INDEX

Acre, siege of, 119; taken by Richard I., 120 Adela, daughter of Robert of Flanders, marries Cnut, 54 Ælfgar, son of Leofric, given Harold’s earldom of the East Angles, 22; succeeds his father as Earl of Mercia, 23 Ælfgyfu, wife of King Edwy, 12, 13 Ælfric, Ealdorman of the Mercians, deserts Wiltshire and Salisbury, 17 Æthelbald, son of Æthelwulf, marries Judith, 6; conspires against his father, 6 Æthelberht, Bretwalda, King of Kent, first Christian king, 3 Æthelberht, King of Wessex and Kent, 6 Æthelflæd, daughter of Alfred, Lady of the Mercians, 9; her castles, 10 Æthelfrith, King of Northumbria, 2 Ætheling, legitimate son of the royal family, 34 Æthelmær, brother of Stigand, Bishop of the East Angles, 49 Æthelred, King of Wessex and Kent, repels the Danes, 7 Æthelred the Unready, his enmity to Dunstan, 15; his weak rule, quarrels with Cumberland and Normandy, 16; marries Emma, massacres the Danes, 17; flies to Normandy, is recalled and restored, 18; dies, 19 Æthelstan, son of Eadward, incorporates Bernicia, his supremacy acknowledged by Scotland, 11 Æthelwine, Bishop of Durham, receives Robert de Comines, 46; deprived and outlawed, 49; at Hereward’s camp, 50; made prisoner, 51 Æthelwulf, King of Wessex, fights against the Danes, forms a connection with Rome, divides his kingdom, 6 Agriculture, the early system, 28; ignorance of, causes famine, 72; neglected, 87; effect of the Black Death on, 229; sheep farms, 256; improvement in, 267 Aldan, missionary from Iona, 4 Alan Fergant of Brittany joins Philip of France against William I., marries William’s daughter Constance, 53; his son joins Matilda, 82 Alexander II. of Scotland, swears fealty to John, 132 Alexander III. of Scotland, swears fealty to Edward 1., 172; dies, 181 Alexander II., Pope, sends a ring and banner to William I., 25 Alexander III., Pope, acknowledged by France and England, lives at Sens, 94; anxious to secure Henry II.’s friendship, gives Becket slight support, 96; receives him on his flight from England, returns to Italy, Frederick of Germany still refuses to acknowledge him, intercourse forbidden by Henry II. between him and England, 98; appoints legates to examine Becket’s case, 99; removes the excommunications, 100; he suspends Becket, 100; sends a commission, 100; after Becket’s death sends legates for a formal inquiry, 101; Henry II. promises adhesion to, 103 Alfred the Great, anointed at Rome, 6; conquers the Danes at Ashdown, 7; makes peace, 7; improves the fleet, 8; flies from the Danes, 8; defeats them at Edington, 8; makes the Treaty of Wedmore, 8; establishes supremacy over Northumbria, 9; his character, 9 Alfred, son of Æthelred, retires to Normandy, 19; returns to Essex and is murdered, 21 Alice, sister of Philip II., quarrel concerning, 112; repudiated by Richard I., 118 Allodial proprietor, or freeman, 33 Alphege, Archbishop of Canterbury, killed by the Danes, 18; reburied with honour by Cnut at Canterbury, 20 Amiens, award of, 162 Angles, come from Sleswig, 1; settle in England, 2 Anjou [see Fulk and Geoffrey], Henry II. conquers, 91 Anselm, Fitz-Arthur, delays the funeral of William I., 55 Anselm, Abbot of Bec, made Archbishop of Canterbury, 61; reforms the Church, opposes William II., William accuses him of remissness in an expedition against Wales, 62; he retires to Rome, 62; recalled by Henry I., 63; threatens to excommunicate Robert’s friends, 65; swears fealty to Matilda, 69; asserts the independence of the Church, goes to Rome, submits to a compromise at Bec, holds a synod at Westminster, 71 Appellants, impeach the friends of Richard II., 248 Appellants against Gloucester promoted, 252; deprived, 276; conspire against Henry IV., 277 Armagnacs, quarrel with Burgundians, 284-290; have charge of the war, 292 Army, house-carls, 20; militia, 25; javelins and axes the national weapons at Battle of Hastings, 26; arrows at Battle of the Standard, 80; change in character of, 225, 227; raised by contract, 268 Arras, congress of, 314 Artevelt, alliance with Edward III., 219; offers to make Prince of Wales Count of Flanders, murdered, 224 Arthur, son of Geoffrey of Brittany, guardianship claimed by Philip II., 111; supported by Longchamp, 121; Richard I.’s recognition of, not renewed, supported by Philip, 126; does homage to him, deserted by him, 127; besieges Queen Eleanor, 128; his death, 129 Arundel, Bishop of Ely, Chancellor, 247; deposed, 249; Archbishop of Canterbury, banished, 252; supports Henry IV., 254; deprived of his chancellorship, 288 Arundel, Lord, one of the Lords Appellants, 248; arrested, 251; executed, 252 Ascough, minister under Suffolk, 318; executed, 320 Assize of Clarendon and of Northampton, 106, 108 Augustine, the Missionary, comes to England, 3 Auxerre, Treaty of, 284; its effect, 290 Badby; burnt, 288 Bagsecg, a Danish leader, 7 Baldwin of Flanders takes Philip II. prisoner, 124 Baldwin of Redvers rebels against Stephen, 79 Balliol, John, claims the Scotch throne, 182; decided by Edward I., 183; his position, 183; his rebellion, 185 Balliol, Edward, first invasion of Scotland, 216; second invasion, 217 Bamborough, founded by Ida, 2; Mowbray besieged in, 59 Banking-houses of Italy, 179; of Bardi, 224 Bari, Council of, 62 Barons of the Exchequer, 75, 106; assessed the taxes, 114 Battles— Agincourt, 295 Arsouf, 120 Assandun, 19 Auray, 234 Aylesford, 2 Bannockburn, 203 Basing, 7 Beaugé, 301 Blore Heath, 325 Boroughbridge, 207 Bouvines, 136 Bramham, 282 Brenneville, 68 Brentford, 19 Brunanburh, 11 Châlons, 172 Cressy, 225, 227 Cricklade, 10 Deorham, 2 Dol, 104 Dunbar, 185 Edington, 8 Ellandune, 5 Englefield, 7 Evesham, 167 Ferrybridge, 328 Formigny, 319 Halidon Hill, 217 Hastings, 26 Heathfield, 3 Hedgeley Moor, 329 Hengestesdun, 5 Herrings, the, 308 Hettin, 111 Hexham, 329 Ipswich, 18 Lewes, 163 Lincoln, 83, 142 Maldon, 16 Maserfield, 4 Merton, 7 Mortimer’s Cross, 327 Mount Badon, 2 Navarette, 235 Neville’s Cross, 228 Northampton, 325 Ockley, 6 Orford, 19 Otterbourne, 249 Pataye, 310 Pen Selwood, 19 Poitiers, 231 Puysac, 67 Radcot, 248 Reading, 7 Rochelle, 236 Sherstone, 19 Shrewsbury, 280 Stamford Bridge, 26 Sluys, 220 St. Albans, 323, 327 St. Cloud, 284 Swanage, 8 Tenchebray, 66 Tewkesbury, 335 The Standard, 80 Thetford, 7 Towton, 328 Verneuil, 305 Wakefield, 327 Wilton, 7, 84 Basset, the Justiciary, hangs forty-four thieves at one Court, 74 Beauchamp, Guy, second Earl of Warwick, opposes Gaveston, 200; beheads him, 202 Beauchamp, Thomas, fourth Earl, one of the Lords Appellant, 248; arrested, 251; exiled, 252 Beauchamp, Richard, fifth Earl, succeeds York in France, 315 Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, quarrels with Gloucester, 306; lends troops to Bedford, 311; legate, attacked by Gloucester, 312; at Arras, 314; visits Edinburgh, 315; head of peace party, 316; dies, 318 Beaumont, Robert, Count of Mellent, good adviser of William I. and II., 62; supports Henry I., his large property, 65; dies, 68 Beaumont, Waleram, Count of Mellent (son of Robert), opposes the Church, 81, 82; offers the crown to Theobald, 83 Beaumont, Robert, Earl of Leicester (second son of Robert), offers the crown to Theobald, 83; joins Henry of Anjou, 85; left in charge of England, 91; ordered to pronounce sentence against Becket, 98; joins the Great Rebellion, 104 Beaumont, Henry de (no relation to Counts of Mellent), favourite of Edward II., 201, 204 Bec, compromise at, 71 Beck, Anthony, Bishop of Durham, agent of Edward I., 172; sent to Scotland, 181 Becket, first employed by Archbishop Theobald, 91; made Chancellor, 92; his magnificence, arranges Prince Henry’s marriage, 92; joins in Henry II.’s war with France, 93; made Archbishop, 95; changes his life, resigns his temporal offices, 95; upholds the encroachments of the Church, case of Philip Brois, 95; accepts the Constitutions of Clarendon, then retracts, 95; his reason for objecting, summoned to a council at Northampton, 96; charges against him, 97; his courage, leaves the court before judgment is given, and escapes to Gravelines, 98; puts himself under the protection of Louis VII., 98; favourably received by the Pope, 98; he excommunicates his enemies, retires to Sens, 99; meets the legates, but refuses to retract, suspended by the Pope, repeats his excommunications, 100; Henry yields, but refuses the kiss of peace, 100; at Fretheval he receives the kiss and a safe-conduct to England, returns, and continues his excommunications, his death, 101; Henry does penance at his shrine, 105; his bones removed to Canterbury Cathedral, 143 Bedford. [See John.] Belesme, Robert de, son of Roger of Montgomery, opposes William II., 57; quarrels with Grantmesnil, 58; succeeds his brother Hugh as Earl of Shrewsbury, 59; constant opponent of Henry I., his great possessions, 65; Henry takes four castles from him, 66; he retires to Normandy, 66; taken prisoner by Henry at Bonneville, 67; his cruelties, 73 Benedictine rule, introduced into England by Dunstan, 15; abbey established at Chester by Anselm, 61 Bercta, Christian wife of Æthelberht, 3 Berengaria, daughter of Raymond of Barcelona, betrothed to Richard I., 93; marries him, 118 Bernicia, a division of Northumbria, 2; conquered by Æthelstan, 11; made an earldom by Dunstan, 15 Bigod, Roger, supports Henry I. against Robert, 65 Bigod, Hugh (son of Roger), takes the Earldom of East Anglia (Norfolk), 79; declares for Henry II., 86; surrenders castles, 91; joins the Great Rebellion, 104 Bigod, Roger, fourth Earl of Norfolk, one of the council, 159 Bigod, Hugh (his brother), escapes, 164 Birinus, converts Wessex, 4 Black Death, 229; its effect on labour, 267 Black Prince, at Cressy, 227; his expedition, 229; at Poitiers, 231; in Aquitaine, 234, 285; illness, 236; his political party, 239; dies, 240 Blanche of Castile, engaged to Louis, 127; rules France, 145; defeats Henry, 148 Blanchelande, Treaty of, 52 Blanchetaque, ford of, 225, 293 Bocland, explained, 31 Bohun, third Earl of Hereford, refuses to command the army for Guienne, 187 Bohun, fourth Earl, marries daughter of Edward I., chief of the baronial party, 202; killed, 207 Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, 151; wastes his see, 154; lives abroad, 158; collects an army, 164 Borough, origin of, 32 Bouchier, Robt., 1st lay chancellor, 221, 239 Bouchier, Thomas, archbishop and chancellor, 322 Breakspear, the only English Pope, Adrian IV., 90; grants Ireland to Henry I., 91 Brember, Sir Nicholas, impeached, 248; executed, 249 Brétigny, Peace of, 233 Bretwalda, title of the dominant chief, 2 Brian Fitz-Count, grandson of William I., holds Wallingford for Matilda, 82; attests her oath, 83; defends Wallingford against Stephen, 85 Brihtnoth, fights the Battle of Maldon, 16 Brihtric, brother of Eadric Streona, 17 Britons expel the Romans, 1; invite the Saxons, 1; their possessions in the West, 3; independent north of the Dee, 5 Brittany, suzerainty of, given up by Louis VI. to Henry I., 67; Henry II. gets a hold upon it by securing Nantes, 92; Earl Conan grants it to Henry II, 99; does homage to France, 127; alliance with England, 145; disputed succession in, 222; war in, 243; alliance with Henry V., 298; with France, 307; with England, 307; with France, 313; receives the Tudors; 336; banishes them, 347 Bruce, claim to the Scotch throne, 182; an English judge, 191 Bruce, Robert, grandson of the claimant, 191; murders Comyn, crowned, 192; reconquers Scotland, 199; wins Battle of Bannockburn, 203; his offer of peace rejected, 204; excommunicated, 205; truce with, 206; promises help to the rebel barons, 207; title acknowledged by Edward II., 208; war with Edward III., marriage treaty, 214; dies, 216; his use of infantry, 227 Bruce, Edward, accepts the throne of Ireland, 204; killed, 205 Buckingham. [See Stafford.] Burgundy, Duke of (uncle of Charles VI.), disputes power with Orleans, 280 Burgundy, John, murders Orleans, 282; negotiates with Henry V., 291; holds aloof from the war, 292; joins the Queen’s party, 298; deserts Rouen, 299; murdered, 300 Burgundy, Philip, son of John, negotiates with Henry V., 300; alliance with Bedford, 304; alliance weakened by Gloucester, 305; obtains the Netherlands, 306; renewed alliance, 307; quarrel with Bedford, 312; alliance with France, 314 Burgundy, Charles the Bold, marries Margaret, sister of Edward IV., 331; alliance with Edward against France, 337; death of, 336 Burgundy, Mary of, proposals of marriage for, 336; marries Maximilian, dies, 339 Burhred, King of Mercia, 7, 8 Burnell, Chancellor, 172; his advice, 179 Cade, Jack, his rebellion, 320 Calais, siege of, 228 Calne, Dunstan’s synod at, 15 Calverley, general of the Free Companies, 234 Castles, built by Eadward, the nucleus of towns, 10; built by William I. as garrisons, 43, 45-47; set up in Wales, 59; Wales kept in subjection by, 70; multiplied in Stephen’s reign, a sign of anarchy, 80; tortures perpetrated in them, 87; number of, 90; put down by Henry II., 90 Catesby, favourite of Richard III., 345; speaker of his Parliament, 346; couplet on him, 347 Catherine of France, marries Henry V., 300 Caxton, introduces printing, 353 Ceawlin, a Bretwalda, 2 Cenwulf, Christian king of Mercia, 4 Ceolwulf, a Danish agent, king of Mercia, 8 Ceorl, or freeman, 29 Cerdic, a Saxon leader, 2 Chancellor of the Exchequer, his duties, 75; head of the secretaries, 106 Chandos, English general in France, 234, 235 Charlemagne corresponds with Offa, 5; checks the Danes, 5 Charles d’Albret, Constable of France, 292; his character, 293 Charles IV. demands homage of Edward II., 209 Charles VI., accession, 234; foments rebellion in Aquitaine, 235; his daughter marries Richard II., 251; his madness, 290; dies, 302 Charles VII., becomes Dauphin, 298; rescued by Duchâtel, 299; succeeds to the throne, 302; character of, 304: crowned at Rheims, 310; enters Paris, 315 Charter, the Great. [See Magna.] Charter of Henry I., 64; of Stephen, 78 Chartres, treaty of, 189 Chateau-Gaillard, taken by Philip, 129 Chaucer, 271, 273, 274 Chester, conquered by Ecgberht, 5; a Danish burgh, 8; taken by William, 48; made a Palatine county, 51; constant fighting with Wales, 58 Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury, persecutes the Lollards, 289; grants money for the French War, 291 Chinon, peace of, 136; renewed, 143 Church, organized by Theodore of Tarsus, 4; increased importance of, 14; Dunstan’s reforms, 15; its important position at the time of the Conquest, 36; marriage of the clergy permitted, 36; ecclesiastical and secular jurisdiction separated, 38, 49; its national character, 48; William I. tries to Romanize it, 38, 48; marriage of the clergy forbidden by Lanfranc, 49; William I. head of, 49; general improvement of, 50; oppressed by William II., his bad appointments, 60; archbishopric vacant four years after Lanfranc’s death, 61; want of discipline in, 61; Anselm defends ecclesiastical rights, 62; his reforms, 62; Irish and Scotch bishops acknowledge the supremacy of Canterbury, 62; laymen forbidden to confer investitures, 62; dispute between Anselm and Henry I. as to the supremacy of the Church or State, 71; ends in a compromise at Bec, 71; decrees against abuses in the Church at a synod at Westminster, 71; its civilizing power, 71; continued bad appointments in, 72; its influence secures Stephen the throne, 77; its great power, 78; offended by Stephen, espouses Matilda’s cause, 81, 82, 83; mediates a compromise between Stephen and Prince Henry, 86; gives scutage in Henry II.’s wars with Wales, 91; and with France, 93; abuses arising from the clergy not being amenable to the secular courts, 94; claims upheld by Becket, 95, 96; Richard I.’s ransom chiefly paid by, 123; dispute as to the election of archbishops, 130; interdict in John’s reign, 131; money extorted from, 133; rights secured by Magna Charta, 138; supports De Burgh, 143; Langton resists Papal tyranny, 144, 146, 147; society formed against foreign priests, 148; opposes Des Roches, 150; joins the lay opposition, 152; revival in, 153; foreign priests, 155; Papal extortions, 158; Statute of Mortmain, 175, 196; half their property demanded by Edward I., 185; refuses further grants, 186; outlawed, 187; represented in Parliament, 194; quarrel with Edward II., 209; Edward III. attempts to exclude the Bishops from Parliament, 221; begins to be disliked by the people, 238, 239; attacked by Wicliffe, 245, 267; Statute of Provisors, 250; hated by the people, 266; supported by Henry IV., 284; persecutes the Lollards, 289; urges Henry V. to the French war, 290; grants him the incomes of priories held by foreigners, 291; remains prosperous during the war, 318; retains its property during the Wars of the Roses, 340; loses spirituality and sympathy with the people, 350 Cistercian order, Henry II. threatens to expel it for receiving Becket, 99 Clare, Richard de, Earl of Gloucester, head of the Barons, 159; quarrels with De Montfort, 161; commands the baronial party, dies, 162 Clare, Gilbert de, Earl of Gloucester, joins De Montfort, 162; on the committee, 164; deserts De Montfort, 166; rejoins the baronial party, 168; governor in Edward I.’s absence, 172 Clarence. [See Lionel and Thomas.] Clarence, George, son of Richard of York, marriage, 332; supports Wells’ rebellion, 333; accompanies Warwick, 334; joins Edward, 335; quarrels with Richard, 336; his death, 337 Clifford, killed at St. Albans, 323; northern lord, opponent of the Nevilles, 324 Clifford (his son), killed at Ferrybridge, 328 Clifford, executed by Richard III., 347 Cnut, son of Swegen, acknowledged King of England by the Danes, compelled to retreat, 18; Edmund cedes to him Northumbria and Mercia, acknowledged King of England on Edmund’s death, banishes the royal family, 19; desires to form a Scandinavian empire, his code of laws, goes to Rome, 20 Cnut, King of Denmark, threatens to invade England, 54; dies, 55 Cobham, Lord, joins York, 321 Coinage, false, forbidden, 64; issued, 72; severe punishment against, 74; habit of breaking it, 74; private coinage, 86; renewed by Edward I., 175; described in Edward III.’s time, 258, 259 Columba founds Iona, 4 Comitatus, body of warriors attending a chief, 30 Commendation, explained, 31; reasons for, 33 Comyn, member of the regency, 181; his claim to the throne, 182 Comyn, John, regent, 190; makes a treaty with Edward I., 191; murdered, 192 Conan, a citizen of Rouen, rebels against Robert, 57 Conan, Prince of Brittany, marries a daughter of Henry I., 67; grants Brittany to Henry II., 99 Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, 119, 120 Constance, daughter of William I., marries Alan Fergant of Brittany, 53 Constance, marries Geoffrey, son of Henry II., 99; upholds Arthur’s claims, 126 Constantine, King of Scotland, receives Guthrith, defeated by Æthelstan, acknowledges his supremacy, 11 Constitutions of Clarendon, produced by Henry II., 95; description of, 96; Becket accepts and recants, 96; Henry II. promises to abrogate, 103 Conversion of the English, 3 Convocation, origin of, 193 Copsige, Earl of Bernicia, killed in a revolt, 44 Cornwall, British possession, 3; submits to Wessex, 5; alliance with the Danes, 5 Cosne, siege of, 301 Cotentin given to Robert of Normandy, 65 Councils— of Bari, 62; of Rome, 62; of Clarendon, 95; of Northampton, 96; of Lyons, 154 Courcy, fights in Ireland, 103; suppressed by De Lacey, 132 Courtenay, Thomas, sixth Earl of Devonshire, with York, 320; at war with Lord Bonville, 321; joins Henry VI., 323; beheaded, 329 Courtenay, John, eighth Earl (brother of Thomas), killed at Tewkesbury, 335 Courts (of law and justice) before the Conquest, 32-34; modified by William I., 37, 38; by Henry I., 74-76; dispute between secular and ecclesiastical, 94, 96; reorganized by Henry II., 106, 107, 108; superiority of central courts increased, 124, 125 Cressingham, Treasurer of Scotland, 186; defeated by Wallace, 189 Cromwell, Ralph, treasurer, 313; joins York, 321 Crusades, Robert pledges Normandy to be free to join in, 59; his success at Dorylæum and Ascalon, 65; Ivo of Grantmesnil at the siege of Antioch, 65; preached by St. Bernard, 84; Henry II. promises to go on one, 103; causes for the third, 110; urged by the Pope, 111; preached by Heraclius, Bishop of Jerusalem, 111; bad effect of, in England, 116; of Richard I., 117-121; perversions of, 153; made excuse for taxes, 146, 155 Cumberland, overrun by Danes, 8; refuses to pay the Danegelt, 16; a Scotch district, 51; William II. peoples it from the destroyed villages near Winchester, 58; David I. does homage for, 79 Curia Regis, established by William I., 38; organized by Henry I., 75; has no legislative authority, 76; reconstituted by Henry II., 106; restricted to five persons, 107 Customs, origin of, 174 Cymric, a Saxon leader, 2 Cytric of Northumbria does fealty to Æthelstan, 11 Danes, first appearance of, 5; winter in Thanet, 6; conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 7; further conquests, treaty of Wedmore, 8; in Ireland, 11, 14; in the Lothians, 14; fresh invasions in Æthelred’s reign, 15; massacred by Æthelred, 17; fresh invasion under Thurkill, 17 Danegelt, begun by Æthelred at Sigeric’s advice, 16; imposed by William I. on Cnut’s threatened invasion, 54; Henry II. makes scutage take its place, 93; farmed, 113; renewed by Richard I., 125 Danelagu, country granted to the Danes, 10; joins Swegen, 18 Danish burghs, names of, 8; Edmund Ironside gets possession of them, 18 David of Wales, his rebellion and death, 176 David I., King of Scotland, supports Matilda’s claims, conspiracy to make him King of England, invades England, 79 David II. of Scotland, marries Jane, sister of Edward III., 214; deposed by Balliol, takes refuge in France, 217; invades England, taken prisoner, 228; his conduct as prisoner, 231; released, 232 Decretals, False, note, 94, 96 Deira, southern division of Northumbria, 2 De Lacey. [See Lacey.] Derby, son of Henry of Lancaster, sent to Gascony, 224 Dermot, King of Leinster, carries off O’Ruark’s wife, 102; does homage to Henry II, Strongbow marries his daughter, 102 Despenser, Thomas, made Earl of Gloucester, 252; deprived, 276; executed, 277 Despensers, favourites of Edward II., 204; power increases, 205; quarrel with the Welsh marchers, banished, 206; recalled, 207; triumphant, 208; prevent Edward II. from going to France, 209; executed, 210 Devonshire. [See Courtenay.] Domain, royal, origin of, 31, 33; increased by William I., 43; granted by Stephen to his new earls, 80; source of royal revenue, 113 Domesday-Book, a register of land, 38; entries of “waste” in it, 47; Hereward’s property mentioned in, 51; made by William I., 55; Ralph Flambard proposes to complete it, 57; surveyors for it examined on oath, 108; a similar survey ordered by Richard I., 125 Dominicans, in England, 153 Dress, in Edward III.’s time, 263 Dublin, a Danish town, conquered by Strongbow, surrendered to Henry II., 102; colonized by English, 103 Dunois, French general, 310 Dunstan, legends concerning him, 12; his life, 13; his imperial rule, 14; his reform of the Church, 15; his enemies force him to retire, 15 Dyfed, a province in Wales, granted to Arnulf of Montgomery, 59 Dymock, joins Wells’ rebellion, 333 Eadgar the Peaceful, Dunstan raises him to an imperial position, 14, 15 Eadgar, grandson of Edmund Ironside, Harold elected king instead of, 24; elected king by the Southern Witan, 41; offers the crown to William, 41; attempts a rebellion, flies to Scotland, 45; returns, 46; received by Malcolm Canmore, 51; serves with Robert of Normandy, taken prisoner at Tenchebray, but set free, 66; dies, 67 Eadred, conquers Northumbria, 11; his reign, 13 Eadric Streona, his bad influence, marries Æthelred’s daughter Edith, 17; his treachery, 18; Cnut employs him to kill Edwy, 19; made Earl of Mercia, 20; put to death, 20 Eadric the Forester, or the Wild, ravages Hereford, 44; supports Eadgar against William I., 45; besieges Shrewsbury, and is defeated, 46, 47; goes with William to Scotland, 52 Eadward the Elder, his reign, 10, 11 Eadward the Martyr, 15 Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 3 Ealdred, Archbishop of York, offers William I. the crown, 41; death of, 49 Ealdorman, origin of, 29; rise of, 31; duties of, 32 Earl, origin of, 29, 35 Earldoms, Dunstan divides Northumbria into three, 14; Cnut divides England into four, 20; Godwine’s family obtain large, 22; William I. limits their size to one county each, 37, 43; only three in 1131, 80; Stephen creates many, 80 East Anglia, foundation of, 2; subject to Kent, conversion of, conquered by Eadwine, 3; conquered by Danes, 7; helps Hasting against Alfred, 9; acknowledges the supremacy of Wessex, 10; supports Dunstan’s party, 13; repels the Danish invasion in Æthelred’s reign, 16; resists the Danes under Ulfcytel, 17; Cnut makes it an earldom, 20; helps Harold against William I., 26; Ralph of Gwader, Earl of, 52; Bigod becomes Earl of, 79 Ecgberht, King of Wessex, secures its supremacy, 5 Edith, daughter of Godwine, marries Edward the Confessor, 21; dies, 53 Edmund, King of East Anglia, 7 Edmund, King, 11; makes Osulf Earl of Northumbria, 12; grants part of Strathclyde to Scotland, 12 Edmund Ironside marries the wife of Sigeferth, 18; chosen king by London, 19; fights five battles against the Danes, 19; gives up Northumbria and Mercia to Cnut, 19 Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury, 147; causes Des Roches’ fall, 150; his death, 151; his reforms, 153 Edmund, son of Henry III., accepts the kingdom of Sicily, 157; governor in Henry III.’s absence, 172; negotiates with Philip IV., 184 Edmund, fifth son of Edward III., Duke of Cambridge and York, fighting in France, 235; his marriage, 236; friendly to Richard II., 249, 251; assists Lancaster, 253 Edmund, Earl of March, ignored by Henry IV., 276; attempted escape, 280; reinstated by Henry V., 288; conspiracy to crown him, 292 Edmund, Duke of Rutland, son of Richard of York, escapes to Ireland, 325; beheaded, 327 Edward I., governor of Gascony, 156; engaged to Eleanor, 157; a reformer, 160; joins his father against the Barons, 162; prisoner after Lewes, 163; desire for his release, 164; escapes, 166; wins battle of Evesham, receives De Montfort’s property, 167; goes on a crusade, 168; his coronation, 172; his character, 173; conquers Wales, 175, 176; mediator between France and Aragon, 178; checks disturbances, banishes the Jews, 179; proposes a marriage treaty with Scotland, 181; death of his wife, 182; awards the crown of Scotland, 183; war with France, 184; with Scotland, 185, 186; outlaws the clergy, 187; arbitrary taxation, 187, 188; goes to Flanders, 188; makes treaty of Chartres, 189; marries Margaret, 190; defeats Wallace, 190; second conquest of Scotland, 191; death, 192 Edward II., betrothed to Maid of Norway, 181; governor in Edward I.’s absence, 187, 188; betrothed to Isabella, 190; his character 197; favours to Gaveston, first expedition to Scotland, 198; imprisons the Templars; 199; second invasion of Scotland, 200; restores Gaveston, flies from Lancaster, 202; third invasion of Scotland, Bannockburn, 203; accepts Lancaster as Minister, 205; favours the Despensers, 206; fourth invasion of Scotland, 208; quarrels with the Church, with France, 209; taken prisoner, 210; murdered, 211 Edward III., engaged to Philippa, 210; made king, 211; overthrows Mortimer, 215; receives Balliol’s fealty, his claim to the French throne, 217; prepares for war, 219; assumes the title of King of France, wins the battle of Sluys, 220; displaces his ministry, quarrels with Stratford, 221; supports John of Montfort, 222; lands at La Hogue, 225; battle of Cressy, 227 Edward IV., takes refuge in Calais, lands with Warwick, 325; collects troops, 326; enters London, 327; wins the battle of Towton, 328; his first Parliament, 329; his marriage, 300; his Burgundian policy, 331; imprisoned by Warwick, 333; escapes to Flanders, 334; wins the battle of Barnet, 335; quarrels with Clarence, 336; expedition to France, 337; projects of marriage, 338; death and character, 339 Edward V., brought to London, 342; deposed, 343; murdered, 345 Edward, son of Henry VI., born, 322; marries Anne of Warwick, 334; killed, 335 Edward, son of Edward IV., captured, 343; murdered, 345 Edward, son of Richard III., dies, 347 Edward, son of Æthelred, kept in Normandy, 19 Edward, son of Edmund Ironside, sent abroad, 19; dies, 23 Edward the Confessor, elected king, 21; his love of Frenchmen, 22; his character and death, 24; names Harold his successor, 25 Edwin, son of Ælfgar, succeeds to his earldom of Mercia, 24; defeated by Tostig, 26; deserts Harold, 26; hopes to be elected king, 40; refuses to assist Eadgar, 41; reinstated in his earldom, 44; joins a rebellion, but submits to William I., 45; joins Hereward’s rebellion, 50; is killed, 50 Edwy, King, legends concerning him, 12; banishes Dunstan, 13; divides the kingdom with Eadgar, 13 Eleanor, divorced wife of Louis VII., marries Henry of Anjou, 85; her claim to Toulouse causes war between England and France, 92; she urges her sons to rebellion, 103; is disliked by Henry, 109; restrains John in Richard’s absence, 122; boldly opposes him, 123; assists John against Arthur, 126; besieged in Mirabeau, 128 Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., marries Alphonso of Castile, 109; connects England with Spain, 114 Eleanor of Provence, marries Henry III., 151; assaulted by the Londoners, 162; assembles an army, 164 Eleanor of Castile, marries Edward I., 157; her death, 182 Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., proposed marriages for, 338, 345, 347 Ella, leader of the Saxons, called Bretwalda, 2 Ella, King of Northumbria, 7 Emma, daughter of Richard the Fearless, marries Æthelred, 17; followed by many Normans, 17; retires to Normandy, 19; marries Cnut, 20 Emma, sister of Fitz-Osbern, marries Ralph, 52; defends Norwich, 53 English language, Provisions of Oxford published in, 160, 170; becomes the language of the people, 271; statute of Parliament in, 272; made national by Chaucer, 273 Englishry, law of, explained, 48 Equitable power, meaning of, 76 Esplechin, treaty of, 220 Essex, Earl of, judicial duel between him and De Montfort, 91 Ethel, land held by hereditary succession, 31 Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 4 Ethelric, Bishop of Selsey, 49 Eustace of Boulogne, husband of Edward the Confessor’s sister, 22; attacks William’s town of Dover, 44 Eustace, son of Stephen, Henry of Winchester demands from Matilda his foreign possessions for him, 84; Stephen brings him forward in opposition to Prince Henry, 85; dies, 86; Papal bull obtained to prevent his coronation, 92 Exchequer Court organized by Roger of Salisbury, 75; origin of the name, 106 Exeter, conquered by the Danes, 8, 17; faithful to Harold, 44; desires independence, 45; captured by William, 45 Exeter, Earl of. [See Holland.] Eye, castle of, given to Becket, 92; he borrows money on, 97 Falconbridge. [See Neville.] Fastolf, Sir John, at battle of the Herrings, 308; at Pataye, 310 Faukes de Breauté, destruction of, 145 Ferrand of Flanders, 133; attacks Philip II., 134 Ferrars of Derby joins the Great Rebellion against Henry II., 104 Feudal system existed in England before the Conquest, 28; its institutions in Germany before the Saxon invasion, 29; origin of the connection between vassal and lord, 30; German institutions introduced into England, 31; connection between land and judicial power, 33; every man made the man of the King, 35; its natural growth checked by William I., 37; fresh institutions introduced, 37; unbridled in Stephen’s reign, 78; introduction of new nobles, 137; chivalry takes its place, 270 Finance. [See Taxes.] Fitz-Gerald, son of Nesta invades Ireland with Strongbow, 102 Fitz-Gilbert, fights against Wales, 78; dies, 79 Fitz-Gilbert at Marlborough, 82 Fitz-Osbern, made Earl of Hereford, 43; the North left in his charge, 44; given the castle of York, 46; subdues the Rebellion in the West, 47 Fitz-Osbern, Roger, his conspiracy, 52, 53 Fitz-Peter, Geoffrey, Justiciary, 125; Earl of Essex, 126; character and death, 135 Flanders, Philip, Count of, threatens to invade England, 100; joins the Rebellion against Henry II., 104 Fleet, improved by Alfred, 9; made powerful by Eadgar, 14; collected by Æthelred against the Danes, 17; condition of, in Edward III.’s reign, 261, 262 Flemings, Henry I., colonizes Wales with, 70 Folcland, public land, 31; becomes royal domain, 33; made crown property by William I., 43 Food, profusion of, 264 Franchise explained, 76 Franciscans, their success in England, 153 Frankpledge, described, 35; cannot be proved before the Conquest, 37; used by Henry I. as the basis of his police system, 74; the Hundred Court saw to its being carried out, 76 Frederick Barbarossa, asserts the supremacy of the secular power; sets up a rival Pope Victor IV., 94; on Victor’s death sets up Pascal III., 98; asks for two daughters of Henry II. for his son, and for Henry of Saxony, 99; punishes Henry for deserting him, 109; dies on his way to the third crusade, 119 Free Companies of France, 232-234 Free-holders degenerate into villeins, 35 Froissart, his account of Gloucester, 251; describes Richard II.’s rule, 253 Fulk IV. of Anjou, assists Maine against William I., 52; against William II., 59; assists Henry I. against Robert, 66; supports William Clito against Henry I., 68; is won back by Henry, 68; turns against him on Robert’s death, 69 Fulthorpe, betrays Richard II.’s plans to Gloucester, 248; convicts Scrope and Mowbray, 281 Gascoigne, Judge, refuses to convict Scrope and Mowbray, 281; removed, 288 Gascony, De Montfort’s government of, 156 Gaston de Bearn, his rebellion, 156; treaty with Edward I., 172 Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward II., banished, 198; returns, 199; anger of the Barons against, banished, 200; returns, beheaded, 202 Geoffrey, Bishop of Coutances, relieves Montacute, 47; opposes William II., 57 Geoffrey, son of Fulk of Anjou, marries Matilda, 70; invades Normandy, 79; Stephen purchases a truce from, 79; Theobald proposes that the crown of England should be offered him, 84; dies, 85 Geoffrey of Lusignan, quarrels with Richard, 112 Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Chronicle, 271 Geoffrey, son of Henry II., marries Constance of Brittany, 99; joins the Great Rebellion against his father, 104; is pardoned, 105; joins Henry against Richard and his father, 110; joins John against Richard, 111; hurt by his father’s partiality to John, claims Anjou, his father refuses, he flies to France, and dies, 111 Geoffrey, natural son of Henry II., repels a Scotch invasion, 104; made Bishop of Lincoln, 105; made chancellor, attends Henry at his death, 112, 113; made Archbishop of York in exchange for the chancellorship, 117; promises not to enter England in Richard’s absence, 117; comes, and is arrested by Longchamp, 121; John takes his part, 121 Geraldus Cambrensis, the historian, his parentage, 70 Gerberoi, reconciliation at, 54 Gerbod, the Fleming, stepson of William I., made Earl of Chester, 51 Gesith, comrade of the king, 30 Gisors, treaty of, 67; dispute concerning, 110; meeting at, 111 Godwine, made Earl of Essex, 20; gets the South of England for Harthacnut, practically rules himself, accused of murdering Alfred, his eloquence secures the throne for Edward, his daughter Edith marries the king, 21; his national policy opposed to Edward’s French policy, obtains more earldoms for his family, 22; his rivalry with Leofric, banished, 22; returns in triumph, his death, 23; his support of the secular clergy, 25; his domains confiscated to William I., 43 Gospatric, Earl of Northumberland, invades Cumberland, 51 Gregory the Great sends missionaries to England, 3 Grey of Ruthyn, taken prisoner, 278; ransomed, 279 Grey, Thomas, engaged to the heiress of the Duke of Exeter, 331; Earl of Dorset, 341; has charge of Edward V., apprehended, 342; beheaded, 343 Grey, Richard, 341; takes sanctuary at Westminster, 342 Grostête, Bishop of Lincoln, his reforms, 153 Gryffith, his insurrection, 70 Gualo, Papal Legate, 141; recalled, 143 Guilds, described, 259-261, 352, 353 Guingamp, not granted to Henry II. with Brittany, 99 Gurth, fourth son of Godwine, made Earl of East Anglia, 23; killed at battle of Hastings, 27 Guthrum, Danish invader, King of East Anglia, 7; conquers Wareham and Exeter, baptized under the name of Æthelstan, 8 Gutred, King of Northumbria, 9 Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, meets Richard I. at Cyprus, 118; besieges Acre, allies himself to Richard, 119; Richard, knowing his incompetence, makes Henry of Champagne king instead of him, 120 Gwynneth, his insurrection, 91 Gytha, mother of Harold, flies to the Channel Isles, 45 Halfdene, Danish leader, 7; overruns Strathclyde, 8 Harfleur, capture of, 292 Harklay, defeats Lancaster at Boroughbridge, 207; executed, 208 Harold, son of Cnut, a barbarian, made King by Godwine, 21 Harold, son of Godwine, outlawed and goes to Ireland; his Earldom given to Ælfgar, 22; returns in triumph, succeeds to his father’s earldom, fights successfully against Ælfgar and the Welsh, 23; elected King, 24; story of his oath to William, prepares to resist William’s invasion, 25; conquers Tostig, forms his camp at Senlac, 26; killed in the battle, 27; strong party for his family in the West, 44; his sons dispersed, 45; land in Devonshire, 46; defeated and escape to Ireland, 47 Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, his exploits, joins Tostig, slain, 26 Harthacnut, King of South of England, 21 Hasting, a Danish pirate, 9 Hastings, his claim to the Scotch throne, 181 Hastings, of the new nobility, 341; joins Richard, 342; beheaded, 343 Haverfordwest, colonized by Flemings, 70 Heathenism, sustained by Penda, 3; succumbs to Oswi, 4 Hélie de la Fléche, resists William II. in Maine, 59; assists Henry I. against Robert, 66; William Clito intrusted to him, 67; flies with him, tries in vain to rouse the nobles in his favour, 67 Henry I., quarrels with Robert, 53; heir-apparent, 56; joins Robert against Conan of Rouen, 57; besieged in Mont St. Michel, 58; hunting in the New Forest, crowned, 63; conciliates England, his marriage, character of his policy, 64; overcomes Robert and his partisans, 65, 66; unites England and Normandy, 67; his son’s death, 68; war against William Clito, 69; his death, 70; his dispute with Anselm, 71; his administration, 74-76 Henry II., born at Le Mans, 112; comes to England, succeeds to Anjou, his marriage, 85; his character, 89; his reforms, 90; fights in Anjou, Scotland, and Wales, 91; his friendship for Becket, marriage treaty with Louis VII., goes to war for Toulouse, 92; introduces scutage, 93; objects to clerical courts, 94; produces the Constitutions of Clarendon, 95; his dispute with Becket, 96-98; invades Wales, obtains Brittany, 99; reconciliation with Becket, 100; his behaviour at Becket’s death, 101; his conquest of Ireland, 102, 103; suppresses the great insurrection, 104; makes peace with France, 105; his legislation, 106-108; his position in Europe, 109; difficulties with his sons, 110-112; his death, 113; his administration, and importance in Europe, 113, 114 Henry III., declared of age, 144; quarrels with De Burgh, 147; fails in Poitou, 148; becomes his own Minister, his marriage, 151; second expedition to Poitou, 154; his favour for foreigners, 155; quarrel with De Montfort, 156; accepts the kingdom of Sicily, 157; promises reform, 159; swears to the Provisions of Oxford, 160; gets absolved from his vows, 161; at the battle of Lewes, 163; dies, 168 Henry IV., made Earl of Derby, 247; friendly to Richard II., 251; quarrels with Norfolk, 252; returns from banishment, 253; captures Richard, 254; his coronation, 275; his difficulties, 277; expedition to Scotland, 278; his quarrel with the Percies, 279, 280; captures Prince James of Scotland, 281; his submission to the Commons, 282; his failing health, 283; his foreign policy, 284; his Church policy, his jealousy of the Prince of Wales, 285, 286 Henry V., in command of the war in Wales, 278; at the battle of Shrewsbury, 280; head of the Council, 283; his character as Prince, 286; his popularity, 287; his Church policy, 288, 289; his reasons for the French war, 290; his preparations, 291; he captures Harfleur, 292; battle of Agincourt, 293, 295; his friendship for Sigismund, 297; his second invasion of France, 298; besieges Rouen, 299; makes the Treaty of Troyes, 300; enters Paris, dies, 301 Henry VI., his education intrusted to Warwick, 302; coronation, 311; marriage, 316; his interview with York, 321; first fit of imbecility, recovers, 322; wounded at St Albans, 323; second fit of imbecility, his recovery, 324; he attempts reconciliation, 325; deserted after the battle of Northampton, 326; rescued by the Queen at the second battle of St. Albans, 327; escapes to Scotland, 329; captured and imprisoned, 330; re-crowned, 334; murdered, 336 Henry of Poitou, Abbot of Peterborough, his bad character, 72 Henry the Lion of Saxony, Frederick I. asks for Henry II.’s daughter for him, 99; he marries Matilda, 109; rival of Frederick, deserts him, 109; asks the help of Henry II., 109 Henry, son of Henry II., marries Margaret of France, 92; crowned, 100; demands actual possession of part of his kingdom, 103; objects to his brother John’s marriage-treaty, 103; befriended by Louis VII., joins the Great Rebellion against his father, 104; is conquered, his dependants have to abjure their fealty to him, 105; is reconciled with his father, 105; his character, 110; demands homage from his brothers, is refused, dies, 110 Henry VI., Emperor of Germany, marries Constance of Sicily, 118; keeps Richard I. in prison, 122; receives his homage for England, 123 Henry of Lancaster, second son of Edmund, joins Isabella against Edward II., 210; his opposition to Mortimer, 215; member of Edward III.’s council, 216 Henry, Bishop of Winchester, brother of Stephen, secures him the throne, 77; upholds the dignity of the Church, escorts Matilda, demands the See of Salisbury for his nephew, 82; when Stephen refuses, declares his adhesion to Matilda, 83; alienated by her refusal of his request for Eustace, demands Stephen’s release, besieged by Matilda at Winchester, 84; deprived of his legatine authority, 85; mediates a compromise between Henry and Stephen, 86; retires to Clugny, 90 Henry d’Almeyne, son of Richard, King of the Romans, prisoner after battle of Lewes, 163; desires conciliatory policy, 168; murdered, 172 Heraclius, Bishop of Jerusalem, preaches a crusade, 111 Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, defeats Jasper Tudor, killed, 332 Hereford. [See Bohun.] Hereward, attacks the monastery of Peterborough, collects the old English exiles, 50; is defeated and escapes, legends concerning his death, 51 Hidage explained, 113 Hide of land explained, 31 Hildebrand. [See Pope Gregory VII.] Holland, Sir John, brother of Richard II., kills a friar, 246; kills the Earl of Stafford, 247 Holland, Duke of Exeter, flies to Scotland with Henry VI., 329; murdered, 336 Horsa, Jutish Ealdorman, 1; killed, 2 House-carls, explained, 20; used tyrannically, 21; faithful to Harold, 26 Howard, Sir John, counsellor of Edward IV., 338; supports Richard III., 341; made Duke of Norfolk, 344; at the battle of Bosworth, 348 Hubba invades England, 6 Hubert de Burgh, has charge of Arthur, 129; defeats French fleet, 142; Regent, 143; destroys his enemies, 145; his rule, 146; prevents Henry III.’s expedition to France, 147; his fall, 148; character, 149; property restored, 150 Hugh, Bishop of Rouen, deserts Stephen, 83 Hugh of Avranches, Earl of Chester, assists Odo, 54; loses and wins back Anglesey, 59; invites Anselm to establish Benedictine Abbey at Chester, 61 Hugh de Grantmesnil, holds large property in England, 46; opposes William II., 57; quarrels with Belesme, 58 Hugh of Neufchâtel receives Robert of Normandy, 53 Hugh de Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, joins the Great Rebellion against Henry II., is conquered, 105; buys the earldom of Northumbria, 116; supplanted by Longchamp, becomes his enemy, 117; produces his grievances against him, 121 Humphrey, fourth son of Henry IV., Duke of Gloucester, proposed Regent in England, 302; President of the Council, 304; marries Jacqueline, 305; quarrels with Beaufort, 306; persecutes the Lollards, 312; head of the war party, 313; his claim on Flanders, 315; his obstinacy, 316; his death, 317; his literary tastes, 353 Hundred, analogous to the German Pagus, 29; England divided into, 31 Hundred Court, in Saxon times, 32; connected with the Curia Regis by Henry I., 75, 76; its duties, 76 Huntingdon, Earl of, deprived, 276; conspires against Henry IV., 277; executed, 277 Impeachment, first instance of parliamentary, 240; by the Lords Appellant, 248 Ingvar invades England, 6 Interdict in John’s reign, 131 Investitures, dispute as to, 71 Ireland, Danes in, 11; Harold’s sons fly there, 22, 45; granted to Henry II. by Adrian IV., 91; condition of, Strongbow’s invasion, Henry II.’s conquest of, 102; land granted to his followers, 103; John restores order in, 132; Edward Bruce King of, 204; English government re-established, 205; Richard II.’s expedition to, 250; his second visit to, 253 Irish Church, accepts Roman discipline, 102 Isaac of Cyprus, conquered by Richard I., 118 Isabella de la Marche, marries John, 128; marries Count de la Marche, 154 Isabella of France, marries Edward II., 190; insulted at Leeds, 207; goes to France, 209; conspires against Edward II., 210; deposes him, 211; her rule, 213; her deposition, 216 Isabella of France marries Richard II., 251; her restoration demanded, 278 Isabella, wife of Charles VI., joins the Burgundians, 298 Itinerant justices, sent out by Henry I., 75; by Henry II., 107, 108 Ivo of Taillebois, 50 Ivo of Grantmesnil, 65 Ivry, siege of, 305 Jacqueline of Hainault, 305 Jacquetta of St. Pol, marries Bedford, 312 Jane, sister of Henry III., marries Alexander II., 143 Jane, sister of Edward III., marries David II., 214 Jane of Montfort defends Brittany, 222 Jane Shore does penance, 343 James I. of Scotland, captured and educated by Henry IV., 281; released, marries Joan Beaufort, 305; makes alliance with France, invades England, murdered, 315 James III. of Scotland, his character, 338 Jerusalem, kingdom of, refused by Robert, 65; character of, 111; overwhelmed by Saladin, 119 Jews, admitted to England by William I., 115; their condition, persecuted by Richard, 116; by John, 133; banished by Edward I., 179 Joan of Arc, 308-311 Joanna, daughter of Henry II., marries William of Sicily, 109; imprisoned by Tancred, 118; restored to Richard I., accompanies him to Palestine, 118; marries Raymond of St. Gilles, 124 John, Duke of Bedford, third son of Henry IV., Lieutenant of England, 291; Regent in France, 302, 303; character, marriage, 304; visits England, 306; returns, renews alliance with Burgundy and Brittany, 307; captures Joan of Arc, 311; his second marriage, 312; visits England, 313; dies, 314 John, Bishop of Oxford, sent to the Pope, 98; his excommunication by Becket, 99; it is removed by the Pope, 100; sent as Becket’s escort, 101; made Bishop of Norwich, 105 John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, elected Archbishop of Canterbury, great administrator, 130; governor in Ireland, 132 John (King), marries Alice of Savoy, 103; favourite of Henry II., 109; war with Richard, 110, 111; Henry II.’s grief at his rebellion, 113; his great possessions, 117; tries to secure the succession, 121; restrained by his mother, purchases Philip’s favour, 122, 123; his party destroyed, 123; nominated successor, crowned at Rouen and Westminster, 126; his strong position, 127; excites the anger of his subjects, 128; kills Arthur, loses Normandy, 129; quarrels with the Church and the Pope, 131; is excommunicated, settles Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, 132; his extortions, joins the League, 133; dethroned by the Pope, 134; is reconciled with the Church, goes to Poitou, 135; defeated at Bouvines, 136; signs Magna Charta, 137; attempts to break it, 139; dies, 140 John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., commanding in France, marriage, 236; assumes the government, 237, 239; renewed power, 240; protects Wicliffe, 240; hated by the people, 240, 244; head of the Council, 243; deserts Wicliffe, 245; character of his government, 245, 246; goes to Spain, 246; returns, 251; dies, 253 John, King of France, 229; taken prisoner at Poitiers, 231; liberated, 233; dies, 234 Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, ancestress of Matilda, wife of William I., her three marriages, 6 Jurisdiction, early organization of, 32; connected with the possession of land, 33, 36; of the Witan, 34; old machinery retained by William, 37; ecclesiastical separated from secular, 38, 94; private, 87; punishment of corrupt judges, 179 Jury, origin of, 108 Justiciary, his duties, 38; president of the Curia Regis, 75 Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor, 321; dies, 322 Kenilworth, last stronghold of the Barons, 167; Dictum of, 168 Kent, Earl of, half-brother of Edward II., his conspiracy and death, 215 Kent, Earl of, his conspiracy against Henry IV., beheaded, 277 King, the origin of, 30; his personal relation becomes territorial, 33; his office elective, 34; becomes supreme landowner, 37; practically irresponsible, 38; position of William I., 42; of Henry I., as feudal lord, 64; his equitable power, his power of making laws and levying taxes, 76; misery caused by a weak king, 78, 86, 87; rivalry with the Church, 94, 105; his judicial power, 107; opposition to his overstrained power, 125, 137, 138, 159; view of his position in a political poem of Henry III.’s time, 169, 170; desire of Edward I. for despotism, 173; opposition of his clergy and barons, 187, 188; his legislative power, 193; Edward II.’s prerogative restricted by the Ordinances, 201; Richard II.’s despotism, 253; Henry IV.’s power checked by the Commons, 282, 283; character of Edward IV.’s monarchy, 330, 340 Knowles, general of the Free Companies, 234, 235; opposes Wat Tyler, 244 Lacey, Hugh de, does homage for land beyond Hereford, 59 Lacey, Hugh (his nephew), sent as envoy to O’Connor, 102; made Earl of Meath, 103 Lacey, Hugh de (son of Earl of Meath), obtains the kingdom of Ulster, 132 La Hire, French general, 310 Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, opposition to Gaveston, 200; his great possessions, Edward II. flies from, 202; made minister, 205; joins Hereford in rebellion, 206; surrenders, is beheaded, 207 Land, how apportioned by the Saxons in England, 31; tenure becomes military, 37; granted to Normans by William I., 43 Landrica, his jurisdiction, 33; his position, 34 Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, connects the Church with Rome, 38; establishes ecclesiastical courts, 49; England left in charge of, 53; supports William II., 56; restrains him, 57; prevents the quarrel on investitures from reaching England, 60; dies, 57 Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, consecrated, 131; opposes John, 135; causes Pandulf’s fall, 143; excommunicates Hubert’s enemies, 145; his national policy, 146; dies, 147 Latimer, leader of a rebellion against Edward IV., 332 La Tremouille, favourite of Charles VII., 310; opposed to peace, 313 Layamon, his translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Chronicle, 271 Leicester. [See Beaumont.] Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 20; competes with Godwine, 22 Leofwine, fifth son of Godwine, outlawed, 22; Earl of Essex and Kent, 23; killed at Hastings, 27 Lindisfarne, episcopal See in, 4 Lionel, third son of Edward III., Duke of Clarence, left in command of England during the French war, 228; governor of Ireland, 250 Lisle, Lord, 341; takes sanctuary, 342 Literature, 270-274, 353 Llewellyn, John’s son-in-law, submits to him, 132 Llewellyn, attacks Mortimer’s lands, 162; refuses to obey the summons of Edward I., 175; conquered and killed, 176 Læt, position of, 29; origin of, 30; settle on the demesne land, 31 Lollards, their petition, 251; their doctrines, 267; persecuted by Henry IV., 285; by Henry V., 288, 289; by Gloucester, 312; by Suffolk, 318 Longchamp, Chancellor, buys bishopric of Ely, 116; justiciary and legate, 117; Richard I. orders his arrest, his dispute with Geoffrey and John, is dismissed, 121; retires to France, 122 Lothians, granted to Scotland, 14 Louis VI., upholds William Clito, defeated at Puysac, makes peace, 67 Louis VII., divorces Eleanor, 85; his friendship secured by Henry II., 90; cemented by a marriage-treaty, war with Henry II., 92; receives Alexander III., 94; protects Becket, 98; war with Henry II., 100; supports Prince Henry, 103, 104; makes peace, 105; jealous of Henry II.’s power, 109 Louis VIII., engaged to Blanche of Castile, 127; summoned to England, 139; retires, 142; dies, 145 Louis XI., makes Treaty of Pecquigni, 338 Louis of Bavaria, Emperor, dispute with the Pope, 219; joins France against Edward III., 222 Lovel, favourite of Richard III., 345 Magesætas, men of Hereford, 19 Magna Charta, 107, 137, 138, 139; re-enacted, 168; confirmed, 188 Maid of Norway, betrothed, 181; dies, 182 Maine, Robert, Governor of, 52, 53; William II. fights against, 59; suzerainty of, given up by Louis VI. to Henry I., 67 Maintainers, complaints against, 245; explained, 270 Malcolm I., King of Scotland, holds part of Strathclyde by military service, 12 Malcolm II., King of Scotland, does homage to Cnut, 20 Malcolm III., Canmore, King of Scotland, helps Eadgar, 45; commends himself to William I., 46; his savage invasions, 51; marries Eadgar’s sister, does homage to William I., 52; his wars with William II., does homage to him, killed at Alnwick, 58 Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, resigns three counties to Henry II., 90; does homage for Huntingdon, 91; follows Henry to his war with France, 93 Malet, Count of, supports Robert, 65; banished, 67 Manny, Sir Walter, raises siege of Hennebone, 222; invades Picardy, 233 Manor, origin of, 32 Mansell, holds seven hundred livings, 152; on Henry III.’s council, 159; driven to France, 162; joins Eleanor’s army, 164 Marcel, revolutionary leader in Paris, 232 Margaret, sister of Eadgar, marries Malcolm, 52 Margaret, daughter of William the Lion, sent as hostage to John, 132 Margaret, of France, marries Edward I., 190 Margaret, marries Henry VI., 316; character, 317; wins battles of Wakefield and St. Albans, rescues the King, 327; flies with him to Scotland, attempts to overthrow Edward IV., 329; defeated at Tewkesbury, 335; ransomed, 338 Margaret, sister of Edward IV., marries Charles of Burgundy, 331 Mark system, described, 28; how carried out, 31 Marlborough, castle of, held for Matilda, 83 Marriage of the clergy, permitted by Dunstan, 14, 15, forbidden by Lanfranc, 49 Marshall, William, first Earl of Pembroke, ordered to supplant Longchamp, 121; summoned to Rouen, 126; advises John to disband his troops, 129; declares Henry III. King, 141; his character, government, 142; death, 143 Marshall, William, second Earl, head of the Barons at Brackley, 136; his property attacked, 144; quarrels with De Burgh, 146 Marshall, Richard, third Earl, his patriotism, 149; outlawed, murdered, 150 Marshall, Gilbert, fourth Earl, restored to favour, 150 Martin, Papal agent, his exactions, 154 Mary of Burgundy, rivals for her hand, 336, 337; marries Maximilian of Austria, 339 Matilda, wife of William I., helps Robert, 53; dies, 54; her claim on Flanders, 69 Matilda, niece of Eadgar Ætheling, marries Henry I., 64; dies, 68 Matilda, daughter of Henry I., marries Henry V., 67; the Barons swear fealty to her, 69; marries Geoffrey of Anjou, 70; her claim passed over, 77; David of Scotland supports her, 79; Robert of Gloucester declares for her, 81; lands, 82; supported by Henry of Winchester, 83; offends London and the Church, retires to France, 84 Maud of Boulogne, wife of Stephen, fights for him, 81 Mellent. [See Beaumont.] Mercenaries, of William I., 46, 54; of Stephen, 81; of Henry II., 90, 93; of John, 133, 136, 139 Mercia, foundation of, 2; kingdom of, 4; submits to Wessex, 5; conquered by the Danes, 7; submits to Eadward, 10; Dunstan’s reforms in, 14, 15; rebels against Æthelred, 16; overrun by Danes, 18; surrendered to Cnut, 19; made an Earldom for Eadric, 20 Militia, Harold’s, 26; William II.’s, 59; reorganized by Henry II., 109 Milo, Constable of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, Robert of Gloucester’s agent, 81; fights for Matilda, 82; attests her oath, 83; his son Roger surrenders his castles to Henry II., 90 Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, Minister under Suffolk, 318; killed, 319 Monarchy. [See King.] Montgomery, Roger, fights at Hastings, 27; made Earl of Shrewsbury, 51; opposes William II., 57 Montgomery, Hugh, second Earl, killed while assisting Hugh of Chester, 59 Montgomery, Roger, third son of the first Earl, does homage for Powys, 59 Montgomery, Arnulf, fifth son of the first Earl, does homage for Dyfed, 59 Montgomery, Robert, eldest son of the first Earl. [See Belesme.] Montmirail, Peace of, 100 Morkere, a Thegn of the Danish Burghs, 18 Morkere, son of Ælfgar, elected Earl of Northumbria, 24; defeated by Tostig, 26; calls a Witan, 40; hopes to be elected King, deserts Eadgar, 41; reinstated in his Earldom, 44; rebels and is pardoned, 45; joins Hereward’s rebellion, 50; made prisoner, 51 Mortain, Count of. [See Robert.] Mortimer, Hugh, descended from Belesme, surrenders to Henry II., 90 Mortimer, Roger, attacked by Llewellyn, 162; tries to liberate Edward, 164; succeeds, 166 Mortimer, Roger, subdues Ireland, 205; surrenders to Edward II., 207; escapes from the Tower, 208; in France with the Queen, 210; his government, 213, 214; made Earl of March, executed, 215 Mortimer, Roger, fourth Earl of March, made heir-apparent, 246; killed, 253 Mortimer, Edward, outlawed, 252; taken prisoner, 278; refused leave to ransom himself, marries Glendower’s daughter, 279 Morton, Bishop of Ely, apprehended, 343; released, 344; proposes marriage between Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York, 345 Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, kills Malcolm at Alnwick, 58; his conspiracy against William II., 59 Mowbray, Roger (son of Robert’s nephew Nigel), opposes the invasion of David I., 79 Mowbray, John, Edward I. relies upon, 191 Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Nottingham, one of the Lords Appellant, 248; won over to Richard II., 251; made Duke of Norfolk, 252; banished, 252 Mowbray, Thomas, joins Scrope’s rebellion, beheaded, 281 Mowbray, John, third Duke of Norfolk, joins York, 321; defeated at St. Albans, 327 Neville, Ralph, Chancellor, 151 Neville, Ralph, made Earl of Westmoreland, 252; partisan of Henry IV., 276; conquers Scrope and Mowbray, 281 Neville, Earl of Salisbury, joins York, 321; Chancellor, 322; retires, wins the battle of Blore Heath, 325; beheaded, 327 Neville, Earl of Warwick, the “Kingmaker,” at St. Albans, 322; retires to Calais, 325; wins battle of Northampton, 326; takes charge of Henry VI., 327; defeated at St Albans, 327; his power, 331; keeps Edward IV. prisoner, pardoned, supports Wells’ rebellion, 333; makes a treaty with Margaret, re-crowns Henry VI., 334; killed at Barnet, 335 Neville, John, of Montague, wins battles of Hedgeley Moor and Hexham, 329; made Earl of Northumberland, 331; declares for Henry VI., 334; killed, 335 Neville, George, Archbishop of York, Chancellor, 331; deprived of his chancellorship, 332 Neville, William (son of Ralph), Lord Falconbridge, at Ferrybridge, 328 New Forest, made by William I., 39; Richard dies there, 54; the displaced people taken to Cumberland, 58; death of William II. in, 60 Nicholas of Ely, Chancellor, 159 Nicholas of Tusculum, Papal Legate, 135 Nigel, Bishop of Ely, nephew of Roger of Salisbury, surrenders Devizes to Stephen, 81; joins Matilda, 83 Normandy, connected with England by Emma, 17; Æthelred and his sons fly there, 18, 19; Cnut forms alliance with, 20; Edward the Confessor’s friendship for, 21, 22; William I. resides there, 53; given to Robert, 53, 56; anarchy in, 57; pledged by Robert to William II., 59; conquered by Philip II. from John, 129 Northumbria, founded, 2; claims supremacy, 3; submits to Wessex, 5; conquered by the Danes, 7; helps Hasting against Alfred, 9; acknowledges supremacy of Eadward, 10; incorporated with Wessex, made an Earldom for Osulf, 12; divided into three parts, 14; surrendered to Cnut, 19; Cnut makes it an Earldom, 20 O’Connor, King of Ireland, war with Dermot of Leinster, 102; submits to Henry II., 103 Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, brother of William I., at Hastings, 27; made Earl of Kent, 43; left in charge of England, 44, 53; rules severely, aims at the Papacy; William imprisons him, 54; heads Norman opposition to William II., defeated, and retires to France, 57 Offa, King of Mercia, 4; his power, his dyke, 5 Olaf, King of Norway, invades England, retires on receiving Danegelt, 16 Oldcastle, his character, 286; persecuted, 288; escapes, his death, 289 Ordainers, appointment of, 200 Orleans, siege of, 307-310 Orleton, Bishop of Hereford, his conspiracy, 209 Osberht, King of Northumbria, 7 Osulf, Earl of Northumbria, 12; retains one third of it, 14 Oswald, King of Northumbria, 4 Oswi, King of Northumbria, 4 Otho, son of Henry the Lion, brought up in England, 114; elected Emperor, 123; promises help to John, his rivalry with Philip of Swabia, 127; supported by the Pope, 131; receives money from John, 132; crowned as Emperor, joins the Northern League, 133; defeated at Bouvines, 136 Otho, Papal Legate, his extortions, 146, 151 Owen Glendower, rebellion, 278; negotiates with the Percies, 279; conquered, 282 Palatine counties, established by William I., 51; Ely made one by Henry I., 79 Pale, English, provinces in Ireland, 103 Pandulf, Papal Legate, forbids Philip to attack John, 134; his government, 143 Parliament, its origin, 106, 107; Knights and Burghers summoned to, 165; three Estates represented at, 185, 193, 194; royal power restricted by, 201; a Peer’s privileges in, 221; construction of, in Edward III.’s reign, 237, 238; mercantile classes introduced, 264; power of the Commons in Henry IV.’s reign, 282, 283 Paulinus, missionary to Northumbria, 3, 4 Peasantry, their sufferings in Henry I.’s reign, 72, 73; in Stephen’s reign, 86, 87; effects of the Friars’ preachings on, 153; disturbances in Edward I.’s reign, 179; their love for Lancaster, 207; effect of Black Death upon, 229; becoming more important, 237, 238; their insurrection under Wat Tyler, 244; oppression of the Commons, 245; day labourers increasing, 260, 261; effects of Wicliffe’s preaching on, 267, 269; the Statute of Labourers, 267, 268; their sufferings after the French war, 318; their hatred of Suffolk, 319; Jack Cade’s rebellion, 320; rebellions against Edward IV., 332, 333; their indifference in the War of the Roses, 332, 333, 335; increased freedom of, and poverty, 352, 353 Pecquigni, Treaty of, 338 Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile, supported by the Black Prince, 234; his daughters marry John of Gaunt and Edmund of York, 236 Penda, King of Mercia, 4 Percy, Henry, first Earl of Northumberland, Constable, partisan of Henry IV., 276; quarrels with him, 278, 279; submits, 280; escapes, 281; killed at Bramham, 282 Percy, Thomas, brother of the first Earl, made Earl of Worcester, 252 Percy, Hotspur, son of the first Earl, his marriage, 279; killed, 280 Percy, second Earl, reinstated, 288; killed at St. Albans, 323 Percy, Lord Egremont, son of the second Earl, fighting with the Nevilles, 321, 323 Percy, third Earl, killed at Towton, 329 Peter des Roches, Justiciary, 135; his character and policy, charges Hubert with treason, 144; retires to the crusades, 146; returns, causes Hubert’s fall, 148; his rule, 149; his fall, 150 Peter of Savoy, uncle of Queen Eleanor, his possessions, 151; joins her army, 164 Peter de Aigue Blanche, Bishop of Hereford, 151; envoy to Rome, 158; attacked by Llewellyn, 162; joins Eleanor’s army, 164 Peter III., of Aragon, conquers Sicily, 177. Peter’s Pence, begun by Æthelwulf, 6; paid by William I., 50; collected in Ireland, 102 Philip I., jealous of William I., 53; assists Robert, 54, 59; jealous of William II., 60 Philip II., makes peace with Henry II., 110; claims the guardianship of Arthur, meets Henry at Gisors, 111; declares war, 112; goes on a crusade with Richard I., 116; called the Lamb in Sicily, 117; quarrels with Richard, 118; befriends Conrad, 119; withdraws from the Crusade, 120; invades Richard’s dominions, 122; tries to prolong Richard’s imprisonment, 123; general alliance against him, 124; helps Arthur against John, 126; makes treaty with John, 127; war with John, 128; takes Normandy, 129; league against him, 133; victory at Bouvines, 136; dies, 145 Philip IV., his likeness to Edward I., 173; quarrels with him, 184; alliance with the Scotch, 185; abolishes the Templars, 199 Philip VI., his quarrel with Edward III., 218; asks David II. to attack Edward, 228; dies, 229 Philip of Swabia, Emperor of Germany, 127; makes peace with the Pope, 131; assassinated, 132 Philip of Burgundy. [See Burgundy.] Philippa, wife of Edward III., saves the lives of the men of Calais, 228 Piers Ploughman, Vision of, 273 Pole, Michael de la, advises retreat from Scotland, 246; made Earl of Suffolk, dismissed, 247; impeached, 248 Pole, William de la, in command at the siege of Orleans, 307; taken prisoner, 310; arranges the marriage of Henry VI., 316; made Marquis of Suffolk, 317; chief Minister, unpopularity of, 318; murdered, 319 Pole, John de la, marries sister of Edward IV., 347 Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, declared heir, 347 Police, the early system of, 35; systematized at the Conquest, 37; strictness of William I.’s, 39; of Henry I., 73, 74 Pope, Adrian IV. the only English one, 90; grants Ireland to Henry II., 91 Alexander III. [See Alexander III.] Alexander IV., extorts money for Sicilian war, 158; absolves Henry III. from his vow, 161 Boniface VIII., his claim on Scotland, 191 Boniface IX., grants Provisors, 250 Calixtus II., mediates a treaty between Henry I. and Louis VI., 68 Celestine III., excommunicates Longchamp’s enemies, 122 Clement III., raised by Henry IV. of Germany, 60 Clement IV., excommunicates the Barons, 164 Clement VI., attempts arbitration, 223 Gregory VII., supports William I., 25; revives the Papacy, 49; demands homage and Peter’s Pence, 50; friendly relations with England, 60 Gregory IX., his extortions, 147 Gregory XI., restores the Papacy to Rome, 245 Honorius III., his character, 147 Innocent III., decides the election at Canterbury, 130; consecrates Langton, 131; his interdict and excommunication, 131; declares John’s crown forfeited, 134; his tyranny in England, 135; disallows Magna Charta, 139; dies, 140 Innocent IV., his exactions, 154; offers Sicily to Edmund, 157 John XXII., mediates between Edward II. and the barons, 205 Victor III., acknowledged in England, 61 Victor IV., acknowledged in Germany, 94 Popes, position as arbitrators, 222, 223 Powys, granted to Montgomery, 59 Præmunire, Statute of, 250, 266; writ of, used against Beaufort, 312 Privy Council, origin of, 107 Provisions of Oxford, 159 Provisors, Statute of, 250, 265 Purveyance, misery caused by, 73; restrained by Henry I., 74; restricted by Magna Charta, 139; checked by the Statute of Stamford, 200; exacted by the royal Princes, 215; complained of, 245 Ralph of Gwader, son of Ralph the Staller, Earl of Norfolk, conspires against William I., 52; flies to Brittany, 53 Ralph Flambard, Justiciary, his cruelties, 57; arrested by Henry I., 64; escapes to Normandy, 64 Ranulf, Earl of Chester, fights against Wales, 78; joins Matilda, 83 Ratcliffe, favourite of Richard III., 342, 345, 347 Raymond of Toulouse, quarrels with Richard, 112; marries Joanna, 124; revenge for injury done him, 133 Reeve, his office, 31; his duties, 32 Renaissance, its effects, 338, 353 Réné, Duke of Bar, 316 Representation, not understood in Saxon times, 34; used in making the Domesday Book, 55; used in inquiries for financial purposes, 125; first used in Parliament, 165; principle established, 172, 193, 194 Revenue. [See Taxes.] Richard I., engaged to Berengaria, 93; joins the Great Rebellion against his father, 104; pardoned, 105; his success in Aquitaine excites Prince Henry’s envy, 110; his war with him, 111; attacks Raymond of Toulouse, joins Philip II. against Henry II., receives his father’s submission, 112; gets absolution, is crowned, 115; sells all offices in the Kingdom, and goes on a crusade, 116; his quarrels in Sicily, 117; conquers Cyprus, marries Berengaria, 118; takes Acre, 120; relieves Joppa, makes a truce with Saladin, 121; imprisoned in Germany, 122; does homage to Henry VI., returns to England, 123; his wars with Philip, his death, 124; his heavy taxation, 125; names John as his successor, 126 Richard II., made heir-apparent, 240; his interview with Wat Tyler, 244; his favourites, 247; his character, 248; assumes authority, 249; his expedition to Ireland, 250; his marriage, 251; his vengeance, 252; his despotism, 253; deposed, 254; death, 277 Richard III., murder of Henry VI. imputed to him, 336; his quarrel with Clarence, 336; captures Edward V., 342; secures the crown, 343; his unpopularity, 345; his energy, 346; death of his son, 347; killed at battle of Bosworth, 348; his character, 349 Richard, Prior of Dover, succeeds Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury, 105 Richard, brother of Henry III., Count of Poitou, quarrels with De Burgh, 146; his patriotic efforts, goes on a Crusade, 152; marries Sancha, 154; refuses the Sicilies, 157; elected King of the Romans, 158; joins Henry against the Barons, 162; taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes, 163 Richard, Earl of Cambridge, son of Edward III.’s son Edmund, his conspiracy, executed, 292 Richard of York, son of the Earl of Cambridge, in command of the war in France, 314, 315; leader of the Plantagenet Princes, 317; concerned in Suffolk’s death, 319; appears in arms, 320; duped into submission, 321; President of the Council, 322; victory at St. Albans, 323; Protector, deposed, 324; returns from Ireland, 325; claims the throne, 326; beheaded after Wakefield, 327 Richard, son of Edward IV., in sanctuary, 342; given up to Richard, 343; murdered, 345 Ridel, Godfrey, Becket’s enemy, made Bishop of Ely, 105 Rivaux, Treasurer, 148; obtains confiscated property, 150 Rivers. [See Woodville.] Robert, brother of William I., fights at Hastings, 27; made Earl of Cornwall, 45; opposes William II., 57; banished, taken prisoner at Tenchebray, 66 Robert de Comines, Earl of Northumberland, murdered, 46 Robert, son of William I., Governor of Maine, 52; does homage for it to Philip I., 53; his rebellion and reconciliation with his father at Gerberoi, his expedition against Scotland, 54; Normandy bequeathed to him, 56; his character excites feudal anarchy, 57; makes Treaty of Caen with William II., 58; goes on a Crusade, pledging Normandy to William, 59; claims the throne of England, surrenders to Henry I., 65; taken prisoner at Tenchebray, 66 Robert of Rhuddlan, his wars with Wales, 51 Robert of Flanders, supports William Clito, killed, 68 Robert of Bathenton, rebels against Stephen, 79 Robert, Earl of Gloucester, natural son of Henry I., swears fealty to Matilda, 69; suppresses Gryffith’s insurrection, 70; one of the three remaining Earls, renounces his fealty to Stephen, 80; his power in the West, 81; brings Matilda to England, 82; takes Stephen prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, 83; taken prisoner, exchanged for Stephen, 84; dies, his character, 85 Robert of Artois, persuades Edward III. to the war with France, 218 Robert of Gloucester, translated Layamon, 271 Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, punishes false coiners, 74; organizes the Exchequer Court, 75; power of his family, 81; arrested, 81; dies, 82 Rotheram, Archbishop of York, Chancellor, 341; deposed, 342 Rouen, siege of, 299; loss of, 319 Russell, Chancellor, 342, 346 Rutland, made Earl of Albemarle, 252; title removed, 276; conspires against Henry IV., 277 Sac and Soc, explained, 33; benefit of, 76 Saladin, his power in the East, 111; greatness of his empire, takes Jerusalem, 119; his truce with Richard, 121 Saladin tax, imposed by Henry II., 111 Salisbury, Earl of, conspires against Henry IV., beheaded, 277 Salisbury, commanding at Orleans, 307 Salisbury. [See Neville.] Sanctuary, effects of taking, 149 Say, minister under Suffolk, 318; executed, 320 Scotland, does fealty to Eadward the Elder, 10; to Æthelstan, 11; rebels, and defeated at Brunanburh, 11; the Lothians added to it, 14; submits to Cnut, 20; does homage to William I., 46; invades England, 51; the Lowlands anglicized, 52; war with William II., 58; does homage for Huntingdon to Henry II., 90, 91; does homage to Henry II., 105; repurchases its independence from Richard I., 116; does homage to John, 128, 132; peace and marriage treaty with Henry III., 143; its relations with England, 180; extinction of the royal family, 181; rival claimants, 182; Balliol made king, 183; conquered by Edward I., 186; Wallace’s rebellion, 189, 190; reconquered by Edward I., 191; Bruce’s rebellion, 192; invaded by Edward II., 198, 200; battle of Bannockburn, 203; truce with England, 206; Bruce acknowledged king by Edward II., 208; war with Edward III., 214; Edward Balliol’s invasion, 216; does fealty to Edward III., 217; David Bruce’s invasion, 228; Edward III.’s “Burnt Candlemas,” 231; peace with England, 232; war with Richard II., 246; refuses homage to Henry IV., 278; imprisonment of James II., 281; released, 304; murdered, 315; truce with England, 316; independent spirit of, 339; truce with, 347 Scrope, William, made Earl of Wiltshire, 252 Scrope, Henry of Masham (nephew of the Earl), his conspiracy with Cambridge, executed, 292 Scrope, Archbishop of York, his conspiracy with Mowbray, executed, 281 Scutage, first instance of, 91; second, 93; reason for, 109; explained, 113; demanded by John, 136; restricted by Magna Charta, 138; demanded by Henry III., 148 Sheriff, his duties, 32; untrustworthy, 75; court of, 76; peculation of, 106; restrained by Magna Charta, 139 Shire, origin of, 31, 32 Sibylla, wife of Robert of Normandy, 65 Sicily, Richard I. and Philip in, 117; genealogy of the kings of, 125; Papal efforts to drive the Hohenstaufen from, 156; accepted by Edmund, son of Henry III., 157; renounced by the council, 161; given to Charles of Anjou, 168; conquered by Aragon, 177 Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury, succeeds Dunstan, 16 Sigismund, visit of, 297 Simon de Montfort, his ancestors, marriage, goes on a crusade, 152; his government of Gascony, 156; quarrel with Valence, 158; surrenders his castles, 160; quarrels with Gloucester, 161; chief of the baronial party, 162; wins the battle of Lewes, 163; his rule, 164; his parliament, 165; killed at Evesham, his property confiscated, 167; the people’s love for him, 169 Siward, Earl of Northumberland, assists Edward against Godwine, 22; mentioned in Macbeth, 23 Slaves, causes of bondage, 29; at the Conquest, 35; English slaves in Scotland, 52; forbidden by the Church, 71 Soken, meaning of, 33 Sokmen, 35 Somerset, John, Lieutenant-General in France, 316; commits suicide, 319 Somerset, Edmund, succeeds him in France, 319; returns, triumphs over York, 321; killed at St. Albans, 323 Somerset, Henry, in power, 324; flies to Scotland, joins Edward IV., rejoins Henry VI., killed at Hexham, 329 Stafford, Henry, second Duke of Buckingham, marries Catherine Woodville, 331; head of the old nobility, 341; supports Richard III., 342; joins Henry Tudor, 345; executed, 346 Stafford, Sir Humphrey, defeated by Jack Cade, 320, (distant relation of the Duke’s) Stafford, Humphrey (cousin of Sir Humphrey), Earl of Devonshire, defeated, 332 Stafford, Sir Humphrey, prevents Buckingham from joining Henry Tudor, 346 Stanley, one of the new nobility, 341; apprehended, 343; made constable, 344; marries Margaret of Richmond, 347; joins Henry Tudor, 348 St. Brice, massacre of, 17 Staple, Calais a staple town, 228; origin of, 257; rearranged by Edward IV., 330 Statutes— Of Carlisle, 265 De Donis conditionalibus, 196 De Hæretico comburendo, 276, 285 Of Labourers, 267 De Mercatoribus, 258 Of Mortmain, 175, 196 Of Præmunire, 250, 266 Of Provisors, 250, 265 Quia Emptores, 194, 196, 264 Of Stamford, 200 De Tallagio, 188 Of Wales, 176 Of Westminster, 174, 193, 195, 200 Of Winchester, 177, 195 Stephen, second son of Stephen of Blois and Adela, daughter of William I., swears fealty to Matilda, 69; secures the throne, 77; his character, 78; goes to Normandy, purchases peace with Anjou, 79; makes peace with Scotland, grants castles, and creates earldoms, 80; by mercenaries defeats Gloucester’s insurrection, 81; offends the Church, 81, 82; taken prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, 83; released in exchange for Gloucester, defeated at Wilton, 84; deserted by many of his nobles and by the Pope, 85; accepts Henry as his heir, dies, misery caused by his weakness, 86 Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 23; does not receive the Pallium from the Pope, 36, 49; William I. will not be crowned by, seeks his ruin, 42; is deposed, 48 Stratford, John of, made Chancellor, 216; his quarrel with Edward III., 221 Strathclyde, its extent, 3; peopled by Danes, 8; does fealty to Eadward, 10; Eadmund grants part of it to Scotland, 12 Suffolk. [See Pole.] Swegen, or Swend, son of King of Denmark, invades England, 16; his sister massacred, 17; his great invasion, made King of England, 18 Swend, King of Denmark, nephew of Cnut, willing to help the English, 44; sends a fleet, 46, 47 Talbot, Sir John, defeated at Pataye, 310; defeats Burgundians, 315; dies, 321 Tallage, exacted by Matilda, 84; explained, 113; considered illegal after Edward I., 195 Tannegui Duchâtel, becomes Master of France, 296; rescues the Dauphin, 299; murders Burgundy, 300 Taxes, before the Conquest, 35; whence derived, 38; on land, 54; no appeal against, 72; Henry I.’s, 73; in the hands of the King and Council, 76; Henry II. introduces scutage, 93; his revenue, 113; Richard I.’s tax on land, 125; John’s severe taxes, 128, 133; restricted by Magna Charta, 138; complaints against De Burgh’s, 144; Henry III. demands scutage, 148; tallages and aids, 155; Edward I. establishes customs, 174; his heavy taxes, 185, 186; clergy outlawed for refusing to pay, 187; complaints against, 188; method of levying changed, 193, 194; restricted by the Ordinances, 201; Edward III.’s Maletolte, 219; his subsidies, 223; the poll tax, 240, 243; Wat Tyler’s riots against, 244; Richard II.’s, 252, 253; sufferings of the poor under, 269; consent of Parliament necessary for levying, 282; Henry V.’s, 291; Bedford’s, 313; Wells’ insurrection against, 333; Richard III.’s malevolences, 348 Templars, undertake a Crusade for Henry II., 103; suppressed by Edward II., 199 Thegns, their rise, 13; duties of, 30; court of, 33; become Barons, 35 Theobald of Blois, grandson of William I., defeats Louis VI. at Puysac, 67; urged to claim the crown after Henry I., 77; again refuses it, 84 Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, joins Henry’s party, mediates a compromise, 85; employs Becket, 92; dies, 95 Theodore of Tarsus, organizes the Church, 4 Theows, or slaves, 29 Thomas, Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV., invades France, 284; killed at Beaugé, 301 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, sixth son of Edward III., Governor during the war, 233; succeeds John of Gaunt, 246, 247; one of the Lords Appellant, 248; constant opponent of Richard II., 251; arrested, 251: strangled, 252 Thurkill, or Thurcytel, invades England, 17; joins the English, 18 Thurstan, Archbishop of York, opposes David of Scotland, 79 Tithing, explained, 35 Tostig, third son of Godwine, made Earl of Northumbria, 23; deposed, 24; invades the North, slain, 26 Trade of England, 256-258, 261, 262, 351 Trail-bâtons, 195 Tresilian, impeached, 248; executed, 249 Trinoda necessitas, explained, 35; retained by William I., 37; reorganized, 109 Troyes, Treaty of, 300 Tudor, Edmund, son of Owen and Catherine of France, brought forward, 321 Tudor, Jasper, brother of Edmund, brought forward, 321; defeated by Hubert of Pembroke, 332; almost the only Lancastrian left, 336 Tudor, Henry, son of Edmund, proposed marriage, 345; first invasion, 346; second invasion, 348 Twenge, his riots, 148 Valence, Aymer of, Bishop of Winchester, 155 Valence, William of, his possessions, 151; quarrels with De Montfort, 158; refuses to surrender his castles, 160; escapes from Lewes, 164; returns, 166 Valence, Earl of Pembroke, defeats Bruce, 192 Vere, Aubrey de, defends Stephen’s cause, 82 Vere, Robert de, ninth Earl of Oxford, Duke of Ireland, favourite of Richard II., 247; impeached, 248; dies, 250 Vere, Aubrey de, succeeds his nephew Robert, 250 Vere, John de, thirteenth Earl of Oxford, almost the only Lancastrian left, 336 Vexin, claimed by France, 55; war on account of, 60; Henry II. refuses to surrender it, 109; John secures it, 127 Viaticum, extorted by William II., 59 Villeinage, position of, 36; proposal to abolish it, 245; disappearing, 267-269, 352 Wales, remains British, 3; Wessex establishes supremacy over, 5; southern part colonized by Danes, 8; assist Eadric the Wild against William I., 44; William I. establishes Palatine Counties to restrain it, 51; constant wars against William II., 58; land granted to Norman Earls, 59; Henry I. establishes colonies of Flemings in, 70; insurrections under Gryffith, 70; under Gwynneth, 91; under Llewellyn, 132; under Llewellyn, 176; annexation of, 177; Meredith’s rebellion, 178; rebellion against Edward II., 204; quarrel with the Marchers, 206; insurrection of Owen Glendower, 278, 282; sympathy with the Lancastrians, 332, 335; sympathy with the Tudors, 346, 348 Wallace, his insurrection, 189; defeat and death, 190; his use of infantry, 225 Walter, Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, opposes John, 123; trained by Glanvill, 124; withdraws from secular work, 125; summoned to Rouen, 126; persuades John to disband his troops, 129; dies, 130 Waltheof, Earl of Nottingham, 44; destroys the castles of York, 47; conspires against William, 52; executed, miracles at his tomb, 53 Ward of Trumpington, the false Richard II., 279, 292 Warrenne, William of, first Earl of Surrey, conquers Hereward, 50 Warrenne, William of, second Earl, supports Robert of Normandy, 65 Warrenne, William of, natural son of Stephen (married the heiress of the third Earl), surrenders to Henry II., 91 Warrenne, John, seventh Earl, opposes Edward I., 174; Commander in Scotland, 185; Guardian of Scotland, 186; defeated by Wallace, 189 Warwick (John of Plesseys), Henry III.’s Commissioner, 159 Warwick (William Maudit), one of the Barons’ Council, 159 Warwick. [See Beauchamp and Neville.] Watling Street, Danish boundary, 8 Wat Tyler, his insurrection, 244 Wedmore, Treaty of, 8 Wells’ rebellion, 333 Weregild, explained, 29 Wessex, foundation of, 2, 3; conversion of, 4; supremacy of, 5; invaded by Danes, 7; repels them, 8; retains the supremacy, 10; overrun by Thurkill, conquered by Cnut, 18; restored to Edmund Ironside, 19; helps Harold against William, 26 Wicliffe, protected by John of Gaunt, 240; deserted by him, recants, 245; his preaching, 266, 267 William I., visits England, 22; his claims to the throne, 24, 36; prepares to invade England, 25; lands at Pevensey, and fights the battle of Hastings, 26; checks the growth of feudalism, 37; establishes the Curia Regis, 38; character of his government, 39; marches to London, 41; crowned, 42; gradually transfers the land to Normans, 43; limits earldoms, 37, 43; leaves England, returns to suppress insurrections, 44; takes Exeter, and completes the conquest of the West, suppresses first Northern insurrection, 45; suppresses the rebellion at York, 46; lays waste Yorkshire, 47; his legislation, 48; his position with regard to the Church, 48, 49; conquers Hereward, 50; receives homage from Scotland, 52; suppresses the conspiracy of Norman nobles, 52; continues to reside in Normandy, quarrels with his sons, 53; threatened invasion of England, 54; Domesday survey and general oath allegiance, his death and burial, 55; his will, 56 William II., secures Lanfranc’s support, is crowned, pleases the English by promises, 56; defeats baronial rebellion, on Lanfranc’s death leaves England to Ralph Flambard, 57; intrigues in Normandy, makes treaty with Robert at Caen, receives homage from Malcolm, renews war with him, 58; leaves the conquest of Wales to the Marchers, extorts viaticum from the host before going to Normandy, holds Normandy in pledge, 59; his formidable position, killed in the New Forest, his general success, 60; his conduct towards the Church, 61, 62 William Clito, son of Robert of Normandy, pretender to the Duchy, supported by Louis VII., deserted at treaty of Gisors, 67; supported by Fulk of Anjou, and deserted, 68; supported and again deserted by both Fulk and Louis, Louis tries to put him on the throne of Flanders, his death, 69; his marriage, 72 William, Earl of Boulogne, son of Stephen, promises homage to Henry II., 86 William, son of Henry I., marries a daughter of Fulk of Anjou, 67; the barons swear fealty to, drowned in the White Ship, 68 William of Albemarle, opposes invasion of David I., 79; his power in Yorkshire, submits to Henry II., 90 William II., of Sicily, marries Joanna, 109; his death delays the Crusade, 117 William the Lion, King of Scotland, joins the Great Rebellion against Henry II., 104; taken prisoner at Alnwick, does homage for Scotland, 105; buys back his privileges from Richard, 116; does personal homage to John, 128; makes full submission, 132 Winchelsea, Archbishop of Canterbury, refuses grants to Edward I., 186; appointed adviser to Prince Edward, 187; excommunicates Gaveston, 202 Wishart, Bishop of St. Andrews, a member of the Regency, 181; invites Edward I., 182; trusted by Edward I., 191; crowns Bruce, 192 Witan, described, 32, 34, 37, 38; consents to the Danegelt, 16; assembled by Eadric, 18; elects Cnut King, 20; Godwine’s quarrel referred to it, 22; called on Harold’s death, elects Eadgar, 41; offers the crown to William I., 42; tries and condemns Waltheof, 53 Woodville, rise of the family, 330, 331; Sir John, beheaded, 332; Anthony, made Lord Scales, 331; Lord Rivers, 341; patronizes printing, 353; beheaded, 342; Elizabeth, marries Edward IV., 330 Wulstan, Archbishop of York, 13 Wykeham, William of, Chancellor, deposed 239; restored, 240; deposed, 240; restored, 249