APPENDIX I NOTABLE EVENTS AND DATES IN THE MODERN HISTORY OF AFRICAN COLONIZATION

B.C.

Foundation of the colony of Utica (Atiqa) on the N. African (Tunisian) coast by the Phœnicians about 1100

Foundation of the colony of Carthage by the Phœnicians about 822

Expedition of Dorians founds first Greek colony in Cyrenaica (modern Barka) about 631

Pharaoh Niku II of Egypt (son of Psammetik) sends out Phœnician Expedition from Red Sea which is said to have circumnavigated Africa in three years about 600

Conquest of Egypt by the Persians under Cambyses about 525

Hanno the Carthaginian explores the West Coast of Africa as far south as Sierra Leone and brings back chimpanzees about 520

Alexander of Macedon conquers Egypt from the Persians; and founds the city of Alexandria 332

The Romans take Egypt under their protection 168

The Romans definitely conquer and destroy Carthage and found the Roman province of Africa (consisting eventually of modern Tunis and part of Tripoli) 146-5

Numidia (Algeria) annexed to the Roman Empire 46

Egypt annexed to the Roman Empire 30

Romans invade Fezzan (Phazania) 19

A.C.

Mauretania (Morocco) annexed to the Roman Empire 42

Jewish massacre of Greek inhabitants of Cyrenaica 117

North Africa torn from the Roman Empire by the Vandals 429

Recovered partially by the Byzantines 531-4

Persian armies occupy Egypt 616

453Herodius recovers Egypt from the Persians 626

The Muhammadan Invasion of Africa:

Amr-bin-al Asi conquers Egypt 640-2

The Arabs invade Tripoli and Tunis, defeat the patrician Gregory and partially destroy Byzantine rule 647-8

Oqba-bin-Nafa is appointed by the Khalif “governor of Ifrikiyah” (669), overruns Fezzan and South Tunis, and founds there the Muhammadan capital of Kairwan 673

Oqba traverses N. Africa till he reaches the Atlantic Ocean 681

Carthage taken by the Arabs (698); Tunisia finally conquered from the Berbers (705); Morocco and Algeria conquered about 708; Spain invaded by Arabs and Berbers 711

First Islamic settlements founded on E. African coast about 720; Kilwa Sultanate founded 960

Aghlabite (Berber) dynasty begins in Tunis in 800 (Morocco contemporaneously ruled by the Idrisites) and comes to an end 909

Rise of the Fatimite dynasty over Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt (909), by whom Cairo (Al Kahira) is founded 969

Great Arab invasion of North Africa (especially Tunis) about 1045

About 1050 commences the invasion of N. Africa from the Niger and the Moroccan Sahara by the Berber sect of the Murabitin (Al-moravides), who have conquered all N. Africa and Spain by 1087

Timbuktu founded by the Tawareq about 1100

The Third Great Berber dynasty of the Muahadim (Al-Mohade) arises in W. Algeria about 1150, conquers Morocco, Spain and Algeria, and finally Tunis (from which the Normans are driven away) 1160

French and German Crusaders occupy eastern part of Nile Delta and garrison Cairo before they are driven out by “Saladin” 1163-70

Hafs dynasty founded in Tunis 1236

454King Louis IX of France (“Saint Louis”) invades Egypt in 1248; is disastrously repulsed, captured and ransomed. Twenty-two years later he invades Tunis, where he dies of fever 1270

Roman Carthage finally destroyed by the Moors, and Tunis made the capital of “Ifriqiyah” about 1271

The Portuguese take Ceuta from the Moors 1415

The river Senegal reached by Portuguese exploring vessels sent out by Prince Henry 1446

Diego Gomez reaches and names Sierra Leone 1460

The Canary Islands, discovered by a Norman adventurer and ultimately sold to Portugal, are transferred by that power to Spain 1479

Gold Coast, Niger Delta, Fernando Pô, Cameroons and Gaboon discovered by the Portuguese 1471-80

River Congo discovered by the Portuguese 1482-5

Bartolomeu Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope 1488

Melilla (N. Morocco) captured by the Spaniards 1490

Christianity introduced into the kingdom of Congo by the Portuguese 1491

Vasco da Gama passing round the Cape of Good Hope discovers and names Natal (Christmas, 1497), reaches Sofala and Malindi (East Africa) 1498

Sofala occupied and Portuguese East African Empire begun 1505

Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese 1500-6

The Emperor Charles V grants a charter to a Flemish merchant for the exclusive importation of negro slaves into Spanish America; Slave Trade thus definitely founded 1517

The Turks conquer Egypt 1517

Charles V intervenes in the affairs of Tunis (to restore Arab Hafside Sultan and drive out the Turkish corsair Khaïreddin Barbarossa) 1535

Charles V sustains disastrous repulse at Algiers (from which dates gradual decay of Spanish power over North Africa) 1541

Delagoa Bay first explored and temporarily settled by the Portuguese 1544

455First British trading ships leave London for the West African coast 1553

Sir John Hawkins conveys the first cargo of negro slaves to America under the British flag 1562

The Turks (having through corsairs founded the Regency of Algiers in 1519, that of Tripoli in 1551) once more take Tunis and make it a Turkish Pashalik 1573

Portugal founds the colony of Angola 1574

Dom Sebastião, King of Portugal, defeated and slain at the battle of Kasr-al-Kabir; and the Portuguese Empire over Morocco thenceforth crumbles 1578

Turkey attempts to wrest from Portugal the Zanzibar Coast,

but is utterly defeated by the Portuguese Admiral

Thomé de Sousa Coutinho 1584

Abu al Abbas al Mansur, the first “Sharifian” Emperor of Morocco, who was the victor over Dom Sebastião, sends an army across the Sahara and annexes Timbuktu and the Upper Niger to the Moorish dominions 1590

The first Dutch trading ships appear on the West African Coast 1595

The Dutch replace the Portuguese at Arguin (N. W. Coast of Africa) and Goree (Dakar) in 1621; and at Elmina (Gold Coast) 1637

French traders from Dieppe found the Fort of St Louis at the mouth of the Senegal 1637

Foundation of the French Compagnie de L’Orient for the purpose of colonizing Madagascar 1642

The British East India Company takes the Island of St Helena from the Dutch 1651

The Dutch take possession of the Cape of Good Hope 1652

The dynasty of the Filali Sharifs acquires the possession of the whole Empire of Morocco and Upper Nigeria 1658

A British African Company chartered by Charles II builds a fort at James Island, at the mouth of the Gambia 1662

This same Company (afterwards the Royal African Company), taking advantage of the war declared against Holland, seizes and retains several Dutch forts on the Gold Coast 1665-72

456Denmark establishes forts on the Gold Coast about 1672

Brandenburg (Prussia) builds the Fort of Grossfriedrichsburg on the Gold Coast 1683

England, to whom Tangier had been ceded by Portugal in 1662, abandons it to the Sharifian Empire of Morocco 1684

The rising Arab power of ’Oman had driven Portugal out of all her possessions north of Moçambique by 1698

The present Husseinite dynasty of Beys (from 1706 to 1881 practically independent sovereigns) is founded in Tunis by a Turkish Agha—Hussein bin Ali Bey 1706

Sieur André de Brüe, who went out to St Louis in 1697 as the Governor of the French Senegal Company, founds during the next 18 years the French colony of Senegal and returns to France 1715

The French occupy the Island of Mauritius (Bourbon or “Réunion” not being occupied until 1764) 1721

The Portuguese (having finally lost Mombasa in 1730) recognize the Maskat Imamate on the Zanzibar coast and decree the Bay of Lourenço Marquez on the south and Cape Delgado on the north to be the limits of their East African possessions 1752

The Portuguese lose Mazagão, their last foothold in Morocco 1769

Spain acquires Fernando Pô in the Gulf of Guinea 1778

Sierra Leone ceded to the British by the natives 1787

Spain loses Oran by a terrible earthquake, and with it her last hold over Algeria 1791

Denmark forbids the Slave Trade to her subjects 1792

Britain first seizes the Cape of Good Hope 1795

Mungo Park discovers the river Niger at Segu 1796

The London Missionary Society’s Agents land in Cape Colony and commence work amongst the Kafirs and Bushmen 1799

Napoleon Buonaparte conquers Egypt, 1798; Nelson destroys French fleet at Abukir Bay same year; French evacuate Egypt 1801

Britain finally occupies the Cape of Good Hope 1806

Sierra Leone and Gambia organized as Crown Colonies 1807

457An Act of Parliament is passed abolishing the Slave Trade in the British dominions 1807

British capture from the French Seychelles (1794), Mauritius and Réunion in 1810, and Tamatave and Island of St Marie (Madagascar) in 1811

Muhammad Ali destroys the Mamluks in Egypt 1811

First Kafir war in South Africa 1811-12

Cape Colony definitely ceded by Holland to Great Britain 1814

Island of Réunion (Bourbon) restored to France 1814

Holland abolishes the Slave Trade in her dominions 1814

France and Sweden abolish the Slave Trade 1815

France reoccupies Island of St Marie de Madagascar (first taken in 1750) 1817

Invasion of the Egyptian Sudan by Muhammad Ali’s forces (1820-22) and foundation of Khartum as its capital 1823

A British Government Expedition under Oudney, Clapperton, and Denham discovers Lake Chad 1823

Vice-Admiral W. F. W. Owen completes his great coast survey of Africa, in which for the first time in history the outline of the African Continent was correctly delineated 1822-9

Governor Sir Charles Macarthy defeated and killed by the Ashanti in 1824; consequent first British war with Ashanti terminates victoriously 1827

The Brothers Lander sent out by British Government trace the Niger from Busa to the sea and establish its outlet in the Gulf of Guinea 1830

A French Expedition conquers Algiers 1830

Portugal abolishes the Slave Trade 1830

First British steamers (Macgregor Laird’s Expedition) navigate the Lower Niger (1832) and discover the Benué River 1833

Slavery abolished in all British African possessions, including Cape Colony, by 1834

Third Kafir War in South Africa 1834

Turkey sends expedition to Tripoli to restore her direct authority 1835

First “trekking” of the Boers away from British rule 1836

458Boer emigrants treacherously massacred by Dingane, King of the Zulus 1837

The Sakalava of N.-West Madagascar place themselves under French protection, and France occupies the islands of Nossi Bé and Mayotta 1840

Second Niger Expedition despatched from England 1841

Muhammad Ali the Macedonian (once a Turkish officer of Bashi-bazuks) confirmed in the hereditary sovereignty of Egypt as Pasha and Wali 1841

The last of the quasi-independent Karamanli Pashas of Tripoli seizes and garrisons the important Saharan towns of Ghadames and Ghat in 1840-41; but is himself removed by the Turks, who annex definitely to the Turkish Empire Tripoli and Barka 1842

Natal becomes a British Colony 1843

Gold Coast finally organized as a Crown Colony 1843

French war with Morocco 1844

Waghorn’s Overland Route finally established across Egypt 1845

Independence of the Freed-slave State of Liberia recognized 1847

Abd-al-Kader surrenders; Constantine (East Algeria) taken by the French 1847

Foundation of the French Freed-slave settlement of Libreville in the Gaboon 1848

Krapf and Rebmann discover the snowy Mountains of Kenya and Kilima-njaro 1848

Slavery had been abolished throughout all the French possessions in Africa by 1849

Denmark cedes her Gold Coast forts to England 1850

Livingstone and Oswell discover the Central Zambezi 1851

Independence of the Transvaal Republic recognized by Great Britain 1852

Representative Government established in Cape Colony 1853

General Faidherbe appointed Governor of Senegal in 1854; he breaks the Fula power in Senegal and greatly extends the French possessions by 1856

459A British Expedition is sent out in 1849 under Richardson, Oberweg, Vogel and Barth to explore North Central Africa: Oberweg navigates Lake Chad, ascends the river Shari and is killed in Wadai; Barth visits the Upper Benué, Timbuktu, etc., and returns to England 1855

Livingstone makes his famous journey from Cape Colony to Angola and from Angola to the Indian Ocean, exploring the Zambezi from source to mouth, and returns to England 1856

Burton and Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, and Speke reaches south end of the Victoria Nyanza 1858

Livingstone and Kirk discover Lake Nyasa 1859

Spanish War with Morocco 1859-60

Zanzibar separated as an independent State from the Imamate of ’Oman 1861

Lagos becomes a British Crown Colony 1863

Speke and Grant establish the Victoria Nyanza Lake as the main source of the Nile, visit Uganda, and follow the Nile down to Cairo 1860-4

(Sir) Samuel Baker discovers Lake Albert Nyanza 1864

Second Government Expedition under Dr Baikie sent out to explore rivers Niger and Benué (1854); Dr Baikie made Consul for the Niger, founds Lokoja at Niger-Benué confluence and explores Benué (1857) and greatly extends British influence; but dies in 1863; Consulate abolished 1866

Discovery of a diamond near the Orange River in Cape Colony 1867

Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu and the Upper Luapula (Congo) R. discovered by Livingstone in 1867 and 1868

Basutoland placed under British protection 1868

British Army enters Abyssinia to release captives of King Theodore and wins victory of Magdala 1868

Establishment of Triple Control over Tunisian finances 1869

Opening of Suez Canal 1869

Sir Samuel Baker appointed Governor of the Equatorial province, Egyptian Sudan 1869

Dr Schweinfurth discovers the R. Wele-Mubangi, the great northern affluent of the Congo 1870

Livingstone discovers the Lualaba or Upper Congo at Nyangwe; is met at Ujiji and relieved by Stanley 1871

460Insurrection against French in Eastern Algeria suppressed 1871

Responsible Government introduced into Cape Colony 1872

Sultan of Zanzibar signs treaty forced on him by England for abolition of the Slave Trade 1873

Second Ashanti War: Sir Garnet Wolseley takes and burns Kumasi 1873-4

Dr Livingstone dies 1873

Cameron crosses Africa from Zanzibar to Benguela, mapping Tanganyika correctly for the first time 1873-5

Stanley circumnavigates the Victoria Nyanza and traces the river Congo from Nyangwe to the Atlantic Ocean—the greatest journey in African Exploration 1874-7

Transvaal annexed by Great Britain 1877

The Dual Control of France and England imposed on Egyptian Government (1876); Ismail Pasha deposed 1879

War between Great Britain and the Zulus 1879

The International Association founded by the King of the Belgians, having developed a special branch, the “Comité d’Études du Haut Congo,” sends out H. M. Stanley to found what becomes six years later the “Congo Independent State” 1879

De Brazza secures part of the Upper Congo for France 1880

The Transvaal revolts against Great Britain and obtains recognition of its independence under British suzerainty 1881

French force enters Tunis and imposes French protection on that country 1881

French conquests reach the Upper Niger 1881-2

Arabi’s revolt in Egypt (1881), abolition of Dual Control, bombardment of Alexandria and defeat of Arabi at Tel-el-Kebir by Lord Wolseley; British occupation of Egypt begins 1882

Italy occupies Assab Bay on Red Sea coast and commences creation of colony of Eritrea 1882

Occupation of Obok by France 1883

461The commencement of the African Scramble: Germany establishes her protectorate over South-West Africa, and over Togoland and the Cameroons in West Africa, France occupies Grand Bassam and Porto Novo (Ivory and Slave Coasts); Gordon is despatched to the Sudan (which revolted from Egypt in 1883); and the Berlin Conference on African questions is summoned 1884

Death of General Gordon at Khartum and temporary loss of Egyptian Sudan 1885

Recognition by all the powers of Congo Independent State 1885

Bechuanaland taken under British protection 1885

Germany founds her East African possessions in the interior of the Zanzibar Sultanate 1885

Great Britain declares protectorate over Niger Coast and river Niger and grants Charter to Royal Niger Company: Joseph Thomson makes a Treaty for latter Company with the Sultan of Sokoto 1885

Portugal extends her territory to the south bank of the Congo and to Kabinda 1884-5

France concludes treaty with Madagascar which gives her predominant influence over that island (declares protectorate over Komoro Islands 1886) 1885

The Anglo-Egyptian forces sustain severe defeats near Suakin at the hands of the Sudanese under Osman Digna: Suakin is retained, but Egyptian rule in the Nile valley is restricted to Wady Haifa. Italy occupies Masawa 1885

Great discoveries of reef gold in the Transvaal; founding of Johannesburg 1886

War breaks out in N. Nyasaland between British settlers and Arab slave traders 1887

In Oil rivers (Niger Delta) Jaja, King of Opobo, is arrested and banished; access to interior markets is then obtained 1887

French Senegambian possessions definitely extended to the Upper Niger 1887

Imperial British East Africa Company receives Charter 1888

Serious rebellion against the Germans breaks out in East Africa (is not finally subdued by von Wissmann till 1890) 1888

British protectorate over N. Somaliland first organized 1889

462Italian protectorate established over East Somaliland: and treaty concluded with Menelik of Ethiopia by which Italy claimed to control foreign relations of Abyssinia 1889

Charter given to British South African Company 1889

British Central Africa declared to be under British protection: British flag hoisted on Lakes Tanganyika and Nyasa 1889

In 1887 Stanley conducts an expedition by way of the Congo to relieve Emin Pasha. He discovers the Edward Lake and Ruwenzori Mountains and reaches Zanzibar 1889

Anglo-German Agreement concluded relative to East Africa: Zanzibar taken under British protection; Great Britain recognizes French protectorate over Madagascar and French Sphere of Influence between Algeria, the Niger, and Lake Chad; and France recognizes the British Control over Sokoto and the Lower Niger 1890

Cecil Rhodes, managing director of the British South Africa Company, becomes premier of Cape Colony 1890

French expeditions reach the river Shari from the Congo Basin and secure that river to French influence 1890-1

Captain (afterwards Colonel Sir Frederick) Lugard establishes British predominance ever Uganda 1891

A German force annihilated by Wa-hehe in south central part of German East Africa 1891

Paul Crampel, the first explorer crossing from the Congo basin to, the Shari river, is killed by a subordinate chief under Rabah Zobeir on the borders of Dar Banda 1891

Belgians establish posts in Schweinfurth’s Wele 1892

Natal receives responsible government 1893

France conquers and annexes Dahomé 1893

Rabah Zobeir becomes Sultan of Bornu by conquest 1893

First Matebele war; death of Lobengula; Buluwayo becomes the capital of Rhodesia 1893

French occupy Jenne and Timbuktu on the Upper Niger 1893-4

The Belgian forces under Baron Dhanis capture all the Arab towns on the Lualaba (Upper Congo) and destroy the Arab power in Congoland 1892-4

463Witboo Hottentot outbreak against Germans in Southwest Africa 1894

Uganda declared a British protectorate; Charter of British East Africa Company withdrawn and British East Africa henceforth administered under British Commissioner 1894-5

Arabs finally defeated and expelled from Nyasaland Protectorate 1895

Major Mouzinho de Albuquerque captures the Zulu king Gungunyana and firmly establishes Portuguese dominion in South-east Africa 1895

Captain Bottego establishes Italian post at Lugh on the Jub river 1895

France conquers and annexes Madagascar 1894-6

Jameson raid into Transvaal; Matebele revolt and second Matebele war 1896

Italy sustains terrible defeat in North Abyssinia. Her protectorate over Abyssinia withdrawn and that country’s independence recognized 1896

Anglo-Egyptian army reconquers Dongola 1896

Conquest of Nupe by the Royal Niger Company 1897

Zululand incorporated with Natal 1897

Railway completed to Buluwayo 1897

Emile Gentil reaches Shari river and Lake Chad from Congo, and establishes French protectorate over Bagirmi 1897

Benin city and kingdom conquered by a British Naval Expedition (after a massacre of a pacific expedition under J. R. Phillips) 1897

German East Africa declared a German colony 1897

Revolt of Sudanese soldiers temporarily imperils British position in Uganda. Col. Sir J. R. L. Macdonald’s expedition reveals geography of region between Lake Rudolf and Nile; Sir Harry Johnston reorganizes the administration of Uganda protectorate and concludes a new treaty with kingdom of Buganda 1897-98-1900

Anglo-French agreement signed with regard to Niger 1898

Anglo-German agreement relative to Delagoa Bay and Other Portuguese possessions in Africa signed in 1898

464Samori, the last great warrior chief of Senegal-Niger, defeated and captured by the French 1898

Serious rising against the British Sierra Leone protectorate 1898

Railway opened from Lower Congo to Stanley pool 1898

Khartum captured by Sir H. (since Viscount) Kitchener and Anglo-Egyptian influence established over the Sudan; Wadi Halfa-Dongola railway continued towards Khartum 1898

Major Marchand, who is sent to Fashoda by French Government, is withdrawn thence on British protests 1898

The British and French Governments conclude an appendix to the Niger Convention of 1898 which determines approximately the boundaries of British and French influence in the Eastern Sudan 1899

Ashanti rising and final conquest of Ashanti 1900

Northern Nigeria taken over for administration by the British Government 1900

The Khalifa and nearly all his remaining generals perish in the battle of Omdubreikat (Kordofan) in November, 1899, and Osman Digna is captured near Suakin in January. Sir Reginald Wingate becomes Governor-General of Sudan 1900

Rabah Zobeir, the Sudanese conqueror of Bornu, etc., dies in battle with the French 1900

The Sadd or obstructive water vegetation of Mountain Nile is cut through by Major Malcolm Peake and navigation opened up between Khartum and Gondokoro (Uganda) 1900-1

Railway from Wadi Halfa reaches Khartum 1901

Sleeping sickness begins in Uganda in the autumn of 1901

War breaks out in South Africa between Boer Republics and Great Britain (October 1899); Bloemfontein and Pretoria taken, 1900; Orange Free State and Transvaal annexed to British Empire, 1900; peace concluded 1902

Fadl-Allah, son and successor of Rabah, dies after his defeat by the French on the frontiers of Bornu 1902

Right Hon. Cecil Rhodes dies at Muizenburg near Cape Town, March 1902

465German occupation of Lake Chad districts 1902

The final conquest of Northern Nigeria begins 1902. (Yola, Bauchi, Bornu) and finishes (Kano and Sokoto) 1903

Uganda railway from Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza open for through service in 1903

Mr E. D. Morel commences his public denunciations of King Leopold’s misgovernment of the Congo State in 1902; (Sir) Roger Casement sent out to investigate and report 1903-4

British-Somali War 1902-4

Anglo-French Agreement, allotting Morocco to a French and Egypt to a British Sphere of Influence 1904

King Leopold sends an international commission to the Congo basin to investigate truth of charges brought against his administration (1904); the commission reports 1905

Mauretania (land between Senegal and Moroccan Sahara) taken under French administration 1904-5

Lagos and Niger coast united as “Southern Nigeria” 1904

Rhodesian “Cape to Cairo” railway reaches and bridges Zambezi at Victoria Falls 1905

French conquest of Wadai, the great slave-raiding state of the Central Sudan, begins 1904

Italian government takes on direct management of Italian Somaliland 1905

German Emperor decides to pay state visit to Morocco at Tangiers and thereby calls in question the allotment of Morocco to France as a sphere of influence 1905

The Congress of Algeciras meets in southern Spain to discuss the future of Morocco 1906

Railway from Khartum-Berber to Port Sudan (Red Sea) opened 1906

Grant of responsible.government to the Transvaal 1906

In 1903 the Hottentots rebel against German authority in South-west Africa. In 1904 the Ova-herero (Damaras) join the rebellion, which is not finally crushed until 1906-7

Responsible government granted to Orange River Colony (Orange Free State) 1907

466Diamonds found in German South-west Africa 1908

Belgium annexes the Congo Independent State 1908-9

In 1908 serious troubles break out in Western Morocco (Shawia country) obliging France to land a large force and occupy Casa Blanca and the neighbourhood; Mulai Hafid defeats his brother (Abd-el-Aziz) and becomes Sultan in his place; France and Germany come to a temporary arrangement which recognizes France’s “political interests” in Morocco 1909

Union of South Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange State) proclaimed 1909

Spaniards send an army of 50,000 men to conquer and occupy Rif country (North-east Morocco) 1909-10

France conquers the Arab and Berber nomad tribes of Adrar (Mauretania) 1909-10

France finally conquers Wadai 1910

Rhodesian “Cape to Cairo” railway opened as far as Congolese frontier in Katanga 1910

Viscount Kitchener becomes British Agent in Egypt 1911

“Cape to Cairo” railway extended from Khartum to El Obeid (Kordofan) 1911

The “Panther,” sent to Agadir on the south-west coast of Morocco by Germany, reopens the Morocco question; but the incident ends in a German recognition of a French protectorate over Morocco 1911

Italy lands 80,000 men at Tripoli and eventually annexes all Tripoli and Barka 1911-12

France cedes to Germany important territories which connect the Kamerun colony with the Mubangi river and the main Congo, making Germany a “Congo” power 1911-12

Railway from Lagos to Kano (Hausaland) finished 1912

Liberian Republic entrusts the management of its finances and interior police to officials appointed by United States President 1911-12

France and Spain definitely settle their partition of Morocco; and France occupies all important Moroccan towns except Tangier 1912

467