Chapter XII · —PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, ADVERBS
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§ 1. Prepositions are of two kinds, simple and compound. Simple prepositions govern various states of the initial. Compound prepositions, when, as is generally the case, they are made up of a simple preposition and a noun, govern the first state, for the noun which follows is really in the appositional genitive. If a compound preposition govern a personal pronoun, the latter is often placed, in its possessive form, between the two component parts of the preposition, governing the initial of the noun-half of it. Sometimes, however, the second part of a compound preposition is a simple preposition, and in that case the government is that of the last preposition of the compound.
Simple Prepositions.
a, of, from, governs second state.
avel, vel, like, as.
bis, up to, as far as (usque ad).
dadn or en dadn, under.
der, dre, by, through, governs second state.
dres, over, beyond, above.
dhô, to, governs second state.
en, edn, et, in. [149]
er, see war.
gan, gans, with, by.
heb, without, governs second state.
kens, before (of time).
lebmen, lemmen, except, but.
ŏja, wŏja, after (older form, wose).
rag, for, because of.
re, by (in swearing), governs second state.
reb, by, near, beside.
saw, save, except, but.
treba, tereba, until.
troha, towards.
tewa (tewaha, tyha, tîgh), towards.
war, on, upon (also er), governs second state.
worth, orth, at, to, against.
Compound Prepositions.
adres, across, beyond.
adro dhô, drodho, about, concerning, govern second state.
abarth, abarh, beside, on the side of.
aberth, aberh, within, inside of.
adheller dhô, dheller dhô (originally a dhellergh), behind, governs second state.
a dhirag, dhirag, before, in the presence of.
adheworth, dheworth, dhŏrt, from.
ajŷ, ’jŷ, within (a+chy, house), generally followed by dhô, governing the second state.
a eugh, above, over.
a mes, a ves, mes, en mes, out of.
a mesk, mesk, en mesk, among.
a wos, because of, for the sake of.
entre, among.
erbidn or erbyn, warbidn, against.
herwedh, according to.
marnas, except, but.
rag carenja, for the sake of.
warlergh, after.
ogastî dhô, near to (ogastî ogas, near, tî=tew, side).
Of these abarth, a mesk or en mesk, erbidn, rag carenja, and warlergh, are separable when they govern pronouns. Thus:—
a ’gan parth, beside us.
en agas mesk, among you.
er ow fyn, against me.
rag dha garenja, for thy sake.
war e lergh, after him.
§ 2. Conjunctions.
ha, and. Before a vowel, hag, except when followed by the article an, or by a pronoun beginning with a vowel, in which case the vowel of the second word is elided.
bes, mes, but.
saw, but, except.
ma, may, that, in order that.
dre, dro, that.
erna, until.
bis pan, until.
treba, tereba, until.
ken, though, although.
awos, although, notwithstanding.
pan, pa, pur, or pêr (=pa-êr) when, govern second state.
hedre, whilst.
spas, whilst.
perag, prag, fraga, why, wherefore.
po, or. po—po—=either—or—
mar, mara, a, if. govern fourth state.
marnas (mar+na+es), unless.
ponî, ponag, unless.
aban, since, because.
dreven, since, because.
rag, for.
rag own, lest, for fear.
vel, than.
ages, es, than.
na, nor.
maga, so, as much as.
§ 3. Adverbs.
Adverbs may be formed from adjectives by prefixing en, which generally changes the initial to the second state. Thus glan, pure, en ’lan, purely. There are some exceptions to this change, b and m sometimes change to f, not v, bras, great, en fras, greatly; mas, good, en fas, well; d sometimes changes to the fourth state, da, good, en ta, well; and t sometimes remains unchanged, tin, sharp, en tin, sharply. But we find also en dhiugel, certainly, from diugel, secure.
Adverbs of Time.
en êrma, now (in this hour).
lemman, lebman, now.
en tor-ma, now (in this turn).
nam, nana, nanna, nans, now.
agensow, just now.
hedhew, to-day.
avorow, to-morrow.
trenzha, the day after to-morrow.
jedreva=dedreja=dedh trûja, the third day hence.
an journa-ma war seithan, this day week.
de, yesterday.
genzhete (kens de dedh), the day before yesterday.
ternos, the next day.
en kenzhoha / boregweth } in the morning.
dohajedh, in the afternoon.
gorthewer, in the evening.
zîlgweth, o’ Sundays.
fast, presently.
prest, scon / dewháns, eskes / defry, dhesempes } soon, quicky, immediately.
whath, still, yet.
kens, before (of time).
kensemman, ere now.
kensenna, ere that.
ŏja, wŏja, ŏj’ henna, wŏja hedna, afterwards.
nenna, nana, en êrna, then.
ŏj’ hemma, wŏja hebma, henceforth.
warlergh, afterwards.
esos, already.
avar, early.
dewedhes, late.
arta, again.
kettoth, kettoth ha, as soon as.
nevra, ever.
rag nevra, for ever.
benary, for ever.
biken, ever, bis viken, for ever.
besca, besqweth, ever.
benethy, dho venethy, for ever.
bepprês, always.
hedre, spas, whilst.
pols, a while.
Adverbs of Place.
ple, where (either interrogative or not).
a pele, a ble, whence (either interrogative or not).
ŭbma, ŭmma, here, hither.
enna, there.
lemma, lebma, here (in this place).
alemma, alebma, hence.
alenna, en mes alenna, thence.
aban, avan, up, above, on high.
aman, up, upwards.
awartha, above, over.
awollas, warwollas, below.
warban, on high, up above.
warnans, down below.
en hans, en nans, down.
lĕr, lŏr (luer), down.
aberth, aberh, within.
ajŷ, jŷ, within.
aves, ames, outside.
tre, at home.
adre, homewards.
ales, abroad (scattya ales, to “scat” abroad).
dhô ves, away.
kerh (formerly kerdh), away (môs kerh, to go away).
pel, far.
enogas, ogas, near, ogastî, near by.
a rag, in front.
en rag, forward.
dirag, forth, before (of place).
dheller (dellergh), behind.
war dheller, backwards.
adro, around.
adres, athwart.
a hes, along.
Adverbs of Quantity.
mêr, much.
îthek, hugely.
îthek tra, ever so much.
vîth mar, ever so.
nepeth, nebas, a little.
lour, lŭk lour, lŭk, enough.
re, too much.
kemmes, kebmes, as much.
vîth, at all.
hanter, half.
Adverbs of Comparison.
mar, so, as.
ky—mal / ky—vel } as—as (ky gwerdh velgwels, as green as grass).
del, as.
della, en della, en delna, so, in such manner.
cara, pocara, kepara, kepar del, like as, even as, likewise.
maga (governing fourth state), as: maga ta, as well, likewise.
keffres, kekeffres, likewise, also.
hagŏl, hagensŏl, also.
a wedh, enwedh, also.
gwell, better.
lakkah, worse.
moy, more.
leh, less.
kens vel, rather than.
Miscellaneous Adverbs
cowal, cowl, quite.
namna, almost.
ken, else.
martesan, perhaps.
betegens, nevertheless.
moghya, mostly.
ketel, ketella, so.
pŭr (governing second state), very.
brâs / fest } (placed after an adjective), very.
ogastî, nearly, almost.
warbarth, warbarh, together.
ni, nyns, nig, na, nag, not. [153]
hepmar, doubtless.
perag, prag, fraga, why.
patla, fatel, fatla, how.
pelta, much, pelta gwel, much better.
otta, welta, behold.
nahen, otherwise.