Lepidosiren, i, 60, 73, 85, 89, 100, 149, 450, 619, 621, 622 adult male, figured, i, 620 larval forms, figured, i, 620 at 3 days, i, 620 at 30 days, i, 621 at 40 days, i, 621 at three months, i, 621 pectoral fin in, i, 60

Lepidosirenidæ, i, 88, 612, 619

Lepidostei, ii, 13, 26 Huxley on, ii, 23 Zittel on, ii, 23, 24

Lepidosteids, ii, 32

Lepidosteoidei, i, 382

Lepidotidæ, ii, 24

Lepidotes, ii, 24

Lepidotrigla, i, 259; ii, 456

Lepisoma, i, 208; ii, 508

Lepisosteidæ, i, 290; ii, 11, 29, 30

Lepisosteus, i, 32, 66, 85, 101, 102, 291, 314, 357, 604, 623; ii, 5, 6, 23, 29, 30, 32 Agassiz on, ii, 5 Balfour and Parker on, ii, 5 Eastman on, ii, 32 figure of, i, 452; ii, 31 Günther on, ii, 5, 7 Müller on, ii, 517 tail of, figured, i, 82

Lepomis, i, 302; ii, 301 figure of, i, 4; ii, 300

Leptecheneis, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

leptocardial tail, i, 81, 83

Leptocardians, i, 383

Leptocardii, i, 55, 482-485

Leptocephalidæ, ii, 149

Leptocephalus, i, 211; ii, 148, 149 figure of, ii, 150

579leptocercal tail, i, 50, 81, 83, 507, 602 Agassiz on, i, 81 figure of, i, 82 Gaudry on, i, 84

Leptocottus, ii, 448

Leptolepidæ, ii, 36, 41

Leptolepis, ii, 42 figure of, ii, 41

Leptomylus, i, 565

Leptops, ii, 182

Leptoscopidæ, the, ii, 503, 506

Leptosmus, ii, 53

Leptotrachelus, ii, 136

Lepturus, i, 391

lesser-weaver, i, 169

Lesson, i, 408

Le Sueur, i, 418

Lethrinus, i, 268; ii, 347

Leuciscus, i, 254, 256, 346; ii, 168, 169 figure of, i, 287; ii, 169 pharyngeals of, i, 47 teeth of, figured, ii, 163, 175

Leuckart, i, 609

Leucopsarion, ii, 467

Lias, ii, 14

Libys, i, 605

Ligul, a, i, 348

Lilljeborg, i, 410

Limanda, ii, 493

little roncador, ii, 356

Limulus, i, 569 figure of, i, 572

Lindström, i, 427

ling, ii, 538

Linnæus, i, 375, 390; ii, 410, 424, 499 followers of, i, 394 Systema Naturæ of, i, 392

Linophryne, ii, 549

Linton, on parasitic diseases, i, 343-348

Liodesmidæ, ii, 34

Liodesmus, ii, 34

lion-fish, ii, 434 figure of, ii, 433, 435

Liopsetta, ii, 493 figure of, ii, 494

liparid, ii, 447, 454 figure of, ii, 413, 454

Liparididæ, family of, ii, 454

Liparididæ, i, 189, 208, 218; ii, 313

Liparis, i, 202, 217, 219, 375, 380; ii, 449, 455 figure of, i, 218

Lipogenyidæ, ii, 158

Lipogenys, ii, 158

Lister, i, 373, 375, 376

lithographic shales, ii, 42

Litholepis, i, 364

littoral fishes, distribution of, i, 247

Liuranus, figure of, i, 233

Liza, ii, 221

lizard-fishes, ii, 61 figure of, ii, 130

lizard-skipper, figure of, i, 230; ii, 509

loach, i, 290; ii, 185 fossil, ii, 175, 176

Lobotes, figure of, ii, 331

Lobotidæ, family of, ii, 331

local barriers, i, 298

Lockington, i, 419 on long-jawed goby, ii, 462-465

log-perch, figure of, ii, 311

Lohest, i, 427

lok-sild, ii, 67

longe, ii, 114

long-eared sunfish, i, 3-15 figure of, i, 2, 3; ii, 300

long-jawed goby, ii, 462, 463 Cooper on, ii, 463 figure of, ii, 463 Lockington on, ii, 462

long-horned sculpin, ii, 447

long-jaw, ii, 66

long-necked eels, ii, 153

lophobranchii, ii, 9, 209, 227-240

lophobranchs, i, 92 suborder of, ii, 235

Lophogobius, i, 208

Lophiidæ, i, 206; ii, 542

Lophiomus, i, 207, 271; ii, 547

Lophius, i, 169, 202, 206, 391; ii, 542, 545, 547, 548 figure of, i, 18; ii, 545

lophocercal tail, i, 81, 83

Lopholatilus, i, 94, 357; ii, 361

Lophopsetta, ii, 488 figure of, ii, 487

Lophotes, i, 260, 263; ii, 291

Lophotidæ, ii, 292 family of, ii, 291

Loricaria, i, 393 figure of, ii, 186

Loricariidæ, ii, 185, 186, 449

Loricati, ii, 426, 455

loro, ii, 394, 396

Lota, i, 109, 209, 316; ii, 538 figure of, ii, 539

Lotella, i, 259

louse-fish, ii, 469

louvar, figure of, ii, 290

Loven, on Arctic species, i, 317

Lowe, i, 410

Lowell, on trout, ii, 108

lower jaw, figure of, i, 526 of Cochliodus figured, i, 531 of Neoceratodus figured, i, 616 of Polypterus figured, i, 606

lower pharyngeals, figure of, ii, 171

Lower Silurian, shark teeth from, i, 508

lowland fishes, dispersion of, i, 313

Luciæ, i, 477

Lucifuga, i, 314; ii, 524 figure of, i, 222; ii, 524

Lucigobius, ii, 467

Luciocephalidæ, ii, 370

Luciocephalus, ii, 370

Lucioperca, ii, 315

Lucas, on Therobromus, ii, 127

luminous organs, i, 187 von Lendenfeld on, i, 189 of Porichthys, figured, i, 191

Lumpenus, i, 209; ii, 513

lumpfish, i, 208; ii, 135, 453, 454 figure of, i, 220; ii, 454

lump-sucker, ii, 453, 455

lung-fish, i, 100, 458, 609-622

lungs of the fish, origin of, i, 98, 99 Morris on, i, 98

lurking-fishes, Whitmee on, i, 169

Lutianidæ, ii, 323, 335 family of, i, 333; ii, 340

Lutianus, i, 324; ii, 330, 333, 335, 336 figure of, i, 331; ii, 333, 335, 336

Lütken, i, 410; ii, 33, 133 on Selene, i, 144 on flying-fish, ii, 214

Luvaridæ, ii, 291

Luvarus, ii, 291 figure of, ii, 290

Lycenchelys, figure of, ii, 519

Lycodapodidæ, ii, 520

Lycodes, ii, 518 figure of, ii, 519

Lycodapus, figure of, ii, 520

Lycodopsis, ii, 518

Lycodes, i, 209

Lycoptera, ii, 41

580Lyman, on the museum at Paris, i, 401

Lyomeri, order of, ii, 140, 155

Lyopomi, ii, 138, 158, 189

Lyopsetta, i, 205

Lyrifera, i, 462, 508

Lysopteri, i, 623; ii, 13

maaji, ii, 274

maccaroni piatti, i, 351

Macleay, i, 416, 428

Macdonald, i, 419

Macdonaldia, ii, 157

Mackenzie salmon, ii, 67

mackerel, i, 19, 117, 156, 210; ii, 258, 259 figure of, i, 332; ii, 260 fishery, ii, 260, 261 Goode on, ii, 260

mackerel-midges, ii, 539

mackerel-scads, ii, 274

mackerel-shark, i, 533 figure of, i, 447, 537

Mackinaw trout, ii, 114

Macrias, ii, 502

Macrodon, ii, 354

Macropetalichthyidæ, family of, i, 585

Macropetalichthys, i, 583, 585, 589, 590

Macropharyngodon, ii, 390

Macrophthalmia, i, 491

Macropistius, ii, 26

Macropodus, ii, 369, 370

Macropoma, i, 605

Macrorhamphosidæ, ii, 227, 234, 235

Macrorhamphosus, i, 259 figure of, ii, 234

Macrosemiidæ, ii, 26, 28

Macrosemius, ii, 26

Macrouridæ, i, 84; ii, 541 vertebræ in, 209; ii, 540

mademoiselle, figure of, ii, 355

mad tom, ii, 182 figure of, i, 179; ii, 182

Mænidæ, family of, ii, 347

magifi, ii, 288

mahogany snapper, ii, 337

maigre, ii, 355

mail-cheek fishes, ii, 426

makrede, i, 171

makua, ii, 425

Malacanthidæ, ii, 361, 499

Malacanthus, ii, 361

Malacopterygii, i, 391; ii, 208

Malacopterygium, ii, 39

Malacorhinus, i, 553

Malacosteidæ, ii, 128, 134

Malapterurus, ii, 183

malau, ii, 253

Mallotus, figure of, ii, 126

Malm, i, 410

malma, i, 326 figure of, ii, 112

Malmgren, i, 410 on Arctic species, i, 317

Malpighi, i, 390

Malthe, i, 206

Malthopsis, ii, 552

mandible, suspensorium of, i, 43, 120

mandibular rami, i, 589

man-eating shark, i, 538

Maner, on external gill, i, 77

mangrove snapper, ii, 335

man-of-war fish, ii, 285

Manta, i, 448, 560 figure of, i, 559

map of continents, i, 270

Mapo, ii, 461

Marcgraf, i, 389

Marcgravia, ii, 526

Marcusen, i, 428

marine blenny, i, 118

marine fishes, checked by barriers, i, 241 distribution of, i, 246

Mariposa, ii, 244, 403

Marquette, ii, 64

Marsh, on eye of Anableps, ii, 195

Marsiobranch, i, 592, 593

Marsipobranchi, i, 486

Martin pescador, ii, 550

Mason, ii, 73

Mastacembelidæ, ii, 532

Mastacembelus, ii, 157 figure of, ii, 532

Masticura, i, 555

masu, ii, 68, 73 figure of, ii, 71, 72

matajuelo, ii, 252, 253

matajuelo blanco, ii, 361

matao, ii, 249

matodai, ii, 333

matsubara, i, 418

Matthew, i, 427

Mauer, on external gill, i, 77

Maurolicidæ, family of, ii, 134

Maurolicus, ii, 134

maxillary, figure of, i, 55 of Sebastolobus, i, 55

mayfish, figure of, ii, 198

McClelland, i, 416

McCoy, i, 82, 410, 581

McGregor, i, 422

McKay, i, 420

McMurrich, i, 428

meaji, ii, 275

meaning of species, i, 293 Coues on, i, 379

measurements of the fish, i, 19

mebaru, ii, 429, 431

Meckel's cartilage, i, 44, 57, 507, 596, 606

Meda, ii, 169

Meddagh, photograph by, i, 164

Medialuna, ii, 350

medregal, ii, 274

Meek, on trout, ii, 105

Megalaspis, ii, 274

Megalichthyidæ, i, 602, 603

Megalichthys, figure of, i, 604

Megalops, ii, 43

Megalurus, figure of, ii, 36

Megaperca, ii, 322

Megaprotodon, ii, 404

mejenidai, ii, 348

Melamphaës, ii, 252

Melaniris, ii, 218

Melanocetus, ii, 548

Melanogrammus, i, 209; ii, 539 figure of, ii, 536 skull of, figured, ii, 536

Melanotænia, ii, 218

Melanotæniidæ, ii, 218

Melichthys, ii, 413

Melletes, figure of, i, 288

membrane bone of face, i, 44

Mene, figure of, ii, 288

menhaden, figure of, i, 340; ii, 51

Menidia, ii, 218

Menidæ, family of, ii, 218

Menomonee whitefish, ii, 63

Menopneumona, i, 612

Menticirrhus, figure of, ii, 357

mergate fish, ii, 341

Merlangus, i, 209; ii, 537

Merluccius, i, 209; ii, 136 figure of, ii, 540 isocercal tail of, i, 83 shoulder-girdle of, i, 60

Merluciidæ, ii, 540

mermaid, i, 359

merou, ii, 323, 324

Merriam, on fossil trout, ii, 62

581Mesencephalon, figured, i, 109, 110

mesentary, i, 32

Mesichthys, ii, 190

mesocoracoid, i, 89; ii, 12

mesoderm, i, 138

Mesodon, ii, 22

Mesogonistius, ii, 301 figure of, ii, 299

Mesolepis, ii, 15

mesopterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12

Mesopus, ii, 124 Swan on, ii, 123

Mesozoic fishes, i, 437

metameral characters, i, 23

metapterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12

metencephalon, figured, i, 109

Michigan grayling, figure of, ii, 122

Microbranchium, i, 577

Microcanthus, ii, 404

Microdesmus, i, 271

Microdon, i, 204

Microgadus, ii, 537 figure of, ii, 538

Microlepidotus, i, 271

Microperca, ii, 307, 315

Micropogon, i, 271; ii, 356

Micropterus, i, 291, 302; ii, 297, 302, 304 figure of, i, 325; ii, 303, 305

Microspathodon, i, 271; ii, 384, 385 figure of, ii, 384

Microstoma, ii, 127

Microstomidæ, ii, 127

Microstomus, ii, 494

midshipman, i, 121, 189; ii, 526 luminous organs of, i, 191

migratory fishes, i, 160

milkfish, figure of, ii, 45

milktschitsch, ii, 73

Miller, i, 426

miller's thumb, ii, 444 California, ii, 446 figure of, ii, 445 Yellowstone, ii, 444

Milner, i, 419 on whitefish, ii, 64

minnow, i, 33, 124, 304; ii, 118, 161, 163, 193, 196-199 treatment of eggs by, i, 129

Minous, ii, 436

Mioplosus, ii, 315

Mirbelia, ii, 531

mirror carp, i, 151; ii, 17

Misaki, tide pools of, i, 161

Misgurnus, i, 98; ii, 176

Mississippi Valley, blind fishes of, i, 117, 220 stone-roller of, i, 33

Missouri sucker, ii, 173

Mistichthys, ii, 467

Mitchill, i, 376, 418 on climbing-fish, ii, 367, 368 on Spanish mackerel, ii, 264

Mitchillina, ii, 60

Mitsukurina, i, 199, 536, 566 figures of, i, 535

Mitsukurinidæ, i, 534

Mitsukuri, i, 418 on phosphorescent shark, i, 189 portrait of, i, 417

Mivart, on paired limbs, i, 70

monana, ii, 353

Mobula, i, 448 fœtus of, i, 560

Mobulidæ, i, 559

mojarra, ii, 348 figure of, ii, 348

mojarra cardenal, ii, 254

mojarra de las piedras, ii, 405

mojarra de ley, ii, 348

mojarra verde, ii, 381

Mola, i, 19, 84, 142, 206, 272; ii, 424, 425 figure of, ii, 424 larva of, figured, i, 143

Molgula, i, 474

Molgulidæ, i, 474

Molidæ, ii, 424

Molina, i, 396

Mollier, on lateral fold, i, 71

Mollienesia, ii, 199

Mollusca, ii, 529

Molva, i, 209; ii, 538

Monacanthidæ, i, 242 family of, ii, 413

Monacanthus, i, 181, 206; ii, 414

du Monceau, i, 396

Mondini, ii, 144

mongrel whitefish, ii, 67

monkfish, i, 359; ii, 545 brain of, figured, i, 547 pectoral fin, figured, i, 56

Monocentridæ, ii, 250 family of, ii, 257 Houttuyn, discoverer of, ii, 257

Monocentrus, i, 260 figure of, ii, 257

Monoceros, i, 268; ii, 409

Monodactylus, ii, 398 figure of, ii, 397

Monolene, i, 206

Monopteridæ, ii, 141

Monopterus, ii, 141

Monorhinus, i, 593

Monotaxis, ii, 344

Monro, i, 390

monstre marin, i, 360, 361

monstrosities among fishes, i, 150

monstrous goldfish, figure of, i, 151

Montagu, i, 396

month incubation, i, 170, 171, 172 Günther on, i, 173

Moorish idols, ii, 406 figure of, ii, 406

Moodeliar, on climbing-fish, ii, 367, 368

mooneye, i, 290; ii, 45

moonfishes, i, 144; ii, 243, 244, 276, 401 figure of, i, 323

morays, ii, 152, 153 figure of, i, 458; ii, 155

Mordacia, i, 491

Mordaciidæ, i, 491

Moreau, i, 95, 412

Morgan, i, 428

Moringua, ii, 153, 189

Moringuidæ, ii, 188, 189 family of, ii, 153

Mormyrus, i, 393

Morone, ii, 321 figure of, ii, 322

morphology, i, 511 of fins, i, 62-90

Morris, on lungs of fishes, i, 98-106

mortality of filefish, i, 357

Moseley, on Ipnopidæ, ii, 131

Moser, on catching salmon, ii, 85

moss-bunker, ii, 51

motor nerves, i, 153

mountain chains, as barriers, i, 310

mountain-oopu, ii, 466

mountain-witch, ii, 445

Mount Whitney, golden trout of, ii, 99

Moxostoma, ii, 174

mu, ii, 344

mucous channels, i, 22, 23

mud-bass, ii, 297

mud-dab, ii, 493

mud-minnows, i, 290; ii, 35, 193, 194

582mud-minnows, figure of, ii, 193 tenacity of life in, i, 147

mud-skippers, ii, 465 figure of, ii, 466

muffle jaws, ii, 444

Mugil, i, 32, 157, 343, 391; ii, 144, 219 figure of, i, 330; ii, 221

Mugilidæ, i, 206; ii, 219

muki-muki, i, 183; ii, 420

Müller, i, 384, 396, 405, 415, 428, 609, 613; ii, 3, 24, 39, 40, 144, 533 on elastic spring, i, 96 on ganoids, ii, 9 on gas in swim-bladder, i, 96 on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 portrait of, i, 399

Mullerian duct, i, 28

mullets, i, 117, 268, 328; ii, 39, 144, 215, 219, 221 Goode on, ii, 219, 220

Mullidæ, i, 206; ii, 257, 351-379

Mullus, i, 261, 393; ii, 256 figure of, i, 322; ii, 352

Munster, i, 423

munu, i, 322; ii, 352

Muræna, i, 211, 391; ii, 152 figure of, ii, 153

Murænesocidæ, ii, 150

Murænesox, i, 211; ii, 150

Murænidæ, i, 211; ii, 152, 155

Murænolepidæ, ii, 541

Murchison, i, 423

murcielago, ii, 458

muroaji, ii, 274

muscles of the fish, i, 25

muskallonge, figure of, ii, 192

Musquaw whitefish, ii, 65

Mustelus, i, 71, 541

mutsu, ii, 317

mutton-fish, i, 324; ii, 518

mutton-snapper, ii, 335 figure of, i, 331

Mycteroperca, 271; ii, 325, 327 figure of, ii, 327

Myctophidæ, i, 189, 204; ii, 132-134, 526

Myctophum, i, 195; ii, 133, 134 figure of, ii, 133

Myliobatis, i, 557, 558

Mylognathus, i, 565

Mylostoma, i, 583, 584, 587, 589, 590

Mylostomidæ, i, 587

myotomes, i, 71

Myoxocephalus, ii, 445 figure of, i, 219; ii, 446, 447

Myriacanthidæ, i, 566

Myriacanthus, i, 566; ii, 255

Myrichthys, figure of, ii, 151

Myridæ, ii, 148, 150

Myriolepis, ii, 14

Myripristis, i, 162, 268, 271; ii, 254-256

Myrocongridæ, ii, 153

Myrophis, i, 313

Myrus, i, 259, 263; ii, 150

Mysis, i, 317

Mysore, walking-fish of, i, 167

mythology of fishes, i, 359-366

Myxine, i, 198, 490, 593

Myxinidæ, i, 489

Myxobolus, i, 343

Myxocyprinus, ii, 173

Myxodagnus, ii, 506

Myxodes, ii, 508

Myxosporidia, i, 342, 344

Myzontes, i, 486

Nagg's head-fish, i, 375, 376

Naisia, ii, 32

namazu, ii, 188

names of bones, i, 39

names of fishes, i, 372

nami-ho-hana, ii, 218

Nandidæ, ii, 358

Nannocharax, ii, 162

Nansenia, ii, 127

Narcine, figure of, i, 185, 553

Narcobatidæ, family of, i, 553

Narcobatis, i, 553

Nardo, i, 412

Nassau, figure of, ii, 324

natural selection, effect of, i, 318 in fishes, i, 218 process of, i, 297 species changed by, i, 240

Naucrates, ii, 272, 278 figure of, ii, 273

Nantichthys, ii, 448

Nebris, ii, 355

Necturus, i, 157, 600

needle-bearing filefish, figure of, ii, 414

needle-fishes, i, 128 figure of, ii, 210

negro-chub, ii, 167

negro-fish, ii, 324

Nelson, i, 419 on Anableps, ii, 196, 197

Nemachilus, ii, 176

Nematognathi, i, 405; ii, 9, 40, 161, 177, 178

Nematistiidæ, ii, 278

Nematocentrus, ii, 218

Nematodes, i, 344 Linton on, i, 352

Nematonurus, ii, 541

Nemichthyidæ, ii, 151

Nemichthys, i, 211; ii, 151 figure of, i, 17, 365; ii, 152 jaws figured, i, 156

Nemipterus, ii, 340

Nemopteryx, ii, 539

Neoceratodus, i, 79, 80, 100, 116, 204, 450, 613 eggs of, i, 618 figure of, i, 614 lower jaw of, figured, i, 616 shoulder-girdle in, i, 68, 609 skull of, i, 67

Neochanna, i, 252; ii, 206

Neoclinus, ii, 462 figure of, ii, 507

Neoditrema, ii, 375

Neoliparis, ii, 455 figure of, ii, 455

Neopercis, ii, 502

Neosebastes, ii, 433

nerka, ii, 73

nerve cells and fibres, i, 152

nerves of fishes, i, 113, 114

nervous system, i, 109-114

nest-building, ii, 229 of sticklebacks, ii, 230, 231

nest of fish, i, 14, 172

Nettastoma, i, 211, 259; ii, 151

Nettastomidæ, ii, 148, 151

neurentric canal, i, 138

Newberry, i, 426, 428, 584, 589

New England, scanty fauna of, i, 302

Newton, i, 426

New Zealand, fauna of, i, 252

nezupo, ii, 441

nictitating membrane, i, 540

nijinge-rijinge, i, 171, 172

Nieuhof, i, 396

Nilsson, i, 410

Niphon, ii, 320

nohu, ii, 434

noises of fishes, i, 168, 169

Nomeidæ, ii, 283

nomenclature, i, 173 beginning of, i, 374 trinomial, i, 378 of trunkfishes, i, 373

Nordmann, i, 410

northern blennies, ii, 511

583northern zone, i, 250

Norway haddock, ii, 428

Notacanthidæ, ii, 157

Notacanthus, ii, 157, 532 figure of, ii, 158

Notæus, ii, 36

Notagogus, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 28

Notelops, ii, 44

Notidiani, i, 447, 513, 519, 526 order of, i, 523

Notidanoid shark, i, 438 skull of, figured, i, 56

Notidanus, i, 523, 524

notochord, i, 55, 56, 509 in Chimæras, i, 59 in Elasmobranchs, i, 57

Notogeneus, i, 456 figure of, ii, 55

Notopteridæ, ii, 48, 49

Notopterus, ii, 49

Nototheniidæ, ii, 501, 502, 533

Notropis, i, 129, 283, 304, 307, 311, 313; ii, 164 figure of, i, 343, 457; ii, 165, 167

Noturus, i, 180; ii, 177, 182

Novaculichthys, ii, 390

Novara, i, 410

Nozawa, i, 418

numbers of genera, i, 262

numbfish, figure of, i, 185, 553

number of vertebræ, i, 202-204

nuptial colors, i, 155, 156

nuptial tubercles, i, 33 figure showing, ii, 167

Nyström, i, 416

oarfish, i, 361; ii, 472 figure of, i, 362; ii, 476 Forgy on, ii, 473 Glesnæs, ii, 472 Holder on, ii, 474

Oatka Creek, i, 282

Oblata, i, 260; ii, 348

ocean currents, agency of, i, 242

Ocyurus, figure of, ii, 337

Odacidæ, ii, 388

Odax, ii, 390

Odontaspididæ, i, 533

Odontaspis, i, 534

Odontoscion, ii, 355

Odontostomus, ii, 136

Odontotodontidæ, i, 576

Odontotodus, figure of, i, 570

Ogcocephalidæ, ii, 551

Ogcocephalus, figure of, ii, 551-553 shoulder-girdle in, i, 88

Ogilby, i, 408, 416 on ragfishes, ii, 285

oil shark, i, 524

Oikopleura, i, 474

ojanco, ii, 337

okose, i, 236, 429; ii, 436

oldwench, ii, 413

oldwife, ii, 413

Old World catfish, ii, 182

olfactory lobe, figure of, i, 111

Oligocottus, ii, 447, 449 figure of, ii, 449

Oligopleuridæ, ii, 36, 41

Oligopleurus, ii, 36

Oligoplites, ii, 272

Oligorus, ii, 320

ombre chevalier, ii, 108, 109

Omosoma, ii, 284

Omosudis, ii, 136

Onchus, Agassiz on, i, 530 fin-spine of, i, 509

Oncobatis, i, 553

Oncottus, i, 317; ii, 447, 449 figure of, ii, 447

Oncolepis, ii, 513

Oncopterus, ii, 489

Oncorhynchus, i, 146, 160, 301, 329, 332; ii, 68, 70, 89, 94 figure of, 354; ii, 69, 71, 72, 76

ontogeny, i, 511

ontology, i, 63

oopu, ii, 465

Onychodontidæ, i, 602, 604

Onychodus, i, 604

opahs, i, 210; ii, 243 taken by Berndt, ii, 244 Farquhar on, ii, 244 figure of, i, 323

opercle, i, 7, 45

opercula, used in climbing, ii, 367

operculum, ii, 7

Ophicephalidæ, ii, 370

Ophidiidæ, ii, 520

Ophidion, i, 391, 612

Ophichthyidæ, i, 211; ii, 150

Ophichthus, figure of, ii, 151

Ophiocephalidæ, i, 103, 104; ii, 215

Ophiocephalus, i, 149 figure of, i, 150

Ophiodon, ii, 442, 518, 520 figure of, ii, 440

Ophioblennius, ii, 510

Ophiopsis, ii, 26

Ophocephalus, figure of, ii, 370

Opistharthri, i, 509

Opisthocentrus, ii, 512

Opisthocœlian, i, 49; ii, 29

Opisthocœlous, ii, 6

Opisthognathidæ, ii, 330, 359, 499, 502

Opisthognathus, ii, 462, 508 figure of, ii, 360

Opisthomi, i, 611; ii, 499, 532-542

Opisthomyzon, ii, 469 Storms on, ii, 469

Opisthonema, ii, 51, 53

opisthure, i, 84

Oplegnathus, i, 260

Opsanus, ii, 525 figure of, ii, 524

Opsariichthys, ii, 165

optic nerves, of flounders, ii, 482

orbitophenoid, ii, 40

orca, i, 361, 536

order, defined, i, 373

organs of the fish, electric, i, 25 of hearing, i, 119-121 nutritive, i, 29

Orectolobus, i, 533

Orestias, ii, 200

Oregon lamprey, figure of, i, 496

Oregon sucker, teeth of, figured, ii, 175

Ordovician deposits, figure of, i, 435

origin, of air-bladder, i, 98 of fins, i, 62, 64, 67 of lungs, i, 98

origin of lancelets, Willey on, i, 484

Orodontidæ, i, 65, 66, 447, 528

Orr, on external gill, i, 77

Ortmann, i, 238, 256, 270 map of continents, i, 270

Orthacanthus, i, 521

Orthodon, ii, 165

Orthopristis, ii, 342

Orthopsetta, i, 206; ii, 489

Orthostœchus, i, 271

Osbeck, i, 389

Osbeckia, ii, 414 figure of, ii, 414

Osborn, on extinction of species, i, 239, 442 on law of radiation, i, 296

Osmeroides, ii, 44, 134

584Osmerus, i, 391; ii, 123, 127 figure of, ii, 123

Osphromenidæ, ii, 368, 370

Osphromenus, ii, 368

ossicles, Hasse on, i, 96

Ostariophysi, i, 120; ii, 38, 40, 140, 209 series of, ii, 159-165

Osteoglossidæ, ii, 56, 60, 160

Osteoglossum, ii, 11, 41, 42, 56, 57

Osteolepis, i, 602-604

Osteostraci, i, 568, 571, 573, 590 order of, i, 575

Ostichthys, figure of, ii, 255

Ostraciidæ, i, 568 family of, ii, 415

Ostracion, i, 206, 373, 391; ii, 416-418 figure of, i, 16, 376; ii, 416

Ostracodermi, i, 568; ii, 398, 411, 415

Ostracophores, i, 240, 242, 246, 444, 488, 568, 581, 582, 590, 603; ii, 3 figure of, i, 444 nature of, i, 569 order of, i, 573

Ostracophori, i, 462 class of, i, 568, 569

Osurus, ii, 502

Otaki, i, 418, 422

Otodus, i, 538

otoliths, i, 119-121; 354

Otsego bass, ii, 64

Ouananiche, ii, 92, 93

Overland Monthly, reference to, ii, 69

oviducts, ii, 6

oviparous fishes, i, 125

ovoviviparous fishes, i, 125, 550

Owen, i, 88, 90, 424, 428 on swordfish, ii, 270, 271

Owsjannikow, i, 428

Owston, sharks taken by, i, 534

Oxuderces, ii, 468

Oxudercidæ, ii, 468

Oxygnathus, ii, 14

Oxylabracidæ, ii, 320, 327 family of, ii, 319

Oxylabrax, ii, 320, 355 figure of, ii, 319

Oxylebius, ii, 440

Oxyjulis, ii, 388

Oxymonacanthus, ii, 415

Oxynotidæ, i, 546

Oxynotus, i, 546

Oxystomus, i, 259

oyster-fish, ii, 525

Ozorthe, ii, 513 figure of, i, 9; ii, 513

Pachycormidæ, ii, 34

Pachycormus, ii, 34

Pachylebias, ii, 201

Pachyrhizodontidæ, ii, 44

Pachyrhizodus, ii, 44

Pacific Creek, i, 308, 309

paddle-fish, i, 199, 253, 290; ii, 20

Pagellus, i, 260, 267; ii, 344, 346

Pagrus, i, 94, 259, 263, 324; ii, 343, 344, 346 figure of, ii, 342

paired fins, in Acanthodei, i, 515 Balfour on, ii, 8 migration of, i, 75 origin of, i, 64 Ryder on, i, 66

paired limbs, Dean on, i, 81 Mivart on, i, 70 relation of, i, 69 Thacker on, i, 70 Gill on, i, 85

palæichthyologists, i, 424, 426, 427

palæichthyology, i, 426

Palæichthys, ii, 3

Palæobalistum, ii, 22

Palæoniscidæ, i, 452, 580; ii, 4, 14, 15, 23

Palæoniscum, i, 437, 622 Blainville on, ii, 14 figure of, i, 453; ii, 14

palæontology, evidence of, i, 64

Palæorhynchidæ, family of, ii, 268

Palæorhynchus, ii, 268 figure of, ii, 268

Palæospinax, i, 528

Palæospondylidæ, i, 593

Palæospondylus, i, 204, 437, 444, 593, 595, 596 figure of, i, 591 relationships of, i, 593

palatines, i, 6

palatopterygoid arch, ii, 152, 155

palato-quadrate apparatus, i, 508, 509, 523

Palinurichthys, ii, 284

Pallas, ii, 67, 135, 428, 522

Pallasina, ii, 453 figure of, i, 221; ii, 453

Palœaspis, i, 575

palometa, i, 324; ii, 283

pampano, i, 210, 324; ii, 272-292 gaff-topsail, ii, 277 great, ii, 277 round, ii, 277 true, ii, 277

panai feri, ii, 367

Panama, as barrier, i, 270 final hypothesis as to, i, 279

pancreas, i, 32

Pander, i, 427

pan fish, ii, 355

Panicum, ii, 369

Pantodon, ii, 60

Pantodontidæ, ii, 57

Pantosteus, i, 304, 316; ii, 172

papagallo, ii, 278

papilla, i, 115

Pappichthys, ii, 36

Parabatrachus, i, 604

Paracentropogon, ii, 436

Paracentropristis, ii, 328

Paracirrhites, ii, 363

paraglenal, i, 90; ii, 12

Paragobiodon, ii, 466

Paralabrax, ii, 328

Paralepidæ, ii, 136

Paralichthys, i, 206; ii, 482, 486, 492 figure of, ii, 493 shoulder-girdle of, i, 58; ii, 2 tail of, figured, i, 83; ii, 486

Paraliparis, i, 202, 219; ii, 454, 455

Paramia, ii, 317

Paranguilla, ii, 150

Paranthias, ii, 328

Paraphyllodus, ii, 396

Parapristipoma, ii, 342

Parapegasus, ii, 240

Parapercis, ii, 502

Parasilurus, ii, 183

parasites of fishes, crustaceans, i, 340 figures illustrating, i, 341-344 fungi, i, 353 Heart Lake tapeworm, i, 348 hosts of, i, 343 internal, i, 342 protozoans, i, 342

parasitic diseases, Gurley on, i, 342 Linton on, i, 343 Megnin on, i, 343 Railliet on, i, 343 Stiles on, i, 343 Ward on, i, 343

585parasitic fungi, i, 353

parasitic worms, acanthocephala, i, 344 cestodes, i, 344 an article of food, i, 351 nematodes, i, 344 trematodes, i, 344

Paratrachichthys, i, 439; ii, 295 figure of, ii, 253

Paraxus, i, 517

Pareioplitæ, ii, 426-458

parental affection in fishes, i, 166, 167

Parexocœtus, ii, 214

parent-stream theory, ii, 81

Parequula, ii, 287

pargo criollo, i, 324; ii, 335

pargo de lo alto, ii, 336

pargo guachinango, ii, 335

pargos, ii, 333

Park, i, 393

Parker, i, 90, 428, 594; ii, 160, 482 on Chimæras, i, 563 on hearing of fishes, i, 121, 122 optic nerve of flounder, ii, 482, 483 on soles, ii, 483

Parnell, i, 410

Parophrys, ii, 493

Parr, ii, 91

Parra, i, 396

parrot-fish, i, 21; ii, 56, 360, 385, 390, 393 figure of, i, 330; ii, 392, 394, 395 jaws of, figured, i, 30; ii, 391 pharyngeals of, i, 47, 48; ii, 393

parts of skeleton, i, 35

paru, ii, 405

Patæcidæ, ii, 516

Patæcus, ii, 514

patao, ii, 348

Patten, i, 428 on Ostracophores, i, 569

pesce re, ii, 218

peacock flounders, ii, 488

pearlfish, i, 84, 159; ii, 522 figure of, i, 522, 523

pêche prêtre, ii, 429

Peck, i, 419

pecten, ii, 6

pectoral fin, i, 10, 521 of Chiloscyllium, i, 66 of codfish, i, 66 figure of, i, 57, 66 Gegenbaur on, i, 66, 67 of Heptranchias, i, 57 origin of, i, 67

pectoral limb, i, 50 of Dipnoan, i, 60 figure of, i, 85 Kerr on, i, 61 in shark, i, 60

peculiar, jaws and teeth, i, 201 larval forms, i, 142

pediculates, i, 51, 206, 207, 405; ii, 40, 499 order of, ii, 542-553

Pegador, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

pegapega, ii, 468

Pegasidæ, ii, 240 family of, ii, 239

Pegasus, i, 393; ii, 240

peixe rey, ii, 216

pelagic fishes, i, 245 vertebræ in, i, 209

Pelamis, i, 364

Pelargorhynchus, ii, 136

Pelates, ii, 342

Pelecanus, i, 345

Pelecopterus, ii, 34

pelican, fish parasites in, i, 345

pelican-eel, ii, 156

Pellegrin, i, 412 on poisonous fishes, i, 182-184

Pelor, i, 180; ii, 434

Peltacephalata, i, 568

pelvic girdle, i, 42

Pempheridæ, ii, 288

Pempheris, ii, 289 figure of, ii, 289, 290

penfishes, ii, 344

Penella, i, 242

Pennant, i, 396 on parental affection in fishes, i, 166

Pentacerotidæ,^[14] ii, 333

pentadactyle limb, i, 79

Pentapus, ii, 341

Peprilus, ii, 285 figure of, i, 18; ii, 284

Perca, 391; ii, 307, 315, 367 brain of, i, 111 figure of, ii, 308

Percalates, ii, 320

Percarina, ii, 310

Percesoces, ii, 157, 208, 228, 290, 360, 370, 521, 522 order of, ii, 215

perches, i, 21, 209, 290, 304; ii, 168, 258, 304, 307, 310 brain of, figured, i, 111 European, ii, 307 everglade pigmy, figured, ii, 295 white, ii, 304 yellow, ii, 307, 308

Percichthys, ii, 320

Percidæ, i, 209, 248, 290, 406; ii, 171, 258, 294, 304, 309, 320 family of, ii, 304

Percilia, ii, 320

Percina, ii, 306, 310 figure of, ii, 311

Percis, ii, 453

Percoidea, ii, 293-315

Percoidei, ii, 398

percoid fishes, ii, 293-315

Percomorphi, ii, 258-271, 365, 397, 398, 426 suborder of, ii, 258

Percophidæ, ii, 502

Percopsidæ, i, 290; ii, 241 family of, ii, 241

Percopsis, i, 316; ii, 296 figure of, ii, 241

periblast, i, 136

Periophthalmus, i, 117; ii, 465, 510 figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Peristediidæ, i, 208; ii, 457

Peristedion, i, 219 figure of, i, 299; ii, 457

peritoneum, i, 32

Permian, ii, 14, 23 sharks from, i, 517

Perugia, i, 412

pescado azul, ii, 382

pescadillo del red, ii, 354

pescado blanco, i, 328; ii, 216 figure of, i, 217, 329

pescado del rey, ii, 216

pesce rey, ii, 216

Petalodontidæ, i, 531 family of, i, 554 teeth of, figured, i, 555

Petalodus, i, 554

Petalopteryx, ii, 26, 458

Peters, i, 411

peto, ii, 266

Petromyzon, i, 132, 142, 357, 372, 391, 490, 618 figure of, i, 491 mouth figured, i, 492 head of, figured, i, 111

Petromyzonidæ, i, 290, 373, 490

Petroscirtes, ii, 509

pez ciego, ii, 524

586pez del rey, figure of, ii, 218

pez de pluma, ii, 344

pez puerco, ii, 413

Phæbodus, i, 522

Phanerodon, ii, 375

Phaneropleuron, i, 612 figure of, i, 613

Phanerosteon, i, 580

Phareodus, ii, 56, 57 figures of, ii, 57-59 fossils of, ii, 58, 59

pharyngeals, i, 5, 48 figure of, i, 47 of Italian parrot-fish, ii, 391 of parrot-fish, figured, ii, 391 use in voice, i, 121

pharyngeal teeth, figured, ii, 175

Pharyngognathi, i, 405; ii, 259, 380, 396 suborder of, ii, 384

Philippi, i, 415

Philypnus, ii, 459 figure of, ii, 460

Pholidophoridæ, ii, 26, 29, 36, 41

Pholidophorus, ii, 28 figure of, ii, 29

Pholidurus, ii, 22

Pholis, i, 209; ii, 512 figure of, ii, 512

phosphorescent groups, i, 187

phosphorescent organs, artificial stimulation of, i, 191 chemical action in, i, 196 cross-section of, i, 193 Greene on, i, 194, 196, 197 Lendenfeld on, i, 194, 195 of Porichthys, i, 194

photophores, i, 187, 189

Phoxinus, ii, 167

Phractolamidæ, ii, 48

Phrynorhombus, ii, 488

Phtheirichthys, ii, 469

Phthinobranchii, i, 227-240

Phyllodus, ii, 396

Phyllolepidæ, i, 584

phylogeny, i, 63, 79

Phylopteryx, ii, 238

Phylyctænaspis, i, 586

Physoclysti, i, 405; ii, 39, 209

physostome, ii, 10

Physostomi, i, 405; ii, 39, 40

picarel, ii, 347

pickerel, i, 4; ii, 147

pigfish, ii, 342

pigmentation, i, 226 effect of spirits on, i, 235

pigmy sunfishes, ii, 296

pike, i, 209, 239, 250, 290, 304, 328, 440; ii, 190 figure of, i, 203, 328; ii, 191 skeleton of, i, 203

pike-perch, ii, 309

pilchard, ii, 50

pilot-fish, i, 63; ii, 272 figure of, ii, 273

Pimelodus, ii, 183, 186

Pimelometopon, ii, 388, 389 figure of, ii, 389

pineal organ, i, 111 Dean on, i, 112 figure of, i, 111

pine-cone-fish, figure of, i, 16; ii, 257

pinfish, ii, 344

ping, ii, 91

Pinguipedidæ, ii, 363, 499

pink, ii, 72

pintado, ii, 266

pipefish, i, 64, 128, 440 family of, ii, 236

pirate-perch, i, 290; ii, 294 figure of, ii, 295

Pisces, i, 393, 588 characteristics of, i, 506

Piso, i, 389

placoderm, i, 462, 584, 590, 591, 593

Placodermi, i, 568, 622, 623

placoid scales, i, 21

Placopharynx, ii, 174 lower pharyngeal figured, ii, 171

Plagioscion, ii, 354

Plagiostomi, i, 507

Plagiuri, i, 392

Plagyodontidæ, ii, 134, 136

Plagyodus, ii, 136 figure of, ii, 135

plaice, ii, 487, 493

plaice tribe, ii, 492

pla-kat, ii, 370

Platacidæ, ii, 398, 400, 401

Platax, i, 240, 268; ii, 243, 245, 398, 401

Platophrys, figure of, i, 174, 175 larval form, i, 174

Platichthys, ii, 482, 493 figure of, ii, 495

Platophrys, ii, 481, 482, 488 larval stages of, figured, ii, 484

Platycephalidæ, i, 267 family of, ii, 441

Platycephalus, ii, 441

Platycormus, ii, 283, 284, 485

Platyglossus, ii, 390

Platyptera, ii, 506

Platysomidæ, ii, 4, 14, 15

Platysomus, ii, 15 figure of, i, 452

Platystacus, i, 128; ii, 184

Platyurus, i, 364

Playfair, i, 416

Plecoglossus, i, 260; ii, 62, 115, 117 figure of, i, 321; ii, 116

plectognath fishes, i, 206

Plectognathi, ii, 9, 40 series of, ii, 411

Plectognaths, ii, 291, 411

Plectorhynchus, ii, 341

Plectospondyli, ii, 40, 161, 162

plectospondylous, i, 48

Plectromus, ii, 253

Plectropoma, ii, 323

Plesiops, ii, 330, 359

Plethodus, ii, 44

Pleuracanthus, i, 65, 66, 204, 437, 510, 511, 513 diphycercal tail of, i, 80 figures of, i, 74, 519, 520 headbones and teeth of, figured, i, 520

Pleurocanthidæ, i, 519, 520, 522, 566

Pleurogrammus, i, 209 figure of, i, 328; ii, 439

Pleuronectidæ, i, 290 family of, ii, 485

Pleuronectinæ, ii, 492

Pleuronectes, i, 391; ii, 493

Pleuronichthys, i, 206, 257; ii, 493 figure of, i, 441

Pleuropholis, ii, 29

Pleuropterygii, i, 513, 514, 518

Plioplarchus, ii, 304

Plotosidæ, ii, 184

Plotosus, ii, 184

Plumier, i, 389

Pneumatosteus, ii, 32

Podopteryx, ii, 457

Podothecus, ii, 453

pond-skipper, figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Pœcilia, ii, 199

Pœciliidæ, 22, 125; ii, 194, 198, 199, 201, 213 figure of, i, 126

Pœcilodus, i, 531

Poey, i, 376, 415 portrait of, i, 413

Pogonias, i, 595; ii, 354, 357 figure of, ii, 358

Pogonichthys, ii, 169

poison fishes, i, 180-185, 236 figure of, i, 229; ii, 436

poison glands, ii, 177, 527 in catfishes, ii, 182 587Günther on, ii, 527, 528, 529

poisonous fishes, ii, 325, 335 diseases arising from, i, 183 varieties of, i, 180, 182, 183

Polistotrema, figure of, i, 489

Pollachius, i, 209; ii, 537

pollack, figure of, ii, 537

Pollard, i, 595, 600

Polycentridæ, ii, 358

Polyclinidæ, i, 477

Polydactylus, figure of, ii, 225 shoulder-girdle of, i, 89; ii, 225

Polygnathus, figure of, i, 486

Polymixia, i, 122; ii, 257

Polymixiidæ, family of, ii, 256

Polynemidæ, i, 122; 11, 215, 224

Polynemus, i, 393

Polyodon, i, 199, 253, 302, 452, 534, 566, 622, 623; ii, 22 figure of, ii, 22

Polyodontidæ, i, 290; ii, 20, 21, 22

Polyospondyli, i, 509, 530, 561

Polypteridæ, i, 602, 605 Boulenger on, i, 608

Polypterus, i, 76, 79, 88, 89, 204, 450, 600, 601, 603, 606, 616; ii, 2 figure of, i, 79, 602, 607 shoulder-girdle of, figured, i, 600

Polyrhizodus, i, 555

Polystylidæ, i, 476

Pomacanthus, ii, 403, 405 figure of, ii, 403

Pomacentridæ, i, 206, 209; ii, 380, 381, 382 organs of smell in, i, 115

Pomacentrus, i, 235; ii, 383 figure of, ii, 382 species of, ii, 383

Pomadasis, ii, 341, 342

Pomatomidæ, ii, 278

Pomatomus, ii, 278 figure of, i, 324

pomfret, ii, 286

Pomolobus, i, 300; ii, 49, 53 figure of, i, 455; ii, 50

Pomotis, i, 302; ii, 379

Pomoxis, i, 302; ii, 297 figure of, ii, 297, 298

pompon, ii, 341

pond-skipper, figure of, i, 118

pond-smelt, ii, 124

poolfishes, i, 159

pope, ii, 309

poppy-fish, ii, 283

Popular Science Monthly, reference to, ii, 69

porbeagle, i, 537

porc des rivières, ii, 369

porcupine-fish, i, 19, 197; ii, 422, 423 figure of, i, 17; ii, 422

porgy, i, 239; ii, 342 varieties of, ii, 344

Porichthys, i, 121, 190, 191, 192; ii, 526 figure of, i, 23; ii, 526 Greene on, i, 190; ii, 526 luminous organs of, i, 172 phosphorescent organs of, i, 191

porkfish, ii, 341 figure of, ii, 341

portal vein, i, 108

Portheus, ii, 48 skeleton of, ii, 47

Port Jackson shark, eggs of, figured, i, 128, 527

portugais, ii, 405

Portuguese man-of-war, figure of, i, 160

Porcus, ii, 183

postembryonic development of fishes, i, 132

posterior limbs, i, 53

postero-temporal, i, 90

post-temporal, i, 88, 90

Potamorrhaphis, ii, 211

Powrie, i, 424

predatory fishes, i, 116; ii, 164

premaxillary, figure of, i, 55

preopercle, i, 45

preservation of fishes, Günther on, i, 431 methods of, i, 431, 432

Priacanthidæ, ii, 333

Priacanthus, ii, 333 figure of, ii, 331

Pribilof sculpin, figure of, ii, 446

Priem, i, 427

priestfish, figure of, ii, 430

Prime, on crab-eater as game fish, ii, 282

primitive fishes, brain of, i, 112 skeleton of, i, 54

primitive herring-like fishes, i, 454

primitive sharks, i, 511 orders of, i, 513

Prionace, i, 542

Prionodus, i, 488

Prionodes, ii, 329

Prionotus, i, 246; ii, 283 figure of, ii, 456

Prionurus, ii, 409

Priscacara, ii, 381

Pristipoma, i, 375

Pristididæ, i, 549

Pristodontidæ, i, 555

Pristiophoridæ, family of, i, 548, 549

Pristiophorus, i, 199 figure of, i, 201, 548

Pristis, i, 199, 548 figure of, i, 200

Pristiurus, i, 70

proach, ii, 445

Proantigonia, ii, 400

Proballostomus, ii, 201

problem of highest fishes, Gill on, i, 383

problem of Oatka Creek, i, 282

process of natural selection, i, 297, 302

Prochanos, ii, 45

Prognathodes, ii, 404

Progymnodon, ii, 423

Prolebias, ii, 201

Promethichthys, ii, 267

Promicrops, ii, 323

pronephros, i, 619; ii, 5, 8

Pronotocanthus, ii, 157

Propristis, i, 550

propterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523

Prosarthri, i, 509, 526

proscapula, i, 89

prosencephalon, i, 109 figure of, i, 111

Protamia, ii, 36

Protaulopsis, ii, 233

protection, through poisonous flesh, i, 182 of young, i, 128

protective, coloration, i, 226 markings, i, 228

Proteus, i, 600

Protocatostomus, ii, 56

protocercal tail, i, 81, 598 Wyman on, i, 81

Protochordata, i, 460-466

Protonotacanthidæ, ii, 157

Protopterus, i, 82, 85, 100, 204, 450, 613, 616, 617 figure of, i, 622

588Protoselachii, i, 523

Protosphyræna, ii, 34

Protosphyrænidæ, ii, 34

Prostospondyli, ii, 23, 34

Protosyngnathus, ii, 233

Prototroctes, i, 252; ii, 128

protozoan parasites, i, 342

Provençal i, 95

Psammobatis, i, 553

Psammodus, i, 558, 559

Psammosteidæ, i, 574

Psenes, ii, 285

Psenopsis, ii, 284

Psephodus, i, 531

Psephurus, i, 199, 253, 452, 622, 623 figure of, ii, 21

Psettidæ, ii, 291

Psettus, ii, 398, 400 figure of, ii, 399

Pseudecheneis, ii, 184

Pseudeleginus, ii, 502

Pseudobagrus, ii, 183

Pseudoberyx, ii, 52

Pseudoblennius, i, 260; ii, 448

pseudobranch, ii, 7

pseudobranchiæ, i, 92

Pseudocheilinus, ii, 390

Pseudochromipidæ, ii, 359

Pseudogaleus, i, 533

Pseudojulis, ii, 389

Pseudolabrus, ii, 390

Pseudomonacanthus, ii, 415

Pseudopleuronectes, i, 174; ii, 493 larval figures of, i, 176; ii, 483

Pseudopriacanthus, ii, 332, 333 figure of, ii, 332

Pseudorhombus, ii, 492

Pseudoscaphirhynchus, ii, 18, 20

Pseudoscarus, i, 329; ii, 394, 396 figure of, i, 330

Pseudosciæna, i, 169; ii, 355, 356

Pseudotriakidæ, family of, i, 536

Pseudotriakis, i, 536

Pseudovomer, ii, 278, 286

Pseudogobio, i, 416

Pseudupeneus, ii, 352 figure of, i, 122, 329; ii, 351

Psychrolutes, i, 219; ii, 441, 447, 449 figure of, i, 221; ii, 451

Psychromaster, ii, 315

Pteraclidæ, ii, 286, 291

Pteraclis, ii, 286

Pteraspidæ, i, 570

Pteraspis, i, 569, 571, 591, 622 figure of, i, 575

Pterichthyodes, i, 444, 622 figure of, i, 576

Pterichthys, i, 581

Pterogobius, figure of, ii, 462

Pterois, i, 180, 202; ii, 434 figure of, ii, 435

Pterophryne, ii, 550 figure of, ii, 549 species of, ii, 550

Pteroplatea, i, 556

Pteropsaridæ, ii, 502

Pteropsaron, figure of, ii, 502

Pterothrissidæ, ii, 46 described, ii, 46

Pterothrissus, ii, 46

Pterophryne, figure of, i, 52

pterygials, ii, 1

Pterygocephalus, ii, 513

pterygoid, i, 606

Ptilichthyidæ, ii, 513

Ptilichthys, figure of, ii, 514

Ptychochelius, i, 164, 304; ii, 169 figure of, i, 162

Ptychoderidæ, i, 465

Ptychodus, i, 557

Ptycholepis, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 28

ptychopterygium, i, 510, 512

Ptychodus, i, 566

pudding-wife, ii, 388

pudiano, ii, 388

puffer, inflated, figure of, ii, 420

puffers, i, 206, 236; figure of, ii, 419, 420 silver, ii, 419 tiger, ii, 423

pugnacity of fishes, i, 162

pug-nosed eel, ii, 148 figure of, ii, 149

Putnam, i, 405; ii, 522

Pycnodonti, ii, 13

Pycnodontidæ, ii, 22

Pycnodus, ii, 22

Pygæidæ, ii, 405

Pygæus, ii, 405, 410

Pygidiidæ, ii, 185, 186

Pygopterus, ii, 14

Pygosteus, ii, 231

pyloric cæca, i, 26, 32

Pyrosoma, i, 477

Pyrosomidæ, i, 477

quadrate, i, 606

Quassilabia, ii, 174

Quensel, i, 396

Querimana, ii, 222

questions, by Agassiz, i, 284 by Cope, i, 288

quiescent fishes, i, 158

quillfish, the, ii, 513 figure of, ii, 514

quinnat salmon, i, 150, 301; ii, 68, 73-76 figure of, i, 354; ii, 69, 79 young male figured, i, 355

rabbit-fishes, figure of, ii, 423

Rabirubia, ii, 337

Rachycentridæ, family of, ii, 282

Rachycentron, ii, 470, 468 figure of, ii, 282

Rafinesque, i, 395; ii, 315 on imaginary garpike, i, 364, 366

ragfishes, the, ii, 285 Ogilby on, ii, 285

rainbow darter, ii, 315

rainbow trout, ii, 96-98, 100 figure of, i, 326; ii, 98, 99

Raja, i, 72, 129, 391, 549 figure of, i, 448, 552

Rajidæ, i, 551, 553

Ranicipitidæ, ii, 539

Rangeley trout, ii, 109 figure of, i, 326

Raniceps, ii, 539

Ranzania, i, 84, 412 figure of, ii, 425

Rapp, i, 411

Rascasio, ii, 433

ratfish, i, 564

Rathke, i, 428; ii, 144

rat-tail, i, 209; ii, 441, 540

Ray, i, 390

ray, i, 9, 24, 35, 117, 508, 509, 549 electric organs of, i, 186

razor-back sucker, ii, 174 figure of, ii, 175

razor-fish, figure of, ii, 388

recognition marks, i, 7, 231, 232

records of fishes, i, 433

red charr, ii, 108

red drum, figure of, ii, 356

redeye, ii, 168

Redfield, i, 423

redfin, ii, 166

Redfieldius, ii, 16

redfish, ii, 68, 324, 355, 388 figure of, ii, 389

589red goatfish, ii, 35 figure of, i, 329

red grouper, ii, 324 figure of, ii, 325

red hind, ii, 324 figure of, ii, 326

red-mouth grunt, ii, 340

red mullet, ii, 352

red mumea, ii, 335

red parrot-fish, figure of, ii, 393

red porgy, ii, 343

red rockfish, ii, 429

red rock-trout, ii, 440 skeleton of, figured, i, 214

red salmon, ii, 69, 71, 82 figure of, ii, 70, 76

red snapper, ii, 330, 335

red tai, ii, 349 figure of, ii, 342

red-throated trout, ii, 102

red voraz, ii, 338

red wrasse, ii, 387

Reed, ii, 112, 113 on trout-fishing, ii, 112

Regalecidæ, family of, i, 472

Regalecus, i, 361; ii, 425, 472, 473, 479 figure of, i, 362, 363

Regan, ii, 291 on Teleostomi, i, 622, 623

Règnè Animal, i, 400

Reighard, i, 428 on lampreys, i, 491

Reinhardt, i, 410; ii, 127 portrait of, i, 409

Reinhardtius, ii, 491

Reis, i, 427, 428, 571

relations of fish faunas, Japan and Mediterranean, i, 270

relationships, of Chimæras, i, 563 of Palæspondylus, i, 593, 595

relation of vertebræ to temperature, i, 202

Remora, i, 197; ii, 468, 469

Remorina, ii, 469

Remoropsis, ii, 469

Remsberg, photograph by, i, 362

Renard, i, 396

reproduction of lost parts, i, 150

Requins, i, 540

resemblances of fish faunas, i, 259, 260

respiration, i, 91-108

Retropinna, i, 252; ii, 123

Retzius, i, 428

Rhabdofario, ii, 62, 118

Rhacochilus, ii, 375 figure of, ii, 374

Rhacolepis, ii, 44

Rhadinichthys, ii, 14

Rhamphognathus, ii, 218

Rhamphocottidæ, ii, 449

Rhamphocottus, ii, 449 figure of, ii, 451

Rhamphosidæ, ii, 234

Rhamphosus, ii, 234

Rhegnopteri, order of, ii, 224

Rheopresbe, i, 256; ii, 445

Rhina, i, 551

Rhinæ, suborder of, i, 547

Rhineastes, ii, 186

Rhinellidæ, ii, 134

Rhinellus, ii, 134 figure of, ii, 134

Rhineodon, i, 540

Rhineodontidæ, i, 540

Rhinesomus, i, 377

Rhinichthys, i, 283, 307 figure of, i, 342; ii, 164

Rhinidæ, i, 551

Rhinobatidæ, i, 551 family of, i, 550

Rhinobatis, i, 553 figure of, i, 551

Rhinochimæra, i, 199, 566

Rhinochimæridæ, i, 565

Rhinoptera, i, 557

Rhinotriacis, i, 541

Rhipidistia, i, 602

Rhizodontidæ, i, 603

Rhizodopsis, i, 603

Rhodeus, i, 129; ii, 164

Rhombochirus, figure of, ii, 469

Rhomboganoidea, ii, 24

Rhomboplites, ii, 337

Rhombus, ii, 486

Rhyacichthyidæ, ii, 504

Rhyacichthys, ii, 504

Rhynchias, ii, 522

Rhynchobdella, ii, 532

Rhynchodus, i, 566

Rhynchorhinus, ii, 150

ribbon-fish, ii, 471, 475, 485 Goode on, ii, 475

rice-field eels, ii, 141

Richardson, i, 408, 418; ii, 64 on whitefish, i, 322

Richardson's sculpin, figure of, ii, 451

Rio Grande trout, figure of, ii, 106

Risso, i, 395

Rissola, figure of, ii, 520

Ritter, on ascidians, i, 474 on Enteropneusta, i, 464

river-bullhead, spawning of, i, 166

river-drum, ii, 354, 355

river-fishes, dispersion of, i, 297-319

river-ruff, ii, 309

river-sculpin, ii, 445

river-sheepshead, ii, 354

river-trout, ii, 94

river-wolf, ii, 190

Rivulus, i, 314

roach, ii, 163, 168

robalito, ii, 320

robalo, the, i, 320, 355 figure of, ii, 319, 324

Roccus, i, 291, 324; ii, 321, 330 bones of, i, 35 cranium of, i, 36-39 figures of, i, 35-39, 46, 48

Roche, i, 396

rock-bass, i, 4; ii, 297 figure of, ii, 299 skull of, figured, ii, 296

rock-beauty, ii, 404 figure of, ii, 405

rock-cod, i, 203; ii, 429

rock-cook, ii, 387

rockfish, i, 94, 125, 159; ii, 321, 429, 431 figure of, i, 218

rock-hind, i, 19; ii, 324 figure of, i, 29

rocklings, i, 209; ii, 520, 539

rock-pilots, the, ii, 381

rock-pool fishes, figure of, i, 294

rock-skipper, ii, 510 figure of, ii, 509

Rocky Mountains, barriers to dispersion, i, 305

Rohon, i, 427, 428

romero, ii, 272

roncador, ii, 353, 355, 356

ronco amarilla, ii, 340

ronco arará, ii, 340

Rondelet, i, 361, 388 on sea-monster, i, 360

Rondeletiidæ, ii, 132

Ronquilus, ii, 502

ronquils, ii, 502

rosefishes, i, 125; ii, 428 figure of, ii, 427

Rosenthal, i, 428

rothfisch, ii, 106

rough-headed sea-robin, ii, 457

roundfish, ii, 63

round-herring, ii, 52

590round-minnow, figure of, ii, 196

round-robin, ii, 274

rousettes, i, 533

Rudarius, figure of, i, 241

rudder-fish, ii, 273, 285, 349, 350 figure of, ii, 349

runners, ii, 272

Rüppell, i, 411

Rusconi, on external gills, i, 77

Russell, i, 396; ii, 473

rusty-dab, ii, 493

Rutilus, ii, 164, 168

Rutter, i, 422; ii, 69, 84 photograph by, i, 355

Ruvettus, ii, 267

Ryder, i, 408, 428 on embryos, i, 64 on nest-building, ii, 229 on paired limbs, i, 66 on tail forms, i, 81, 84

Rypticus, figure of, ii, 330

saboti, ii, 304

Saccopharynx, ii, 136, 157

Sacramento perch, i, 179 figure of, i, 258

Sagenodus, i, 613

sailfish, ii, 268

sailor-fish, i, 199

St. Ambrose, ii, 120 on Thymallus, ii, 120

St. Hilaire, i, 396, 428

St. John, i, 426

Salangidæ, ii, 127

Salanx, i, 146; ii, 123, 127, 128 figure of, i, 147; ii, 128

sälbling, ii, 108

Salar, ii, 90, 93

Salarias, i, 208, 271; ii, 510, 511

salema, ii, 346

Salmo, i, 291, 304, 305, 316-318, 332, 345, 346, 378, 391; ii, 62, 68, 89, 94-96, 98 figure of, i, 326; ii, 98, 99, 101, 104-106 general description, ii, 89 tail of, figured, ii, 486

salmon, i, 21, 25, 28, 39, 53, 146, 204, 209, 249, 256, 290, 440; ii, 67-69, 94, 107, 128, 159 artificial propagation of, ii, 88 ascent of cascades, ii, 76 Callbreath on, ii, 89 colors of, ii, 78 family of, i, 61-119 habits in ocean, ii, 73 method of descent of stream, ii, 78 mutilation of, ii, 75, 76 nest of, ii, 78 packing of, ii, 87 scales of, i, 21 sexual distortion in, i, 129 spawning changes in, ii, 89 spawning of, ii, 78-80 spring running, ii, 73 white-meated, ii, 78 of Yukon, i, 73

salmonete, i, 329 figure of, ii, 351

salmon fishery, of Japan, ii, 81 output of, ii, 87

salmon fry, liberation of, ii, 84 marking of, ii, 84

Salmonidæ, i, 204, 290; ii, 61-119, 127, 130, 161, 190

Salmonoidea, ii, 41, 61

salmonoids, ii, 94, 107

salmon pack, estimate of, ii, 80

salmon roe, ii, 76

salmon shark, i, 447, 537

salmon trout, ii, 94, 105, 114

Salmopercæ, ii, 241-249 suborder of, ii, 241

Salpa, i, 477; ii, 348

Salpidæ, i, 477

Salvelini, ii, 95, 106

Salvelinus, i, 282, 306, 307, 311; ii, 62, 95, 99, 107, 108-110, 112-114 description of, ii, 107 figure of, i, 326; ii, 110, 111

samarang, i, 408

Samaris, ii, 489

samlet, figure of, ii, 116

Sancassini, ii, 144

Sandalodus, i, 531

sand-dab, ii, 491

sand-darter, ii, 313 figure of, i, 158; ii, 313

sandfishes, ii, 364 figure of, ii, 364

sand-lance, figure of, ii, 521

sand-pike, ii, 308

sand-roller, figure of, ii, 241

Sandroserrus, ii, 309

Sandrus, ii, 309

sandstone, fragment figured, i, 435

sand-sucker, ii, 357

sand-whiting, ii, 357

San Pedro fish, ii, 244

São Paulo, ii, 162

Saprolegnia, i, 353; ii, 76 surface on, i, 354

sarcastic blenny, figure of, ii, 507

Sarda, i, 210; ii, 264

Sardinella, i, 204, 327, 332; ii, 50

sardines, i, 199, 268; ii, 50

Sardinia, i, 204

Sardiniodes, ii, 134

Sardinius, ii, 44

Sargassum fish, figure of, i, 52; ii, 549

sargo, ii, 345

Sars, ii, 535

saucer-eye porgy, figure of, ii, 345

sauger, figure of, ii, 309

Sauripterus, i, 603

Saurocephalus, ii, 48

Saurodon, ii, 48

Saurodontidæ, ii, 48

Sauropsida, i, 601

Sauropsis, ii, 34

Saurorhynchidæ, ii, 17

Saurorhynchus, ii, 17

saury, figure of, ii, 212

sausolele, figure of, ii, 435

Sauvage, i, 412, 427

savalo, ii, 43

sawfish, i, 199, 548 figure of, i, 550

saw-shark, i, 549 figure of, i, 201, 548

scabbard-fishes, ii, 267

Scænidæ, i, 206

scales of fish, classification of, i, 20 figure of, i, 21, 22

scamp, ii, 327

Scapanorhinus, snout figured, i, 536

Scaphirhynchus, i, 253, 452; ii, 18, 20

Scardinius, ii, 168

Scaridæ, ii, 390, 393, 396

Scaridea, ii, 391

Scartichthys, figure of, i, 294; ii, 510

Scarus, ii, 352, 391, 393, 396 figure of, ii, 394 jaws of, figured, ii, 393 591pharyngeals of, i, 47, 48; ii, 393

Scatophagus, ii, 400

Scaumenacia, i, 612

Schedophilus, ii, 285

Schilbiosus, figure of, i, 179

Schilbeodes, i, 180, 202; ii, 177, 182 figure of, ii, 182 structure of, ii, 177

Schizocardium, i, 465

Schlegel, i, 414

Schmidt, i, 411

Schnäbel, ii, 63

Schnapper, ii, 343

Schneider, i, 398

schoolmaster, ii, 336

schoolmaster-snapper, figure of, i, 440

Schomburgk, i, 415

Schöpf, i, 395

Sciæna, i, 391; ii, 356-358

Sciænidæ, i, 290; ii, 225, 353-355, 358

Sciænops, ii, 355 figure of, ii, 356

Sclerodermi, ii, 398, 411, 412

scleroderms, ii, 412, 415

Scoliodon, i, 542

Scolopsis, ii, 342

Scomber, i, 94, 210, 391; ii, 260, 262, 266 figure of, i, 332; ii, 260

Scomberoides, ii, 272, 470

Scomberomorus, i, 210, 322; ii, 264, 266 figure of, ii, 264

Scomberosomus, figure of, i, 322

Scomberidea, ii, 258, 271

Scombramphodon, ii, 266

Scombresox, ii, 211, 214 figure of, i, 212

Scombridæ, i, 210; ii, 258, 272, 470 family of, ii, 259

scombriform fishes, i, 209

Scombrinus, ii, 266

Scombroclupea, ii, 52

Scombroidea, suborder of, ii, 258

Scombroidei, ii, 291, 484, 485

scombroids, ii, 485

Scombropidæ, ii, 317

Scombrops, ii, 317

scopeloid, ii, 474

Scopelus, ii, 133

Scophthalmus, ii, 486, 488

Scopoli, i, 396

Scorpæna, i, 180, 211, 391; ii, 429, 432, 433, 438 figure of, i, 433, 434

Scorpænichthys, ii, 442 skull of, figured, i, 427

Scorpænidæ, i, 94, 207, 211; ii, 363, 426, 435, 441, 503 family of, i, 426, 448

Scorpænopsis, ii, 434

Scorpænopterus, ii, 436

Scorpididæ, ii, 397, 398, 400

Scorpis, ii, 398, 400

scorpion-fishes, i, 207, 429; ii, 426, 433

Scudder, i, 405

sculpin, i, 21, 219, 257, 290, 429, 440; ii, 363, 441, 445, 447-449 buffalo, ii, 443 daddy, ii, 445 eighteen-spined, ii, 446 great, ii, 442 little, ii, 446 long-horned, ii, 447 Pribilof, ii, 446 red, ii, 443 Richardson's, ii, 451 river, ii, 445 sleek, ii, 451 stone, ii, 443

scup, ii, 344 figure of, ii, 343

scutes, i, 570

Scuticaria, ii, 153

Scymnorhinus, i, 546

Scyliorhinidæ, i, 127, 532, 533

Scyliorhinoid shark, skull of, figured, i, 56

Scyliorhinus, i, 447, 533

Scyphophori, ii, 188, 207 order of, ii, 188, 189

Scytalina, figure of, ii, 519

Scytalinidæ, ii, 519

sea-bass, i, 135; ii, 320, 323 figure of, i, 137

sea-bat, ii, 552

sea-catfish, ii, 178 eggs of, hatched in mouth, ii, 179 figure of, ii, 179

sea-devil, i, 559; ii, 547

sea-drum, ii, 357

sea-horse, i, 19, 64, 128; ii, 449 family of, i, 236 figure of, i, 17

Seale, i, 422

sea-mink, ii, 356

sea-moth, ii, 239 figure of, ii, 240

sea-poacher, i, 208; ii, 449, 453

sea-raven, figure of, i, 220; ii, 448

sea-robin, i, 246; ii, 457 figure of, ii, 456 rough-headed, ii, 457 striped, ii, 457

sea-scorpion, ii, 363 figure of, ii, 434

sea-serpent, i, 361; ii, 471, 473

sea-snail, i, 217; ii, 39, 454

sea-trout, ii, 94

sea-waifs, ii, 133

sea weed, ii, 512

sebago, ii, 92

Sebastapistes, ii, 434

Sebastes, i, 125, 211; ii, 428 figure of, i, 218; ii, 427

Sebastichthys, ii, 428, 429, 433 figure of, ii, 431, 432

Sebastiscus, ii, 432

Sebastodes, i, 125, 211, 219, 375; ii, 428, 429, 431-433, 438 figure of, ii, 429 skeleton of, figured, i, 214

Sebastolobus, i, 52-55, 211 cranium of, i, 53 figure of, ii, 428 lower jaw of, i, 54 maxillary of, i, 55 shoulder-girdle of, i, 52

Sebastopsis, i, 271; ii, 432

Sectator, i, 271; ii, 350

Seeley, i, 410

Segemehl, i, 97

segments of Dibothrium figured, ii, 103

selachians, i, 572, 592

Selachii, i, 382, 507-509; ii, 9

Selachostomi, i, 623; ii, 13 order of, ii, 20

Selenaspis, clavicle of, i, 87 shoulder-girdle of, i, 86

Selene, ii, 276 development of, figured, i, 148 Lütken on, i, 144 skeleton of, figured, i, 55

Selenichthyes, ii, 241-249 suborder of, ii, 243

Selenosteus, i, 588

Selenosteidæ, i, 587

Semicossyphus, ii, 390

Semionotidæ, ii, 23, 24, 26

Semionotus, figure of, ii, 24

592Semiophoridæ, ii, 245

Semiophorus, ii, 245 figure of, ii, 246

Semon, i, 428

Semotilus, i, 282; ii, 167 figure of, i, 285; ii, 268

señorita, ii, 388

sense organs, i, 115-123

sense of pain, i, 123

sense of taste, i, 121

sense of touch, i, 121

sensorium, i, 153

sensory nerves, i, 153

Sergeant Baker, ii, 130

sergeant-fish, figure of, ii, 282

Seriola, ii, 272, 278 figure of, i, 459; ii, 273

Seriphus, ii, 354

serran, ii, 329

Serrana, ii, 357

Serranellus, ii, 329

Serranidæ, i, 206, 209, 259, 290; ii, 258, 293, 319, 320, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 333, 359, 363

serrano, ii, 327, 328

Serranus, ii, 328, 363

Serrasalmo, ii, 161, 162

Sertulariæ, ii, 544

sese de lo alto, ii, 336

sesele, ii, 304

Setarches, ii, 433

setiform, i, 30

sexual coloration, i, 230

sexual modification, in colors, i, 129 in structure, i, 129

shad, ii, 50, 53, 147

shad waiter, ii, 63

shagreen grains, i, 570

sharks, i, 21, 23, 24, 28, 53, 75, 445, 446, 519, 523, 542, 543, 545, 546 air-bladder wanting in, i, 506 distribution of, i, 459 eggs of, i, 127, 433 fossil teeth of, i, 546 jaws of, i, 35 pectoral limbs of, i, 60, 66 phosphorescent, i, 189 primitive, i, 510, 511 shoulder-girdle in, i, 507 skull of, i, 56, 57

shark-sucker, i, 197; ii, 468, 469

sharp-nosed flying-fish, figure of, ii, 213

Shasta, ii, 97

Shaw, i, 398

sheatfish, ii, 182, 183

sheepshead, i, 30, 324; ii, 345, 346 figure of, i, 31; ii, 346

shibi, ii, 263

shiner, i, 283; ii, 163, 168 figure of, ii, 168

shiro-uwo, ii, 127, 467

Shooter, head-fish taken by, ii, 424

shore-fishes, i, 245 distribution of, i, 263-265

short-nosed garpike, figure of, i, 452

shoulder girdle, i, 42, 50 of batfish, ii, 551 of buffalo-fish, ii, 160 figure of, i, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70, 86, 88, 89, 600; ii, 225, 227 figure of fossil, i, 521 of flounder figured, i, 58; ii, 2 of Ictiobus ii, 160 inner view of, ii, 160 of Neoceratodus, i, 609 of Opah figured, ii, 243 of Polypterus, i, 70 of Sebastolobus figured, i, 52 in sharks, i, 507 in true eel, ii, 141

shovel-nosed sturgeon i, 253

shrimp, ii, 147

shrimpfishes, ii, 234 figure of, ii, 235

Shufeldt, photographs by, i, 7, 13, 137; ii, 181, 305, 333

Siebold, i, 411, 414

sierra, ii, 266

Siganidæ, ii, 409, 410

Siganus, ii, 410

sight organs, i, 116-118

significance, of resemblance, i, 259 of rare forms, i, 262

Sillaginidæ, ii, 358

sillago, ii, 358

silk-snapper, ii, 336

Siluridæ, i, 149, 205, 280, 290, 293; ii, 60, 178, 182, 186

siluroid, i, 290; ii, 529

Silurus, i, 391; ii, 182

silverfin, figure of, i, 457; ii, 166

silver-jaw minnow, ii, 165 figure of, ii, 165

silver-jenny, ii, 348

silver-king, ii, 43

silver-perch, ii, 342

silver-salmon, ii, 68, 71, 73, 87

silversides, i, 290; ii, 215 figure of, ii, 217

silver surf-fish, figure of, i, 309; ii, 375

silver-tail, ii, 512

silvery anchovy, figure of, ii, 54

silvery puffer, figure of, ii, 419

Simenchelyidæ, ii, 148

Simenchelys, ii, 148 figure of, ii, 149

Sindo, i, 418, 422

singing-fish, i, 121 figure of, i, 23; ii, 526 species of, ii, 526

Siniperca, ii, 320

sinus impar, i, 120

sinus venosus, i, 108

Siphonognathidæ, ii, 390

Siphonognathus, ii, 390

Siphonostoma, ii, 236

Sirembo, ii, 524

Sirenoidei, i, 612 order of, i, 613

sisco, ii, 66, 67

siscowet, ii, 66, 115

Sisoridæ, ii, 184

skates, i, 28, 551, 552

skeleton of cowfish, figure of, ii, 418

skeleton of fish, i, 10, 34-61 of cowfish, i, 215 of Chimæra, i, 564 parts of, i, 35, 36 primitive, i, 54 of pike figured, i, 203 of red rockfish, i, 214 of Selene figured, i, 55 of shark, i, 57 of spiny-rayed fish, i, 214

skilfishes, ii, 438 figure of, ii, 438

skin-peeler, ii, 415

skipjack, ii, 50

skippers, Couch on, ii, 211

skipping-goby, i, 117

skittle-dogs, i, 545

skull, of Anarrhichthys, ii, 517 autostylic, i, 57 figure of, ii, 296 of haddock, ii, 536 hyostylic, i, 56, 508 of rock-bass, ii, 296 of Scorpænichthys figured, ii, 427 of shark figured, i, 56

sleek-sculpin, figure of, i, 221; ii, 451

593sleeper-shark, i, 547

sleepy Argentine, ii, 134

slippery Dick, ii, 388 figure of, i, 297; ii, 180, 396

Sloane, i, 389

small-mouthed bass, figure of, i, 325; ii, 303

smear-dab, ii, 494

smelt, ii, 66, 91, 120-138 figure of, ii, 123

Smerdis, ii, 310, 330

Smith, i, 416, 419, 608 on Arctic species, i, 317

Smitt, i, 410

snailfish, ii, 455

snake-blennies, ii, 512

snake-eels, ii, 150 figure of, i, 233

snake-headed China-fish, ii, 371 figure of, i, 150; ii, 371

snake-headed mullets, ii, 370

snapper, ii, 333, 335, 338 diamond, ii, 337 gray, ii, 334, 335 lane, ii, 336 mahogany, ii, 337 mangrove, ii, 335 mutton, ii, 335 red, ii, 335 silk, ii, 336 true, ii, 337 yellow-tail, ii, 337

snipe-eels, ii, 151

snipefishes, ii, 234

Snodgrass, i, 422; ii, 423

snooks, ii, 282, 320

snowy grouper, figure of, ii, 329

Snyder, i, 418, 420

Snyderina, figure of, ii, 437

soapfishes, ii, 330 figure of, ii, 330

sobaco, ii, 413

sockeye, ii, 69

soft-rayed fishes, i, 204; ii, 39

soi, ii, 429

soldados, ii, 253

Solander, i, 395

soldier-fish, ii, 315 family of, ii, 253 figure of, ii, 254

Solea, i, 327; ii, 487, 496

Soleidæ, i, 290; ii, 495, 499

Soleinæ, ii, 496

Solenostomidæ, family of, ii, 236

Solenostomus, i, 128; ii, 236 figure of, ii, 237

soles, ii, 495 broad, ii, 495 Day on, ii, 496, 497 European, ii, 496 Gill on, ii, 496 habits of, ii, 496 hog-choker, ii, 498 Parker on, ii, 483

Sonnerat, i, 395

Sörensen, on elastic spring, i, 97

sounds of fishes, i, 168-170 Bowring on, i, 168

soup-fin sharks, figure of, i, 541

southern zone, i, 253

spadefish, ii, 400 figure of, i, 325; ii, 401

Spaniodon, ii, 43

Spaniodontidæ, ii, 47

Spanish-flag, ii, 323, 429

Spanish-mackerel, i, 64, 210, 322 figure of, i, 322; ii, 264 Goode on, ii, 264, 265 Mitchill on, ii, 264

Sparidæ, i, 206; ii, 342, 344, 346, 372 family of, ii, 342

Sparisoma, i, 268; ii, 352, 391, 392, 396 figure of, ii, 392 jaws figured, i, 30

Sparnodus, ii, 347

Sparus, i, 259, 263, 391; ii, 346

Spathiurus, ii, 36

Spaulding, ii, 84 marking of fry by, ii, 84

spawning-grounds, return to, ii, 82

spawning of salmon, i, 160

special creation impossible, i, 295

spearfish, i, 199; ii, 469

specialized fishes, i, 249

species, i, 371 absent through barriers, i, 238 changed through natural selection, ii, 239 characters of, i, 292 conditions favorable to, i, 301 extinction of, i, 239 meaning of, i, 293, 379 special creation, i, 295 transfer of, i, 312

speckled flounder, ii, 488

speckled hind, ii, 324 figure of, ii, 325

speckled trout, figure of, i, 326; ii, 110

Spengel, on Enteropneusta, i, 464

Spengelia, i, 465

Spengeliidæ, i, 465

sperling, ii, 123

Sphærodon, i, 268

Sphagebranchus, ii, 151

Sphagepæa, i, 565

sphenial, i, 606

Sphenocephalus, ii, 252

Spheroides, i, 206; ii, 419-421 figure of, i, 420

Sphyrænidæ, i, 206 family of, ii, 222

Sphyræna, ii, 221 figure of, ii, 223

Sphyrænodus, ii, 266

Sphyrna, i, 543 figure of, i, 544

Sphyrnidæ, i, 543

Spicara, i, 260; ii, 347

Spinacanthidæ, ii, 415

Spinacanthus, ii, 415

Spinachia, ii, 232

spinal cord, i, 112

spineless trunkfish, figure of, i, 378; ii, 417

spines of catfish, i, 179

spiny eels, ii, 157

spiny-rayed fishes, i, 21, 206-208; ii, 39, 208, 307 skeleton of, figured, i, 214

spiracle, i, 92

Spiraculis, i, 393

spiral valve, i, 32

splenial, i, 43

split-tail, ii, 169

Spondyliosoma, i, 260, 267; ii, 348, 350

spookfishes, i, 564

spot, ii, 356

spotted trout, ii, 105

spotted trunkfish, ii, 416 figure of, i, 377; ii, 417

spotted weakfish, figure of, ii, 353

sprat, i, 204; ii, 50, 123

spring salmon, ii, 80

Squalidæ, i, 531, 543, 545, 546, 566

Squaloraja, i, 566

Squalorajidæ, i, 566

Squalus, i, 391 figure of, i, 545

Squamipinnes, ii, 209, 411

Squamipinus, ii, 397-410

square-tails, ii, 291

Squatina, i, 548 brain of, figured, i, 547 pectoral fin figured, i, 56

Squatinidæ, i, 549, 554

594squawfish, figure of, i, 162; ii, 169 spawning journey of, i, 164

squeteague, ii, 353

squirrel-fish, ii, 253, 329

Stannius, i, 428

star-gazer, ii, 364, 503 figure of, i, 187, 504

Starks, C. L. drawings of fishes i, 36-39

Starks, E. C., i, 420 on berycoid skull, ii, 250 on fish skeleton, i, 39

starry-flounder, ii, 493 figure of, ii, 495

star-spined ray, figure of, i, 448

Stearns, i, 419

steelhead, ii, 94, 96, 99, 100 figure of, ii, 101

steelhead-trout, figure of, i, 327

Steenstrup, i, 410

Stegocephali, i, 606

Stegostoma, i, 533

Stegothalami, i, 584 Dean on, i, 585

Steindachnerella, ii, 541

Steindachner, i, 411, 414, 427 portrait of, i, 403

Steindachneria, figure of, ii, 541

Steinegeria, ii, 286

Steinegeriidæ, ii, 286

Stelgis, figure of, ii, 451

Steller, i, 395; ii, 135 on quinnat salmon, ii, 68

Stellifer, i, 271; ii, 355

Stenodus, ii, 62, 68 figure of, ii, 67

Stenotomus, ii, 344 figure of, ii, 343

Stephanoberycidæ, family of, ii, 223

Stephanoberyx, ii, 223

Stephanolepis, ii, 414, 415 figure of, i, 182, 415

Stereobalanus, i, 465

Stereolepis, ii, 321

Sternoptychidæ, ii, 137

Sternoptyx, i, 357; ii, 137

Stethojulis, ii, 390

Stichæiniæ, ii, 511

Stichæus, ii, 513 figure of, ii, 513

stickleback, i, 51, 128, 250, 290; ii, 157, 215, 228, 229, 232 fighting of, i, 165 figure of, ii, 232 shoulder-girdle of, ii, 227 spines of, i, 179

Stieda, i, 428

Stiles, on parasitic diseases, i, 343, 344

stingaree, i, 556

sting-bull, ii, 501

stingfish, ii, 501

sting-rays, i, 84, 267, 549 figure of, i, 246, 555 spines of, i, 182

Stizostedion, ii, 308 figure of, ii, 309

Stolephorus, ii, 52

Stomias, figure of, ii, 128

Stomiatidæ, i, 189, 204; ii, 128

Stone, ii, 80 on rate of travel of salmon, ii, 80

stone-bass, ii, 323

stone-cats, ii, 182

stone-roller, i, 157; ii, 166 figure of, i, 33; ii, 167

stone-sculpin, ii, 443

stonewall perch, ii, 359, 360

stony-flounder, ii, 482

Storer, i, 418

Storms, i, 427 on fossil remora, ii, 469

Stratodontidæ, ii, 137

Stratodus, ii, 137

Strinsia, ii, 539

striped-bass, i, 48, 53; ii, 37, 321 bones of, i, 39, 45 figure of, i, 35 tail of, i, 49 vertebral column of, i, 48

striped-mullet, figure of, i, 330

striped sea-robin, ii, 457

Ström, i, 396

Stromateidæ, i, 160; ii, 215, 259, 284, 291, 398, 485 family of, ii, 283

Stromateus, i, 391; ii, 283, 291

sturgeon, i, 128, 204, 250, 257, 290; ii, 18-21, 159, 160, 182, 186 child swallowed by, ii, 182 of Danube, ii, 182 figure of, ii, 19, 20 larva of, figured, i, 141

Styela, figure of, i, 475, 476

Stygicola, i, 314; ii, 524

Stylephoridæ, ii, 480

Stylephorus, ii, 480

subgenus, i, 373

suborbital stay, i, 44

subspecies, i, 294

sucker, i, 156, 198, 290, 304; ii, 56, 171, 172, 174 California, ii, 174 carp, ii, 173 common, ii, 174 figure showing parasites, i, 348 Oregon, ii, 175 razor-backed, figured, ii, 175

sucking-disks, of clingfish, i, 198

sucking-fish, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

Suckley, i, 419

Sudis, ii, 9, 136

Suez Canal, i, 268

sukkegh, ii, 69

Suletind watershed, i, 307

Sulphur, the, i, 408

summer herring, figure of, i, 455

Sunapee trout, figure of, ii, 109

sunfish, i, 3-15, 28, 209, 290; ii, 37, 297, 424 banded, ii, 299 blue-green, i, 26 common figured, i, 7; ii, 301 description of, i, 4 dwarf, ii, 467 figure of, i, 2, 4, 27 food of, i, 11 long-eared, i, 3; ii, 300 nine-spined, ii, 301 photograph of, i, 13 pigmy, ii, 297

supraclavicle, i, 89

Surface, on destruction of fish, i, 357 on lampreys, i, 491-505 on Saprolegnia, i, 354-356

surf-fish, i, 125, 207, 290; ii, 372, 373 blue, ii, 375 silver, ii, 375 thick-lipped, ii, 374 wall-eye, ii, 375 white, ii, 374

surf-shiner, ii, 376

surf-smelt, ii, 123, 124, 127

surf-whiting, ii, 357

surgeon-fish, ii, 407 lancet of, i, 181

surmullets, i, 122, 198, 322; ii, 351-379

suspensorium of mandible, i, 43

susuki, i, 324; ii, 320

595Swain, i, 422

Swainson, i, 410

swallowers, ii, 360

Swammerdam, i, 390

swampy watersheds, i, 314

Swan, ii, 123 on Mesopus, ii, 123

sweetfish, ii, 115

sweet-perch, ii, 363

swell-sharks, i, 197, 533

swell-toad, ii, 420, 423

swim-bladder, ii, 95

swordfish, i, 169, 199, 210; ii, 269 adult, figured, ii, 270 Goode on, ii, 270 Owen on, ii, 270, 271 vessels struck by, ii, 270 young, figured, ii, 269

swordtail-minnow, figure of, i, 124; ii, 199

Syacium, figure of, ii, 488

Syllæmus, ii, 224

Symbranchia, ii, 140 order of, ii, 140

Symbranchidæ, ii, 141

Symbranchus, ii, 141

Symphodus, i, 268; ii, 387

Symphurus, figure of, ii, 498

symplectic bone, ii, 156

Synagrops, ii, 317

Synanceia, i, 180; ii, 434 figure of, i, 229

Synaphobranchidæ, ii, 149

Synaphobranchus, ii, 149 figure of, ii, 149

Synaptura, ii, 497

Synchiropus, ii, 506

Synechodus, eggs of, i, 527

Synentognathi, ii, 190, 208-214 suborder of, ii, 209

Syngnathidæ, family of, i, 236

Syngnathus, i, 170, 391; ii, 236

Synodontidæ, ii, 130, 133

Synodontis, ii, 182

Synodus, ii, 190 figure of, ii, 130

synonymy and priority, Coues on, i, 374

Syntegmodus, ii, 44

Syrski, ii, 144, 145 on eels, ii, 145

Systema Naturæ, i, 373

Tachysurus, ii, 178, 179, 86

Tænioides, ii, 467

Tæniosomi, ii, 292, 459-480 suborder of, ii, 471, 472

Tæniotoca, ii, 375

Tæniura, i, 557

tahanohadai, ii, 363

Tahoe trout, figure of, i, 327; ii, 104

tai-fishing, illustration of, i, 338

tail forms, i, 49, 50, 80-85

taiva, ii, 342

Talisman, i, 408; ii, 60

Talismania, ii, 60

Tamiobatidæ, i, 532

Tamiobatis, i, 551

tangs, ii, 407

Tantogolabrus, ii, 387

Tarpon, i, 157, 205; ii, 35, 51 figure of, ii, 43

Tarrassiidæ, i, 602

Tarrassius, i, 602

tarwhine, ii, 344

tautog, ii, 387 figure of, ii, 385, 386

Tautoga, i, 207; ii, 385

taxonomy, i, 367, 368

Tectospondyli, i, 448, 510, 513, 519, 545, 549 order of, i, 543 Woodward on, i, 543

tectospondylous, i, 49

teeth, i, 29, 30, 201 of Ceratodus figured, i, 614 of Chimæra, i, 562 of Corax, i, 543 figured, i, 522, 524 of Janassa, i, 554 of sharks, i, 515, 527, 529, 537

Teleocephali, i, 405; ii, 39, 40, 209

Teleosteans, i, 384

Teleostei, i, 66, 204, 622, 624; ii, 2, 5, 37 sympathetic system of, i, 114

Teleostomes, i, 599

Teleostomi, i, 462, 572, 583, 598, 599, 603 Regan on, i, 622

teleosts, i, 35, 135, 139, 141, 204, 569; ii, 1, 3, 4, 159

Telepholis, ii, 133

Telescopias, ii, 317 figure of, ii, 318

teleotemporal, i, 90

Temnothoraci, i, 584, 586

temperature, affecting distribution, i, 242

tenacity of life in fishes, i, 146, 147, 149

tench, ii, 168

tengudai, ii, 333

tengusame, i, 534

ten-pounder, ii, 35, 43 figure of, i, 454; ii, 42

Terapon, ii, 342

Teraponidæ, ii, 342

Tertiary fishes, i, 440

Tertiary ganoids, ii, 140

tessellated darter, figure of, ii, 312

tessellated teeth, i, 30, 549

Tetragonolepis, i, 24 figure of, ii, 26

Tetragonopterus, i, 314; ii, 161, 162, 381

Tetragonuridæ, ii, 215 family of, ii, 291

Tetragonurus, ii, 291

Tetraodon, i, 169, 197, 206, 236, 393, 611; ii, 420 figure of, i, 183, 244; ii, 421, 422

Tetraodontidæ, i, 182; ii, 421 family of, ii, 419

Tetrapturus, i, 257; ii, 269

Tetrarhynchus, ii, 134

Tetronarce, i, 554

Teuthidæ, ii, 291

Teuthididæ, ii, 407, 409

Teuthis, i, 268, 271, 293; ii, 407 figure of, i, 181; ii, 407, 408

Thacher, on paired limbs, i, 70

thalamencephalon, ii, 6, 8

Thalassoma, i, 207, 267, 271; ii, 389

Thalassophryne, i, 180; ii, 526, 527 poison organ of, ii, 528, 529 structure of, ii, 527, 528

Thalassothia, ii, 526

Thaleichthys, ii, 124 figure of, i, 320; ii, 19, 124 sketch of, ii, 125

Thaliacea, i, 477

Thaumaturus, ii, 119

Thelodontidæ, i, 574, 579

Thelodus, i, 570, 573

Theragra, i, 209 figure of, ii, 537

Therobromus, ii, 127

Thetis, the, i, 410

thick-lipped surf-fish, figure of, i, 374

Tholichthys, i, 144; ii, 402

Thollière, i, 427

Thompson, i, 410, 418

Thoracici, i, 393; ii, 39

Thoracies, ii, 209

Thoreau, ii, 190, 308

596thread-eel, ii, 151, 152 figure of, i, 17, 365; ii, 152

threadfins, i, 122; ii, 215, 224 figure of, ii, 225 shoulder-girdle of, i, 89; ii, 225

threadfish, ii, 276

threadhead worms, i, 351

thread-herring, ii, 51, 53

three-forked hake, ii, 539

three-spined stickleback, figure of, ii, 232

thresher-shark, i, 536

Thrissopater, ii, 43

Thrissops, ii, 41

Thryptodontidæ, ii, 44

Thryptodus, ii, 44

Thunberg, i, 416

thunder-pumper, ii, 354, 355

Thunnus, i, 210, 272; ii, 262

Thursius, i, 604

Thwaite shad, ii, 50

Thyestes, i, 576

Thymallidæ, ii, 120

Thymallus, i, 305; ii, 120, 121, 122 figure of, i, 328; ii, 120, 122

Thyrsites, ii, 267

Thyrsitocephalus, ii, 267

tide pools of Misaki, view of, i, 161

tiger-puffer, ii, 423

tiger-sharks, i, 533

Tilapia, ii, 380

tilefish, ii, 361 catastrophe to, ii, 362 Collins on, ii, 362 Gill on, ii, 361, 362

Tilesius, i, 396, 416

Tinca, i, 345; ii, 168, 175

tiñosa, ii, 276

Tiphle, ii, 236

Titanichthyidæ, i, 587

Titanichthys, i, 583, 587, 589

Titicaca Lake, peculiar fish from, ii, 201

toadfish, ii, 525, 526 Brazilian, ii, 526 poison, ii, 526 poison-organs of, i, 180 shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

tomcod, ii, 537 figure of, ii, 538

tomtates, ii, 341

tongue-fish, ii, 488, 497

tooth, of Hybodus, figured, i, 528 of Lamnidæ, i, 538

topknot, ii, 488

top-minnow, i, 118; ii, 198, 199, 467 figure of, ii, 198

toque, ii, 114

torabuku, ii, 423

tori, ii, 6

Tornaria, figure of, i, 463

torpedo, i, 268; ii, 183, 188 figure of, i, 186; ii, 183 fin rudiments in, i, 71

torsk, ii, 539

toto, ii, 398

totuava, ii, 354

Townsend, ii, 502

Tower, on gas in swim-bladder, i, 95, 96 on weakfish, i, 94

Toxotes, i, 240, 268; ii, 400

Toxotidæ, ii, 400

Trachicephalus, figure of, i, 456; ii, 438

Trachichthyidæ, ii, 253

Trachichthys, i, 263; ii, 252

Trachidermus, ii, 445

Trachinidæ, ii, 500, 501, 506, 525

Trachinotus, i, 322; ii, 276

Trachinus, i, 169, 180, 391; ii, 500, 501 Boulenger on, ii, 501

Trachosteus, i, 583, 588, 589, 590

Trachurops, ii, 275

Trachurus, i, 210, 274 figure of, ii, 274

Trachypteridæ, family of, ii, 477 Goode and Bean on, ii, 479

Trachypterus, i, 144; ii, 425, 477 figure of, ii, 478 Günther on, ii, 480

Trachyrhynchus, ii, 541

trahira, ii, 162

transportation of fishes, i, 150

Trautschold, i, 427

Traquair, i, 426, 428 on Gnasthome, i, 573 on high and low forms, i, 381, 382 on Ostracophores, i, 569-571 on Palæospondylus, i, 591 portrait of, i, 425 on sharks, i, 512

Traquairia, i, 517

Travailleur, the, i, 408; ii, 60

tree-climber of India, Daldorf on, i, 163

treefish, ii, 431

Tremataspidæ, i, 576

trematodes, i, 344

Triakis, i, 541

Triacanthidæ, ii, 412

Triacanthodes, ii, 412

Triacanthus, ii, 412

Trichina, i, 352

Trichiurichthys, ii, 268

Trichiuridæ, i, 210; ii, 472 family of, ii, 267

Trichiurides, ii, 32

Trichiurus, ii, 268, 479 figure of, ii, 268

Trichodon, figure of, ii, 364

Trichodontidæ, ii, 364, 506

trinomial nomenclature, i, 378

trigger-fishes, i, 440; ii, 412, 413 figure of, i, 184, 412

Trigla, i, 169, 391; ii, 456, 457 air-bladder of, i, 97

Triglidæ, i, 122, 208; ii, 455 family of, ii, 455

Triglops, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 443

Triglopsis, i, 317; ii, 447

Trigonodon, ii, 347

Triodon, ii, 419

Triodontidæ, ii, 418

Tripterygian, ii, 508

Tristichopterus, i, 603

Trochocopus, ii, 388

Troglichthys, i, 220, 222; ii, 202, 203

tropical fishes, species of, i, 271 variety among, i, 333

Tropidichthyidæ, ii, 421

Tropidichthys, i, 115; ii, 422

Troschel, i, 415

trout, i, 156, 250, 290, 304, 326, 327; ii, 38, 41, 61, 89, 90, 107, 121, 128, 147, 168 tail figure of, ii, 486 of Utah basin, ii, 104 of Yellowstone, i, 345

trout-perch, i, 241, 290; ii, 61 figure of, ii, 242

trout-spotted darter, ii, 314

trout-worm, ii, 103 figure of head, ii, 103 segments of, figured, ii, 103

trucha, ii, 320

true eels, ii, 141 shoulder-girdle in, ii, 141

true perches, ii, 304

true sharks, i, 523-560

true snapper, ii, 337

trumpeter, ii, 363

trumpet-fish, i, 51, 440 family of, i, 233 figure of, i, 234

truncate, i, 19

597truncus arteriosus, ii, 6

trunkfishes, i, 16, 19, 206, 373, 375, 378, 429; ii, 415-417 figure of, i, 373, 376, 377 horned, ii, 416 hornless, ii, 419 spineless, ii, 417 spotted, ii, 416

Trypauchen, ii, 467

tschawytscha, ii, 73

Tschudi, i, 415

tsuzume, ii, 402

tullibee, ii, 67

tunicates, i, 460, 462, 467-481 adult, figured, i, 480 anatomy, figured, i, 472 Kingsley on, i, 467, 468, 469 larva, figured, i, 471 Ritter on, i, 474

tunny, i, 19, 210 great, ii, 262

turbots, i, 206, 328; ii, 488, 489 tribe, the, ii, 487

Turner, on Dallia, ii, 207

Turton, i, 410

Tutuila Island, lizard skipper from, i, 230

Twin Lakes, trout of, i, 241

Two-Ocean Pass, i, 307, 308, 309, 310 Evermann on, i, 307

tyee, ii, 69

Tylosurus, i, 128 figure of, ii, 210 shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

Typhlichthys, i, 220, 314; ii, 201, 202 figure of, i, 116; ii, 202

Typhlogobius, i, 198; ii, 467

Typodus, ii, 222

uku, i, 325; ii, 338

Ulæma, i, 271

ulchen, ii, 124 figure of, i, 320; ii, 124

Umbra, i, 253; ii, 35 figure of, ii, 193

Umbridæ, i, 290; ii, 193, 194

Umbrina, ii, 356, 357 figure of, ii, 357

umiuma, i, 429

uncertain conclusions, i, 79

Undina, i, 204, 605

unicorn-fish, ii, 409, 415

U. S. Fish Commission, ii, 69

Upeneus, ii, 353

Upham, on glacial effects, i, 275

upland fishes, i, 311

Uranidea, ii, 443, 445 figure of, ii, 445

Uranoplosus, ii, 22

Uranoscopus, i, 259, 260, 393; ii, 361, 364, 503, 504

Uranoscopidæ, ii, 503, 504, 506, 525

Urenchelyidæ, ii, 142

Urenchelys, ii, 142

ureters, ii, 6

Urochordata, i, 460

Urodela, i, 76

Urolophus, i, 555-557

Uronemidæ, i, 612

Uronemus, i, 612

Urophycis, i, 187; ii, 538

Uropterygius, ii, 153

urosome, i, 84, 85

Urosphen, ii, 234

Urosphenidæ, ii, 234

urostyle, i, 84

Usinosita, ii, 498

uu, i, 162

vaca, i, 235; ii, 327

Vahl, i, 396

Vaillant, i, 412 portrait of, i, 413

Valenciennellus, ii, 134

Valenciennes, i, 401, 404

Valenciennesia, ii, 460

Valentyn, i, 396

Valisneri, ii, 144

Valisneria, ii, 144

Van Dyke, ii, 93 on Ouananiche, ii, 93

vaqueta de dos colores, ii, 404

variability of instinct, Whitman on, i, 156

variation in colors, i, 235

variation in fin-rays, i, 211

Variola, ii, 327

vasa efferentia, ii, 6

vas deferens, i, 28

Velifer, ii, 286

Vellitor, i, 260; ii, 448

vendace, ii, 67

venomous spines, of catfish, i, 179 of scorpion-fish, i, 180

ventral fins, i, 10

Venustodus, i, 531

Verasper, ii, 492

ver blanc, i, 351

Verilus, ii, 338

vertebræ, i, 203, 205

vertebræ in fishes, i, 212 Boulenger on, i, 213 figure of, i, 510

vertebral column, i, 46-48 figure of, i, 48

vertebral column, of lancelet, i, 55 of Roccus, i, 48

verrugato, ii, 356

vessels engaged in fish-collecting, i, 408, 410

villiform teeth, i, 29

Vinciguerra, ii, 408 portrait of, i, 413

Vinciguerria, ii, 134

Vinson, on Gourami, ii, 369

Violante, the, i, 408; ii, 60

viper-fish, ii, 129

Vireosa, ii, 460 figure of, ii, 461

viscera of fish, i, 26, 28

viviparous fishes, figure of, i, 125, 126, 222; ii, 200

viviparous perch, figure of, ii, 379

voices of fishes, i, 121

Vogmar, ii, 477

Vogt, i, 428

Volador, ii, 458

Vomer, ii, 276

vomer, i, 6

Vomeropsis, ii, 278

wachna cod, ii, 537

Wagner, i, 427

Waha Lake, ii, 104

Waite, i, 408, 416 portrait of, i, 409

Walbaum, i, 397; ii, 68

Walcott, i, 428, 603 on fossil chimæroids, i, 565 on oldest forms, i, 435

walking-fish, i, 167

wall-eye, ii, 307

wall-eyed surf-fish, ii, 375

Walton, i, 336, 337

Ward, on parasitic diseases, i, 343, 344

Wardichthys, ii, 15

water-beetle, ii, 144

water-pig, ii, 369

watersheds, i, 305 the Cassiquiare, i, 307 how fishes cross, i, 306 the Suletind, i, 306 swampy, i, 314 Two-Ocean Pass, i, 307

weakfish, ii, 353

Weber, i, 428 on swim-bladder, i, 96

Weberian apparatus, i, 93, 96, 97; ii, 160 figure of, i, 93; ii, 160

weevers, ii, 500 Gill on, i, 500

598weissfelchen, ii, 65

weissfisch, ii, 65

wels, ii, 182

welshmen, ii, 253

West Indian fish, i, 235

whale-shark, i, 540

whiff, ii, 488, 489

whips, i, 206

whiptail rays, i, 549

Whiteaves, i, 427

whitebait, ii, 123, 127, 216

white bass, ii, 321

white bullhead, ii, 180

white catfish, figure of, i, 344

white channel-cat, ii, 180

white chub, figure of, ii, 165

whitefish, i, 62-64, 305, 322; ii, 115, 362, 467 figure of, i, 321

white-mouthed drummers, ii, 356

white perch, ii, 321 figure of, ii, 322

white sea-bass, ii, 354

white sharks, i, 534

white shiner, figure showing parasites, i, 343

white surf-fish, figure of, ii, 374 with young figured, i, 125; ii, 372

whiting, ii, 537

Whitman, i, 428 on instincts, i, 156

Whitmee, on aquarium fishes, i, 165

Whitney, ii, 116

wide-eyed flounder, figure of, ii, 488

wide-gape, ii, 545

wide-mouthed flounder, figure of, ii, 493

Wiedersheim, i, 513

Williams, on eye of flounder, i, 174-178

Williamson, i, 423

Williston, i, 427

willow-cat, ii, 180

Willughby, i, 390

Winckler, i, 427

window-pane fish, ii, 488 figure of, ii, 487

wine-colored eel, ii, 153

wolf-eel, ii, 517

wolf-fish, ii, 517 figure of, ii, 517

Wolffian duct, i, 28

Woodward, i, 426, 428, 519, 543, 554, 582, 584, 591, 594, 602; ii, 4, 13, 24, 26, 34, 36, 43, 48, 140, 425, 514, 522 on Acanthodei, i, 514, 516 on Chondrostei, ii, 17 on Dorypterus, ii, 16 on eels, ii, 140 on fossil fishes, i, 439 on fossil garpike, ii, 32 on Isospondyli, ii, 38 portrait of, i, 425 on Pycnodonti, ii, 23

Woolman, i, 422

worm-like eels, ii, 150

worm of the Yellowstone, i, 345

Worthen, i, 426

wrasse, i, 203; ii, 385, 387

wreckfish, ii, 323

Wright, i, 427, 428 on fishes of Panama, i, 275

wrymouths, figure of, ii, 516

Wyman, on month gestation, i, 170 on protocercal tail, i, 81

Xanthichthys, ii, 413

Xererpes, ii, 512 figure of, ii, 511

Xenichthys, i, 271; ii, 338

Xenistius, i, 271; ii, 338 figure of, ii, 338

Xenocephalidæ, ii, 520

Xenocephalus, ii, 520

Xenocys, i, 271; ii, 338

Xenomi, i, 405; ii, 157 order of, ii, 206

Xenopterygii, ii, 499 suborder of, ii, 529

Xesurus, ii, 409

Xiphasia, figure of, ii, 515

Xiphasiidæ, ii, 513

Xiphias, i, 210, 329, 391; ii, 269 figure of, ii, 270

Xiphidiinæ, ii, 511

Xiphidion, ii, 512

Xiphiidæ, family of, ii, 269

Xiphiorhynchus, ii, 269

Xiphorphorus, figure of, i, 124; ii, 199

Xiphistes, figure of, ii, 512

Xyrauchen, ii, 172, 174 figure of, ii, 175

Xyrias, figure of, ii, 151

Xyrichthys, i, 207; ii, 388-390 figure of, ii, 388

Xystæma, ii, 348 figure of, ii, 347

Xystreurys, ii, 492

Xystrodus, i, 531

yamabe, i, 327; ii, 95

yamanokami, ii, 445

Yarrell, i, 410 on fishing-frog, i, 169 on sounds, i, 168

yellowback rockfish, figure of, i, 218

yellow bass, ii, 321

yellow catfish, ii, 182

yellow-fin grouper, ii, 325 figure of, ii, 327

yellow-fin trout, ii, 105 figure of, ii, 105

yellow-fish, ii, 324

yellow goatfish, ii, 352

yellow grunt, ii, 340

yellow mackerel, ii, 276

yellow perch, ii, 307

Yellowstone Lake, trout of, i, 310, 345-347

Yellowstone Miller's Thumb, figure of, ii, 444

yellow-tail, ii, 273

yellow-tail roncador, ii, 356 figure of, ii, 357

yellow-tail snapper, figure of, ii, 337

yezomasu, ii, 71, 72

Young, i, 426 on angling, i, 337-339

Zacalles, figure of, ii, 511

Zacco, ii, 164

zakko, ii, 117, 120

Zalarges, ii, 134

Zalembrius, ii, 374, 376

Zalieutes, ii, 552

Zalises, figure of, ii, 240

Zanclidæ, ii, 406 family of, ii, 406

Zanclus, i, 240, 268; ii, 406 figure of, ii, 406

Zaniolepis, ii, 440

Zander, ii, 309

Zaprora, ii, 286

Zaproridæ, ii, 286

Zebrasoma, ii, 408, 409

Zebrias, ii, 497

Zeidæ, ii, 398 family of, ii, 247

Zenarchopterus, ii, 212

Zenion, ii, 249

Zenopsis, ii, 249

Zeoidea, i, 241-249 suborder of, ii, 245

Zeoidei, ii, 484

599zeoid fishes, ii, 245

Zeorhombi, ii, 245

Zesticelus, ii, 447

Zeugopterus, ii, 488

Zeus, i, 259, 263, 267, 391; ii, 243, 249, 398 figure of, ii, 248

Zigno, i, 427

Zingel, ii, 307 figure of, ii, 310

Zittel, i, 427; ii, 13, 514 on Lepidostei, ii, 23 on Ostracophores, i, 569 portrait of, i, 425

Zoarces, ii, 144, 518 figure of, ii, 518

Zoarcidæ, ii, 518, 522

zoogeography, i, 237

zooids, i, 479

zootomists, i, 90

Zostera, i, 476

Zuieuw, i, 396

Zygonectes, ii, 199 figure of, ii, 198

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Notes in this chapter

Note 1 · This family should stand as Histiopteridæ, the name Pentaceros, Pentacerotidæ, being used earlier for starfishes.