isma‘il, the Imam, 217, 272-274
Muhammad al-Kalbi, 348
Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466
-Muhtadi, the Caliph, 264
Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, 399-404, 434, 462
Muhyi ’l-Maw’udat (title), 243
Muir, Sir W., 142, 143, 146, 156, 184, 197, 338
-Mu‘izz (Fatimid Caliph), 420
Mu‘izzu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267, 347
-Mujammi‘ (title), 65
Mu‘jamu ’l-Buldan, 17, 357
Mu‘jamu ’l-Udaba, 357
Mukarrib (title), 10
-Mukhadramun (a class of poets), 127
-Mukhtar, 198, 218-220, 250
-Mukhtarat, 128
-Muktafi, the Caliph, 257, 269, 325
-Mulaththamun, 423
Müller, A., 5, 101, 261, 266, 355, 429
Muuml;ller, D. H., 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24
Multan, 203
Muluku ’l-Tawa’if (the Party Kings of Spain), 414
-Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), 171, 172, 176
-Munakhkhal (poet), 49
-Mundhir I (Lakhmite), 41
-Mundhir III (Lakhmite), 41-44, 45, 50, 51, 60, 87, 103, 104
-Mundhir IV (Lakhmite), 45, 47
-Mundhir b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 52
-Mundhir b. Ma’ al-sama, 50, 51. See -Mundhir III
-Munjibat (title), 88
Munk, S., 360
-Munqidh mina ’l-Dalal, 340, 380
munshi, 326
-Muqaddasi (geographer), 356, 357, 409
-Muqaddima, of Ibn Khaldun, 32, 229, 278, 289, 437-440. See Ibn Khaldun
-Muqanna‘, 258
-Muqattam, Mt., 394, 396
-Muqtabis, 428
-Muqtadir, the Caliph, 325, 343, 399
-murabit, 430
-Murabitun, 433. See Almoravides, the
murid, 392
murji’ (Murjite), 221
Murjites, the, 206, 220, 221-222, 428
Murra, 56, 57, 58
Mursiya (Murcia), 399
Muruju ’l-Dhahab, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267, 349, 353, 354, 387, 457
muruwwa (virtue), 72, 82, 178, 287
Musa b. Maymun (Maimonides), 434
Musa b. Nusayr, 203, 204, 405
Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247
Mus‘ab, 199
Musaylima, 183
-Mushtarik, 357
Music in Pre-Isiamic Arabia, 236
Musicians, Arab, 236
-musiqi (Music), 283
Muslim (Moslem), meaning of, 153
Muslim (author of -Sahih), 144, 337
Muslim b. ‘Aqil, 196
Muslim b. -Walid (poet), 261
musnad (inscriptions), 6
-Mustakfi (Spanish Umayyad), 424
-Mustakfi, ‘Abbasid Caliph, 266
-Mustansir (‘Abbasid), 448
-Mustarshid Billah, the Caliph, 329
-Musta‘sim, the Caliph, 254, 445
-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifa, 210
-mut‘a, 262
-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbadid), 421, 425
-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbasid Caliph), 325
-Mu‘tamid (‘Abbadid), 421-424
-Mutajarrida, 49, 122
-Mutalammis (poet), 107, 108, 138
Mutammim b. Nuwayra, 127
-Mutanabbi (poet), 266, 269, 270, 289, 290, 291, 292, 304-313, 315, 316, 324, 396, 416, 448
mutasawwifa (aspirants to Sufiism), 229
-Mu‘tasim, the Caliph, 129, 257, 263, 369, 375
-Mutawakkil, the Caliph, 257, 264, 284, 344, 350, 369, 375, 376, 388
mutawakkil, 233
Mu‘tazilites, the, 206, 220, 222-224, 225, 230, 262, 268, 284, 346, 367-370, 376, 377, 378, 392, 409, 428, 431
-Mu‘tazz, the Caliph, 325
-Muti‘, the Caliph, 353
Muti‘ b. Iyas (poet), 291, 292
muwahhid, 432
-Muwalladun, 278, 408
muwashshah, verse-form, 416, 417, 449
-Muwatta’, 337, 408, 409
Muzaffar Qutuz (Mameluke), 446
Muzayna (tribe), 116
-Muzayqiya (surname), 15
-Muzhir, 71, 455
Mystical poetry of the Arabs, the, 325, 396-398, 403
Mysticism. See Sufiism
N
-Nabat, the Nabatæans, xxv, 279
Nabatæan, Moslem use of the term, xxv
Nabatæan Agriculture, the Book of, xxv
Nabatæan inscriptions, xxv, 3
-Nabigha al-Dhubyam (poet), 39, 49, 50, 54, 86, 101, 121-123, 128, 139
nadhir (warner), 164
Nadir (tribe), 170
-Nadr b. -Harith, 330
Nafahatu ’l'Uns, by Jami, 386
Nafhu ’l-Tib, by -Maqqari, 399, 413, 436
Nafi‘ b. -Azraq, 208
-Nafs al-zakiyya (title), 258
-Nahhas (philologist), 102
-Nahrawan, battle of, 208
-nahw (grammar), 283
Na’ila, 35
-Najaf, 40
-Najashi (the Negus), 26, 27, 28
Najd, xvii, 62, 107, 466
Najda b. ‘Amir, 209
Najdites (a Kharijite sect), the, 208
Najran, 26, 27, 105, 124, 136, 137, 162
Na‘man, 11
Namir (tribe), xix Napoleon, 468
-Naqa’id, of -Akhtal and Jarir, 240
-Naqa’id, of Jarir and -Farazdaq, 239
Naqb al-Hajar, 8
-Nasafi (Abu ’l-Barakat), 456
-Nasa’i, 337
Nashwan b. Sa‘id al-Himyari, 12, 13
nasib (erotic prelude), 77, 310
Nasim, a place near Baghdad, 461
-Nasimi (the Hurufi poet), 460, 461
Nasir-i Khusraw, Persian poet, 323
Nasiru ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), 269, 411
Nasr b. Sayyar, 251
Nasr II (Samanid), 265
Nasrid dynasty of Granada, the, 435, 442
nat‘, 257
-Nawaji (Muhammad b. -Hasan), 417
Nawar, wife of -Farazdaq, 243, 244
Nawar, the beloved of Labid, 121
Nawruz, Persian festival, 250
Naysabur, 232, 276, 338, 339, 340, 348
Nazmu ’l-Suluk, 396
-Nazzam, 369
Neo-platonism, 360, 384, 389, 390
Neo-platonist philosophers welcomed by Nushirwan, 358
Nero, 325
Nessus, 104
Nicephorus, 261
Niebuhr, Carsten, 7
Night journey of Muhammad, the, 169, 403
Night of Power, the, 150
Nihayatu ’l-Aráb, 455
Nile, the, xxviii, 264, 354, 455
Nirvana, 233, 391
-Nizamiyya College, at Baghdad, 276, 340, 380, 431
-Nizamiyya College, at Naysabur, 276, 340
Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276, 340, 379
Nizar, xix
Noah, xv, xviii, 165
Nöldeke, Th., xv, xx, xxiii, xxv, 5, 27, 29, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57-60, 66, 70, 78, 80, 83, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113, 122, 123, 126, 127, 130, 134, 145, 151, 160, 167, 172, 184, 195, 228, 237, 238, 249, 252, 258, 288
Nomadic life, characteristics of, 439, 440
Nominalists, 367
Normans, the, 441
Nubia, 387
Nuh I (Samanid), 265
Nuh II (Samanid), 265
-Nujum al-Záhira, 257, 262, 268, 369, 454
-Nu‘man I (Lakhmite), 40, 41, 139
-Nu‘man III (Lakhmite), 45-49, 50, 53, 54, 69, 86, 121, 122
-Nu‘man al-Akbar. See Nu‘man I
-Nu‘man al-A‘war (Lakhmite). See -Nu‘man I
-Nu‘man b. -Mundhir Abu Qabus. See -Nu‘man III
Numayr (tribe), 245, 246
-Nuri (Abu ’l-Husayn), 392
Nushirwan (Sasanian king), 29, 42, 45, 358
-Nuwayri, 15, 455
Nyberg, H. S., 404
O
Occam, 367
Ockley, Simon, 433
Ode, the Arabian, 76-78. See qasida
Odenathus, 33, 35
Odyssey, the, xxii
O'Leary, De Lacy, 360
Ordeal of fire, the, 23
Orthodox Caliphs, the, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193
Orthodox Reaction, the, 284, 376. See -Ash‘ari
Osiander, 9
Ottoman Turks, the, xxix, 442, 447, 464-467
Oxus, the, xxviii, 341, 444
P
Pahlavi (Pehlevi) language, the, 214, 330, 346, 348, 358
Palermo, 441
Palestine, 52, 104, 137, 229
Palmer, E. H., 172, 176, 260
Palms, the Feast of, 54
Palm-tree, verses on the, by ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 418
Palm-trees of Hulwan, the two, 292
Palmyra, 33, 53
Panegyric, two-sided (rhetorical figure), 311
Panjab (Punjaub), the, 203, 268
Pantheism, 231, 233, 234, 275, 372, 390, 391, 394, 402, 403, 460
Paracelsus, 388
Paradise, the Muhammadan, burlesqued by Abu’l -‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 318, 319
Parthian kings, the, 457
Parwez, son of Hurmuz (Sasanian), 48, 69
Passion Play, the, 218
Paul and Virginia, 469
Pavet de Courteille, 349
Pearl-fishing in the Persian Gulf, 354
Pedro of Castile, 437
Penitents, the (a name given to certain Shi‘ite insurgents), 218
Pentateuch, the, 165, 171, 323
Perfect Man, doctrine of the, 402
Persecution of the early Moslems, 154, 155, 157; of heretics, 224, 368, 369, 372-375, 376, 436, 460, 461
Persepolis, 356
Persia, xxiv, xxvii, xxix, 21, 29, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 48, 113, 169, 182, 184, 185, 188, 208, 214, 247, 255, 258, 265, 266, 274, 279, 328, 348, 349, 390, 394, 404, 444, 446, 454, 457
Persia, the Moslem conquest of, 184
Persia, the national legend of, 349
Persian divines, influence of the, 278
Persian Gulf, the, 4, 107, 354, 357
Persian influence on Arabic civilisation and literature, xxviii, xxix, 182, 250, 256, 265, 267, 276-281, 287, 288, 290, 295, 418
Persian influence on the Shi‘a, 214, 219
Persian Kings, History of the, translated by Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 348
Persian literature, fostered by the Samanids and Buwayhids, 265, 303
Persian Moslems who wrote in Arabic, xxx, xxxi, 276-278
Persians, the, rapidly became Arabicised, 280, 281
Persians, the, in -Yemen, 29
Petra, xxv, 5
Petrarch, 425
Pharaoh, 162, 403
Pharaohs, the, 4, 5
Philip III, 441
Philistines, the, 3
Philologists, the Arab, xxiv, 32, 127, 128, 133, 246, 341-348 Philosophers, the Greeks 341, 363
Philosophers, the Moslem, 360, 361, 381, 382, 432-434
Philosophers and scientists, Lives of the, by Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355
Philosophus Autodidactus, 433
Phœnician language, the, xvi
Phœnicians, the, xv
Physicians, History of the, by Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355
Piers the Plowman, 450
Pietists, the, 207, 208
Pilgrimage to Mecca, the, 63, 65, 135, 136, 319
Pilgrimage, of the Shi‘ites, to the tomb of -Husayn at Karbala, 218, 466
pir (Persian word), 392
Plato, 204
Plutarch, 363
Pocock, E., 433
Poems of the Hudhaylites, the, 128
Poems, the Pre-islamic, xxii, xxiii, 30, 31, 71-140, 282, 285-289, 290; chief collections of, 127-131; the tradition of, 131-134; first put into writing, 132
Poems, the Suspended. See -Mu‘allaqat
Poetics, work on, by Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz, 325
Poetry, Arabian, the origins of, 72-75; the decline of, not due to Muhammad, 235; in the Umayyad period, 235-246; in the ‘Abbasid period, 285-336; in Spain, 415-417, 425, 426; after the Mongol Invasion, 448-450
Poetry, conventions of the Ancient, criticised, 286, 288, 315
Poetry, Muhammadan views regarding the merits of, 308-312; intimately connected with public life, 436; seven kinds of, 450
Poetry, the oldest written Arabic, 138
Poetry and Poets, Book of, by Ibn Qutayba. See Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara
Poets, the Modern, 289-336; judged on their merits by Ibn Qutayba, 287; pronounced superior to the Ancients, 288, 289
Poets, the Pre-islamic, character and position of, 71-73; regarded as classical, xxiii, 72, 285, 286
Politics, treatise on, by -Mawardi, 337, 338
Portugal, 416
Postal service, organised by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201
Postmaster, the office of, 45
Prætorius, F., 10
Prayers, the five daily, 149, 168
Predestination, 157, 223, 224, 378, 379
Preston, Theodore, 330
Prideaux, W. F., 11, 13
Primitive races in Arabia, 1-4
Proclus, 389
Procreation, considered sinful, 317
Prophecy, a, made by the Carmathians, 322
Prose, Arabic, the beginnings of, 31
Proverbs, Arabic, 3, 16, 31, 50, 84, 91, 109, 244, 292, 373
Ptolemies, the, 276
Ptolemy (geographer), 3, 358
Public recitation of literary works, 314
Pyramids, the, 354
Pyrenees, the, xxviii, 204
Pythagoras, 102
Q
Qabus (Lakhmite), 44, 45, 52
qadar (power), 224
-Qadariyya (the upholders of free-will), 224
qaddah (oculist), 271
qadú ’l-qudat (Chief Justice), 395
Qadiri dervish order, the, 393
-Qahira, 275, 394. See Cairo qahramana, 457
Qahtan, xviii, 12, 14, 18, 200
Qala’idu ’l-‘Iqyan, 425
-Qamus, 403, 456
-Qanun, 361
qara’a, 159
-Qarafa cemetery, 396
-Qaramita, 274. See Carmathians, the
qarawi, 138
qarn, meaning 'ray', 18
qasida (ode), 76-78, 105, 288
qasida (ode), form of the, 76, 77; contents and divisions of the, 77, 78; loose structure of the, 134; unsuitable to the conditions of urban life, 288
Qasidatu ’l-Burda. See -Burda Qasidatu ’l-Himyariyya, 12
Qasir, 36, 37
Qasirin, 111
Qasiyun, Mt., 399
-Qastallani, 455
Qatada, 294
Qatari b. -Fuia’a, 213
-Qayrawan, 264, 429
Qays ‘Aylan (tribe), xix, 199, 293, 405
Qays b. -Khatim, 94-97, 137
Qays b. Zuhayr, 61, 62
Qaysar (title), 45
Qazwin, 445
-Qazwini (geographer), 416
Qift, 355
qiyas, 297
Qoniya, 404
Quatremère, M., xxv, 437, 445, 453
Qudar the Red, 3
Qumis (province), 391
-Qur’an, 159. See Koran, the
Quraysh (tribe), xix, xxiii, xxvii, 22, 64, 65-68, 117, 124, 134, 142, 146, 153-158, 164, 165, 170, 174, 175, 183, 207, 216, 237, 241, 279, 330, 347, 375, 407, 417
Quraysh, the dialect of, xxiii, 142; regarded as the classical standard, xxiii, 134
Qurayza (tribe), 21, 170
qurra (Readers of the Koran), 277. See Koran-readers, the
Qusayy, 64, 65, 146
-Qushayri, 226, 227, 228, 230, 338, 379
Quss b. Sa‘ida, 136
qussas, 374
Qusta b. Luqa, 359
Qutu ’l-Qulub, 338, 393
R
rabad, 409
Rabi‘, son of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88
Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, 227, 232, 233-234
Rabi‘a b. Nizar, xix, 5
Rabi‘a (b. Nizar), the descendants of, xix
Racine, 469
-Radi, the Caliph, 376
Radwa, Mount, 216
Rafidites, the, 268. See Shi‘ites, the
Ra‘i ’l-ibil (poet), 245, 246
raj‘a (palingenesis), 215
-rajaz (metre), 74, 75, 76, 77
Rakhman, 126
Rakusians, the, 149
Ralfs, C. A., 327
Ramadan, the Fast of, 224, 450
Ramla, 229
Raqqada, 274
Rasa’ilu Ikhwan al-Safa, 370, 371
Rasmussen, 61
Rationalism. See Mu‘tazilites and Free-thought
-Rawda, island on the Nile, 455
rawi (reciter), 131
Rawis, the, 131-134
Raydan, 10
-Rayy, 258, 259, 268, 333, 350, 361, 420, 445
-Rayyan, 120
-Razi (Abu Bakr), physician, 361. See Abu Bakr al-Razi
-Razi (Abu Bakr), historian, 420
Reading and writing despised by the pagan Arabs, 39
Realists, 368
Red Sea, the, 4, 5, 62
Reformation, the, 468
Reforms of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201; of ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 205
Register of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188
Reiske, 15, 102, 308, 312, 316, 331
Religion, conceived as a product of the human mind, 317
Religion of the Sabæans and Himyarites, 10, 11; of the Pagan Arabs, 56, 135-140, 164, 166; associated with commerce, 135, 154
Religions and Sects, Book of, by -Shahrastam, 341; by Ibn Hazm, 341. See Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal
Religious ideas in Pre-islamic poetry, 117, 119, 123, 124, 135-140
Religious literature in the ‘Abbasid period, 337-341
Religious poetry, 298-302
Renaissance, the, 443
Renan, xv, 432
Renegades, the, 408, 415, 426
Resurrection, the, 166, 215, 297, 299, 316
Revenge, views of the Arabs concerning, 93, 94; poems relating to, 97
Rhages. See -Rayy Rhapsodists, the, 131
Rhazes, 265, 361. See Abu Bakr al-Razi
Rhetoric, treatise on, by -Jahiz, 347
Rhinoceros, the, 354
Rhymed Prose. See saj‘
Ribah b. Murra, 25
ribat, 276, 430
Richelieu, 195
Rifa‘i dervish order, the, 393
-Rijam, 119
Risalatu ’l-Ghufran, 166, 167, 206, 318, 319, 375
-Risalat al-Qushayriyya, 226, 227, 338
Roderic, 204, 405
Rödiger, Emil, 8
Roger II of Sicily, 434
Rome, 33, 34, 41, 43, 50, 52, 113, 252, 314. See Byzantine Empire, the
Ronda, 410
Rosary, use of the, prohibited, 467
Rosen, Baron V., 375
Rothstein, Dr. G., 37, 53
-Rub‘ al-Khali, xvii Rubicon, the, 252
Ruuml;ckert, Friedrich, 93, 97, 104, 292, 332
Rudagi, Persian poet, 265
Ruhu ’l-Quds (the Holy Ghost), 150
-rujz, 152
Ruknu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267
-Rumaykiyya, 422
Rushayyid al-Dahdah, 394, 396
Rustam, 330, 363
Ruzbih, 346. See Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘
S
-Sa‘b Dhu ’l-Qarnayn, 17
-Sab‘ al-Tiwal (the Seven Long Poems), 103
Saba (Sheba), xxv, 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 16, 17. See Sabæans, the
Saba (person), 14
Sabæan language, the, xvi. See South Arabic language, the
Sabæans, the, xv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, 1, 4, 5, 7, 14, 17
Saba’ites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 215, 216, 217, 219
Sabians, the, 149, 341, 354, 358, 363, 364, 388
-Sab‘iyya (the Seveners), 217
Sabota, 5
Sabuktagin, 268
Sabur I, 33
Sabur b. Ardashir, 267, 314
Sachau, E., xxii, 361
Sacy, Silvestre de, 8, 80, 102, 353, 354
Sa‘d (client of Jassas b. Murra), 56, 57
Sa‘d (tribe), 147
Sa‘d b. Malik b. Dubay‘a, 57
sada (owl or wraith), 94, 166
Sa‘d-ilah, 11
sadin, 259
-Sadir (castle), 41
Sadru ’l-Din of Qoniya, 404
safa (purity), 228, 370
Safa, the inscriptions of, xxi
-Safadi, 326, 456
Safar-Nama, 324
Safawid dynasty, the, xxix
-Saffah, 253, 254, 257, 259
-Saffah b. ‘Abd Manat, 253
-Saffah, meaning of the title, 253
-Saffar (title), 265
Saffarid dynasty, the, 265
safi (pure), 228
Safiyyu ’l-Din al-Hilli (poet), 449, 450
sag (Persian word), 445
-Sahaba (the Companions of the Prophet), 229
Sahara, the, 423, 429, 468
-Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267, 347
Sahibu ’l-Zanadiqa (title), 373
-Sahih, of -Bukhari, 144, 146, 337
-Sahih, of Muslim, 144, 337
Sahl b. ‘Abdallah al-Tustari, 392
Sa‘id b. -Husayn, 274
St. John, the Cathedral of, 203
St. Thomas, the Church of, at -Hira, 46
Saints, female, 233
Saints, the Moslem, 386, 393, 395, 402, 403, 463, 467
saj (rhymed prose), 74, 75, 159, 327, 328
Sakhr, brother of -Khansa, 126, 127
Sal‘, 398
Saladin, 275, 348, 355
Salahu ’l-Din b. Ayyub, 275. See Saladin
Salama b. Khalid, 253
Salaman, 433
Salaman (tribe), 79
Salamya, 274
Salih (prophet), 3
Salih (tribe), 50
Salih b. ‘Abd al-Quddus, 372-375
Salim al-Suddi, 204
Saltpetre industry, the, at -Basra, 273
Sam b. Nuh, xviii. See Shem, the son of Noah sama‘ (oral tradition), 297
sama‘ (religious music), 394
Samah‘ali Yanuf, 10, 17
-Sam‘ani 339
Samanid dynasty, the, 265, 266, 268, 271, 303
Samarcand, 203, 268, 447
Samarra, 263
-Samaw’al b. ‘Adiya, 84, 85
Samuel Ha-Levi, 428, 429
San‘a, 8, 9, 17, 24, 28, 66, 215
sanad, 144
-Sanhaji, 456
Sanjar (Seljuq), 264
-Sanusi (Muhammad b. Yusuf), 456
Sanusiyya Brotherhood, the, 468
-Saqaliba, 413
Saqtu ’l-Zand, 313, 315
Sarabi (name of a she-camel), 56
Sargon, King, 4
Sari al-Raffa (poet), 270
Sari al-Saqati, 386
Saruj, 330, 331, 332
Sa‘sa‘a, 242
Sasanian dynasty, the, 34, 38, 40, 41, 42, 214, 256, 358, 457
Sasanian kings, the, regarded as divine, 214
Satire, 73, 200, 245, 246
Saturn and Jupiter, conjunction of, 322
Sa‘ud b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466
Sawa, 333
Sayf b. Dhi Yazan, 29
-Sayfiyya College, the, in Cairo, 395
Sayfu ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), 269-271, 303-307, 311, 313, 360
Saylu ’l-‘Arim, 14
Schack, A. F. von, 360, 416, 436, 441
Schefer, C., 324
Scheherazade, 457
Scholasticism, Muhammadan, 284, 363, 460. See -Ash‘ari; Ash‘arites; Orthodox Reaction
Schreiner, 379
Schulthess, F., 87
Sciences, the Foreign, 282, 283, 358-364
Sciences, the Moslem, development and classification of, 282, 283
Scripture, People of the, 341
Sea-serpent, the, 354
Sédillot, 360
Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, 8
Seleucids, the, 276
Self, dying to (fana), the Sufi doctrine of, 233
Selim I (Ottoman Sultan), 448
Seljuq dynasty, the, 264, 265, 268, 275, 276, 326, 445
Seljuq b. Tuqaq, 275
Seljuq Turks, the, 275, 444
Sell, Rev. E., 468
Semites, the, xv, xvi, 1, 328
Semitic languages, the, xv, xvi Senegal, 430
Seville, 399, 406, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425, 427, 431, 435, 437, 447
Shabib, 209
Shabwat, 5
Shaddad (king), 1
Shaddad b. -Aswad al-Laythi, 166
Shadharatu ’l-Dhahab, 339, 399, 436, 460
-Shadhili (Abu ’l-Hasan), 461
Shadhili order of dervishes, 393, 461
-Shafi‘i, 284, 409
Shafi‘ite doctors, biographical work on the, 339
Shahnama, the, by Firdawsi, 265, 325
-Shahrastani, 211, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297, 341, 388
Shahrazad, 457
sha‘ir (poet), 72, 73
Shakespeare, 252
Shamir b. Dhi ’l-Jawshan, 196, 197, 198
Shams (name of a god), 11
Shams b. Malik, 81
Shamsiyya, Queen of Arabia, 4
Shamsu ’l-‘Ulum, 13
-Shanfara, 79-81, 89, 97, 134, 326
Shaqiq (Abu ‘Ali), of Balkh, 232, 233, 385
Sharahil (Sharahbil), 18
-Sha‘rani, 225, 226, 392, 400, 403, 443, 460, 462, 464-465
shari‘at, 392
-Sharif al-Jurjani, 456
-Sharif al-Radi (poet), 314
Sharifs, of Morocco, the, 442
Sharik b. ‘Amr, 44
Shas, 125
Shayban (clan of Bakr), 58
-Shaykh al-Akbar, 404. See Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi
Sheba, 4
Sheba, the Queen of, 18
Shem, the son of Noah, xv, xviii
shi‘a (party), 213
Shi‘a, the, 213. See Shi‘ites, the
-Shifa, 361
Shihabu ’l-Din al-Suhrawardi. See -Suhrawardi
-Shihr, dialect of, xxi
Shi‘ites, the, xxviii. 207, 208, 213-220, 222, 248, 249, 250, 262, 267, 268, 271-275, 297, 379, 409, 428, 432, 445, 466
shikaft (Persian word), 232
-shikaftiyya (the Cave-dwellers), 232
Shilb, 416
Shiraz, 266, 307
Shirazad, 457
-Shirbini, 450
-shurat (the Sellers), 209
Shu‘ubites, the, 279-280, 344, 372
Sibawayhi, 343
Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, 355
Sicily, xvi, 52, 441
siddiq, meaning of, 218, 375
-Siddiq (title of Abu Bakr), 183
Sidi Khalil al-Jundi, 456
Sifatu Jazirat al-‘Arab, 12, 18, 20
Siffin, battle of, 192, 208, 377
-sihr wa-’l-kimiya (Magic and Alchemy), 283
-Sila fi akhbari a’immati ’l-Andalus, 426
Silves, 416
Simak b. ‘Ubayd, 210
Sinbadh the Magian, 258
Sindbad, the Book of, 363
Sinimmar, 40
Siqadanj, 252
Siratu ‘Antar, 459
Siratu Rasuli ’llah, 349
siyaha, 394
Siyaru Muluk al-‘Ajam, 348
Slane, Baron MacGuckin de, 32, 104, 129, 132, 136, 190, 213, 224, 229, 245, 261, 267, 278, 288, 289, 295, 326, 343, 344, 348, 355, 357, 359, 360, 371, 377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, 429, 435, 437, 438, 440, 451
Slaves, the, 413
Smith, R. Payne, 52
Smith, W. Robertson, 56, 199
Snouck Hurgronje, 217
Socotra, dialect of, xxi
Solecisms, work on, by -Hariri, 336
Solomon, xvii
Solomon Ibn Gabirol, 428
Soothsayers, Arabian, 72, 74, 152, 159, 165
South Arabic inscriptions, the. See Inscriptions, South Arabic
South Arabic language, the, xvi, xxi, 6-11
Spain, xvi, xxx, 199, 203, 204, 253, 264, 276, 399, 405-441, 442, 443, 449, 454
Spain, the Moslem conquest of, 203, 204, 405
Spencer, Herbert, 382
Spitta, 378
Sprenger, A., 143, 145, 149, 153, 456
Steiner, 369
Steingass, F., 328
Stephen bar Sudaili, 389
Stones, the worship of, in pagan Arabia, 56
Stories, frivolous, reprobated by strict Moslems, 330
Street-preachers, 374
Stylistic, manual of, by Ibn Qutayba, 346
-Subki (Taju ’l-Din), 461
Suetonius, 354
suf (wool), 228
Sufi, derivation of, 227, 228; meaning of, 228, 229, 230
Sufiism, 227-235, 382, 383-404, 460, 462, 463-465
Sufiism, Arabic works of reference on, 338
Sufiism, origins of, 228-231, 388-389; distinguished from asceticism, 229, 230, 231; the keynote of, 231; argument against the Indian origin of, 233; composed of many different elements, 389, 390; different schools of, 390; foreign sources of, 390; principles of, 392; definitions of, 228, 385, 392
Sufis, the, 206, 327, 339, 381, 460-465. See Sufiism
Sufyan b. ‘Uyayna, 366
Suhaym b. Wathil (poet), 202
-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Abu Hafs ‘Umar), 230, 232, 338, 396
-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Yahya), 275
-Sukkari, 128, 343
-Sulayk b. -Sulaka, 89
Sulaym (tribe), xix Sulayma, 34
Sulayman (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203
Sulayman al-Bistani, 469
-Suli, 297
-Suluk li-ma‘rifati Duwali ’l-Muluk, 453
-Sumayl b. Hatim, 406
Sumayya, 195
-Sunan, of Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337
-Sunan, of Ibn Maja, 337
-Sunan, of, -Nasa’i, 337
-sunna, 144, 234
-sunna, collections of traditions bearing on, 337
Sunnis, the, 207
Sunnis and Shi‘ites. not between the, 445
sura, 143, 159
Sura of Abu Lahab, the, 160
Sura of Coagulated Blood, the, 151
Sura of the Elephant, the, 68
Sura of the Enwrapped, the, 152
Sura of the Morning, the, 152
Sura, the Opening, 143, 168
Sura of Purification, the, 164. See Suratu ’l-Ikhlas
Sura of the Severing, the, 161
Sura of the Signs, the, 162
Sura of the Smiting, the, 163
Sura of the Unbelievers, the, 163
Suratu ’l-Fatiha (the opening chapter of the Koran), 168. See Sura, the Opening
Suratu ’l-Ikhlas, 461. See Sura of Purification, the
Suratu ’l-Tahrim, 454
Surra-man-ra’a, 263
Surushan, 391
-Sus, 431
Suwayqa, 398
Suyut, 454
-Suyuti (Jalalu ’l-Din), 55, 71, 145, 403, 454, 455 Syria, xxiv, xxvii-xxx, 3, 5, 26, 33, 35, 43, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 63, 73, 84, 123, 132, 142, 148, 170, 184, 185, 186, 191, 193, 199, 207, 215, 232, 240, 247, 255, 262, 268, 269, 271, 274, 275, 303, 304, 350, 355, 358, 382, 386, 388, 390, 405, 418, 419, 442, 443, 446, 448, 451, 461, 468
Syria, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184
T
Ta’abbata Sharran (poet), 79, 81, 97, 107, 126
Tabala, 105
Tabaqatu 'l-Atibba, 266
Tabaqatu ’l-Sufiyya, 338
Tabaran, 339
-Tabari, 1, 27, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 66-68, 70, 145, 155, 156, 158, 185, 186, 187, 189, 210, 212, 215, 218, 219, 256, 258, 259, 265, 277, 349, 352, 355, 356, 373, 376
-Tabari's Annals, abridgment of, by -Bal‘ami, 265, 352
Tabaristan, 350
tabi‘iyyun, 381
-Tabi‘un (the Successors), 229
Table, the Guarded, 163
Tabriz, 461
Tacitus, 194
Tadhkiratu ’l-Awliya, by Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 387
tadlis, 145
Tafsiru ’l-Jalalayn, 455
Tafsiru ’l-Qur‘an, by -Tabari, 1, 145, 351
-Taftazani, 456
Taghlib (tribe), xix, 44, 55-60, 61, 76, 93, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 240, 253, 269
Tahafutu ’l-Falasifa, 341
Tahir, 262, 263
Tahirid dynasty, the, 263, 265
tahrimu ’l-makasib, 297
Ta’if, 158
-Ta’iyyatu ’l-Kubra, 396, 397, 402
-Taiyyatu ’l-Sughra, 397
tajrid, 394
Talha, 190
Ta‘limites, the, 381, 382
Talisman, the, 469
Tamerlane, 437. See Timur
Tamim (tribe), xix, 125, 242, 293
Tamim al-Dari, 225
tanasukh (metempsychosis), 267
Tanukh (tribe), xviii, 34, 38
taqlid, 402
Tarafa (poet), 44, 101, 107-109, 128, 138, 308
tardiyyat, 294
Ta’rikhu ’l-Hind, 361
Ta’rikhu ’l-Hukama, 355, 370
Ta’rikhu ’l-Khamis, 445
Ta'rikhu ’l-Khulafa, 455
Ta'rikhu ’l-Rusul wa-’l-Muluk, 351
Ta'rikhu ’l-Tamaddun al-Islami, 435
Tariq, 204, 405
Tarjumanu ’l-Ashwaq, 403
Tarsus, 361
Tartary, 444
tasawwuf (Sufiism), 228
Tasm (tribe), 4, 25
tawaf, 117
tawakkut, 233
tawhid, 401
ta’wil (Interpretation), the doctrine of, 220
-tawil (metre), 75, 80
-Tawwabun (the Penitents), 218
Tayma, 84
Tayyi’ (tribe), xviii, 44, 53, 115
ta‘ziya (Passion Play), 218
Teheran, 361
Temple, the, at Jerusalem, 169, 177
Tennyson, 79
Teresa, St., 233
Testament, the Old, 161, 179
-Tha‘alibi, 267, 271, 288, 290, 303, 304, 308-312, 348
Thabit b. Jabir b. Sutyan, 81, 126. See Ta’abbata Sharran
Thabit b. Qurra, 359
Thabit Qutna, 221
Tha‘lab, 344
Thales, 363
Thamud, x, 3, 162
thanawi, 374
Thapsus, 274
Thaqif (tribe), 69
Theodore Abucara, 221
Theologians, influence of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 247, 283, 366, 367
Thoma (St. Thomas), 46
Thomas Aquinas, 367
Thorbecke, H., 55, 90, 114, 129, 336, 459
Thousand and One Nights, the, 34, 456-459. See Arabian Nights, the
-tibb (medicine), 283
Tiberius, 194
-Tibrizi (commentator), 55, 130
Tibullus, 425
Tides, a dissertation on, 354
Tigris, the, 189, 238, 256, 446
-Tihama, 62
Tihama, the, of Mecca, 3
Tilimsan, 454
Timur, xxix, 444, 454. See Tamerlane
Timur, biography of, by Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454
tinnin, 354
-Tirimmah (poet), 138
-Tirmidhi (Abu ‘Isa Muhammad), 337
Titus, 137
Tobacco, the smoking of, prohibited, 467
Toledo, 204, 421-423
Toleration, of Moslems towards Zoroastrians, 184; towards Christians, 184, 414, 441
Torah, the, 403. See Pentateuch
Tornberg, 203, 205, 253, 355, 429
Tours, battle of, 204
Trade between India and Arabia, 4, 5
Trade, expansion of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 281
Traditional or Religious Sciences, the, 282
Traditions, the Apostolic, collections of, 144, 247, 337
Traditions of the Prophet, 143-146, 237, 277, 278, 279, 282, 337, 356, 378, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467
Trajan, xxv
Translations into Arabic, from Pehlevi, 330, 346, 348, 358; from Greek, 358, 359, 469; from Coptic, 358; from English and French, 469
Translators of scientific books into Arabic, the, 358, 359, 363
Transoxania, 203, 233, 263, 265, 266, 275, 360, 419, 444
Transoxania, conquest of, by the Moslems, 203
Tribal constitution, the, 83
Tribes, the Arab, xix, xx Tripoli, 468
Tubba‘s, the (Himyarite kings), 5, 14, 17-26, 42
Tudih, 398
tughra, 326
tughra’i (chancellor), 326
-Tughra’i (poet), 326
Tughril Beg, 264, 275
tului, 286
Tumadir, 126
Tunis, 274, 428, 437, 441
Turkey, xvi, 169, 394, 404, 448, 466
Turkey, the Sultans of, 448
Turks, the, 263, 264, 268, 325, 343. See Ottoman Turks; Seljuq Turks
Tus, 339, 340
Tuwayli‘, 398
Tuways, 236
Twenty Years After, by Dumas, 272
U
‘Ubaydu’llah, the Mahdi, 274
‘Ubaydu’llah b. Yahya, 350
‘Ubaydu’llah b. Ziyad, 196, 198
Udhayna (Odenathus), 33, 35
Uhud, battle of, 170, 175
‘Ukaz, the fair of, 101, 102, 135
-‘Ulama, 320, 367, 460, 461
Ultra-Shi‘ites, the, 258. See -Ghulat
‘Uman (province), 4, 62
‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203, 204-206, 283
‘Umar b. Abi Rabi‘a (poet), 237
‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid (poet), 325, 394-398, 402, 448, 462
‘Umar b. Hatsun, 410
‘Umar b. al-Khattab (Caliph), xxvii, 51, 105, 127, 142, 157, 183, 185-190, 204, 210, 214, 215, 242, 254, 268, 297, 435
‘Umar Khayyam, 339
‘Umara, 88
Umayma (name of a woman), 90, 91, 92
Umayya, ancestor of the Umayyads, 65, 146, 181, 190
Umayya b. Abi ’l-Salt (poet), 69, 149-150
Umayyad dynasty, the, xxviii, 65, 154, 181, 190, 193-206, 214, 222, 264, 273, 274, 278, 279, 282, 283, 347, 358, 366, 373, 408
Umayyad literature, 235-247
Umayyads (descendants of Umayya), the, 190, 191. See Umayyad dynasty, the
Umayyads, Moslem prejudice against the, 154, 193, 194, 197, 207
Umayyads of Spain, the, 253, 264, 347, 405-414
-‘Umda, by Ibn Rashiq, 288
Umm ‘Asim, 204
Umm Jamil, 89
Unays, 67
-‘Urayd, 398
Urtuqid dynasty, the, 449
Usdu ’l-Ghaba, 356
‘Usfan, 22
ustadh, 392
Ustadhsis, 258
Usyut, 454
‘Utba, a slave-girl, 296
-‘Utbi (historian), 269, 354
‘Uthman b. ‘Affan, Caliph, xxvii, 142, 185, 190, 191, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 221, 236, 297
‘Uyunu ’l-Akhbar, 346
‘Uyunu ’l-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, 355. See Tabaqatu ’l-Atibba
-‘Uzza (goddess), 43, 135, 155
V
Valencia, 421
Valerian, 33
Van Vloten, 221, 222, 250
Vedanta, the, 384
Venus, 18
Vico, 439
Victor Hugo, 312
Villon, 243
Vizier, the office of, 256, 257. See wazir
Viziers of the Buwayhid dynasty, the, 267
Vogué, C. J. M. de, xxii
Vollers, 450
Vowel-marks in Arabic script, 201
W
Wadd, name of a god, 123
Wadi ’l-Mustad‘afin, 394
Wafayatu ’l-A‘yan, 451, 452. See Ibn Khallikan
-Wafi bi ’l-Wafayat, 456
-wafir (metre), 75
Wahb b. Munabbih, 247, 459
wahdatu ’l-wujud, monism, 402
Wahhabis, the, 463, 465-468
Wahhabite Reformation, the, 465-468
-Wahidi (commentator), 305, 307
-wa‘id, 297
Wa’il, xix, 56, 57
wajd, mystical term, 387, 394
Wajra, 398
-Walid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203, 405
-Walid b. Yazid (Umayyad Caliph), 132, 206, 291, 375
Wallada, 424, 425
-Waqidi (historian), 144, 261, 349
Waraqa b. Nawfal, 149, 150
wasi (executor), 215
Wasil b. ‘Ata, 223, 224, 374
Wasit, 385, 386
Water-diviners, honoured by the pagan Arabs, 73
-Wathiq, the Caliph, 257, 369
wazir, an Arabic word, 256. See Vizier
Wellhausen, J., 56, 128, 135, 139, 140, 149, 173, 198, 205, 207, 209, 210, 215, 218, 219, 222, 250, 365
Well-songs, 73
Wellsted, J. R., 8
West Gothic dynasty in Spain, the, 204
Weyers, 425
Wine-songs, 124, 125, 138, 206, 325, 417
Witches, Ballad of the Three, 19
Women famed as poets, 89, 126, 127; as Sufis, 233
Women, position of, in Pre-islamic times, 87-92
Woollen garments, a sign of asceticism, 228, 296
Wright, W., 202, 226, 343
Writing, Arabic, the oldest specimens of, xxi
Writing, the art of, in Pre-islamic times, xxii, 31, 102, 131, 138
Wuuml;stenfeld, F., xviii, 17, 129, 132, 190, 213, 245, 253, 275, 295, 357, 378, 408, 416, 452, 459
X
Xerxes, 256
Ximenez, Archbishop, 435
Y
-Yahud (the Jews), 171
Yahya b. Abi Mansur, 359
Yahya b. Khalid, 259, 260, 451
Yahya b. Yahya, the Berber, 408, 409
Yaksum, 28
-Yamama, 25, 111, 124
-Yamama, battle of, xxii, 142
Ya‘qub b. -Layth, 265
Ya‘qub al-Mansur (Almohade), 432
-Ya‘qubi (Ibn Wadih), historian, 193, 194, 349
Yaqut, 17, 357
Ya‘rub, 14
Yatha‘amar (Sabæan king), 4
Yatha‘amar Bayyin, 10, 17
Yathrib, 62. See Medina
Yathrippa, 62
-Yatima. See Yatimatu ’l-Dahr
Yatimatu ’l-Dahr, 267, 271, 304, 308, 348
-Yawaqit, by -Sha‘rani, 403, 460
Yazdigird I (Sasanian), 40, 41
Yazid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200
Yazid b. Abi Sufyan, 426
Yazid b. Mu‘awiya (Umayyad Caliph), 195-199, 208, 241
Yazid b. Rabi‘a b. Mufarrigh, 19
-Yemen (-Yaman), xvii, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 42, 49, 65, 68, 87, 99, 103, 137, 215, 247, 252, 274, 405
Yoqtan, xviii
Yoqtanids, the, xviii, 4. See Arabs, the Yemenite
Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Barr, 428
Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Mu’min (Almohade), 432
Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, 406
Yusuf b. Tashifin (Almoravide), 423, 430, 431
Z
Zab, battle of the, 181, 253
Zabad, the trilingual inscription of, xxii
-Zabba, 35, 36, 37. See Zenobia
Zabdai, 34
zaddiq, 375
Zafar (town in -Yemen), 7, 8, 17, 19, 21
Zafar (tribe), 94
zahid (ascetic), 230
Zahirites, the, 402, 427, 433
-Zahra, suburb of Cordova, 425
zajal, verse-form, 416, 417, 449
Zallaqa, battle of, 423, 431
-Zamakhshari, 145, 280, 336
zandik, 375
-Zanj, 273
Zanzibar, 352
Zapiski, 375
Zarifa, 15
Zarqa’u ’l-Yamama, 25
Zayd, son of ‘Adi b. Zayd, 48
Zayd b. ‘Ali b. -Husayn, 297
Zayd b. ‘Amr b. Nufayl, 149
Zayd b. Hammad, 45
Zayd b. Haritha, 153
Zayd b. Kilab b. Murra, 64. See Qusayy
Zayd b. Rifa‘a, 370
Zayd b. Thabit, 142
Zaydites, the, 297
Zaynab (Zenobia), 35, 36
Zaynab, an Arab woman, 237
Zaynu ’l-‘Abidin, 243
Zenobia, 33, 34, 35
Zinatu ’l-Dahr, 348
Zindiqs, the, 291, 296, 319, 368, 372-375, 387, 460
Ziryab (musician), 418
Ziyad, husband of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88
Ziyad ibn Abihi, 195, 256, 342
Ziyad b. Mu‘awiya. See -Nabigha al-Dhubvani
Ziyanid dynasty, the, 442
Zone, the, worn by Zoroastrians, 461
Zoroaster, 184, 258
Zoroastrians, the, 184, 341, 354, 373, 461
Zotenberg, H., 352
Zubayda, wife of Harun al-Rashid, 262
-Zubayr, 190
-Zuhara, 18
Zuhayr b. Abi Sulma (poet), 62, 116-119, 128, 131, 137, 140, 312
zuhd (asceticism), 229, 230. 299
zuhdiyyat, 294
Zuhra b. Kilab b. Murra, 64
-Zuhri (Muhammad b. Muslim b. Shihab), 153, 247, 258
zunnar, 461