INDEX

Abbott, Edith, 151 Abram, Annie, 13 Accidents, 59, 125, 129 Accounts of Hen. VII., 27 of seventeenth century, 15 Shuttleworth, 11 Accrington, 96 Adam and Eve, 6 Adaptation of industry in war-time, 248 Administration of the Factory Act, 53, 181-2, 243, 255, 282-93 Adolescence, care of, 206 Aftalion, 72 Agricultural population, report on, 51 Aikin, 43, 50 Aldhelm, 7 Alfred, King, 5 Amalgamated Society of Clothiers, 116 Amalgamation, the, 112 America, 60 Women’s Unions in, section, 141 Ammunition workers’ strike, 130-31 Anaemia, 188 Ancren Riwle, 8 Andrews, 7 Anglo-Saxon industry, 5, 7 Anthropology, 2 Anti-Combination Act, repeal of, 92 Anti-Socialist Law, 155 Anti-Sweating League, 125, 133 Apathy of the governing class, 52 Apathy of women, 104-7, 113, 115, 209 Apprentices, factory, 273 Apprenticeship, section, 15 Architects, the first, 2 Arkwright, 33, 35, 36, 47 Artizans and Machinery, Select Committee on, 53 Ashley, afterwards Shaftesbury, Lord, 185 Asses, machines worked by, 43 Assistance in craft industries by women and girls, 16 Association, section, 205 Athenaeum, 52 n. Attacks on the factory system, 49-51 Attraction of the family, 83 Aubrey, 7 Backwardness of the Factory Act, 184 Bad conditions in factories, 135, 181, 273, 286 Bagley, Sarah, 142 Baines, E., 38, 44 Bamford, 24 Barber knotter, the, 294 Barry, Leonora, 145 Beam, the, 98 Beamers, 126 Beaming, 107 Bebel, 156 Berchta, 2 Berlin, 158, 159 Bermondsey, 135 Besant, Mrs., 128 Betterment, 202 Bill to raise wages, 1593, 20 Bilston, 136 Birmingham, 43, 62, 136 trades, 29 Bishopsgate, workhouse in, 21 Black, Clementina, 122, 128 Blackburn, 33, 96, 111, 112, 113 society, 99 Black Death, 4 Bondfield, Margaret, 259 n. Bonwick, 23 Bookbinders, Society of, 120 Boot and shoe trade, 63-4 Unions, 116, 150 Boston, 151 Bosworth, Louise, 234 Bourgeois women’s movement, 162, 163 Bowley, A. L., 228 Bradford, 116 Bradford Dale, 25 Brass work, 66 polishing, 191 Braun, Frau Lily, 69, 161-4, 175 Brighton, 122 Bristol, 14, 29, 63, 64, 65, 224 Weavers’ Gild of, 22 Britain, Great, what she stands for, 265 British Association, 64 Bücher, 9 Bureau of Labour, enquiry by, 149 Burnley weavers, 102 Burslem, 29 Butler, Elizabeth, 61 Butler, Josephine, 199 Button-making, 29 Cadbury, E., 195 n. Capitalist employer, the, 185-6 Card-room operatives, 59, section, 113, 126, 168 Carpenters’ Company, 17 Carrying loads, 65, 66 Cartwright, 35, 42 Catholic Unions, 161, 164 Causes of lack of organisation, 115, 139, 151 Census, Chap. III. Central Commission of German Trade Unions, 156 Central Committee on Women’s Employment, 247 Central Strike Fund, 103 Centralisation needed, 173 Chain-makers, 131 Board, first determination of, 132 Changes effected by industrial revolution, section, 178 Chapman, Sydney J., 92 Charles II., 26 Chaucer, 10 Chemicals, 63 Child labour in factories, 272 report on, 57 Childbirth, employment after, 290 Children and machines, 43, 272 exploitation of, 264 Children’s clothes, 65 Employment Commission, 62, 63 Chorley weavers, 96, 103 Christian Trade Unions, 160 Churchill, Winston, 20 Cigar trade, 117, 118 Citizenship for women, 190, 196 Civil conditions, statistics of, 79 Clarke, Allen, 45 Class differences and class solidarity, 174 interest, 166 selfishness, 186 Cleft, the, 207 Clothing trades, 64 Unions, 116 wages in, 218 Clothworkers, 14 Clubs for working women, 166 Coal-mining, women in, 29 Cole, G. D. H., 174, 208 Collectors, 105 Collet, Clara, 80, 170 Combination among rich clothiers, 17, 18 of Workers, Committee on, 94 Committees of Weavers’ Union, 108, 176 Competing Unions, 172, 173 Competition between men and women, 66 for employment, 169 Complexity of weavers’ lists, 99 Compositors, 116, 117 Compositors’ Union, 117 Comradeship among women, 190 Confectioners’ Union, 130 Confectionery works, 67 Constructive measures, section, 260 Consumers, women as, 208, 263 Consumers’ co-operation, 208 Co-operation with bourgeois movement to be avoided, 163 Co-operative Guild, Women’s, 208 Copper works, 29 Cop-winding, 107 Core-making, 64, 146 Corporate action, 175 women untrained for, 165 Cotton, bad, 101, 114 Cotton Factory Times, 145 n. Cotton trade, 31 et seq., section, 240, 268-82 Cotton weavers, section, 96, 168, 173 male, 60 Cotton-weaving, 58 Courtney, Janet, 263 n. Coventry, 64 ribbon trade, 41 Cracker factory, strike in, 148 Cradley, 133-4, 136 Cradley Heath chain-makers, 131 Craft Unions, 149, 158, 207-8 Cunningham, W., D.D., 38 Curse of the Factory System, 47 Cycle industry, 64 Darwen and Ramsbottom, 96 Death-rates, 77 of male infants, 257 Deaths of women in mine explosions, 29 Decay of hand-spinning, section, 39 Decline of domestic manufacture, 35 Decrease of employment in wartime, statistics of, 241, 266 Deductions, 292 Deficiencies, educational, 169 Defoe, Daniel, 24 Delays in labour legislation, causes of, 186 Deloney, 6 Dependents on women-workers, 145-6, 233-4 Derby, 27, 95 Derbyshire, 29, 97 Detroit Free Press, 145 Development of capitalistic industry, section, 17 Development of women’s employment, 61 Devon, 51 Devotion and self-sacrifice of women, 165 Difficulties in organising women, 115, 139, 151, 154, 164, 169 Digby Mysteries, 6 Dismissal without notice, 125 Disproportion of women, 77 Distaff, the, Chap. I., section Textiles, 5 Divergent views on factory system, 45 Division among the weavers, 97 Dock and General Workers’ Union, 126 Dock Strike, 128 Doherty, 55 Domestic workers, statistics of, 84, 86 little organisation among, 168 Dorset, 51 Dover, New Hampshire, strikes at, 141 Drawers, 126 Dressmakers, little organisation among, 168 Dressmaking, 64, 65, 87, 118 factory, d.-m., 72, 220 Drudgery a survival, 203-4 Dundee, 115 Dunlop, Jocelyn, 15, 16 Dust-extractor, 59 Dust in rope-works, 129 Early civilisation, 1-3 Early factories, conditions in, 50, 52, 181 Early manufactures, characteristics of, 47 Earning power of women, 71-2 Earnings and Hours Enquiry, 214 Earnings in 1770, 33 of women, Chap. VI. insufficient for health, 229 East End workers, 128 East Lancashire Amalgamated Society, 96 East London, 130 East Meon, Church of, 6 Economic Independence, 80 Economic Section of British Association, 64, 253 n. Economic self-dependence, 81 Eden, Sir F., 39 Edmonton, ammunition workers at, 130-31 Education by Trade Unions, 159 Educational deficiencies, 169 Edward VI., 21 Effects, moral, of Trade Unions among women, 153 Effects of the War on the employment of women, Chap. VII. Egotistic refinement, 198 Eight-hour Leagues, 143 Elements of Statistics, 228 Elizabeth, 19 Employers oppose Unionism, 151 Engineering, 64 Enlightenment of women, 194 Ephemeral character of Women’s Unions, 150 Equal chance, an, 145 Equal pay for equal work, 144, 152, 172, 255 Equal rates of pay for women, 93 Equality of opportunity, 196 Erdmann, Dr., 167 Essex, 25 n. Exclusion of women, section, 189 from local governing bodies, 198 Exeter, Justices of, 20 Expansion of trade, 18 Experience in sorting wool, 21 Fachverein der Mäntelnäherinnen, 155 Factory, the, section, 43 Factory Act, the first, 185 of 1833, 45, 181 of 1844, 1847, 1850, 1864, 1867, 1878, 1901, 182 prejudice against the, 120 what it has done, section, 181 Factory system, beginning of, 21, 22 disliked, 42 Fall of prices in weaving, 26, 37, 39 Fall River, strike at, 143-4 Family, attraction of the, 83 women working in the, 178 Fatigue, 202 Federation of Trade Unions, 208 American, 145, 146, 152 Felkin, 25 Female Industrial Association, 142 Female Membership of Trade Unions, 177 Feminist movement, 175 Ferrier, Dr., 52 Fielden, John, 45, 47 File cutlery, 64 Fines, unfair, 100-102, 127-8 Finishing goods, 67 Fire-escapes, 287 Five hours’ spell, 183 Flax, 10, 11, 242 industry, strike in the, 138 Fly-shuttle, invention of, 33 Folklore ceremonies, 1 Food trades, 63 Frame-work knitting, section, 25 Free Unions, German, 156, 160 Freedom of employment, unrestricted, 193 Frigga’s Distaff or Rock, 5 Fruit-picking, 65 Fuegians, 2 Future organisation of women, section, 206 Garment workers, 150 Gaskell, Mrs., 74 Gaskell, P., 38 n., 45, 47, 48, 56, 231 Gas-Workers’ and General Labourers’ Union, 140, 174 n. General Federation of Trade Unions, 140 Gentlemen’s Magazine, 39 German Statistical Year-Book, 157 Germany, Women’s Unions in, section, 154 Girls untrained, 16 Girl-workers, 73 Glasgow, 94, 122, 224 spinners, 93 Glossop, 27 Gloucester, 30 Gloucestershire, 18 Gnauck-Kühne, Elizabeth, 157, 164-166, 207 n. Goldmark, Josephine, 202 Governing class, 52, 179, 181 Graham, 54 Grand General Union, 93 Grand National Union, 95 Grant, P., 45 Greenwood, Arthur, 189 Greig, Mrs. Billington, 209 Grey or Franciscan Friars, 6 Guest, 32 Guild, Women’s Co-operative, 176-177 Habit of association, lack of, 106 Half-pay apprentices, 41 Halifax, 39 Hamilton, A., 20 Hammond, J. L. and B, 180 n. Hand-loom Weavers, Committee on, 42 Hand-loom weaver’s wife, section, 40 Hand-wheels thrown aside, 34 Hargreaves, J., 33, 42 Haslam, J., 191, 192, 193 Hat and cap workers, 150 Healds, 98 Hebden Bridge, 231 Henley, Walter of, 10 Henry VII., accounts of, 27 Henry VIII., 19 Hicks, Mrs. Amie, 128, 129, 130 Hicks, Margaretta, 209 Hirsch-Duncker Unions, 161 Holda or Holla, 2 Hollow-ware workers, strike of, 136-138 Home, work in the, 44 Home Workers’ Union, 160 Horrocks, 36 Hostility of employers to Unions, 139, 151, 169 Hotel servants and waitresses, 168 Houldsworth, 93 Hours of work, 183-4, 277, 289 Housewife preparing wool, 11, 14-15 position of the, 165 Housing in towns, 50 Huddersfield, 115 Hull, 14, 15 Husbandry, servants in, section, 3 Hutchins, B. L., 197 n., 207 n. Hyde, 93 Ideals of Victorian era, 198-9 Ignorance of domestic work, 51 Importation of silk, 26 Improvements in working conditions, 190, 202 Increase of women in metal trades, 63 Increase of women-workers in Germany, 155 Industrial change, effects of, 42 revolution, Chap. II. Industrial Workers of the World, 148 “Industry in bonds,” 49 Inequality of wages, 123 Influence of Unions on conditions, 153 Injury from prolonged standing, 186, 187 Insanitary conditions in confectioners’ workrooms, 130 Inspection of factories impossible for women, 197 Inspectors, factory, 181 women appointed as, 182 Instability of status, 152 Insurance Act, 103, 108, 116, 126, 131, 176, 188, 205 Interdenominational Unions, 161 Interests, interlocking of, 173 “Interkonfessionelle” Unions, 164 International Association for Labour Legislation, 125 International Typographical Union, 143 International Workers’ Congress, 123 Inventions, 43 Ipswich, 65 Christ’s Hospital at, 21 Ireland, 224 Irons on apprentices, 274 Ironworks, a fifteenth-century, 29 Isolation of women, 164-5 Jacquard’s loom, 42 Jam-making, 135 James, Clara, 128, 130 James, John, 25 n. James, William, 207 Jones, Lloyd, 106 Kaffirs, 2 Kamtchatdals, 2 Kay, 33 Kendal, 39 Kettering, 224 King, Mr., 120 Knights of Labour, 144, 145 Knitting-machine, 25 Korrespondenzblatt, 158 Labour, an important factor in production, 136 Labour Commission, 61, 63, 129, 170, 197, 198 Labour League, Women’s, 177, 208 Labour legislation, weakness of and delays in, 186 Labour movement, 127 Labourers, Statute of, 4 Lacquering, 63 Lancashire, 61, 74, 96, 97, 102 cotton spinners of, 93 Lapsley, 29 Lassalle, 158 Laundresses, Union of, 122 Laundry Workers’ International Union, 147 Law, Alice, 36 Lawrence, Mass., 149 Lead mines, women in, 29 poisoning, 288 Lee, inventor of knitting-machine, 25 Leeds, 23, 39, 116, 224 Leicester, 92, 224 Leland’s Itinerary, 21 Lenience of Magistrate, 293 Levant Company, 32 Lighting of work-places, 184, 284 Linen and jute, 115, 242 List prices, 99, 100, 114 Liverpool, 173 Locked in factory, 129-30 Lombe, John, 27 London, 126, 242 milliners, 168 Trades Council, 128 London weavers, 13, 14 Women’s Trades Council, 123 Loom, the, 5 Low wages of women, consolation for, 57 Lowell, Female Labour Reform Association at, 142 strikes at, 141 Union, 142 Lye, 136, 137 Lytton, Lady Constance, 200 Macarthur, Mary, xv, 131 Macclesfield, 28 MacDonald, J. R., 195 n. Machine work, 66 Machinery and skill, 68-9 and women’s employment, 69-70 Mackworth, Sir H., 29 Maladjustment and Readjustment, section, 245 Male Weavers’ Union, 143-4 Malingering, xv, 188 Malmesbury Abbey, 21-2 Manchester, 31, 32, 47, 50, 55, 93, 126, 173, 176, 224 societies, 126-7 spinners, 92 Women’s Trade Union Council, 139 Women’s War Interests Committee, 256, 296 Mantoux, 23, 41 Manufactures and Commerce, Select Committee on, 54 Markham, Gervase, 14 Marriage, section, 78 and organisation, 151 decreasing prospect of, 196, 256 prospect of, its effects on young men and women, 151, 169-70 Married women’s work, 89-91 Marx, Karl, 49 Mary, Queen, 21 Match factories, 47 workers, 183 makers’ Union, 128 Match-girls’ strike, 127-8 Material progress, 51, 265 Maternity benefit, 103, 259 n. and child welfare, 258 care of, 206 Matheson, M. C., 195 n. Matthews, Miss, 153 Mechanical power, 200-201 progress, 43 Mellor, 33 Men and women, division of work between, 53 numbers of, in cotton spinning, 55 organised together, 166, 168 Metal trades, increase of women’s employment in, 63 Metal-cutting, 66 Middle-class women’s movement, section, 195 Mines, an Account of, 29 Minimum, principle of the, 237-8 requirements, 227 Monopoly of trade in clothing, 18 Moral atmosphere of factories, 50 effects of Unionism, 153 Mortality, 76, 77 Movement of women’s wages, section, 229 Mule-spinning, 191-2 Mundella, A. J., 250 n. Munitions work, 251-2 National Federation of Women Workers, 131, 133, section, 140, 296 Nature of Woman, 2 Neath, 29 Needlewomen, 154 Nelson and District Weavers’ Association, 101 n. New demand for women’s labour, section, 250 New England cotton mills, 142 New spirit among women, section, 199 New Unionism, 127, 149, 174 New York, 141, 142 Nightingale, Florence, 199, 200 Non-textile trades, 28-30 industrial revolution in, section, 61 Nordverein der Berliner Arbeiterinnen, 155 Northampton, 224 N.E. Lancashire Amalgamated Society, 96 Norwich, 23, 224 Oakeshott, G., 118 n. Oastler, Thomas, 185 Occupational statistics, 81-8 Oldham, 95 and district, 96 Opposition of landowners to Liberals, 46 to factory legislation, 121-3 to women’s employment, 42, 43, 93, 94 Oppression by employers, 19 Ordinances of Worcester, 18 Organisation, early efforts at, section, 92 in different trades, 171 of German Unions, 157-60 of women, need for, 107, 255 of women, together with men, 172 of young persons, difficulty of, 113 Outlook, the, section, 167 Overcrowding in towns, 52 Overstrain, 110 in cotton industry, 59, 281, 287 Overtime, 184, 289 Owen, Robert, 44, 47, 53, 95, 106 Padiham, 96, 113 Paper and stationery, 63 Paper-sorting or overlooking, 67, 168 Paris, 123 Paterson, Emma, 119-22 Pay-stewards, 176 Pearson, Karl, 1, 206 Peel, the elder, 53 Peel’s Committee (1816), 41 Pen trade, 63 Percival, Dr. Thomas, 52, 185 Personality in Union officials, 174 Petition against importation of silk, 26, 27 of weavers, 17 Philanthropy, 163, 166 Phosphorus, white, prohibition of, 183 Phossy jaw, 183 Picks, 98 Pictet, 5 Piece rates, 97-102 Piecers to replace spinners, 54 women as, 192 Piers Plowman, 8 Pin manufacture, 30 Pittsburgh, U.S.A., 61 Plague, the, 4 Plated ware trade, 30 Policy, a coherent, 173 Polish women weavers, strike of, 149 Polynesians, 2 Poor Law, its effect on wages, 21 of Elizabeth, 32 Possibilities of modern industry, 204 of State control, section, 204 Potential changes of the industrial revolution, section, 200 Potteries, 29 Potters, 146 Power sewing-machine, 63 Power-loom, 35 introduction of the, 55 Premature employment, effects of, 62 Preparing material, 65 Present position of the woman worker, section, 183 Press-work, 66 Preston, 96 Primitive industries, 2, 3 Printing, 66, 116 Professional women, scope for, 263 n. Professions for women, 80 Prohibition to combine, 80 of women’s employment, 14 Proportion of women in Unions, 147 Prosperity of spinners, 38 Protective and Provident League, 119-24 Psychological difficulties in organising women, 164 Public spirit, lack of, 170 Queen, the, 247 Radcliffe Society, 96 Radcliffe, William, 33 Rag-cutting, 65 Ramsay, Isle of Man, 93 Reaction in war-time, 264 Reciprocal movement between spinners and weavers, 40 Reed, 97 Reeling, 107 Reforms started by industrial employers, 53 Registrar-General, 75, 76 Relative wages of men and women, 231-6 Replacement of men by women, 55-56, 252, 255 Results the War may have, section, 256 Richards, factory inspector, 49 Rights and privileges of women, 105 Ring-room doffers, 113 Ring-spinners, 114 Ring-winders, 111 Ring-winding, 107 Roberts, Lewis, 32 Rock, Maria, 5 Rogers, Thorold, 4, 5 Rope-makers, 129 Sadler, M. T., 185 St. Crispin, Daughters of, 142, 144 San Francisco, 147, 153 Sanitary conditions in non-textile trades, 62 Sanitation in town and country, 50, 51 Schreiner, Olive, 69 Schultze-Gävernitz, 44, 157 Screw manufactories, 62 Seamstresses, 146 Segregation of women from affairs, 109 Sewing women, 143 Shaftesbury, Lord, 185, 186 Shakespeare quoted, 19, 25 n. Shann, G., 195 n. Sheffield, 64 plated ware trade, 30 Shifting of industrial processes, 44 Shirt-making, 223 Shock of War, section, 239 Shop Assistants’ Union, 140, 176 Shortage of women’s labour, 245 Shorter hours, effects of, 202 movement for, 109-10 Shuttleworth Accounts, 11 Shyness of women, 109 Sick benefit, 119, 131, 188 Sick visitors, 108, 176 Sickness Benefit Claims, Committee on, xv Silk, section, 26 Simcox, Edith, 123 Sisterhood, the, 92, 271 n. Slater, G., 180 n. Small-ware weavers, 92 Snowden, Keighley, 136 n. Soap, 63 “Social and Economic History,” 36 Social Democratic Party, 156 Social England, 29 Social influences, 163, 166, 170 Social strata in the factory, 67 Socialism and women, 163-4 Solidarity between men and women, 196 Sorting clothes in laundries, 65 Southey, 50 “Spear-half,” 5 Speeding up, 58-9, 110, 281 Spell of work, 183 “Spindle-half,” 5 Spinning, a family occupation, 24 by young women, 9 for the unemployed, 21 jennies, 34, 42 machine invented by Hargreaves, 33 parties, 9 Squire, Miss Rose, 184 Stages in the woman’s career, 207 Standard of life in Lancashire, 60, 105, 107, 187 of immigrants, 142 Standing, effects of persistent, 186, 275 Statistics of domestic workers, 84, 86 of German women in Unions, 167 of textile workers, 87 of unemployment in war-time, 241, 266 of wages, Chap. VI. of women in Unions, 177 of women’s life and employment, Chap. III. Statutory rights of workers, 186, 204 Stay-making, 65 Steam laundry workers, 147 Steam power, introduction of, 35 Stockport, 36, 108, 113 strike at, 96 Strain of modern industry, section, 186 of work, 184, 281 Strike-breakers, 93 Strikes, see various industries in 1911, 135 Struggle of the crafts, 19 Stumpe, 21 Suffolk clothiers, petition of, 18 Surats, 101, 280 Surplus of women, section, 75 Survival of previous standards and conditions, section, 179 Swabia, 2 Syndicalism, 197 Tailoresses, increase of, 87 Union of, 122 Tailoring, 64, 221 Tailors, Amalgamated Society of, 122 Tapestry, 8 Tayler, Dr. L., 2 Taylor, Cooke, the elder, 48, 49, 52 n. Temple, Sir William, 11 Textile work, as adjunct to farming, 24, 33 societies, 126 workers, 150 workers, statistics of, 87 workers, wages of, 216 Textiles, section, 5 Theodore, St., 8 Thüringen, 2 Times, the, 127, 128 Timidity of social legislation, 185 Timmins, S., 63 Tobacco, 63 workers in, 127 Toynbee Hall, 127 Tracey, Anna, 188 Trade Boards Act, 1909, 20, 116, 126, 131, 132, 138, 183, 224, 226, 245 Trade Union Congress, 119, 120, 122, 123 Traill’s Social England, 29 Transformation of some womanly trades, 61-2 Treasure of Traffike, 32 Truck Act, 184-5, 290 in Germany, 155 Twisters, 126 Typographical Societies, 116 Umbrella Sewers’ Union, 142 Underclothing, 65 Underground, women working, 194 Unemployment and short time, 228 Unemployment among women in war-time, 240-43 Unions, women in, Chaps. IV. and IVa. U.S.A., Labour Commission of, 234 Unorganised trades, 102, 126 Unorganised workers, movement among, section, 127, 256 Unsuitable work, 194, 236 Unwin, Professor, 14, 18, 19, 22 Upholsterers, 146 Ure, 44, 47 Variety of conditions, 46, 47 Ventilation, 276 Verein zur Vertretung der Interessen der Arbeiterinnen, 155 Victimisation, 96, 97, 105, 139, 169 Wage census, 1906, Chap. VI. Wage contract, 73 Wages in seventeenth century, 20 in miscellaneous trades, 225-6 of women, Chap. VI. raised in low-class industries, 135 Wagner, R., quoted, 31 War, effects of, on employment of women, Chap. VII. War, the, results it may have, section, 256 Warden, 7 Warehouse work, 67 Warner, Townsend, 23 Warping, 112 Watch-making, 64 Water-power, 18 Weavers’ Amalgamation, 97, 103, 205 Weavers become clothiers, 17 become wage-earners, 17 Weavers’ Committees, 104-7, 108 Company, 13 Gild, 13 secretaries, 101-2, 104, 106 Union, 96, 111, 126 Weavers in Scotland, General Association of, 92 of Edinburgh, 14 Weaving as a woman’s trade, section, 12 Weaving, operation of, 97-8 Webb’s History of Trade Unionism, 93 n. Weft, 98 Wells, H. G., 207 West Riding Fancy Union, 92 What is and what might be, 200 What the Factory Act has done, section, 181 Wider views of Union officials, 205 Widows, employment of, 90-91 carry on husbands’ business, 17 Wigan, 108 Wilson, Mrs. C. M., 23 n. Wiltshire, 21, 51 Winders, 111, 126, 294 Winter’s Tale, 6 Winterton, 29 Witch, the, 1 Woman wage-earner, section, 53, and Chap. VI. “Women and the Trades,” 61 Women bakers, carders, brewers, spinners, workers of wool, etc., 13 bookbinders, 123 chain-makers, 134 Women exempt from craft restriction, 12 Women, an important factor in industry, 21 as individual earners, 25 as subordinate helpers, 178 Women Factory Inspectors, xiv, 109, 182, 183, 282-93 appointment of, opposed, 197 reinforcement of, needed, xvi Women in an inferior position, 16 in industrial transition, 19 in the great industry, 203 Women only, Unions of, 118, 162, 171-2 Women weavers displacing men, 13 Women’s employment, Central Committee on, 247 Women’s movement and the labour movement, 199 Women’s Rights Party in Germany, 154 Women’s secretariat in German Commission of Trade Unions, 158 Women’s Trade Union League, 118, section, 119, 175 Women’s Trade Union League in America, 153 Women’s wages, Chap. VI. Wood, G. H., 229 Wool and worsted, 115 Wool, section textiles, 5 Woollen and clothing trades, section, 243 Work done by women, three classes of, 65 Work done for wages outside the home, 22, 23 Workers’ Educational Association, 74 Workers’ Union, 140 Workrooms for unemployed women, 249 Workshop and factory, wages in, compared, 219 Worsted, History of, 25 n. Wright, Thomas, 7, 9 Wyatt, Paul, 33 Yarn, demand for, 32, 248 York, 23 Yorkshire, 18, 97 women, 115 Young, Arthur, 23, 29 Zimmern, A. E., 265 n.

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Footnotes:

[1] I.e. Cots or cottages.

[2] Departmental Committee on Sickness Benefit Claims, Evidence 40446, Bondfield.

[3] Ibid. 40462, Bondfield.

[4] 37 Edw. III. c. 6, quoted in Cunningham’s Growth of Industry and Commerce, I. 353 n. (5th ed.).

[5] See a volume of tracts at the British Museum numbered 1851, c. 10.

[6] S.P. Dom. Eliz. 1593, vol. 244. Reprinted in English Economic History, Bland, Brown and Tanney, p. 336.

[7] Cf. a report of a workhouse in 1701 (catalogued as 816. m. 15. 48 in the Brit. Mus. Library), where ten poor women were employed to teach the children to spin.

[8] Tour in East of England, vol. ii. pp. 75, 81. I am indebted to Mrs. C. M. Wilson for drawing my attention to these passages and for suggesting the remarks immediately following.

[9] Defoe in his Plan of English Commerce says that after the great plague in France and the peace in Spain the run for goods was so great in England, and the prices so high that poor women in Essex could earn 1s. or 1s. 6d. a day by spinning, and the farmers could hardly get dairymaids. This was, however, only for a time; demand slackened, and the spinners were reduced to misery.

[10] James, History of Worsted, p. 289. This pleasant custom may remind us of lines in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, i. 4:

[11] Philip Gaskell, who was, however, so prejudiced against the factory system that his views must be taken with caution, says that the wives of manufacturers who had risen from poverty to affluence were “an epitome of everything that is odious in manners,” their only redeeming point being a profuse hospitality, which however, Grant attributes to “a sense of vain-glory.”—Manufacturing Population, p. 60.

[12] Growth of English Industry and Commerce, Modern Times, p. 654 (ed. 1907).

[13] History of Cotton Manufacture, p. 446.

[14] Factory Inspector’s Report dated August 1835, quoted in Fielden’s Curse of the Factory System, 1836, p. 43.

[15] Country round Manchester, p. 192. Compare Mrs. Gaskell’s descriptions in Mary Barton, fifty years later, for a very similar account.

[16] Athenaeum, August 20 (probably 1842), quoted in W. C. Taylor, Factories and the Factory System, pp. 3, 4, London, 1842.

[17] L. Braun, Die Frauenfrage, p. 209. Cf. E. Gnauck-Kühne, Die Arbeiterinnenfrage 23.

[18] Woman and Labour, p. 50.

[19] Registrar-General’s Report for 1912, p. xxxvii.

[20] “Prospects of Marriage for Women,” by Clara Collet, Nineteenth Century, April 1892, reprinted in Educated Working Women, P. S. King, 1902.

[21] The servant-keeping class often shows a tendency to regard social questions mainly from the point of view of maintaining the supply of domestic servants.

[22] See Appendix, p. 270.

[23] Webb, History of Trade Unionism, pp. 104-5.

[24] Parliamentary Papers, 1838, viii. qq. 360, 1341-2.

[25] “Select Committee on Manufactures,” Parliamentary Papers, 1833, vol. vi. p. 323, q. 5412-3.

[26] Rules of the Nelson and District Power-Loom Weavers’ Association, 1904, p. 13, “Advice to Members, etc.”

[27] Report of N.C. Amalgamation, June 1906.

[28] Evidence is not unanimous on this point.

[29] Report of S.E. Lancashire Provincial Association, Dec. 1912.

[30] See Women in the Printing Trade (edited by J. R. MacDonald) for an excellent study of the whole circumstances and conditions of the trade.

[31] G. Oakeshott, “Women in the Cigar Trade in London,” in the Economic Journal, 1900, p. 562.

[32] Second Report of the W.T.U.L.

[33] In Mr. Keighley Snowden’s words, from which this account is taken (Daily Citizen, 12, xi. 1912): “If foreign competition at last threatens us, it is in consequence of this heartless folly.”

[34] Space does not permit us to give a full account of the efforts for co-operative action for social purposes made by working women at this period, or of the interesting study of social conditions made by Leonora Barry, the investigator of women’s work under the Knights of Labour. See Report on Women’s Unions, Chapter IVa.

[35] Quoted in the Cotton Factory Times, September 18, 1885.

[36] Report of the Strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass., p. 63.

[37] This chapter was written before the outbreak of war.

[38] It is a curious reflection on the tardiness of our Government statistical work, that figures for German Trade Unions are here actually accessible for a more recent date than those of English Unions. [Written early in 1914.]

[39] A. Erdmann, Church and Trade Union in Germany, 1913.

[40] Report of Gas-workers’ and General Labourers’ Association, March 1897.

[41] This chapter was written before the outbreak of war.

[42] Many worthy folk to this day even show by the use of the phrase “giving employment” that they suppose themselves to be conferring a benefit on persons who work for them, irrespective of wages paid, and it is unlikely that our ancestors were more enlightened on this point than ourselves.

[43] G. Slater, English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields, Constable, 1907, p. 266. Compare Hammond, J. L. and B, The Village Labourer, chap. v.

[44] See, e.g., the cases mentioned in the Factory Inspectors’ Report for 1912, p. 142, and compare the case reported by Miss Vines in the Report for 1913, p. 97. In a Christmas-card factory the women were being employed two days a week from 8 to 8, three days a week from 8 A.M. to 10 P.M., and Saturdays 8 to 4. “The whole staff of workers and foremen looked absolutely worn out.”

[45] School Child in Industry, by A. Greenwood, p. 7. Workers’ Educational Association, Manchester, price 1d.

[46] See the Englishwoman for June 1914.

[47] The work of a “big piecer” is practically identical with that of a spinner, only that responsibility rests with the latter.

[48] See Cadbury Matheson and Shann, Women’s Work and Wages, p. 212; Macdonald, Women in the Printing Trades, p. 53.

[49] See in Chapter IVa. pp. 162-3. Frau Lily Braun’s views on the subject.

[50] See an article by the present writer in the Englishwoman, April 1911.

[51] Northern Counties Amalgamation of Weavers, etc. Report for July 1913.

[52] I owe the suggestion of a “cleft” (Spalte) in the woman-worker’s career to Madame E. Gnauck-Kühne, who developed it in her book, Die deutsche Frau. Compare “Statistics of Women’s Life and Employment,” Journal of the Statistical Society, 1909.

[53] Earnings and Hours Enquiry: Textile Industries, Cd. 4545, 1909; Clothing Trades, Cd. 4844, 1909.

[54] Raised to 3½d. on 19th July 1915.

[55] Elements of Statistics, 2nd edition, pp. 37, 38, and 39.

[56] 1,091,202 out of a total of 4,830,734.

[57] Women’s Industrial News, July 1912, p. 56; compare The War, Women and Unemployment, published by the Fabian Society.

[58] This chapter was prepared during the first year and the early part of the second year of war. It is necessarily incomplete, as war is still raging; but it is hoped that a brief summary of the position of women-workers in war time, and of the expedients adopted to ease and improve it, may not be without interest.

[59] Article by G. H. Carter, Economic Journal, March 1915; see also Notes in the Women’s Trades Union League Review, January 1915.

[60] Article by Jas. Haslam, Englishwoman, March 1915, and information given privately.

[61] See article by C. Black in the Common Cause, February 12, 1915.

[62] Westminster Gazette, October 16, 1914.

[63] See a letter by Mr. A. J. Mundella, L.C.C., in the School Child for December 1914.

[64] New Statesman, November 7, 1914.

[65] Report on Outlets for Labour after the War, British Association, Section F., Manchester, 1915.

[66] See The National Care of Maternity, by Margaret Bondfield, published by the Women’s Co-operative Guild. The proposals include the administration of Maternity Benefit by the Public Health authorities in lieu of the approved societies, the raising of maternity benefit to £5, and other changes.

[67] B. Kirkman Gray, History of Philanthropy.

[68] Daily News and Leader, June 24, 1915. It may be remarked here parenthetically, though not strictly germane to the subject, that not only the local authorities, but the Departments, even the War Office itself, might utilise the services of professional women more freely than they do, with great advantage to themselves. Women have among other things a very sharp eye for the detection of fraud and corruption. It was to the initiative and energy of one woman that the greatest improvements in the organisation of the Army Hospital Service in the nineteenth century were due. It is admitted that no change in the administration of the Factory Department has been so fruitful for good as the appointment of women factory inspectors. Why, then, are not professional women called in to aid in the organisation of commissariat, the inspection of clothing stores, the “housekeeping” of the Army, especially in the case of the needs of raw recruits? Incalculable waste, diversified here and there by actual lack of food, is reported from the camps. The help of expert women might here be of enormous value, and not only avoid waste, but ensure the provision of more wholesome food and more comfortable clothing. Some valuable hints on this subject are to be derived from an article by Mrs. Janet Courtney in the Fortnightly Review, February 1915, “The War and Women’s Employment.”

[69] The War and Democracy. Introduction by A. E. Zimmern, p. 14. London, 1914.

[70] It should be observed that the first proprietors of some cotton mills, alarmed by the consequences of obliging their servants to work incessantly, have shut up their mills in the night.

[71] A certain manufacturer of worsted threatened a sister of ours, whom he employed, that he would send all his jersey to be spun at the mill; and further insulted her with the pretended superiority of that work. She having more spirit than discretion, stirred up the sisterhood, and they stirred up all the men they could influence (not a few) to go and destroy the mills erected in and near Leicester, and this is the origin of the late riots there.

[72] It is, however, important to mention that cotton mills are materially improved of late years in most of these particulars, and that in some mills they exist in a much less degree than others, which shows them not to be essential and inherent.

[73] It is a curious circumstance, and one which amply merits attentive consideration, that the fecundity of females employed in manufactories seems to be considerably diminished by their occupation and habits; for not only are their families generally smaller than those of agricultural labourers, but their children are born at more distant intervals. Thus the average interval which elapses between the birth of each child in the former case is two years and one month, as we have found upon minute enquiry, while, in country districts, we believe, it seldom exceeds eighteen months. The causes of these facts we have at present no space to enlarge upon.

[74] The extracts are slightly compressed in transcription.

[75] The barber knotter is a small appliance worn on the hand to assist the work of winding.