INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W - Y Z

Adams, J. Q., and Monroe Doctrine, 30

Adamson Act, 90

Adriatic coast, Italy's claims on, 311; see also Fiume

Aircraft Production Board, 140

Airplanes, production for army, 134-35, 139-42

Alaska purchased from Russia, 31

Albert, King of Belgium, in Paris, 255

Albert, Dr. H. F., and the Wilhelmina, 43; and German plots, 75; loses portfolio, 76

Algeciras Conference (1906), 34

Alien Property Custodian, 179

Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, 302, 324

American Ambulance in France, 67

American Expeditionary Force, no provision at first for, 121; Pershing sent to France, 122; plans for, 124-25; centralization under Pershing, 148; training in France, 200-02; ports for, 202-03; supply depots, 203; distribution of supplies, 203-04; credit due, 225-27; defects, 226; see also Argonne, Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel

American Federation of Labor, delegates aid in formation of war labor policy, 182

American Protective League, 187

Ancona, torpedoed in Mediterranean, 57

Arabia, submarine sinks, 56

Archibald, J. F. J., Dumba makes use of, 77

Argentine, grain not available for Europe, 159

Argonne, foreign artillery used in, 134; plans for advance, 221; defensive importance for Germans, 222; American offensive, 222-23; see also Meuse-Argonne

Arizona offered by Germany as bribe to Mexico, 106

Armaments, Reduction of, guarantees not taken at Paris, 323; League Covenant provides, 324

Armand, Major, discusses separate peace with Austria, 231

Armenian, submarine attack, 56

Armistice (Nov. 11, 1918), 224, 228; terms, 243

Army, General Staff, 119-20, 157, 188; American Expeditionary Force, 121, 122, 124 et seq., 148, 200-04, 225-27; see also Argonne, Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel; original programme (1917), 121; Roosevelt's request to command volunteers, 122-23; Selective Service Act, 122, 126-27, 133; National Army, 128; training, 128-29, 130-32; cantonments 129-30 (note); supplies, 129, 132-133, 134-43, 152; democracy of, 134; transportation of troops, 195, 196-97

Australia, grain not available for Europe, 159

Austria, Italy's offensive against, 193; attempts for separate peace with, 231-32; treaty, 317, 321-22; denied right to incorporate with Germany, 322, 326; see also Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, collapse, 224, 228; offers to negotiate on basis of Fourteen Points, 241; subject nationalities receive independence, 324; see also Austria, Hungary

Ayres, L. P., The War with Germany, cited, 142 (note)

Baker, N. D., Secretary of War, as pacifist, 85-86, 117-18; delays approving machine gun, 137; and Wilson, 153; and coal price agreement, 166-67

Baldwin Locomotive Works, suspected German plot at, 79

Balfour, A. J., Lloyd George and, 13; in Council of Ten, 270-71

Baltimore, Democratic convention (1912), 7-8

Banat of Temesvar, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning, 260

Bapaume, capture of, 192

Bartlett, C. L., introduces bill in House prohibiting sales to belligerents, 73

Baruch, B. M., appointment by Wilson, 15; on Council of National Defense, 155; chairman of War Industries Board, 157; at Peace Conference, 259, 276

Belgium, American sympathy for, 38, 73, 114; Wilson's answer to appeal, 40; relief, 67; effect in America of deportation of civilians, 97, 99; Germans rank United States Army with that of, 117; Hoover in, 160; complaint against treaty, 321; treaty provision regarding, 324

Belleau Woods, attack on, 214, 225

Benes, Edward, Foreign Minister of Czecho-Slovak Republic, and Council of Ten, 274

Benson, Admiral W. S., and Daniels, 144

Bernstorff, Johann von, German Ambassador in Washington, 41-42, 75, 106; dismissed, 108

Bethlehem Steel Company, suspected German plots in plant of, 79

Bethmann-Hollweg and submarine warfare, 106

"Big Four," see Council of Four

Bliss, General T. H., on Supreme Military Council, 205-206; on Peace Commission, 249

Blockade, British blockade of foodstuffs, 45; as justification of submarine warfare, 53; effect of submarine warfare upon American ports, 110

Bolshevik revolution, 193

Borah, W. E., against treaty and League of Nations, 330-331, 342; speech-making tour, 339-40

Bordeaux, port allotted American Expeditionary Force, 202, 203

Bosch Magneto Company, German intrigue and, 75

Bourgeois, Léon, on committee to draft plan for League of Nations, 289

Boy-Ed, Karl, German naval attaché, 75; and Mexico, 76; dismissed, 78

Brandegee, F. B., against treaty and League of Nations, 342

Bratiano, J. J. C., of Rumania, and Council of Ten, 274

Brest, destroyer base at, 199; port allotted American Expeditionary Force, 202-03; George Washington reaches, 254

Brest-Litovsk treaty, 239

Bridgeport, German manufacturing company at, 75; strikes at, 79

British Grand Fleet, American battleships join, 199

Brockdorff-Rantzau, U. K. C., graf von, German Minister for Foreign Affairs, 317

Browning machine gun, 137, 138

Brusilov attack, 193

Bryan, W. J., leader in Democratic convention (1912), 7, 8; resigns as Secretary of State, 53-54; pacifist suggestion, 59; popular with pacifists, 70

Bryn Mawr College, Wilson professor at, 3

Bucharest treaty, 239

Bulgaria, collapse, 224, 228, 241; treaty term regarding, 327

Burleson, A. S., and Wilson, 18; Postmaster-General, 154

Byng, General, at Cambrai, 193

Caine, Hall, quoted, 105

California and election of Wilson (1916), 92

Cambon, Jules, 276

Cambrai, German lines broken at, 193, 224

Canada, Americans in forces of, 67

Cantigny, engagement at, 211-212

Caporetto, Italian collapse at, 193; Foch commands French forces in Italy after, 207

Carl, Emperor of Austria, desire for separate peace, 232

Carranza, Venustiano, Wilson recognizes, 86; protests American expedition, 87

Carrizal, attack by Carranza's troops at, 87

Cecil, Lord Robert, on committee to draft plan for League of Nations, 289, 290

Chamberlain, G. E., and preparedness, 82

Château-Thierry, 212-13, 216, 225

Chauchat automatic rifles, 137

Chemical Warfare Service, 143

Chemin des Dames, 210, 212

Chicago, Wilson speaks at, 83

China, American policy toward, 31; accepts Japan's Shantung claim, 315; delegates refuse to sign treaty, 321

Civil War, relations with Great Britain during, 29

Clark, Champ, candidate for Presidential nomination (1912), 8; and conscription, 126

Clayton Act, 90

Clemenceau, Georges, treatment of other French delegates at Paris, 13; signs plea for American troops, 210; and question of indemnity, 281, 300, 301; opposition to Fourteen Points, 251, 252; in Council of Ten, 264-67; languages, 272; on Council of Premiers, 277; helps formulate armistice policy, 278; wounded, 278; and League of Nations, 286-87, 288, 303; ability to conduct plenary sessions, 289; change in attitude towards Wilson, 295; and Fiume, 313

Cleveland, Wilson speaks at, 83

Coal, see Fuel Administration

Coffin, H. E., chairman Aircraft Production Board, 140; on Council of National Defense, 155

Colleges, Students' Army Training Corps, 131; straw vote on treaty in, 345 (note)

Colt machine gun, 137

Commerce, British Orders in Council to control, 42-43; see also Submarine warfare, United States Shipping Board, War Trade Board

Committee on Engineering and Education, 155-56

Congress, Wilson and, 17, 21, 191; Wilson's appeal for Democratic, 18, 246-47; and arming of merchant vessels, 58-59, 60, 110-11; and note to Germany (April 19, 1916), 61; pacifically-minded, 82; preparedness, 85; Wilson's speech in Senate (Jan. 22, 1917), 103-05; announcement of severance of diplomatic relations with Germany to, 107-08; Wilson's speech (April 2, 1917), 111-13; declares war, 116; and the army, 119, 133; and conscription, 126; appropriation for airplanes, 140; Overman Act, 149, 157, 189, 190; Lever Act, 161, 167; proposes control of military affairs, 188; attacks on Wilson's war policies by Senate, 188-89; Senate and the treaty, 330 et seq.; Foreign Relations Committee meets Wilson at White House, 336-37

Conscientious objectors, 133

Conscription, see Draft

Contraband, British interpretation of, 42

Council of Foreign Ministers, 277

Council of Four, 277-80

Council of National Defense, 154 et seq.; War Industries Board, 156-59; food conservation, 159-66; fuel conservation, 166-71; Labor Committee, 181; publicity, 186; influence lessened, 187

Council of Premiers, 277

Council of Ten, experts at meetings of, 261; organization of, 262-64; Supreme Council called, 264; meetings, 264, 272-74; personnel, 264-72; and commissions, 275; becomes unwieldy, 278; Wilson leaves League committee to attend, 290

Crillon, Hotel, home of American Commission at Paris, 258

Crowe, Sir Eyre, on territorial commission, 276

Crowell, Benedict, Assistant Secretary of War, quoted, 135

Cuba, interest of United States in, 29; Pershing in, 123

Cunliffe, British financial expert, 300

Cushing attacked by German aeroplane, 49

Czechoslovakia, question of autonomy for Czechs, 232; nationalistic ambitions aroused by treaty, 322; Germans and Magyars in, 327; and the League, 328

Czernin von Chudenitz, Ottokar, count, Austrian Chancellor, 239

Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of Navy, 144

Danzig, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning, 260; treaty provision, 326;

Davis, Norman, financial advisor to Peace Commission, 259, 276

"Daylight saving," 169

Democratic party, Wilson and, 5, 6; convention (1912), 7-8; Wilson makes plea for Democratic Congress, 18, 246-47; foreign policy, 25-26, 35; Wilson and machine leaders, 88

Denman, William, chairman of United States Shipping Board, 175

Dent, S. H., and conscription, 126

Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, and German propaganda, 44, 72

Dillon, E. J., on Wilson, 9-10

Disarmament, see Armaments, Reduction of

Draft, Wilson and, 122, 126; Selective Service Act, 122, 127; National Army, 128; success of, 133; General Staff prepares plans for, 148

Dulles, J. F., proposes Reparations Commission, 306 (note)

Dumba, Dr. Constantin, Austrian Ambassador at Washington, 77; recall requested, 77-78

Durazzo, navy at, 200

East, Far, American policy regarding, 31-32; see also China, Japan

Embargo, question of embargo on munitions, 43-45, 73

Emergency Fleet Corporation, 175, 176, 178

Emery, H. C., on German pessimism in June, 1918, 240

Enfield rifles, 139

Entente, American opinion favors, 38; see also Allies, names of countries

Erzberger, Matthias, leader of Reichstag revolt, 229-30

Expeditionary Force, see American Expeditionary Force

Faisal, Emir, Arabian representative at Peace Conference, 261

Falaba sunk by submarine, 49

Fayolle, General, French leader, 206; supports Foch, 208

Fiume, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning, 260; question of Italian claim, 261, 312-14, 315-16

Foch, General Ferdinand, Pershing compared with, 123; on gasoline conservation, 170; and American troops, 196, 227; made commander-in-chief of Allied armies, 207; Chemin des Dames, 210; launches counter-offensive (July 18, 1918), 215-216; political movements supplement victories of, 228; movement on Sedan, 241; and armistice, 244; at Peace Conference, 261; and Council of Ten, 273; inspects troops on Rhine, 320

Food Administration, 160-66

Ford, Henry, sends "Peace Ship" to Europe, 74

Fore River shipyards, 176

Förster, Austrian counselor, 232

"Four Minute Men," 186

Fourteen Points, Wilson introduces, 233-34, 353; discussion of, 234-38; failure of, 238, 280, 322-23; Austria-Hungary offers to negotiate on basis of, 241; Germans accept as basis of negotiations, 242; accepted by Allies, 243, 244, 281; Wilson goes to Paris to defend, 250; Wilson's concessions, 287; territorial settlements carry out, 323-24

France, American Expeditionary Force, see American Expeditionary Force; French army ordered out of Mexico by United States, 29; American cause identical with that of, 37; messages to Wilson, 40; and Wilson's note (Dec. 18, 1916), 102; mission to United States, 122; French officers instruct in American schools, 131; military disappointment (1917), 192; morale low, 193; problem of frontier, 302-03, 306-07, 325-26; complaint against treaty, 321; Alsace-Lorraine returned to, 324

Franco-British-American alliance, 310

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, assassination, 27

Freedom of the seas, one of Fourteen Points, 234; not discussed at Peace Conference, 287, 323

Freya, German line of defense, 223

Fuel Administration, 167-71, 186

Galicia, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning, 260

Gardner, A. P., and preparedness, 82

Garfield, H. A., Wilson and, 15; Fuel Administrator, 167, 171

Garrison, L. M., Secretary of War, resigns, 85

Gasoline savings effected by gasless Sundays, 170-71

General Medical Board, 155

General Purchasing Board, 204

General Staff, 119-20, 157, 188

George Washington, Wilson's speech on, quoted, 40-41; German boat, 179; Wilson sails on, 253, 254, 329; Wilson and experts on, 260; ordered to Brest, 304

Gerard, J. W., American Ambassador to Germany, recalled, 108

German-Americans, opposition to Wilson, 70; Wilson and, 79-80, 90, 91; and the treaty, 338

Germany, American sympathy, 37-38; Wilson answer to protest from, 40; Wilson and mediation, 41-42, 99; Great Britain blockades, 42; tries to prevent export of American munitions, 43-45; propaganda in America, 44, 65, 71-74, 186; submarine warfare, 45-46, 47, et seq., 97, 99-100, 106-07, 109-10; Wilson's reply to submarine threat, 46; sinks Lusitania, 49-50; Lusitania notes, 54-56; pledges not to sink liners without warning, 56-57; announcement regarding armed merchantmen, 57; Sussex torpedoed, 60; Wilson's note (April 16, 1916), 61-63; opinion of United States, 70, 117; secret intrigue in United States, 74-80; appeal of ninety-three professors, 72; officials dismissed from United States, 78; U-53 off American coast, 97; proposes negotiations (Dec. 12, 1916), 100-01; peace note to, 101-03; warning in Wilson's speech (Jan. 22, 1917), 104; withdraws Sussex pledge, 106; diplomatic relations broken off, 107-08; overt acts, 109-10; publication of plans regarding Mexico and Japan, 111; United States declares war on, 111-14, 116; attack (March 21, 1918), 206; drive along Lys, 209; fourth and last drive (July 15, 1918), 214; requests armistice, 224, 241; abdication of Kaiser, 229; Reichstag revolt (July, 1917), 229-30; negotiations with Russia, 232; Wilson on disposition of colonies, 284; delegates at Peace Conference, 317; protests treaty terms, 317; accepts treaty, 320; responsibility for war, 354

Gibraltar, destroyer base at, 199

Godfrey, Hollis, on Council of National Defense, 155

Goethals, General G. W., head of Emergency Fleet Corporation, 175

Goltz, von der, plots destruction of Welland Canal, 76

Gompers, Samuel, on Council of National Defense, 155; at Peace Conference, 259

Gore, T. P., introduces Senate resolution regarding armed merchant vessels, 59

Goričar, Dr. Joseph, revelations concerning German intrigue, 78-79

Gough, General, army defeated, 206

Gouraud, General, supports Foch, 208; and German drive of July, 1918, 215

Grandpré, battle around, 223

Great Britain, relations with United States, 29, 33-34, 38; American cause identical with that of, 37; Orders in Council for control of neutral commerce, 42-43; United States disputes shipping rights with, 42-43, 65-66; and Wilson's note (Dec. 18, 1916), 102; and Wilson's speech (Jan. 22, 1917), 105; mission to United States, 122; British officers instruct in American schools, 131; provides transports for troops, 179; American battleships join British Grand Fleet, 199; see also Allies, Lloyd George

Greece, demand for territory, 282; treaty term concerning, 327

Gregory, T. W., Attorney-General, 154

Grey, Viscount, British Ambassador to United States, letter concerning League, 347

Gulflight sunk by submarine, 49

Haig, Sir Douglas, quoted, 209

Hamburg-American Line, 76

Harvey, Colonel George, mentions Wilson as possible President (1906), 5

Hertling, von, German Chancellor, 238-39

Hesperian sunk by Germans, 57

Hindenburg, General Paul von, retreat on Somme front, 192; line broken, 224

Hitchcock, G. M., Wilson writes to, 344, 346

Hog Island shipyards, 176

Holland, agents of General Purchasing Board in, 204

Hoover, H. C., head of Food Administration, 160-64; personal characteristics, 160; and morale, 186; at Peace Conference, 259; and League of Nations, 328, 346

Horn, Werner, plans destruction of bridge at Vanceboro (Maine), 75

House, Colonel E. M., and Wilson, 12, 18, 49, 260, 334-335; sent to Europe, (1914-15), 47-49; personal characteristics, 47-48; war mission (1917), 194-95; and appointment of a generalissimo, 207; and separate peace with Austria, 231; sent abroad for armistice plan, 241, 242, 278; on Peace Commission, 249; at Peace Conference, 258; and "The Inquiry," 259-60; suggests territorial commissions, 275-76; and Council of Four, 278-79; and League of Nations Covenant, 290; as mediator between Wilson and Allied leaders, 304

Huerta, Victoriano, German plot to restore, 76; at Vera Cruz, 86

Hughes, C. E., Republican candidate for Presidency (1916), 91-92

Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia, demands German colonies for Allies, 288-89

Hungary, treaty and, 322; and League, 328; see also Austria-Hungary

Hurley, E. N., chairman of Shipping Board, 176; at Peace Conference, 259

Hurst, C. J. B., legal expert, 290

Igel, von, German agent, 80

Indemnities, Allies delay raising issue, 244-45; question of German, 296-302; settlement in treaty, 304-06; flaw in treaty regarding, 322; justice of, 325

Initiative and referendum in Oregon, 15

"Inquiry, The," Colonel House establishes, 260, 276-277

Interallied Board of Supplies, 204

Irish in United States, 29; against Wilson, 59

Italy, offensive against Austria, 193; claims, 310-14; complaint against treaty, 321; annexations, 326-27

Japan, interest of United States in, 31; Roosevelt as peacemaker between Russia and, 34; question of immigration from, 35, 70; German intrigue concerning, 106; delegates in Council of Ten, 271; claims, 310, 315-317; and League Covenant, 314; threatens withdrawal from Conference, 315; demands acceded to, 321

Jefferson, Thomas, policy of non-intervention, 30

Joffre, General, J. J. C., with mission to United States, 122; battle of the Marne, 207

Johns Hopkins University, Wilson at, 3

Johnson, Hiram, Governor of California, 92; as Senator hostile to League and treaty, 330, 339-40, 342

Jugoslavs, and Wilson, 228-229; Austria counselled to grant autonomy to, 232; application of Treaty of London against, 311; nationalistic ambitions aroused by treaty, 322; placed under Italian rule, 326-27

Julian Alps, Italy's claim, 311

Kahn, Julius, and conscription, 126

Keynes, J. M., on Wilson, 24

Kiau-Chau, Japan's claim to, 315, 321

Kitchin, Claude, leader of House, and draft, 126

Klotz, French Finance Minister, and indemnities, 300

Knox, P. C., treaty resolution, 345

Kronprinzessin Cecilie, voyage of, 28

Labor, McAdoo's concessions, 174; and German propaganda, 186

Labor Department, reorganization, 181; national war labor policy, 182

La Fayette, Marquis de, emphasis of history on, 38; "La Fayette, we are here!" 123

Lammasch, Austrian liberal, 232

Lamont, T. W., and Wilson, 12; on Wilson, 12-13 (note); at Peace Conference, 259, 276

Lane, F. K., Secretary of Interior, 153

Lansdowne, Lord, peace speech (1917), 232

Lansing, Robert, Secretary of State, 58, 153-54; Wilson and, 13, 271; proposes ceasing to arm merchantmen, 58; on Peace Commission, 249; in Council of Ten, 268, 269

Latin America, United States' relations with, 35

League to Enforce Peace, Wilson's speech before, 95; Taft president of, 96; Wilson and, 283

League of Nations, 281 et seq.; refusal to discuss (1916), 102; Wilson and, 238, 353; Taft and Root pledged to, 249; Wilson heads commission working on, 275, 276; incorporation in treaty, 286, 287-88, 327; Covenant completed, 290; mechanism, 290-92; revised Covenant adopted, 309; Germany excluded from, 317; opposition to, 330 et seq.; reservations suggested by Senate, 334; in operation, 359

Lever Act, 161, 167

Leviathan, Vaterland rechristened, 179

Lewis machine gun, 137

Liberty Bonds, 183, 184-186

Liberty Motor, 140

Lloyd George, and Balfour, 13; signs plea for American troops, 210; and separate peace with Austria, 231; outlines terms of peace (1917), 232-33, 236; and indemnity, 244, 281, 300, 301; and Wilson's peace programme, 252; at Peace Conference, 258; in Council of Ten, 269-70; on Council of Premiers, 277; on committee to formulate armistice policy, 278; delays opening of Peace Conference, 285; and League of Nations, 287; and "mandatories," 289; change in attitude toward Wilson, 295; opposes French annexation of Saar region, 302; and Fiume, 313; on modification of treaty terms, 318, 319

Lodge, H. C., reservation on Article X of League Covenant, 15; opposition to treaty and League, 330, 333, 335, 339, 342, 344, 345, 347, 348; personal conflict with Wilson, 340, 346

Lorraine front, Americans on, 211

Loucheur, financial expert, 300

Louvain library burned, 73

Ludendorff, General Erich von, German leader, 230, 232, 239, 240

Lusitania, Germans sink, 49; effect on America, 50-51, 114; notes, 53, 54, 56; German pledge, 56-57; Germany does not disavow, 57

McAdoo, W. G., Secretary of Treasury, 153; Director-General of Railroads, 172; concessions to labor, 174; and taxation, 183

McCormick, Vance, Wilson and, 15; heads War Trade Board, 180; at Peace Conference, 259, 276

McCumber, Senator, spokesman in Senate for middle-ground Republicans on treaty, 336, 337, 344

McKinley, William, and declaration of war on Spain, 51; begs for Republican Congress (1898), 246

McLemore, Jeff, introduces House resolution concerning armed merchant vessels, 59

Magyars, and Wilson, 229; prevent separate peace with Austria, 232

Maine, sinking of (1898), 51

"Mandatories," 288

Mangin, General, supports Foch, 208

Mantoux, interpreter for Council of Ten, 272-73

Marne, Foch at battle of the, 207; Germans reach, 210

Martin, F. H., on Council of National Defense, 155

Masaryk, T. G., President of Czecho-Slovak Republic, on Wilson, 10

Max, Prince, of Baden, German Chancellor, 241

Merchant vessels, submarine warfare against, 45-46, 57-58; British arm, 57; question of ceasing to arm, 58; question of warning Americans from, 59-60; Wilson asks authority to arm, 110

Meuse-Argonne drive, 124; Browning machine guns used in, 138; see also Argonne

Mexico, United States orders French army from, 29; problem in 1912, 35; relations (1916), 86; expedition against Villa, 87-88, 123; German intrigue, 106, 111

Miller, D. H., legal expert, 290

Milwaukee, Wilson speaks at, 83

Minnesota, election (1916), 92

Monroe Doctrine, 30-31, 32, 103-04, 309, 334

Montagu, financial expert, 300

Munitions, Ministry of, proposed, 188

Münsterberg, Hugo, 37

National Army, 128; cantonments built, 129-30 (note)

National Guard, 189

National Industrial Conference Board, 182

National Security League, 81, 82

National War Labor Board, 182

Navy, preparedness, 143-45; expansion of, 145-46; convoy troop ships, 197; hunt submarines, 197; Ordnance Bureau manufactures mines, 200; and mine barrage, 200

Nebraskan, submarine attack on, 56

Neutrality, 27 et seq., 352-53; bibliography, 362

New Jersey, Wilson as Governor of, 5-7, 21

New Mexico, promised by Germany as bribe to Mexico, 106

New York (State), election (1916), 92

New York City, German press bureau in, 72; Wilson's speech, 294-95

New York Times, and election (1916), 92

Nivelle, General R. G., plans French offensive, 192-93

"Non-intervention," policy of, 30

North Sea, American battleships in, 199-200

Notes, protest to British Government, 43; warning to Germany of American rights on high seas, 46; Lusitania notes, 53-57, 61; to Germany (April 19, 1916), 61, 107

Officers' training camp, 130-131

Olney, Richard, on American foreign policy, 33

Orduna, submarine attack on, 56

Oregon, question of initiative and referendum in, 15

Orlando, V. E., signs plea for American troops, 210; in Council of Ten, 272; on Council of Premiers, 277; and Fiume claim, 312; retires from Conference, 313; resumes place in Conference, 314

Overman Act, 149, 157, 189, 190

Pacifists, Wilson as pacifist, 39-40; organizations, 73; Ford's "Peace Ship," 74; oppose preparedness, 81; and Liberty Loans, 187

Paderewski, I. J., and Council of Ten, 274

Panama Canal, question of tolls, 35

Papen, Franz von, German military attaché, 75, 76; letter to his wife, 77; dismissed, 78

Paris, fears capture (1918), 210; see also Peace Conference

Peace Conference, 254 et seq.; Wilson at, 23; American Commission, 248-50; delay in opening, 256-57, 285; lack of organization, 257; atmosphere, 257-58; meets (Jan. 18, 1919), 261; commissions, 275-76; German delegates at, 317; bibliography, 364-65

"Peace Ship," Henry Ford sends to Europe, 74

Pennsylvania, battleship, precedes George Washington out of New York harbor, 253

Peronne, capture of, 192

Pershing, General J. J., Mexican expedition, 87, 88; commands American Expeditionary Force, 122, 123-24, 148; personal characteristics, 123; calls for replacements, 130; insistent on offensive spirit, 131; and Browning guns, 138; plea for troops, 194, 196; policy, 205; policy shattered, 208-09; confidence in American troops, 211, 222; on Americans at Soissons, 216; and armistice, 244; ready for invasion of Germany, 320

Pétain, General H. P., Pershing compared with, 123; supports Foch, 207

Philippines, and American foreign policy, 32; problem in 1912, 35; Pershing's experience in, 123

Pichon, Stephane, French Foreign Minister, Council of Ten meets in study of, 264; in Council of Ten, 267

Pittsburgh, Wilson speaks at, 83

Plattsburg (N. Y.), civilian camp at, 82

Plebiscites, 326; see also Self-determination

Poland, Austria and Poles, 232; claims, 282; nationalistic ambitions aroused by treaty, 322; independence recognized, 324; outlet to sea, 326; and League, 328

Politics, insignificant rôle in Great War, 226; see also Democratic party, Republican party

Pomerene, Atlee, proposes committee of conciliation for treaty, 345

Portugal, Germany ranks American army with that of, 117

Preparedness, 71 et seq.; Wilson and, 15, 58, 117, 118; Wood on, 80-81; of army when war declared, 117

Princeton University, Wilson at, 3-5

Progressive party, 92

Propaganda, German, 44, 65, 71-74, 186

Punch, cartoon on Wilson's patience, 56

Quai d'Orsay, Peace Conference held at, 261, 310

Queenstown, destroyers sent to, 145, 197, 199

Raggi, Salvago, on territorial commission of Peace Conference, 276

Reading, Lord, refuses mission for separate peace with Austria, 231

Red Cross, American help for, 67

Reparations Commission, 305-306; see also Indemnities

Republican party, and Wilson, 1, 5-6; and election of 1916, 89-92; success (1918), 247

Revertata, Austrian emissary, 231

Rheims cathedral shelled, 73

Rintelen, Franz von, German agent, 80

Roebling wire-rope shop, suspected German plots in, 79

Roosevelt, F. D., Assistant Secretary of Navy, 144

Roosevelt, Theodore, Wilson contrasted to, 16-17, 18; as peacemaker between Russia and Japan, 34; on America's policy of non-intervention in Europe, 39, 53, 69; Republicans refuse as candidate (1916), 90-91; Wilson refuses volunteer command, 122-23; attack on Wilson's war policies, 188; plea for Republican Congress (1898), 246-47; on making of the peace, 251

Root, Elihu, popular demand for membership on Peace Commission, 249

Rosenwald, Julius, on Council of National Defense, 155

Rumania, enters war, 99; defeat, 100; demand for territory, 282; nationalistic ambitions aroused by treaty, 322; boundaries extended, 327

Russia, Alaska purchased from, 31; Roosevelt as peacemaker between Japan and, 34; in 1916, 100; wheat supply cut off from Europe, 159; Bolshevik revolution, 193; Brusilov attack, 193; negotiations with Germany, 232; Brest-Litovsk treaty, 239; problem unsettled, 322

Ruthenians complain of treaty, 322

Ryan, J. D., director of aircraft production for army, 142

S. O. S., see Service of Supply

Saar, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning, 260; French claim, 302, 325; and the League, 328

St. Louis, Wilson speaks at, 83

St. Mihiel, battle, 124, 134, 211, 218, 219-20

St. Nazaire, port allotted to American Expeditionary Force, 202

St. Quentin, American engineering units at, 211; Hindenburg line broken at, 224

Scheidemann, Philipp, German premier, 317

Schwab, C. M., in charge of Emergency Fleet Corporation, 176, 178

Selective Service Act, 122, 127; see also Draft

Self-determination, principle of, 325; see also Plebiscites

Serbia, relief, 67; demand for territory, 282; treaty term concerning, 327

Service of Supply, 202-05

Shadowlawn, Wilson's speech at, 98

Shantung, Japan's claim, 315-317; Chinese resent settlement, 321

Shipping Board, see United States Shipping Board

Sims, Admiral W. S., commands destroyer flotillas, 145, 197; personal characteristics, 198; international reputation, 198-99

Smith, James, Democratic boss of New Jersey, Wilson and, 6

Smuts, General, mission to Switzerland in behalf of peace with Austria, 231; and League of Nations, 289, 290; signs treaty, 321

Soissons, American troops at, 216

Somme front, Hindenburg's retreat, 192

Sonnino, S. C., Baron, Italian Peace Commissioner, 251; opposed Wilson's programme, 252; in Council of Ten, 271-72; languages, 272; and Fiume, 312

Spain, war with, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 51; agent of General Purchasing Board in, 204

Springfield rifle, 138

Stone, W. J., approves embargo on munitions, 44; supports resolutions concerning armed merchant vessels, 59

Students' Army Training Corps, 131

Submarine warfare, 45, 47 et seq., 105, 106-07, 109-10, 193

Sumner, British financial expert, 300

Sussex, torpedoed without warning, 60, 80; pledge, 62, 97; feeling in America regarding, 99; withdrawal of pledge, 106

Switzerland, agent of General Purchasing Board in, 204

Taft, W. H., attitude toward America's entering war, 53; president of League to Enforce Peace, 96; on National War Labor Board, 182; popular demand for membership on Peace Commission, 249; for compromise on treaty, 346

Tardieu, André, in Council of Ten, 267; on territorial commission, 276; assists House in reconciling Wilson and Allied leaders, 304

Tauscher, Captain Hans, and German plots, 76

Teschen, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning mines in, 260

Texas promised by Germany as bribe to Mexico, 106

Times, London, Wilson sanctions Britain's position on seas in, 323

Treaty, flaws in, 321-22; Senate and, 330 et seq.; see also League of Nations, Peace Conference

Treaty of London, 310-11, 312, 313, 314

Tumulty, J. P., Wilson and, 18

Turkey, collapse, 224, 228

Tyrol, Italian claim in, 288, 311; Italy granted territory, 326

Underwood, O. W., motion for ratification of treaty, 344

United States, foreign policy, 30-36; material change due to war (1914-16), 66-68; blindness to war issues, 68; reasons for entering war, 114-15

United States Shipping Board, 175

Vanceboro (Maine), German plot to destroy bridge at, 75

Vaterland rechristened Leviathan, 179

Venezuelan crisis, 30

Venizelos, Eleutherios, and Council of Ten, 273-74; member of League of Nations commission, 289; on League, 328

Vera Cruz, occupation of, 86

Vickers machine guns, 137

Vigilancia torpedoed, 111

Villa, Francisco, expedition against, 87, 123

War Industries Board, 156, 188

War Labor Policies Board, 182

War Trade Board, 179, 259

Washington, George, warns against entangling alliances, 28

Welland Canal, German plot to destroy, 75-76

Wesleyan University, Wilson as professor at, 3

White, Henry, at Algeciras Conference, 34; on Peace Commission, 249

Wilhelmina, British seize, 43

Willard, Daniel, on Council of National Defense, 155

Wilson, Woodrow, as an executive, 1 et seq.; elected President, 1, 8; age, 2; early life, 2; personal characteristics, 2-3, 8 et seq.; Congressional Government, thesis, 3; Professor at Princeton, 3; graduate work at Johns Hopkins, 3; President of Princeton, 4; enters politics, 5; Governor of New Jersey, 5-7; Presidential nomination, 7-8; Cabinet, 13-14, 153-54; appointments, 13-15; social relations, 17; tactical mistakes, 18, 19-20, 247-48, 292; speeches, 19; as phrase-maker, 19, 51-52; unpopularity, 19-20, 68-70, 89, 245-46, 253, 332, 337-38; political principles, 20-23; religious convictions, 23-24; and foreign affairs, 25-26, 35; and neutrality, 39-41; and mediation, 41-42, 99, 100; and proposed embargo on munitions, 44; answer to German submarine proclamation, 46; and House, 47, 48; diplomatic struggle with Germany, 52-57; and right of merchantmen to arm for defense, 58-60, 110-11; Sussex note to Germany, 61-62; change in foreign policy, 63-65; on German-Americans, 79-80, 90, 91; and preparedness, 81, 82, 84-85, 90, 117-118, 151; speech-making tour (1916), 83-84; and Mexico, 86-88; political strength, 88-89; reëlection (1916), 88-93, 99; development of international ideal, 94-97; speech at Omaha, 98; speech at Shadowlawn, 98; peace note (Dec. 18, 1916), 100, 101-03; demands definition of war aims, 101; speech in Senate (Jan. 22, 1917), 103-05; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, 107-08; speech in Congress (Feb. 3, 1917), 107-09; demand that Congress recognize state of war (April 2, 1917), 111-113; idealism, 113-14, 115, 280; policy of centralization, 119-120, 147-49, 152-53, 188-91; and Pershing, 122, 226; and Roosevelt, 122-23; and draft, 126; proclamation (May 18, 1917), 150-51; on coöperation of people, 156; and Hoover, 160, 161; and Garfield, 167; and revolt in Senate against war policies, 188-189, 190-91; supports appointment of generalissimo, 207; receives plea for troops from Allies, 210; distribution of speeches in Central Empires, 228; Flag Day address, 229; reply to Pope's peace proposals, 230-31; and question of separate peace with Austria, 231; formulates Fourteen Points, 233-38; appeals to peoples of Central Empire, 239-40; Germany requests armistice of, 241; negotiations with Germany, 242; responsibility for armistice, 243; power in situation, 245; appeal for Democratic Congress, 246, 247; appointment of Peace Commission, 248-50; decision to go to Paris, 250, 251-53; Roosevelt on, 251; arrival in Europe, 254; in Paris, 254; in England, 255; in Italy, 255; stands for justice, 255-256, 282; popularity wanes, 256; use of experts, 260; in Council of Ten, 268; and Lloyd George, 270; heads League of Nations commission, 275, 276; on Council of Premiers, 277; and Council of Four, 279, 280; difficulties of task, 281, 284; and indemnities, 281, 296-97; and demands of smaller nationalities, 281-82; and League of Nations, 282-84, 286, 289-90, 310, 343-44, 346, 348-49, 353; on disposition of German colonies, 284, 288; original treaty plan, 285; and Clemenceau, 286-287; British delegates support, 287, 288; and "mandatories," 288; returns to United States, 290, 292-95; failure to convince America of League's value, 293-95; speech in Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, 294-295; returns to Paris, 295; opposes French annexation of Saar region, 302; French attacks on, 303-04; threatens to leave Conference, 304; compromises, 304-08, 309; and Fiume, 312-13; and Shantung claim, 315, 316-17; on modification of treaty, 318-19; cheered upon Germany's acceptance of treaty, 320; returns to United States, 329; inability to negotiate with Senate, 333-35; conference at White House, 336-37; lack of popular support, 337-38; speech-making tour in West, 339-40; breakdown, 341; and treaty reservations, 341-42, 348; blame for defeat of treaty, 350, 351; phases of administration, 352-53; estimate of achievement, 353-59; bibliography, 361-62

Wood, General Leonard, on unpreparedness of army, 80-81; at Plattsburg, 82; on failure of American airplane production, 142

Works, J. D., introduces Senate bill prohibiting sale of munitions, 73

World, New York, admits Wilson's defeat (1916), 92

Yarrowdale, German cruelty to American prisoners on, 111

Yser, battle of the, Foch at, 207

Zeebrugge, naval work at, 200

Zimmermann, A. F. M., German Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 106, 114